13LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TOLOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE

13
LINKING CLIMATE ACTION TO
LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE
A Case Study of Diverse Chicago
Neighborhoods
Jennifer Hirsch, Sarah Van Deusen Phillips, Edward
Labenski, Christine Dunford, and Troy Peters
‘The point is to learn, how does one community start and scale
out. Because the best
impact starts with individuals on a small level and grows out.’
Community Leader, North Kenwood/Oakland
neighborhood, Chicago
Over the past decade, environmental anthropologists have
increasingly argued for the
importance of inserting anthropological arguments into debates
on climate change
(Magistro 2001, Human Organization 2003, Crate and Nuttall
2009, Baer and Singer
2008). In a recent volume, Anthropology and Climate Change:
From Encounters to
Actions, Crate and Nuttall (2009) lay out at least three areas in
need of new research
that focus on human-environment relationships: 1)
anthropology’s role in exploring
the cultural implications of climate change, 2) facilitating
collaborative, community-
based projects focused on mitigation and adaptation, and 3)

developing culturally-
sensitive strategies for communicating climate change to
diverse audiences. However,
few studies have examined climate change or climate action
efforts in diverse urban
areas or even in the United States (Crate 2008).
This chapter presents ongoing applied ethnographic research
being led by The
Field Museum’s division of Environment, Culture, and
Conservation (ECCo) to
understand sociocultural viewpoints on climate change in
Chicago’s diverse neigh-
borhoods (The Field Museum 2009, 2010a, 2010b). This
research was commissioned
by the City of Chicago Department of Environment (DOE) to
help them develop
locally relevant communication strategies and programs for
engaging diverse com-
munities in the Chicago Climate Action Plan (CCAP). Launched
by the City of
Chicago in October 2008, the CCAP aims to reduce carbon
emissions to 25 per cent
below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80 per cent by 2050 by
implementing five strategies
focused on energy efficiency in buildings, clean and renewable
energy, improved
transportation options, waste reduction, and adaptation (City of
Chicago 2008).
Environmental Anthropology Today, edited by Helen Kopnina,
and Eleanor Shoreman-Ouimet, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
ProQuest Ebook Central,
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/latrobe/detail.action?docID
=957669.
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To date, The Field Museum has completed studies in five
communities (three of
which are available on the Web at:
http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/
ecco/engaging-chicago-communities-climate-action), and we are
now in the midst
of doing five more after which the project will be complete.
This chapter reports on
the results of our first two studies, in the South Chicago and
North Kenwood-
Oakland/Bronzeville (hereafter ‘NKO’) communities, as well as
the community
engagement work that has resulted from all of them.
The Field Museum’s goal in undertaking this research project
was to help
strengthen climate action in the Chicago area by facilitating the
active involvement of
diverse communities. More specifically, using the research as a
jumping off point for
additional work with community, environmental, and
government organizations

(discussed in the final section of the chapter), we aim to help
communities actively
participate in city-led CCAP programs as well as incorporate
climate action in their
community-led work and lead grassroots climate action
campaigns. To facilitate
innovation in both, our research aims to help establish processes
for collaboration and
sharing of ideas. These processes should allow for a multilateral
flow of information,
ideas, and best practices—between the City and communities,
and among commu-
nities themselves—and also result in building the capacity of
community leaders to
lead climate action based on their visions of what it means to be
a low-carbon, sus-
tainable city. If our projects are successful, community leaders
will not only carry out
CCAP strategies but will participate in long-term planning
around climate action
goals and strategies focused both on their specific communities
and on the city and
region more generally. We see this as the urban equivalent of
involving local popu-
lations in the planning and management of protected areas
(Introduction to this
volume).
In addition to serving as an ethnography of human-environment
interactions, this
study addresses intersections among climate change mitigation
and adaptation strate-
gies and the varied multi-stakeholder interests at the local level,
which are often
situated in long-standing historical, institutional, and culturally
rooted values and

practices (Poncelet 2004). Our research explores what climate
change and climate
action initiatives look like within a context of both innovative
collaborations and
multiple long-standing histories of distrust of efforts initiated
by outside entities,
including the government. It attempts to address two
fundamental questions: 1) how
and under what circumstances can climate change and climate
action become an issue
pushed forward at the local level, and 2) what will make climate
change feel relevant
and urgent to urban communities? Our research suggests that
even in communities
where climate change may not be a predominant local concern,
there still exist
opportunities for widespread adoption of carbon reduction
strategies by promoting
local quality of life benefits of climate action in areas such as
environmental health,
energy efficiency, food security, heritage promotion, affordable
housing, youth
engagement, job creation, community safety, or other locally
relevant issues.
Anthropology has a great deal to contribute to these debates,
and to understanding
how addressing key local concerns—which may or may not be
directly related to
climate change—and working effectively with local partners can
be central to the
268 Anthropologists and the real world

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http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/ecco/engaging-
chicago-communities-climate-action
http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/department/ecco/engaging-
chicago-communities-climate-action
effectiveness of climate policy, and to generating engagement
strategies that work best
for policy makers and community residents alike.
The chapter has five sections. Section 1 presents The Field
Museum’s research
methodology and approach to applied anthropology. Section 2
provides a brief
introduction to the communities of South Chicago and North
Kenwood/Oakland,
based on our research findings. Section 3 examines findings on
climate change
awareness and local environmental practices and values. Section
4 explores commu-
nity concerns that have the potential to link to the CCAP

climate action strategies
(referred to in climate change circles as ‘co-benefits’). Finally,
Section 5 reviews The
Field Museum’s on-going efforts to turn research findings into
action. Throughout,
we highlight the commonalities and differences in our research
communities and
suggest ways in which local community assets and
environmental values can be built
upon and enhanced by climate action. We aim to provide a
specific example of the
role that applied environmental anthropology can play in
developing broader parti-
cipatory models for democratic decision making and policy
development in a complex
and socially differentiated urban environment.
Section 1: The Field Museum’s Approach To Exploring
Human-Environment Interactions
The division of Environment, Culture, and Conservation (ECCo)
is the applied sci-
ence arm of The Field Museum of Natural History. Since its
founding in 1995 as two
separate departments (the Center for Cultural Understanding
and Change [CCUC],
and Environmental and Conservation Programs), the division
has always viewed
research as a step in a larger process of community engagement.
As a respected insti-
tution embedded in Chicago’s cultural fabric – and with strong
connections to gov-
ernment agencies, area universities, and planning institutes –
our work often focuses on
facilitating equitable relationships between small and large
organizations (Wali 2006,

The Field Museum 2007). As a natural history museum with
four departments focused
on biological and cultural diversity—zoology, botany, geology,
and anthropology—our
thematic focus has always been on people and their
environments.
Undergirding all of our major projects is a framework
developed by CCUC’s
founder, environmental anthropologist Alaka Wali, termed
‘Common Concerns,
Different Responses.’ This framework explains cultural
diversity as the product of:
1) environment – the material resources available to us, 2)
history – an accumulation
of past actions, ideas, and values, and 3) creativity – human
ingenuity that allows us
to develop strategies for overcoming constraints and creating
new opportunities for
survival and collaboration (Wali 2006, The Field Museum
2010c). It resonates with
the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) emphasized in this volume,
which recognizes
that humans, though capable of complex cultural achievement,
are still biological
organisms that exist in a complex relationship with their
ecosystem and are therefore
subject to processes of ecological balance (Catton & Dunlap
1980, Dunlap 1980,
1983, Dunlap & Marshall 2007). By overtly recognizing that
human cultures operate
within ecological systems of scarcity, we can begin to
understand how groups of
A case study of diverse Chicago neighborhoods 269

