1405136502 1
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This document provides an index of medical terms related to various body systems and diseases. It includes terms about the cardiovascular system (e.g., aorta, arteries, atherosclerosis), respiratory system (e.g., bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension), gastrointestinal system (e.g., bowel disease, cirrhosis, hepatitis), renal system (e.g., glomerulonephritis, renal calculi), cancers (e.g., adenocarcinoma, carcinoma, leukemia), autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome), infections (e.g., tuberculosis, viral hepatitis), and more general pathological terms (e.g., atrophy, inflammation, necrosis
1405136502 1
- 1. 243 antral-pattern infection 116, 117 aorta coarctation 79 dissection 77, 82 stenosis 80, 95 valve disease 94, 95 aphthous ulcers 124, 125 aplasia 56, 57 apocrine metaplasia 227 apoptosis 18, 19, 62, 63 arachidonic acid 26, 27 arachnoid mater 181 arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 97 arteries arteriosclerosis 83 arteritis 74, 75 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177, 178 intracranial haemorrhage 180, 180, 181 normal 76, 77 thrombosis 90 embolism 91, 92–3 bowel disease 123 arterioles 83, 99 arthritis 214, 215, 217 articular cartilage 214, 215 asbestos 112, 113 Aschoff body 95 ascites 139, 141 Ashkenazy cells 195 assymetrical pupils 179 astrocytoma 182 atheroma aneurysms 82 clinical effects 82, 84 kidney 146 sites affected 82 atherosclerosis 82–3, 84 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 diabetes 202, 203 atresia 56, 57 atrial septal defect (ASD) 78, 79 atrophy 56, 57 autoimmune adrenalitis 200 autoimmune disease 46, 47 autoimmune hepatitis 134, 135 chronic inflammation 39 Eaton–Lambert syndrome 213 Goodpasture’s syndrome 48, 49, 151 Graves’ disease 194, 195 Guillain–Barré syndrome 186, 188, 189 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 195 myasthenia gravis 213 polymyositis 213 rheumatoid arthritis 109, 214, 215 Sjogren’s syndrome 205 types 47 autophagy 18, 19 autosomal dominant disorders 54, 55, 96 –7, 96 Index Note: page numbers in italic refer to figures and tables AAFB 38, 104 abscesses brain 185 chronic inflammation 38, 39 TB empyema 104 ACE inhibitors 87 acetaldehyde 132, 133 acetylcholinesterase 212, 213 acid secretion 116, 117, 118, 119 acinar zones 128, 129 acquired disorders of myelination 188, 189 acquired immunity 27, 50, 51 actinic keratosis 225 action potentials 188 acute conditions disseminated encephalomyelitis 189 haemorrhagic pancreatitis 142, 143 hepatic failure 128, 129 hepatitis, viral 138 inflammatory response 37 bacterial meningitis 184 pneumonia 100, 101 wound healing 40, 41 lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) 210 necrotising haemorrhagic encephalomyelitis 189 COPYRIGHTED pancreatitis 142, 143 pyelonephritis 154, 155 rejection 33 subdural haemorrhage 180, 180 tubular necrosis (ATN) 44, 45, 154–5 Addison’s disease 200 adenocarcinoma 64, 65 ampullary 144, 145 bladder 158, 159 cervical 171 endometrial 168, 169 gallbladder 131 Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric 116 lung 111 oesophageal 119 pancreaticobiliary 144, 145 prostate 162, 163 stomach 120–1, 120, 165 adenoid cystic carcinoma 205 adenoma adrenal corticoid 200, 201 parathyroid 199 pituitary (Cushing’s disease) 193, 198, 200, 201 thyroid follicular 196, 196 adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene 127 adenomatous polyps 126, 127 adenomyosis 166–7 adrenal glands 200–1, 200 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 192, 193, 201 adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 44, 45 advanced glycation end-products (AGEP) 202, 203 agenesis 56, 57, 146, 147 air embolism 92, 98 alcohol liver cirrhosis 128, 129, 132, 133, 139, 140–1 metabolism 132 pancreatitis 142, 143 tissue damage 23 aldosterone 80, 201 alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 107 alpha granules, thrombosis 88 alpha motor neurones 186 alveolitis 108, 109 Alzheimer’s disease 190, 191 ammonia 141 amniotic fluid embolus 92, 92, 98 amosite 113 ampullary adenocarcinoma 144, 145 ampulla of Vater 142 amyloidosis 152, 153 amyloid plaques 191 anaemia 210, 211 anal carcinoma 126, 127 anal skin tags 124, 125 anaphase 52 anaphylaxis 45, 48, 49 anaplastic astrocytoma 182 anaplastic carcinoma of thyroid 197 aneurysms 76, 77, 82, 181 angina pectoris 86 angioleiomyolipoma 157 angiotensin I/ II 80 aniline dyes 158, 159 Ann Arbor staging system 206, 207 answers to self-assessment questions 235–9 anterior cerebral artery 178 antibodies glomerulonephritis 150, 151, 152, 153 immunoglobulins 28, 29 necrosis 18, 19 viral hepatitis 136, 137 see also immuno entries anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) 214, 215 anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 80, 192, 193 antigen presentation 32, 33 antigen presenting cells (APCs) 30, 31, 33 chronic inflammation 39 hypersensitivity 48 immunity overview 50, 51 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 antigen recognition 28, 29 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) 74, 75 MATERIAL
- 2. 244 Index bilirubin 130, 131 biochemistry 242 biopsy, prostate 162 bird fancier’s lung 109 bladder abnormalities 146, 147 blood flow acute inflammation 36, 37 atherosclerosis 82, 84 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 fluid dynamics 14, 15 metastatic tumour spread 66 shock 44, 45 gases 242 haematological conditions 210–11, 210 pressure control mechanisms 80, 81, 147 portal hypertension 139, 141 pulmonary hypertension 98–9, 107 renal aspects 146, 147 systemic hypertension 80, 81 vessels normal 76, 77 see also arteries; vascular entries; veins see also haem entries; thrombosis blue bloaters 107 blue naevus 223 bone 17 fracture healing 40, 41 hyperparathyroidism 198, 199 marrow embolus 92, 98 haematological conditions 210, 211 myeloma 218 transplantation 33 myeloma 208, 209, 218 normal 216 osteoarthritis 214, 215 osteoarticular pathology 216, 217 Paget’s disease 216, 217 radiation damage 20 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35, 46, 47 rheumatoid arthritis 214, 215 tumours 218, 219 see also osteo entries borderline ovarian tumours 164, 164 botulism 185 bowel colon 16, 124, 125 colorectal carcinoma 126, 127 Crohn’s disease 124, 125 duodenum 116, 117 intussusception 122, 123 small 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 125 ulcerative colitis 124, 125 volvulus 122, 123 see also gastrointestinal tract disease Bowen’s disease 225 Bowman’s capsule 146, 147 brain cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177, 178 contusions 181 dementia 190, 191 intracranial haemorrhage 180, 180, 181 raised intracranial pressure 179, 179 shock 44 Wilson’s disease 72, 73 wound healing 41 branchial cyst 204 breast disease 226, 227, 228, 229 Brenner