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people come to make sense of their place in both local and
global ecological systems.
Furthermore, we can encourage innovative cultural adaptations
to scarcity that can
mitigate some of the negative human impacts on the
environment, like those that we
now know result in climate change.
ECCo’s focus on human-environment interactions has led us to
undertake
anthropological projects focused on place-making: examining
and strengthening
residents’ and communities’ relationship to and stewardship of
the neighborhoods and
regions in which they live through the nurturing of innovative
collaborations

between organizations focused on environmental and
sociocultural issues (The Field
Museum 2003, 2008). More specifically, the Common Concerns,
Different
Responses framework has led us to focus our research and
action programs since the
early 2000s on identifying:
1 community concerns and understandings that link
environmental and sociocultural
issues,
2 community assets that can serve as a starting point for
broadening community
involvement in work around these concerns,1 and
3 barriers to increased participation in environmental practices
and programs.
Climate Action Research: Methods
In the climate action research that is the focus of this chapter,
we have conducted
rapid ethnographic research, completing each study in
approximately six months,
with the ethnographic component lasting approximately four
months. Each study is a
participatory action research project (The Field Museum 2007),
which in this case is
conducted by a team including Field Museum anthropologists,
staff from the Chicago
Department of Environment, and leaders of community-based
organizations in the
communities being studied. Working with community
organizations that have strong
social capital has been key to the success of the project: in

gaining rapid access to the
community, capitalizing on existing community knowledge, and
using the research
process itself as the first step in climate action engagement to
begin to build residents’
and community leaders’ understanding and awareness of climate
change as well as
their capacity to address it. Involving the DOE has also proven
crucial, in ensuring
that we accurately describe the CCAP and the City’s goals,
connect to DOE com-
munity partners, and help craft research questions and
recommendations so that they
can easily translate to action.
In each of the studies discussed in this chapter (South Chicago
and North Ken-
wood/Oakland), we engaged or observed approximately 200
leaders and residents.
Our research activities included the traditional ethnographic
methods of interviews,
focus groups, and participant-observation at community
meetings and events. We
also employed visual and performative methods (see examples
in Figures 13.1 and
13.3), including drawing, object-based storytelling,
participatory photography and
photo elicitation, community mapping, and visual prompting
(e.g., using photo col-
lages of environmentally-friendly practices to prompt
discussion). We find that these

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methods draw out local understandings about climate change
and environment in
creative ways, and thus help us access information and ideas
that might not come forth
using traditional research methods. For example, in South
Chicago we conducted a
focus group with Latino residents in which we asked
participants to draw what climate
change looks like to them. Some of our approaches (and
interdisciplinary methods)
have been influenced by our role as a natural history museum
with a strong focus on
material life. Two examples include 1) focus groups that use
objects to prompt dis-
cussion and 2) home interviews in which we take photographs
of participants inter-
acting with objects and spaces that represent their
environmentally-friendly practices.2

Section 2: Community Overview
We chose South Chicago and NKO (for map see Figure 13.2) as
the first two
research sites because they seemed fertile ground to explore the
potential of making
climate action relevant to a diverse range of residents. Both
communities are located
on the city’s South Side and have significant differences in
demographics, geography,
and history. South Chicago is racially and ethnically diverse –
with a population that
is 62 per cent African American, 33.4 per cent Latino, and 5.6
per cent white – and
largely working-class, with a 2000 Census median income of
$34,279. NKO is
racially homogeneous, with a population that is nearly 97 per
cent African American,
FIGURE 13.1 Drawing from a focus group in South Chicago in
response to the question,
‘What does climate change look like to you?’ the accompanying
caption
reads (translated from Spanish): ‘I drew something that
represents the
good we can do [for the environment] and the consequences of
doing so,
as well as of the bad we are doing and the consequences of
that.’
© The Field Museum, ECCo.

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but it has recently become highly class stratified with many
subsidized public housing
residents living next to increasingly affluent homeowners.
Like the rest of the Southeast Side in which it is located, South
Chicago was born
with the expansion of the American steel industry in the 19th
century. Much of the
community derives its identity from an interwoven history of
heavy industrialization
and ecological richness, as well as the subsequent histories of
immigration and
deindustrialization. As a result, the heritage of South Chicago is
grounded in working-
class origins, particularly the strong tradition of labor union
activism among the lar-
gely immigrant workers who were the backbone of the mills.

Many of the social and
environmental practices we documented in South Chicago can
be traced back to the
traditions different groups brought with them and fostered
through their experiences in
the steel mills, from Appalachia, Eastern Europe, and Latin
America (Sellers 1998 and
Walley 2009).
FIGURE 13.2 Map of research areas in Chicago © The Field
Museum, ECCo.
103RD
127TH
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North Kenwood-Oakland/
Bronzeville
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In recent years, the Southeast Side has been defined by nearly
constant and dra-
matic change. As a result of the steel mill closures in the 1980s,
community demo-
graphics shifted and City services contracted as well. Our
research suggests that during
this process, residents came to believe that mainstream
organizations, including the
City, were not going to take care of them as their livelihoods
failed. This, in turn, led
to a strong culture of self-sufficiency and the birth of a plethora
of community
organizations that provide social services and advocate for
community needs. It also
resulted in a strong tradition of community-based activism that
mobilizes residents to
address big challenges—some of which have been related to the
environmental
degradation left behind in the region by heavy industry.
Discussions of heritage in South Chicago and the Southeast Side
often emphasize
the community’s history of standing up to powerful forces and

fighting for justice and
a good quality of life. Stories about the steel mills emphasize
not only the work itself,
and how hard it was, but also steelworkers’ experiences
organizing for their rights
through union activism—again, across lines of race and
ethnicity. This particular
theme is embodied in the popular play, Unfriendly Fire, by local
author Kevin
Murphy (2003), which details the events leading to, and the
fallout from, the
confrontation between police and union members at Republic
Steel on Memorial
Day of 1937. The important role of confrontation also emerges
in discussions of the
birth of the region’s environmental movement in the 1980s,
which stemmed from
conflicts concerning proposals for increasing landfills in the
area and building Chicago’s
third regional airport. Ongoing volunteer efforts to address
pollution through restor-
ing and rehabilitating city lots, public parks, and nature
preserves are one example of
how this environmental activism in South Chicago continues to
this day.
In comparison, NKO has been shaped by competing needs for
housing near
downtown. In the late nineteenth century, Chicago’s growing
white middle-class
built up NKO as a residential area. Shortly thereafter, the
exploding African-American
population—fueled by the Great Migration—was forced to
crowd into the neigh-
boring communities that would become Bronzeville. After
restrictive covenants fell

in the 1940s, African-American families started moving into
NKO from older parts of
the adjacent ‘Black Belt’ to find better housing, and the
neighborhood was quickly
absorbed into the greater Bronzeville cultural area. Over its
history, NKO has been
influenced time and again by government experiments in urban
planning. It has been
victim to discriminatory federal home appraisal practices in the
1930s and 1940s, host
to thousands of public housing units in the 1950s and 1960s,
neglected by city plan-
ners in the 1970s, and more recently a site of property
redevelopment and gentrifi-
cation as a result of changes in public housing that removed
thousands of now
dilapidated units and their residents (Patillo 2007: 4).
Due to constant in and out migrations, as well as the flow of
those who commute
for work and services, NKO area residents described strong
connections with many
other parts of the city, particularly African-American areas on
the South and West
Sides. This, in addition to the Bronzeville area’s historic
significance as a national
center for African-American culture, results in residents
identifying with a broader
conception of African-American heritage than a purely location-
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outgrowth of this many NKO residents support broad notions of
racial uplift, but the
specific shape of that identity and uplift varies by class and
social aspirations. Many
NKO residents are also personally committed to projects that
improve the appearance
and perception of their community, in response to the legacy of
concentrated poverty
brought on by public housing developments. Campaigns for
well-managed affordable
housing, resident-led efforts to keep area parks safe by
involving youth in structured
activities, and neighborhood councils that monitor the quality of
new developments,
renovations, and general property maintenance are all examples
of the types of
concerns that have mobilized community action in NKO.
Environmental issues have only recently begun to be talked

about and addressed in
NKO, partly in response to promises of green jobs and cost
savings via energy effi-
ciency spread through the wider media and Chicago’s
organizational networks. In
addition, though, a small minority of community leaders are
passionate about climate
change-related issues, such as peak oil, and are actively trying
to spread awareness and
mobilize action, in part by framing these issues as strategies for
tackling other com-
munity challenges. For example, the Bronzeville Alliance holds
monthly movie
nights featuring sustainability-themed movies and is creating
community gardens to
address a number of issues including access to affordable
healthy food, job training,
and beautification.
Like South Chicago, NKO also has a strong culture of self-
sufficiency, but it is
embedded in their close relationship with city government and
with nearby research
institutions like the University of Chicago and the Illinois
Institute of Technology.
Our research suggests community leaders warily adapt
pragmatic engagement strate-
gies: staying aware of various policy initiatives and research
projects to try to harness
them to their local goals. This is complicated by internal
differences among com-
munity organizations, which often prevents them from forming
a unified front. One
of the most significant points of difference exists between those
groups who work to
increase property values and others who focus on developing

residential capacities to
improve life for the entire community without displacing its
lower-income members.
Both the South Chicago and NKO communities have a mix of
agencies with
outside connections, local community organizations, small
businesses, and activist
residents who operate as primary advocates for various
community concerns. But
while the South Chicago community’s history of rapid
industrialization and dein-
dustrialization has given rise to a vibrant set of grassroots
organizations and local social
networks, NKO with its changing population patterns and long
history of direct
government intervention is primarily led by organizational
brokers: groups that act as
bridges between the community and powerful institutions. Our
research in the two
communities suggests it is key to have both types of community
assets working in
concert—grassroots organizations and cultural brokers—to
implement and drive successful
initiatives to mobilize residents around climate issues.
Understanding the histories and social contexts of these two
communities, as pre-
sented in this section, provides a basis for thinking in a more
nuanced and embedded
way about their environmental engagement and how to increase
this engagement by
linking it to other community concerns—as discussed in the
next two sections.

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Perspectives On the Environment and Climate Change
In both South Chicago and NKO, awareness of climate change
figures into com-
munity life, but to differing degrees and in different ways. For
example, in South
Chicago and on the Southeast Side there is significant interest
in the concepts of
climate change, global warming, and ‘going green’ that relates
to the area’s long
interconnected history with the natural environment. This
recognition is directly tied
to historical memory of the impact of mills on local air and
water quality, as well as
current struggles with open space, landfills impacting the

region, and coal piles
releasing pollutants into the area. In contrast, for residents of
NKO, climate change
tends to be a more abstract and distant concern that is not
recognized as an
immediate threat to the environment in the Chicago region.
Despite differences about the immediacy of climate change
impacts, residents of
South Chicago and NKO both recognize that climate change is
an important con-
cern. One area where this was particularly evident was in
discussions of the weather.
In South Chicago, we documented numerous examples of
residents expressing con-
cern over recent changes in weather patterns. For example, a
local owner of a body
shop described small talk he engaged in with clients about
winters being milder and
having less snow than in the past, while participants in a
neighborhood focus group
observed how bird migrations have changed and geese now
remain in the area all year.
In NKO, local awareness of changing weather patterns emerged
through interviews in
which participants were asked to answer the question: ‘What
three words come to mind
when you hear ‘climate change’?’ Responses such as ‘extremely
hot,’ ‘extremely cold,’
or some variation (see word cloud in Figure 13.3) reflected
recognition that weather
and climate is now or will be more variable or unpredictable; in
addition, participants
tied these statements to observations about recent changes in
local seasons, noting
warmer winters and cooler summers. Other observations in NKO

highlighted chan-
ges in local growing seasons and the mix of local flora and
fauna, thus demonstrating
awareness that climate change is not just a global, but also a
local phenomenon.
Not only do residents in both communities recognize that
changes in climate are
taking place, but they attribute these changes to anthropogenic
causes (although
speculation varies widely on the technical nature of these
causes). For example,
respondents in both South Chicago and NKO reported a
conviction that the space
shuttle going up into space pokes holes in the atmosphere that
lead to changes in
weather, with an NKO resident stating, ‘We have emissions
going out and the sun
coming in.’ In another example from South Chicago, an
immigrant from Mexico
City regretted that human pollution of the ocean is resulti ng in
the dramatic hurricane
and tsunami events she sees reported on the news.
Nevertheless, despite the fact that both communities recognize
the impact of
human behavior on their environment, differences emerged in
views concerning
individual responsibility for altering behavior to mitigate
climate change. Specifically,
residents in South Chicago tended to have a sense of personal
responsibility vis-à-vis
the environment, while those in NKO felt that personal impacts
on the environment
are insignificant compared to the large-scale damage caused by
corporations and the

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U.S. government. For example, a young Mexican woman born in
South Chicago
related her distress about the polar ice cap melting and the
plight of the polar bears
and said, ‘We need to comport ourselves well with regards to
the environment.’ In
contrast, a resident of NKO expressed skepticism regarding the
effectiveness of indi-
vidual behavior when government spending and businesses are
destroying the atmo-
sphere by launching satellites and space shuttles, rhetorically
asking what point there
is to doing little things to address the problem when the

government is sending up
the space shuttle? This attitude of skepticism was also echoed
by many NKO resi-
dents who believe that the scope of climate change and the
solutions to address it are
beyond their control.
Awareness of climate change and its human causes are further
evidenced by the
ways in which people in both communities report learning about
these issues, speci-
fically by relating them to personal experiences.3 Our research
shows that residents of
South Chicago often have had experiences that demonstrate to
them the concrete
effect that humans have on the environment. For example,
Mexican immigrants to
South Chicago drew on first-hand experiences of water scarcity
and changing tem-
peratures in Mexico to shape their environmentally proactive
behaviors in Chicago,
while white families from the U.S. and Eastern Europe who
survived the closing of
the steel mills actively linked industrial air contamination to the
high incidence of
pulmonary illness, cancer, and degenerative mental illnesses
experienced in their
communities. In NKO, residents drew on personal experiences
related to the envir-
onment more broadly—about pollution, weather, the
atmosphere, and consumerism
FIGURE 13.3 As part of our interviews in NKO, participants
were asked, ‘What are three
words that come to mind when you hear “climate change?”’
Their

responses are depicted in this word cloud. More frequently
occurring
words appear larger.
© The Field Museum, ECCo/Image by Sarah Sommers.
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(what they can purchase to help the environment) —to construct
models of how
climate change works and what can be done to address it.
Beyond personal experience, the media and different social
institutions play an
important role in both communities as information conduits
about climate change.

Both communities report learning about the impacts of humans
on climate change
from a variety of formal and informal institutional sources,
including media, schools,
and community organizations. For example, in both
communities, mass media is an
important source, especially television. More formally, in South
Chicago and NKO, a
number of schools and educational programs offered by
community organizations
seek to explicitly raise environmental awareness and teach
people about climate
change. There are more of these programs, though, in South
Chicago. For example,
a number of South Chicago community organizations —
including many that have
not traditionally advocated for environmental issues, but instead
have focused on
housing, health care, and jobs—have expanded their
programming over the last few
years to include support for local gardening, campaigns for
improved recycling pro-
grams, and field trips to local natural areas. Examples of such
programs include a local
health clinic sponsoring a community garden as a source of
local, fresh produce, the
South Chicago Chamber of Commerce coordinating efforts to
install solar-powered
trash compactors along a major street to reduce litter, and a
local community center
sponsoring a summer camp program that takes children on field
trips to local ecological
areas to learn about invasive species.
Environmentally-friendly Practices

Our research found that local practices often re-enforce CCAP
goals because sig-
nificant portions of both communities have already sought out
creative means for
conserving their scarce financial resources. For example,
residents of NKO and South
Chicago report taking steps in their homes to help offset some
of their energy
expenditures, including turning off lights and television sets
when leaving rooms,
turning off water when brushing their teeth or doing the dishes,
and replacing
incandescent bulbs with City-provided CFLs (often received
from local organizations
that distribute them at community events). Similarly, residents
of both NKO and
South Chicago reported frequent attendance of DOE-sponsored
events where they
learn about energy efficiency and receive weatherization kits
and CFLs to help them
improve energy efficiency at home.
Both communities are also actively engaged in different forms
of recycling. In
South Chicago, recycling has a long history and is tied to local
efforts to minimize
pollution and reduce the expansion of landfills into valuable
wetlands. Community
organizations run programs that aim to reduce the negative
environmental and health
impacts of landfills on the community while at the same time
addressing a lack of
City-sponsored recycling programs that are more readily
available in other parts of
Chicago. For example, a community health program worked
with City offices and

education organizations to increase access to recycling centers
and to further increase
awareness of the need to recycle in the neighborhood. In NKO,
community
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interviews and surveys revealed a near universal awareness of
the importance of
recycling; however, participation is hampered by widespread
skepticism of the City’s
ability to effectively manage recycling programs. That said,
schools in the NKO area
actively engage children in recycling efforts, and some parents
report that the
enthusiasm their children bring home from school encourages

them to recycle,
despite doubts of its efficacy.
Other environmentally-friendly practices that residents and
community organiza-
tions engage in are cultural in origin: they are learned behaviors
inculcated through
heritage traditions and through the creation and maintenance of
social relationships.
Continuing with the topic of recycling, in both communities,
specific forms of local
practice have emerged around a variation on recycling:
repurposing. In South Chi-
cago, these are rooted in long standing traditions of thrift,
dealing with scarcity, and
entrepreneurship in the Latino community. Though community
members complain
about a lack of easily accessible recycling centers for large
items like appliances and
electronics, local organizations work hard to provide recycling
outlets for smaller
household items such as clothing, used furniture, metal and
plastic goods, and paper.
For example, a local community center collects and distributes
gently used furniture
and clothing to community members who need them, and then
uses the cloth from
worn out clothing for summer camp craft projects such as
making Aztec calendars. In
NKO, in keeping with the community’s long standing
participation in Chicago’s
mural movement, a community-based design center and a local
artist have both cre-
ated high profile recycled art projects. The design center aims
to use art to raise
environmental awareness and is interested in transforming its