tumour 164 Breslow thickness 225 bridging necrosis/fibrosis 140 bronchial hamartoma 112 bronchiectasis 102, 103 bronchitis, chronic 106, 107 bronchopneumonia 101, 104 Brucella 217 Budd–Chiari syndrome 139, 140 Buerger’s arteritis 74 bullous disorders 220, 221, 221 bullous pemphigoid 220, 221, 221 Bundle of His 86, 87 Burkitt’s lymphoma 63 burns 21 C3 activation 26, 27 acute inflammation 36, 37 immunity overview 50, 51 cachexia 24, 25 calcium 198, 199, 212, 213 calculi, renal 154, 155 callus formation 40, 41 canals of Hering 128, 129 Candida albicans 42, 43 capillaries 77 carbon monoxide 22, 23 carcinogens 22, 23 carcinoid tumour 112, 113, 121 carcinoma adrenal corticoid 200, 201 anal 126, 127 bladder 158, 159 bone secondaries 218, 219 breast 228, 229 cervical 170, 171 colorectal 126, 127 definition 58, 59 endometrial 168, 169 gallbladder 130, 131, 144 Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric 116, 117 hepatocellular 141 histological subtypes 64, 65 lung primary 110, 111 nasopharyngeal 204, 205 pancreas 144, 145 parathyroid 199 renal 156, 157 testicular 160, 161 thyroid anaplastic 197 familial medullary 199 follicular 196–7, 196 medullary 197, 198 papillary 196, 197 carcinosarcoma, uterine 168, 169 cardiac malformation 78, 79 cardiac tamponade 97 autosomal recessive disorders 54, 55, 102, 103, 142, 143 axons 181, 188 bacterial infection bone 217 chronic inflammation 38, 39 defences against 42, 43 endocarditis 94, 95, 155 Helicobacter pylori 57, 116, 117, 119, 120–1, 120, 121 meningitis 184 pneumonia 100, 101 septic arthritis 217 see also individual bacteria bagassosis 109 Barrett’s oesophagus 118, 119 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 224–5, 224 basal ganglia 186 basement membrane, kidney 147, 150 base pairs 60, 61 basophils 26, 27, 48 B cell receptor (BCR) 28, 29, 32, 46, 47 B cells 28, 29 chronic inflammation 38, 39 coeliac disease 114, 115 diffuse large B cell lymphoma 206, 207 immunity overview 50, 51 immunodeficiency disorders 42, 43 leukaemia 210, 211 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 tolerance 46, 47 BCG vaccine 105 Bcl-2 pro-apoptosis protein 18, 19 Beckwith–Wiedmann syndrome 175 Bence–Jones protein 208, 209 benign tumours adrenal cortical 200, 201 angioleiomyolipoma 157 breast 226, 227 features 58, 59 head and neck 204, 205 lung 112, 113 oncocytoma 157 ovarian 164, 164 pancreatic 145 primary liver 145 prostatic hyperplasia 162, 163 skin 222, 223 thyroid follicular adenoma 196, 196 tubulointerstitial disease 154, 155 benign uterine conditions 166–7, 166 Bernoulli principle 96 berry aneurysms 77, 82, 181 beta-blockers 87 bile biliary cirrhosis 134, 135, 139, 140–1 biliary tumours 144, 145 canaliculi 128, 129 ducts injury 135 liver cirrhosis 140 gallstones 130, 131 salts, coeliac disease 115
- 3. Index 245 cardiac thrombus 90, 91, 93 cardiac valvular disease 94, 95 cardiogenic shock 44, 45 cardiomyopathy constrictive 96, 97 dilated 96, 97 hypertrophic 96–7, 96 restrictive 96, 97 cardiovascular disease aneurysms 76, 77, 181 atherosclerosis 82–3, 84 cardiac valvular disease 94, 95 congenital heart disease 78, 79 disseminated intravascular coagulation 92, 93 embolism 91, 92–3 ischaemic heart disease 85–6, 86–7 Marfan syndrome 54, 55 myocardial disease 96–7, 96 normal blood vessels 76, 77 pericardial disease 96–7, 96 smoking 22, 23 syphilis 70, 71 systemic hypertension 80, 81 thrombosis 88–9, 89–90 cardiovascular failure, shock 