building into a green
demonstration site.
In South Chicago, some environmentally-friendly practices
reflect the diversity of
its immigrant heritage (see tapestry made of recycled objects in
Figure 13.4), while in
NKO, similar practices tend to reflect strong ties to agrarian
roots in the rural South.
These practices also reflect the communities’ working class
origins and residents
creatively adapting to limited financial resources. For example,
one practice that is
part of everyday life in South Chicago, and increasingly in other
areas including the
suburbs, is found in the junqueros—Latino scrap metal
collectors—who pick up
defunct appliances and other large metal items that are cast off
in alleys and transport
them to reclamation centers for income. Residents specifically
report leaving defunct
appliances on the curb for junqueros to collect rather than
calling a removal service
because they know the appliance will be recycled. This practice
is complemented by
appliance repair shops owned and operated by local community
members that
refurbish small electronics for resale—items that would
otherwise find their ways into
landfills. Meanwhile, Latina women reported that they prefer to
use rags to clean up
messes in their homes rather than paper towels because that is
what their mothers and
grandmothers did. Similarly, seniors in South Chicago told
stories of growing up
crafting quilts and other handicraft items from household odds

and ends to sell in the
neighborhood and for use at home—a tradition that some
continue.
Gardens are also popular in both communities. In South
Chicago, there are a
growing number of community and backyard gardens, and even
one effort to create
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a backyard gardeners’ network. Residents and organizations
grow fresh vegetables
that they cannot find locally, including vegetables that have
cultural significance, such
as chili peppers, tomatoes, and corn for Latinos and okra,

greens, sweet potatoes, and
watermelon for African Americans. For one senior who
participated in a focus group
in South Chicago, gardening is an important part of her own
community heritage—
and others’ cultural heritage. She recalled: ‘ … there was a spot
… that was put aside
for the people to grow their vegetables. And the Mexican people
used to call it the
jardines. They used to grow corn, potatoes, to feed, supplement
their needs, especially
during the Depression that started in 1929.’
Gardeners in NKO typically garden in their backyards; there are
very few com-
munity gardens and a few new school gardens. Residents
attributed their horticultural
interest to family or the community where they were raised (e.g.
Iowa, and Ten-
nessee), while members of both communities recall gardening as
an important part of
their past. A number of community members in NKO expressed
a nostalgic con-
nection to their childhood chores tending plants in the rural
South, while others
recounted memories of their grandparents gardening, though
they do not engage in
the activity themselves.
FIGURE 13.4 A partnership between a community organization
and an environmental
organization in South Chicago resulted in a program on creative
recy-
cling. Families involved created this tapestry, which combines
recycled
objects from contemporary life with skeletons, a common

symbol used
during ‘Day of the Dead’ celebrations, which are based on
Mexican cul-
tural beliefs that see death and life as an integrated whole.
© The Field Museum, ECCo/Photo by Sarah Van Deusen
Phillips.
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These examples of how South Chicago and NKO engage in
locally meaningful
practices that are also environmentally friendly represent key
opportunities for gen-
erating participation in CCAP work. We recommended to the
DOE that CCAP

programs should recognize, reward, and build on the diverse
conservation practices
that already exist in communities—and which are often ignored
in climate change
discourse focused on the importance of behavior change. As our
research in South
Chicago and NKO demonstrates, a variety of sustainable
practices exist in low
income communities where residents have developed innovative
strategies for main-
taining a high quality of life based on minimal resource use, re-
use, and extensive
sharing. Furthermore, in both NKO and South Chicago,
community heritage is
central to how residents view themselves and confront
challenges, thus much effort is
put into preserving this important cultural history. Climate
action programs can work
to encourage heritage preservation efforts to also identify eco-
friendly community
traditions and valorize them as an important part of local
heritage and a means of
meeting broader-scale mitigation and adaptation goals.
Barriers to Participation in Climate Action-related Programs
and Implications for Action
As the examples above demonstrate, our research uncovered a
number of ways in
which heritage traditions and lifestyles of low income
populations facilitate envir-
onmentally-friendly practices. However, we also identified
patterns in both commu-
nities in which past experiences and cultural norms serve as
barriers to conservation
behavior. For example, in the same focus group referenced

above in South Chicago,
many seniors reflected on how hard life was for them as
children and expressed relief
at no longer having those hardships. One resident captured this
sentiment by saying
she was grateful for paper napkins and other disposable items
that make life easier
now. Relatedly, one community leader in South Chicago told us
that the African-
American youth she works with are not very interested in
recycling or re-using old
products. She said that they equate these concepts with ‘used,’
and the youth tend to
feel that they ‘aren’t good enough to get new stuff.’
Our research found cultural barriers to climate-friendly
practices even more pre-
valent in NKO, due to its socioeconomic diversity and concern
that some residents
have about raising the community’s image. While African-
American cultural tradi-
tions of frugality, outdoor socializing, and growing food can be
seen as community-
rooted climate action, some cultural expectations and
community rules discourage
these practices. For example, when researchers showed one
community leader and
long-time NKO homeowner a set of photographs that included a
clothesline, she
told us (paraphrased):
[A woman down the street] made the mistake of hanging clothes
on a line. …
I think everybody within two blocks was down at her house
telling her to
take those sorts of clothes off the line! ‘Where do you think you

are?’ And I’m
sure she’s got a dryer in the house, but she thought she was
going to get some
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clothes dried on a line and get the fresh open air. … disastrous
(laughs). This is
just not that kind of community.
The key here is that hanging out clothes carries a stigma
because it suggests people
cannot afford basic modern amenities and thus conflicts with a
local identity of
middle class respectability. These expectations are reinforced in
the lease terms at

mixed-income developments that prohibit the use of clotheslines
on balconies and
thus encouraged residents in part through the provision of
dryers, to practice a more
energy intensive, urban middle-class lifestyle—in this, cultural
barriers are reinforced
by institutional barriers. Raising chickens—a practice that is
becoming increasingly
popular around the Chicago area—is another practice that
interviewees suggested
would not be tolerated in NKO.
These ambivalent sorts of sentiments toward environmentally-
friendly practices
reveal some of the cultural complexity involved in pushing
people to change their
behaviors—especially when, as is the case with some of the
practices called for in the
CCAP, the behaviors being promoted counter American markers
of success, signaled
by a more consumptive lifestyle. But this does not mean that
such sentiments have to
be barriers to climate action success. Rather, the DOE can build
on existing cultural
practices that promote conservation to develop creative
strategies for diverse engage-
ment. Key to this is recognizing and rewarding practices that
mainstream society
frequently denigrates by emphasizing how such practices can
come to indicate a high
quality of life that is not based on excessive material
possessions. A truly successful
climate action engagement plan will help people recognize and
take pride in the
expertise they already have in conservation and sustainable
living, thus changing their

behavior in proactive ways that become locally meaningful.
Indeed, our research
illustrates that communities are interested in such changes. For
example, in NKO a
staff person from the local design center responded to our
research findings by sug-
gesting that the center start a community-wide clothesline art
project to validate and
promote the reintroduction of clotheslines, which for him brings
to mind memories
of his grandmother socializing with the neighbors while hanging
out the clothes.
Our research in both communities also revealed that distrust of
the City, large
institutions, and major efforts initiated by them is another major
barrier to climate
action—especially when the action desired is participation in
the City’s climate action
plan. In both South Chicago and NKO, there is significant
suspicion among both
community leaders and residents about ‘green’ initiatives that
are introduced to the
community from outside. South Chicago is a community that
feels it was cast aside
when the steel mills closed because it was no longer valuable to
the city. There, residents
suspect that current interest in ‘helping’ their community by
improving environ-
mental conditions is more about gentrification and
displacement—the potential value
of new lakefront residential properties to the City and
developers—than about a
genuine desire to help current residents or even improve the
environment. This
attitude of suspicion has some of its roots in a particular case

concerning Waste
Management (the local garbage collection company), in which
the company dis-
guised a proposal for a five-year extension for dumping at a
landfill slated for closure
A case study of diverse Chicago neighbor hoods 281
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as a plan for redeveloping the landfill as a park. When the
community discovered
Waste Management’s duplicity, they took their complaint to the
City, where they
encountered what they perceived to be strong support for Waste
Management’s
position over their own. Ultimately, the community prevailed
and the landfill was

closed as scheduled, but the experience left behind resentful
feelings. Further evi-
dence of distrust manifests as concern that redevelopment will
push residents out of
homes that some families have lived in for generations. This
fear was represented
most clearly in signs posted around the South Chicago
neighborhood that said: ‘Jobs
4 Green not Green 4 Condos,’ sighted by a researcher during a
bus tour sponsoring
green development initiatives in the area. As with the Waste
Management proposal,
residents see green redevelopment as a City-sponsored process
that overlooks their
concerns and problems rather than addressing them, a stance
that is captured parti-
cularly well in one woman’s ironic response to being asked to
participate in an energy
savings challenge on the City of Chicago’s CCAP Web site:
‘Does having your gas
and electric shut off count as energy conservation?’
In NKO, distrust of City and outside institutional programs
stems from the
community’s long history of racial segregation and what some
community leaders see
as the City’s efforts to capitalize on community assets—
including its close proximity
to downtown and Lake Michigan—to benefit outside businesses
and government.
One recent example can be seen in the abortive 2016 Olympic
bid, during which
a shuttered local hospital on the lakefront was acquired by the
City of Chicago for
the Olympic village rather than for community needs.
Subsequent to the loss of

the Olympic bid, the City has abandoned its promise to build
proposed housing
regardless of the bid’s outcome. Even as many residents sense
that the area is ‘on the
cusp of something big,’ this history of outside influence has
encouraged many to be
suspicious of new initiatives, as demonstrated by one
community leader’s statement,
‘The City of Chicago has always known how to keep its blight
close … The City
sees where money is coming from. When money was coming for
public housing
they built them. When there was no money in that they
dismantled the buildings to
salvage the copper and sell that … They are looking at this
neighborhood to
find gold.’
This cynicism also extends to the CCAP. Community leaders
fear that the City
and its outside collaborators are once again going to reap the
benefits of externally
driven change without gains accruing to area residents, or that
resources will, as one
resident and climate action advocate put it, travel ‘down well
worn paths’ and com-
pletely bypass the area for better connected communities and
constituencies. How-
ever, this distrust does not translate into a lack of interest in
working with the City.
On the contrary, the fear that resources will not make it to the
community is
prompting community organizations to seek meaningful
partnerships to ensure they
are not left out. For example, the director of an area
development partnership, who is

well aware of the City’s history of implementing top-down
housing policies, said that
she still believes ‘win-win’ partnerships are possible to address
climate change, because
it is an issue around which they can design programs that meet
both government and
community stakeholders’ expectations.
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As the discussion above illustrates, people in NKO and South
Chicago encounter
very real barriers—particularly in terms of trust and historical
memory—that may
prevent them from readily engaging with CCAP programs. In
response to this dis-

trust, we recommended that the DOE expand its work around
energy efficiency
focused on existing buildings and raise its visibility. Though
residents in both com-
munities express skepticism of the motives underlying green
development, they are
open to environmentally friendly building projects as long as
they do not result in
gentrification and displacement. The DOE is already actively
partnering with a
number of community organizations in South Chicago through
distribution of
resources such as weatherization kits and CFLs—efforts that
have proven popular
with local residents. By extendi ng these efforts in NKO and
demonstrating their
value to improving and maintaining historically important
building stock, the DOE
can contribute to community efforts to preserve its heritage and
support residential
stability.
Co-Benefits—Linking Climate Action To Community Concerns
In our research we look for local concerns that could be
addressed through climate
action work around the five CCAP strategies: energy efficiency
in buildings, clean
and renewable energy, improved transportation options, waste
reduction, and adap-
tation. We start by exploring what efforts are already underway
that are directly or
indirectly related to the strategies. For example, as mentioned
earlier, in South
Chicago we found community organizations helping residents
reduce their energy

bills by installing CFLs and weatherizing their homes, and we
also identified a suc-
cessful collaboration between the South Chicago Chamber of
Commerce and com-
munity organizations to launch a low emissions community
trolley. Likewise, in
NKO we found a network of community organizations
advocating for a new train
route and a number of efforts, both organizational and
individual, to raise awareness
of peak oil and energy efficiency issues. These types of
efforts—climate action that is
emerging from the local community—provide useful starting
points for engaging the
communities directly in the CCAP strategies.
We also look for co-benefit opportunities: for action and
interest around issues that
are indirectly related to the CCAP strategies. Economic
development, cost savings,
health, and transportation are co-benefits of climate action that
are often cited in
national discussions about climate change and are mentioned
specifically in the
CCAP. These issues are considered co-benefits because
addressing any one of them
has the potential to help improve day-to-day life for residents
and reduce carbon
emissions. We found action around all of these issues in South
Chicago and NKO.
For example, in both communities, there are emerging efforts to
develop awareness of
green jobs and to provide residents with healthier food options,
through community
gardens and farmers’ markets.

But even concerns that look similar can vary significantly from
community to
community depending on ecological landscapes, community
demographics, and the
social, economic, and political history of the area. People in
post-industrial South
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Chicago, for example, are used to thinking about air quality as
both a health issue and
an environmental issue. This offers an opportunity for building
on concerns about
health and pollution to make connections to CCAP strategies
that may affect air
quality. On the other hand, people in NKO, a largely residential

community, did not
often express deep concern about pollution or air quality. They
did express concern
about ground-level pollution from cars and bus exhaust,
however, and connections
might be made between this kind of pollution, climate action,
and another big con-
cern in the area, respiratory health. In our work we aim to
identify local variations of
common co-benefits in order to help the City and its partners
develop climate
awareness and action programs that match local issues, values,
and practices.
In addition to the most commonly considered co-benefit areas,
our research sug-
gests that many other community concerns can in fact provide
building blocks for
creative entryways into increasing climate change awareness,
knowledge, and action.
The following table (Table 13.1) shows the community concerns
in South Chicago
and NKO that have the potential to link to climate action, and
where and how these
concerns overlap and vary.
In South Chicago and NKO, these productive co-benefits relate
to housing (South
Chicago: affordable, NKO: residential stability, restoration and
preservation), youth
development, use of space (South Chicago: open space, NKO:
public space), heritage
(South Chicago: community and multiple cultural traditions,
NKO: African-American),
and crime and safety. In South Chicago, our research also
highlighted healthy food as

a strong potential co-benefit as well as an overall interest in
‘living local’—related to
the strong sense of self-sufficiency that pervades that area (as
explained earlier). In
NKO, our research identified a broad focus on economic
development as a potential
co-benefit, encompassing not just the traditional focus on green
jobs but a broad
array of activities from marketing the community as a
destination neighborhood and
establishing commercial corridors to offering financial literacy
training for former
public housing residents to help with resident stability.
TABLE 13.1 Community concerns in South Chicago and NKO.
South Chicago Issue Both NKO/Bronzeville Issue
Affordable Housing Residential Stability,
Restoration & Preservation
Youth Development
Crime and Safety
Open Space Use of Space Public Space
Community/Cultural
(multiple traditions)
Heritage African-American
Healthy Food Economic Development
(broadly defined)
‘Living Local’

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Following is a discussion of how residents in South Chicago
and NKO have very
different perspectives on two of these concerns: housing and use
of space. The
comparison illustrates the importance of developing a nuanced
understanding of
community concerns to make CCAP community engagement
recommendations that
residents will welcome and that will result in significant action.
For example, a nuanced
understanding of these issues and how they differ by community
can help explain why
many residents in South Chicago are interested in ‘living local’
and might support

affordable, energy-efficient maintenance or renovation
programs that benefit long-time
home-owners; and why many residents in NKO are more
interested in supporting
programs that either preserve or maintain historically and
aesthetically significant
housing stock or that build or maintain newer, mixed-income
housing developments
that are attractive to a changing, economically diverse influx of
home owners.
Housing: Affordable v. Residential Stability, Restoration
and Preservation
Residents in South Chicago and NKO have different histories
with housing, different
types of housing, and different concerns about housing. Our
research suggests that
South Chicago residents are primarily concerned with
maintaining affordable local
housing options, and would participate in programs that help
them improve their
current homes. Many residents in NKO would also participate in
programs that
maintain or improve existing homes. But due to NKO’s history
as a historic African-
American community as well as its participation in major
housing initiatives over the
decades and the wide socioeconomic spread of its current
residents, there are a
number of other housing concerns in this community that can
also serve as links to
climate action.
Many residents in South Chicago see their homes as their
primary personal asset;

they want to keep their homes in good shape; and they want to
stay in the com-
munity. Over the past few years, a majority of the most visi ble
‘going green’ efforts in
South Chicago have revolved around development of new
affordable housing and
green design. This largely stems from the work of the Claretian
Associates, a non-
profit developer that focuses on building affordable housing
that is easy to maintain.
While some South Chicago residents welcome new, energy-
efficient housing,
many expressed worry that green building initiatives will result
in greater scrutiny of
the neighborhood by outsiders, gentrification, and displacement
of current residents
(see examples of new developments in Figure 13.5). Because of
this fear, some
organizers in South Chicago have critiqued the definition of
‘affordable,’ arguing that
most residents cannot afford to rent or buy ‘green’ housing, and
have also observed
that the jobs that this development brings are generally non-
union and go primarily to
non-residents.
On the other hand, residents do welcome initiatives that help
them retrofit exist-
ing structures. This concern was expressed in terms of an
expanded time horizon of
green initiatives related to energy efficiency, durability of
construction, and conser-
ving water as meeting generational needs for durable, easy to
maintain, and affordable