44, 45 caseous necrosis 16, 17, 38, 104 case studies 230–4 caspases 18, 19 cataracts 202 catecholamines 198, 200 cavernous haemangioma, hepatic 145 CD4+ T helper (Th) cells 30, 31, 32, 33 immunity overview 50, 51 tolerance 46, 47 CD4 receptors, HIV infection 42 CD8+ cytotoxic (Tc) cells 30, 31, 32 hepatitis C virus 137 immunity overview 50, 51 tolerance 46, 47 cell physiology B cells 28, 29 cell cycle 62, 63 cell death apoptosis 18, 19, 62, 63 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 necrosis 16, 17, 18, 19 disordered growth 56, 57 division 52, 53, 60, 61 membranes 12, 13 normal human 12, 13 signalling 12, 13, 62, 63 T cells 30, 31 temperature extremes 20, 21 transport 12, 13 central nervous system dementia 190, 191 demyelination disorders 188, 189 tumours 182–3, 182 central pontine myelinolysis 189 centrilobular emphysema 106, 107 centromeres 52, 53 centrosomes 13 cerebellum 186 cerebral arteries 178 cerebral contusions 181 cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) 176, 177, 178 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 171 chemical agents 18, 19, 22, 23 chemokines 26 children cystic fibrosis 54, 55, 102, 103, 142, 143 Henoch–Schönlein purpura 74, 75, 123, 151 kidney/urinary tract malformations 146, 147 malnutrition 24, 25 paediatric tumours 174, 175 Peutz–Jeghers polyps 123 polycystic kidney disease 146 volvulus 122, 123 chloride ions 102 cholangiocarcinoma (CC) 144, 145 cholangiopathies 134, 135 cholangitis, primary sclerosing 134, 135 cholecystitis 131 cholecystokinin (CCK) 130, 131 cholesteatoma 204, 205 cholesterol 130, 131 chondrosarcoma 218, 219 chordae tendinae 94 choriocarcinoma 160, 161, 173 choroid plexus papilloma 183 chromosomes 52, 53, 54, 55 chronic conditions active hepatitis 140 hepatic failure 128, 129 hepatitis 139, 140 inflammation agents 42 autoimmune hepatitis 134, 135 bronchitis 106, 107 fibrosing alveolitis 108, 109 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 195 immunity overview 50, 51 rheumatoid arthritis 109, 214, 215 inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy 189 interstitial nephritis 155 lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) 210, 211 myeloid leukaemia (CML) 210, 211 obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 22, 23, 106, 107, 111 pancreatitis 142, 143 rejection 33 subdural haemorrhage 180, 180, 190 Churg–Strauss syndrome 74, 75 chymotrypsin 142, 143 cicatricial pemphigoid 220, 221 cigarette smoking see smoking circle of Willis 181 cirrhosis 128, 129, 139, 140–1 fatty liver disease 132, 133 hepatocellular carcinoma 145 c-kit oncogene 63 Clarke’s level 225 classification tumours 58, 59 lymphoma 206, 207 see also grading; staging; TNM clear cell carcinoma 168, 169 cleared nuclei 196, 197 cloaca 146, 147 Clostridium C. difficile 115 C. tetani 185 coagulation cascade disseminated intravascular 92, 93 normal 90 thrombosis 88 coagulative necrosis 16, 17, 85, 87 coarctation of aorta 79 cobblestone mucosa 124, 125 Codman’s triangle 219 coeliac disease 114, 115 cold-induced tissue damage 20, 21 colon 16, 124, 125 colorectal carcinoma (CRC) 126, 127 columnar lined oesophagus (CLO) 119 compartmentalisation 14, 15 complement system 26, 27 bacterial infection 42, 43 glomerulonephritis 152, 153 hypersensitivity 48 immunity overview 50, 51 complete hydatidiform mole 172, 173 conduction system, heart 86, 86 confusional states 190, 191 congenital abnormalities 56, 