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housing for future generations. Based on these findings and
concerns about gentrifi-
cation, we recommended that the DOE connect its energy
efficient buildings strategy
to residents’ desire to improve their own homes and their
interest in cost effective
and long-term affordable housing for current and future
generations. We also sug-
gested that they de-emphasize their standard message around
housing, which is that
weatherization will increase home value—a proposition that can
seem negative to
people whose primary concern is to stay in their homes for the
long-term, not

sell them.
In NKO housing is a key mobilizing issue that has many facets.
Beautiful greystone
homes are seen as one of the community’s primary assets; most
of the major com-
munity organizations in the area make housing a priority; and
all major community-
planning projects over the past decade list housing as a concern.
There have been
dynamic shifts in housing stock and resident type throughout
NKO’s history, and the
last 30 years have been no different. During this period—as
thousands of subsidized
housing units were demolished, and many residents were
displaced—the African-
American community changed from what many saw as a gang
controlled model of
urban blight located around a number of public housing
buildings to being one of
the hottest real estate markets in the city. Some of the
demolished public housing was
replaced with new, mixed-income housing developments; and a
wave of new
FIGURE 13.5 Recent construction and green development are
signs of new opportunity
for the community, according to some South Chicago residents.
However, many more are concerned that the community will
gentrify and
eventually they will be forced to move.
© The Field Museum, ECCo/Photographs by Sarah Van Deusen
Phillips/Sarah
Sommers/Jennifer Hirsch.

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construction along with a great location close to downtown
drew affluent home-
buyers to the area. While NKO might be an attractive option for
all new home
buyers, the area’s history as an African American neighborhood
just next to the his-
toric Bronzeville community made it particularly attractive to
middle- and upper-class
African Americans who were welcomed ‘back’ by most of the
remaining home-owning
residents.
While the economic downturn has slowed the pace of housing
construction and

sales in NKO and throughout the city, many community leaders
and residents believe
it can and will become a stable, mixed-income community with
nearby commercial
amenities. Different community leaders, however, have
different visions of stability
and different motivations for achieving it. Some want to expand
existing affordable
housing and support for low-income residents because they
believe good housing is
essential for people struggling to get an education, raise a
family, or maintain
employment. Others want to expand mixed-income housing to
include a combina-
tion of market-rate, public, and subsidized housing and renting
options because they
fear an over emphasis on lower income affordable housing
might concentrate poverty
in the area and drive down property values. Many community
residents engage in
significant activity around maintaining and improving their
homes. Several respon-
dents singled out the physical aesthetics of their homes as the
primary reason they
moved to the area in the 1980s and 1990s. They explained that
they purchased
homes in NKO because they saw beauty and history beneath
disrepair and dilapida-
tion and were excited to rehabilitate their homes. Residential
and political leaders as
well as a powerful local community council place a high value
on preserving his-
torically significant landmark buildings and maintaining the
visual aesthetics of the
housing stock more generally.

Based on these findings we recommended that the DOE support
initiatives that
use energy efficiency as a strategy for addressing the shared
concern of residential
stability, by helping residents afford to stay in their homes. We
also suggested that
they increase awareness and knowledge of green options for
home restoration,
remodeling, and repair specifically by focusing on green
technology and practices that
are consistent with maintaining the historic character of the
built environment.
Use of Space—Open Space v. Public Space
Local place-making practices and the use of space are important
community interests
in both South Chicago and NKO, but concerns differ in each
community. Residents
in South Chicago are primarily concerned about open spaces,
including natural
areas (many of which were degraded from decades of exposure
to industrial pollu-
tion), parks, and community gardens. South Chicago residents
often talk about past
or current experiences outdoors. Some talk about how these
experiences (like fishing,
walking, or restoration of natural areas) have been key to
building personal attach-
ments to and understandings about nature; others talk about how
interacting in the
outdoors has been important in building relationships between
diverse groups of
residents. In contrast, residents in NKO are primarily interes ted
in controlling

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outdoor public space, like undeveloped lots or vacant areas,
parks, boulevards, and
even private yards and other outside areas that are visible to the
public.
Environmental restoration and open space have been significant
concerns in South
Chicago and on the Southeast Side more generally for many
years, largely due to the
industrial history and unique ecology of the region—the lake
shore, the Calumet
River, and the wild lands near the industrial corridor and mill
areas—and a strong
community tradition of cross-cultural interaction in outdoor

spaces. As a result, there
are many active restoration efforts operating within the South
Chicago community.
Alongside these are community initiatives related to securing or
maintaining open
space in neighborhoods. For example, at a local subsidized
housing development,
residents and the local tenants association are working with a
teacher at an elementary
school and other community residents to reclaim a series of
vacant lots as an outdoor
learning classroom, while local restoration efforts organized by
C3 leaders (an envir-
onmental stewardship training program offered by the city),
local high school tea-
chers, and the City seek to rehabilitate city lots, public parks,
and forest preserves for
public use. South Chicago as a community is also focused on
building a sustainable
agricultural system, and a number of organizations are operating
community gardens
as a strategy for growing healthy food and building community,
in part by drawing
on different cultural traditions (heritage gardens). Open space
initiatives, particularly
gardens, have also been seen as a strategy for addressing crime,
by reclaiming vacant
land and providing youth with jobs and something to do.
Community organizers are
adamant that crime in their community has decreased in the
summertime because so
many youth have been working in the community gardens
through a youth
employment program sponsored by the state.
Because open space is a strong community asset in South

Chicago, and gardens in
particular are gaining so much momentum, our report to the
DOE (The Field Museum
2009) recommended that they help the organizations running
community gardens turn
them into hubs for community engagement around climate
action. We suggested that
the organizations could be trained to use gardening as an entry
point into education and
action related to climate change and accompanying co-benefit
issues that will improve
quality of life. As an environmental practice linked to multiple
community concerns
and embedded in the cultural heritages of a number of
populations, community
gardening could be used to validate and encourage sustainable
behaviors that reduce
emissions and encourage low-resource, collective lifestyles
connected to the outdoors.
In contrast, leaders and residents in NKO are concerned about
how public spaces—
including publicly visible private spaces—are used. These
spaces include parks, side-
walks, boulevards, vacant lots, store fronts, and even front
porches. Public space in
NKO is valued for providing opportunities for people to
socialize, do business, and
exercise. Photographs taken during our research capture men
playing chess, cyclists,
people carrying their groceries, people catching public
transportation, and runners.
But use of public space is also highly contested due to concerns
about community
respectability and fears about safety. Many residents disapprove
or are suspicious of

unstructured activities in public spaces even as they support
collective and purposeful
efforts to beautify them.
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Responses to certain public behaviors exemplify these concerns
about the correct
use of public space and how they connect to other concerns, not
the least of which is
building community among different people from different
socioeconomic strata.
Loitering is one kind of public behavior that connects to
concerns of crime and safety
(see Figure 13.6). Several respondents, including seniors and
recent arrivals to the

neighborhood, complained about men who stand in front of area
grocery and con-
venience stores, and some reported that such behavior
discouraged their patronage of
those stores. Other residents expressed concern about public
activities that they per-
ceive as bad etiquette. For example, one middle-class
homeowner complained that
she is frequently awakened at five in the morning by honking as
someone picks up a
neighbor who lives in subsidized housing. She suggested that
there should be a required
orientation for these types of residents on proper community
etiquette. Another
respondent complained that one of the main boulevards has too
many benches.
However, not all uses of public space in NKO are so contested.
Many residents
value creative uses of public space that bring together diverse
residents to foster
positive impressions of the community, around art. In fact, NKO
has a history of
public art projects that seek to bring the community together
around collective
representations. It is the site of at least two historically
significant Black Arts Move-
ment era murals from the 1970s—‘A Time to Unite’ (1976) and
‘Black Women
Emerging’ (1977). A local artist in NKO has also gained
significant recognition across
FIGURE 13.6 Signs prohibiting loitering hang in storefronts
along the Cottage Grove
commercial strip in NKO. A banner for ‘The Grove’ hangs from
the lamp

post by the street as part of a marketing strategy to attract new
custo-
mers and business to the neighborhood.
© The Field Museum, ECCo/Photogra ph by Sarah Sommers.
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the city for turning a vacant overgrown lot across from hi s
house into a sculpture
garden and open air art museum (Spicer and Rivera 2004). As
members of a histori-
cally marginalized community, many long-time residents are
deeply concerned with
the community image and welcome public and private efforts to
‘beautify.’ The artist

got approval from the local alderman and planning council,
involved local gang
members to help protect the artwork, and was encouraged in his
efforts by neighbors
who gave him flowers to plant around the statues—ultimately
creating a space owned
by the whole community.
Because strengthening communities’ connections to the
outdoors is key to climate
action, and public space in NKO has been the site of both
contestation and vision,
we recommended that the DOE support organizations’ efforts to
build bridges (and
reduce suspicion) between residents by means of creative and
collaborative uses of
public space. In particular, we suggested that they encourage
climate action work that
brings together different sets of community members to create,
maintain, beautify,
and take ownership of public green spaces.
Moving From Research To Action – Impacting The City’s
Climate
Action Programs
This final section provides an overview of the initial impact that
our research has had
on the development of the City of Chicago’s climate action
programs. It discusses our
efforts to build on anthropological insights to help connect
climate-focused programs
to community goals, link service delivery to engagement, and
assist community
organizations in gaining access to and some sense of ownership
of a large-scale,

government-sponsored initiative.
As explained at the outset of this chapter, our community
studies have had a very
applied goal since the beginning: to recommend strategies to the
City of Chicago and
its partners in the Chicago Climate Action Plan for engaging
diverse neighborhoods
in the plan’s implementation. In all of the reports that we write,
our recommenda-
tions focus partly on process: building strong relationships with
community stake-
holders. They also focus on program design: developing climate
action programs that
start with local understandings, resonate with issues that
communities care about, and
build on existing values and practices.
Originally we expected that our role would more or less end
once we submitted
our research reports to the Department of Environment.
However, soon after sub-
mitting the report on our pilot study in South Chicago and the
city-wide focus
groups we had conducted with community leaders, ECCo was
asked to work with
the DOE and its partners to help them build on the research
findings to design
community engagement programs focused on residential
retrofits, under the CCAP
strategy, ‘Energy Efficient Buildings.’ Our role in program
design and implementa-
tion has continued to expand and has proven to be crucial in
ensuring that the
research findings have significant impact.

Our biggest impact has been on the development and facilitation
of the City’s first
major CCAP community engagement program, the Energy
Action Network (EAN),
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a pilot program that launched in November 2009 (see Figure
13.7). The EAN com-
prises 21 community-based organizations that are receiving
extra funding and training
to work with residents to expand heating assistance and reduce
energy use through
utility subsidies, weatherization, and housing retrofits. It is
administered by the Com-
munity and Economic Development Association of Cook County

(CEDA), a nonprofit
organization that contracts with community-based organizations
throughout the county
to administer social service and training programs, and has
participation from the utility
companies ComEd and Peoples Gas. ECCo receives funding to
help run the program
with CEDA staff and City consultants, as part of the EAN
Planning Committee.
The concept of the EAN developed in part in response to some
key recommen-
dations that we made in our initial report on South Chicago
about the importance of
working through trusted community organizations to engage
residents in climate
action. Specific EAN guidelines followed a number of the
suggestions embedded in
this recommendation:
Help build the capacity of community organizations to take the
lead on climate action,
individually and in collaboration with other organizations and
agencies. To do
this, DOE should help community organizations become role
models and
demonstration sites (not just distribution sites) by providing
them with both
material resources (e.g., funding, compact fluorescent light
bulbs [CFLs]) and
symbolic resources (e.g., t-shirts, public acknowledgment).
DOE could also
nurture collaborative relationships that result in innovative
programs aimed at
FIGURE 13.7 Members of the Energy Action Network at the

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creating sustainable communities by simultaneously addressing
environmental
and social issues. This could be accomplished by offering
workshops and
expanding networking opportunities that help organizations: 1)
understand
climate change as well as mitigation efforts and their co-
benefits, and 2)
diversify their organizational partnerships and constituencies.

(The Field Museum 2009: 37)
The influence of the research—and of ECCo’s participation in
the network’s devel-
opment—can be seen initially in the EAN goals and
requirements (developed by the
EAN Planning Committee), in three ways. First—and overall—
they aim to build the
capacity of the member organizations to become climate action
leaders in their com-
munities, as opposed to just having them implement outside
programs. For example,
we made the specific goals, such as increasing the number of
weatherization applica-
tions, open-ended—in the end the DOE/CEDA provided no set
required increase
across-the-board—to allow for broader interpretations of
‘success’ that would account
for a combination of increased social services, outreach,
awareness, and effort. We are
also working with utility companies to provide member
organizations with energy
assessments and facilitate free building retrofits to help them
become community-
based demonstration sites for climate action. Second, they
emphasize the importance
of member organizations working to increase the community’s
awareness of and
engagement in energy conservation and climate change/climate
action overall
(including all five CCAP strategies). Third, they require that
organizations collaborate
with other organizations in their communities and emphasize the
importance of the
network itself as a mechanism for peer learning.

The network has now been running for one year, and in that
time ECCo has
assumed what one DOE staff person describes as a ‘visionary’
role, which basically
involves working with the Planning Committee to ensure that
we provide member
organizations with materials, trainings, and networking
opportunities that will help
them move beyond service delivery and energy subsidies—
signing more residents up
for utility assistance and weatherization—to community
engagement and organiza-
tional capacity-building. Additionally, we also focus on helping
member organiza-
tions connect their energy service work with their communities’
assets and values
related to environment and place. This is important because
many of the members
came into the EAN with very little understanding of
environmental issues, let alone
climate change, and understood the network as an energy-
focused program but did
not relate to the big picture of the program as part of the CCAP.
Even with the
narrow focus on energy and social services, we try to help them
broaden the work
that they do by talking to residents (‘clients’ as they refer to
them) not only about
available subsidies and services, but also about home-grown,
inexpensive or no-cost
conservation measures such as unplugging appliances when not
in use or using a
clothesline instead of a dryer.
As we now enter the beginning of program year two, our

challenge continues to
be striking a balance between the need to demonstrate
immediate quantitative suc-
cesses—evaluated primarily by the increase in utility assistance
and weatherization
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applications processed by each member—with ECCo’s main
interest in building
the capacity of member organizations to incorporate energy
efficiency and other cli-
mate action work into their core agendas for long-term change.
In 2011, we will
continue addressing this issue, both with the EAN and a new
pilot program being

launched by the DOE in South Chicago focused on developing
models for ‘co-
delivering’ residential services for green and healthy homes
and, ultimately, increasing the
number of residential retrofits. In the South Chicago project as
in the EAN, we will
be responsible for helping the lead community organizations
bring together a broad
range of stakeholders to link home energy issues to other
organizational and community
concerns, such as those discussed in our report. This project
will be our first opportunity
to build directly on report recommendations that are
community-specific.
Conclusion: Broadening The Discussion On Climate Change
Ecological paradigms in cultural anthropology necessarily take
into account both the
physical and social environments in which people live. This has
been the case in our
research on engaging diverse Chicago communities in the
Chicago Climate Action
Plan. While climate change frequently has a popular dimension
informed by mass
media, political interests, and global opportunities and markets,
our research looks at
climate action as a culturally relevant and historically situated
local concern. Rather
than a one size fits all program for carbon reduction, or a single
approach to research
methods, our approach has been to accentuate local diversity,
the resilience of
local communities to adapt to changing environmental
circumstances and scarce
resources, and new opportunities for collaboration between

policy makers and local
stakeholders.
Our research also takes the diverse urban environment as a
distinct challenge for
policy development and suggests ways to build upon an existing
history of human-
environment interactions that are already present in
communities and are meaningful
to residents (although people may not always understand them
as such). We’ve
documented in our research how two distinct communities in
Chicago have very
different histories, social demographics, and relationships with
the natural environ-
ment. South Chicago was dominated by the steel industry and
the rapid social and
environmental adjustments required by its collapse. The history
of NKO, on the
other hand, has been dominated by shifting City government
interventions to meet
competing housing needs: segregating African Americans and
then poverty on
one hand, and satisfying the demand for middle-class residences
near downtown on
the other. While these particular experiences have shaped
everyday attitudes about
the environment and the purposefulness of government action,
they also encompass
common concerns (e.g., about food security, changing weather
patterns, crime,
housing, and jobs), and it has been the point of our research to
draw out some of
these important commonalities and differences.
The City faces a number of important challenges in making

climate action relevant
to local residents. So far, policy makers have been enthusiastic
about new ideas and
approaches suggested by our research. Where other approaches
have focused on the
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most cost effective means of carbon reduction, or global
political frameworks and
challenges, our research suggests a myriad of other avenues for
engaging communities
in climate action. These include:
� building on culturally relevant local practices;
� addressing local barriers—many of which are embedded in