57 craniopharyngioma 193 heart disease 78, 79 kidney/urinary tract 146, 147 naevus 222, 223 connective tissue 17 Conn’s syndrome 201 constrictive cardiomyopathy 96, 97 continuous endothelium 77 contraceptives, oral 22 contusions, cerebral 181 copper 72, 73 coronary arteries 85–6, 86 –7, 86 corticosteroids 200–1, 200 countercurrent multiplier system 146 cranial nerve palsies 184 craniopharyngioma 193 C-reactive protein (CRP) 37 crescentic glomerulonephritis 152, 153 Creuztfeld–Jakob disease (CJD) 190, 191 crocidolite 113 Crohn’s disease 124, 125 cryptococcal meningitis 184 cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) 109 crypts 124, 125 Cushing’s disease (pituitary adenoma) 193, 198, 200, 201 Cushing’s syndrome 200, 201 cyanotic congenital heart disease 78, 79 cyclin kinases 62 cystadenofibroma, ovarian 164, 164 cystadenoma, ovarian 164, 164 cystic fibrosis (CF) 54, 55 bronchiectasis 102, 103 complications 102, 103 pancreatitis 142, 143
- 4. 246 Index radiation damage 20, 21 tumorigenesis/oncogenesis 60, 61 viral hepatitis 136, 137 dominant genes 53, 54, 55, 96 –7, 96 Down syndrome 54, 55 Dressler’s syndrome 87 drowning 21 drugs corticosteroids 200–1, 200 gastric irritation 116, 117 hepatic/cholestatic effects 135 tissue damage 22, 23 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) 228, 229 Duke’s staging 126, 127 duodenum 116, 117 duplication, ureteric/kidney 146, 147 dura mater 180, 180 dysgerminoma, ovarian 165 dysplasia 56, 57 actinic keratosis 225 adenomatous colorectal polyps 127 oesophageal 119 ventricular 97 dystrophin gene (Xp21) 213 ear 204, 205, 216, 217 Eaton–Lambert syndrome 213 ectopia 56, 57 ectopic pregnancy 172, 173 eczema 220 effector caspases 18, 19 electrocution 21 electrolytes 14, 15 calcium ions 212, 213 cystic fibrosis 102 potassium 15 sodium ions 15, 18, 102, 212 embolisation 90 embolism 91, 92–3 bowel infarction 123 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 pulmonary 98, 98 embryology 146, 147 embryonal carcinoma, testicular 161 emphysema 106, 107 empyema 104 encephalitis 184–5 encephalomyelitis 189 endocarditis, infective 94, 95 endocrine disease adrenal 200–1, 200 diabetes mellitus 202, 203 fatty liver disease 132, 133 glomerulonephritis 152, 153 obesity 24, 25 parathyroid glands 198, 199 pituitary 192–3, 192, 200, 201 thyroid neoplasia 196–7, 196 non-neoplastic pathology 194, 195 endometrial adenocarcinoma 168, 169 endometrial stromal sarcoma 169 endometriosis 166, 167 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 12, 13 endothelial cells atherosclerosis 83, 84 coagulation cascade 88, 90 vascular 76, 77 endothelin-1 (ET-1) 76, 88, 90 enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATCL) 115 environmental toxins 20, 21 enzymes, digestive 115 eosinophils 26, 27 chronic inflammation 42 hypersensitivity 48 ependymoma 183 epidermoid cyst 222, 223 epithelium 17 breast carcinoma 228, 229 breast hyperplasia 226, 227 carcinoma 58, 59 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 171 coeliac disease 114, 115 gut, radiation damage 20, 21 ovarian tumours 164–5, 164 protective role 27 Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) 207 erythema multiforme 220, 221 erythropoiesis 210 Escherichia coli 184, 217 ethanol (ethyl alcohol) 23 ethylene glycol 23 Ewing’s sarcoma 174, 175, 219 excitotoxicity 177 exophthalmos 194, 195 exostrophy, bladder 146, 147 extradural haemorrhage 180, 180 extrinsic allergic