complicated histories
related to social exclusion; and,
� connecting climate action to multiple co-benefits, including
but beyond cost
savings.
These approaches should help the City attain community buy-in
on larger policy
related goals as well as identify and develop more creative
strategies for facilitating
widespread engagement across diverse communities. This can
be done in part by figuring
out how to implement climate action initiatives that begin in the
community and ‘scale
out’—as suggested by the community organizer in the opening
quote to our chapter.
In sum, our research suggests that climate action can help
advance community
agendas addressing everyday concerns. It also brings to light
some of the ways in
which the diverse social and institutional focus of anthropology
can assist in illumi-
nating the human-environment interactions in urban
environments and provides
opportunities for developing broader participatory models for
democratic processes
and policy development in climate action.
Notes
1 ECCo’s asset-based approach builds on the asset-based
community development model
pioneered by Kretzmann and McKnight (1993) by adding a

focus on cultural values and
beliefs and on human-environmental interactions.
2 Some of our studies also include social network analysis,
which adds a quantitative
component. We have been collaborating with Northwestern
University’s Science of
Networks in Communities (SONIC) Research Lab to draw on
ethnographic research
findings to design and administer computer-based social
network surveys. The surveys,
which are given to community leaders and residents—many of
whom participate first in
the ethnographic research—aim to better understand and map
communication and
knowledge networks related to environmental issues. Findings
result in recommenda-
tions regarding how the City and its partners can disseminate
information through
existing networks and work through trusted organizations to
mobilize the community
around climate action—even when those organizations have not
traditionally focused on
environmental issues. The first full-scale SONIC research
project was conducted in
North Kenwood/Oakland and the data are currently being
analyzed; thus the results are
not discussed in this chapter.
3 This finding is in line with other research on public
perceptions of climate change. See
Kempton (1997).
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http://www.booklocker.com/books/2989.html
http://www.newcommunities.org/communities/douglas/
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/calumet/
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/par/
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/ccuc/ccuc_si tes/Climate_Action/pd
es/culturalconnections/pdf/TeachersGuide_19.pdf
http://www.booklocker.com/books/2989.html
Spicer, C. and Rivera, G. (2004) ‘Building on the Past: A New
Foundation for Community
in North Kenwood-Oakland,’ Urban Research: Perspectives on
Civic Activism and City
Life, III:50–61. [Online] Available at:

http://www.fieldmuseum.org/ccuc/Perspectives_III/
7_Spicer_Rivera.pdf.
Wali, Alaka (2006) ‘Beyond the Colonnades: Changing Museum
Practice and Public
Anthropology in Chicago,’ Sociological Imagination, 42(2): 99–
114.
Walley, C.J. (2009) ‘Deindustrializing Chicago: A Daughter’s
Story.’ In The Insecure
American, (Eds, Gusterson, H. & Basteman, C.). Berkeley:
University of California Press.
=957669.
C
op

ro
up
. A
ll
rig
ht
s
re
se
rv
ed
.
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/ccuc/Perspectives_III/7_Spicer_Ri
vera.pdf
http://www.fieldmuseum.org/ccuc/Perspectives_III/7_Spicer_Ri
vera.pdf

HOUSEWORK: REMINDER
• We are moving to trial online discussion forums each
module: (no online tutorials) choose one of 3
questions to respond to - find link to Forum under
each Module banner.
• No online lecture or discussion forum next week
(Module 5)
• Online quiz opens next week Tuesday 7th April at
8.00am, closes Thursday 9th at 11.55pm.
• 12 multiple choice/true-false questions
• 45 min. to complete
• All drawn from subject material.
• The quiz cannot be rerun; if you miss it you miss it.
Culture & Environment:
Anthropological Approaches
to Environmental Issues
ANT3CAE

MODULE 4.1: Climate Change and the
Anthropocene
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php ?id=17331
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php%3Fid=17331
Image: Nick Smith 2003
What is the anthropocene?
The Anthropocene: a
problematic concept?
• Eurocentric
• anthropocentric
• allied to development of capitalism;
modernization, & accompanying

dispossession and destruction of
Indigenous societies
Kogi cosmology
http://tairona.myzen.co.uk/index.php/culture/kogi_religion_and
_cosmology
http://tairona.myzen.co.uk/index.php/culture/kogi_religion_and
_cosmology
Planetary
Limits
Fig: Rockstrom et al 2009 Planetary Boundaries; exploring the
safe
Operating space for humanity
Carbon Footprint

http://www.english-online.at/environment/copenhagen-climate-
summit/copenhagen-climate-summit-and-global-
warming.htm
9
Population, consumption and
climate change (Wilk 2009)
• Consumer economy in ‘developed’ countries a way of life
based on moving and transforming huge amounts of
materials and energy
• At current rate of consumption we need 18 billion global
hectares of productive land to support lifestyle and absorb
waste.
• Only 11.9 billion hectares available on earth
• We Australians are consuming more than 3 times our fair
share of the planet’s natural resources. (if everyone
consumed like us, we would need 3 earths to support)

• China and India even while consuming less on per capita
basis now rival national levels of consumption and carbon
emissions of ‘developed’ countries
Anthropology and Climate
Change
CC is about people and power, ethics and morals,
environmental costs and justice, and cultural and
spiritual survival
CC is environmental colonialism: global processes were
neither caused by inhabitants of the majority of
climate-sensitive world regions. Yet their inhabitants
experience far-reaching effects.
Episode 1: Summary
• Caution in use of term “the
Anthropocene”

• Treading carefully between “alarm”
and “action”
• A new form of ecological imperialism
(or environmental colonialism)
• climate change ”a threat multiplier”;
magnifies and exacerbates existing
social, political, environmental and
economic problems
Culture & Environment:
Anthropological Approaches
to Environmental Issues
ANT3CAE
MODULE 4.2: Case study: local communities and
glacial retreat in Peruvian Andes
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=17331
http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php%3Fid=17331

Jacamba Glacier, Peruvian Andes, 1980 and 2000 (Photos by
Tim
Helwig-Larsen)
Case study: Glacier hazard
zones Cordillera Blanca,
Ancash region, Peru (Carey 2014)
Cordillera Blanca;
Ancash region,
Peru
Summary: Culture and climate change
• Anthropologists have an important role to play in
understanding and
highlighting the human dimensions of climate change;
• Climate change mitigation and adaptation projects are unlikely
to

succeed without close understanding of the societies in which
they
are to be implemented;
• Resilience in communities is embedded in historical, social,
and
cultural constructions that govern social interactions and the
material development of communities.
• Climate change practitioners can promote resilience to the
physical
and material components of a socio-ecological system;
• However the cultural side of resilience requires that
livelihoods that
fulfil material, moral and spiritual needs in the context of major
environmental or political change need be maintained to ensure
sense of continuity of meaning and coherence.
References
• Batterbury, S. 2008. “Anthropology and Global Warming: The
Need for Environmental Engagement” The Australian Journal of

Anthropology Vol. 19 No.
1, pp. 62-68.
• Bolin, I. 2009. “The Glaciers of the Andes are melting:
Indigenous and Anthropological knowledge merge in restoring
water resources” in S. Crate & M.
Nuttall. (eds.) Anthropology and climate change: from
encounters to actions, Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek,
California, pp.228-239.
• Carey, M. 2013. “The Politics of Place: Inhabiting and
defending Glacier Hazard Zones in Peru’s Cordillera Blanca” in
M. Dove (ed.) The Anthropology of
Climate Change: An Historical Reader, Wiley, Hoboken,
pp.247-257.
• Crate, S. & M. Nuttall (eds.), 2009. Anthropology and Climate
Change: from encounters to actions, Walnut Creek., California:
Left Coast
Press.
• Hassan, F. 2009. Human agency, climate change, and culture:
an archaeological perspective. In Anthropology and climate
change: from

encounters to actions (eds) S.A. Crate & M. Nuttall. Walnut
Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
• Haraway, D. N. Ishikawa, S. F. Gilbert, K. Olwig, A. L. Tsi ng
& N. Bubandt 2016, ”Anthropologists Are Talking – About the
Anthropocene”, Ethnos, 81:3, 535-564
• Hassan, F. 2009. ‘Human agency, climate change, and culture:
an archaeological perspective”, in S. Crate & M. Nuttall. (eds.)
Anthropology and climate
change: from encounters to actions, Left Coast Press, Walnut
Creek, California, pp. 39- 69.
• Orlove, B.S. 2009. ‘Glacier retreat: reviewing the limits of
human adaptation to climate change’. Environment Vol. 51, pp.
22-34.
• Rockstrom et al 2009. “Planetary Boundaries; exploring the
safe Operating space for humanity”, Ecology and Society, Vol.
14 No. 2, p. 32
• Roncoli, C, T. Crane & B Orlove. 2009. “Fielding Climate
Change in Cultural Anthropology”. In Anthropology and climate
change: from encounters to
actions, S. Crate & M. Nuttall (eds.) Walnut Creek, California:

Left Coast Press, pp. 87-115.
• Wilk, R. 2002. Consumption, human needs, and global
environmental change. Global Environmental Change vol. 12,
pp. 5-13.

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