alveolitis 109 extrinsic coagulation pathway 88, 90 exudates 14, 15 eye 179, 202, 204, 205 Fab (antigen recognition) region 28, 29 face 204 factor VII (extrinsic) pathway 88, 90 faecal occult blood (FOB) 67 faecal–oral transmission 137, 138 Fallot’s tetralogy 78, 79 familial medullary thyroid carcinoma 199 farmer’s lung 109 fasciculations 186, 187 Fas receptor 18, 19 fat embolus 92, 98 fat necrosis 16, 17 fatty liver disease 132, 133 fatty streaks 84 Fc (constant) region 28, 29 Felty’s syndrome 215 fenestrated endothelium 77 fever 37 fibrin 88, 90 fibroadenoma, breast 226, 227 fibroblasts 40, 108, 109 fibrocystic breast 226, 227 fibroepithelial polyp 222, 223 fibroids 166, 166 fibrosing alveolitis 108, 109 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene 55, 102 cytochrome c 18, 19 cytokines 37 atheromatous plaque formation 83, 84 cachexia 24, 25 immunity overview 50, 51 natural immunity 26, 27 T cells 30, 31 cytology, malignant disease 58 cytoskeleton 12, 13 cytosol 12, 13 cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells) 30, 31, 136 cytotrophoblast 160, 161 deafness 216, 217 death receptor pathway 18, 19 deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 90 dehydration 44, 45 delayed (Type IV) hypersensitivity 48, 49 dementia 190, 191 demyelination 188, 189 dendritic antigen presenting cells 34, 35, 46 depolarisation 177, 212 DeQuervain’s thyroiditis 195 dermatitis herpetiformis 220, 221, 221 dermatofibroma 222, 223 dermatomyositis 213 dermatoses, inflammatory 220, 220, 221, 221 desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) 109 developmental disorders 56, 57 cardiac malformation 78, 79 craniopharyngioma 193 renal/urinary tract 146, 147 diabetes insipidus 193 diabetes mellitus 202, 203 fatty liver disease 132, 133 glomerulonephritis 152, 153 obesity 24, 25 diarrhoea 114, 115 diet colorectal cancer 127 deficiencies 18, 19 diverticulitis 123 healthy 25 nutritional disorders 24, 25 diffuse axonal injury (DAI) 181 diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis 152, 153 diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma 121 dilatation, cardiac 94, 95 dilated cardiomyopathy 96, 97 diploid cells 52, 53, 173 discontinuous endothelium 77 disordered cell growth 56, 57 dissecting aneurysms 77 disseminated encephalomyelitis 189 disseminated intravascular coagulation 92, 93 Disse, space of 128, 129 diuresis, cold-induced 20, 21 diverticular disease 122, 123 DNA cell division 52, 53 hepatitis B virus 136, 137 mismatch repair enzymes 62, 63 oncogenes 62, 63, 126, 127
- 5. Index 247 fibrosis cirrhosis 140–1 endometriosis 167 fatty liver disease 132, 133 fibrosing alveolitis 108, 109 primary sclerosing cholangitis 134, 135 Riedel’s thyroiditis 195 sarcoidosis 71 fibrous obliteration 90 filtration, blood 14, 15 fistulae 124, 125 fixed antigens 48, 49 fleabitten kidney 146, 147 Flexner–Wintersteiner rosettes 175 fluid compartments 14, 15 fluid dynamics 14, 15 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 152, 153 follicle dendritic cells (FDCs) 29, 34, 35, 39 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 192, 193 follicular adenoma of thyroid 196, 196 follicular carcinoma of thyroid 196–7, 196 follicular lymphoma 63 fractures 40, 41, 216, 217, 218, 219 free fatty acids (FFA) 132, 133 free radicals 18, 19 acute inflammation 36, 37 smoking 22, 23 frostbite 20, 21 fungi 42, 43, 155 see also mycobacteria fusiform aneurysms 77 gallbladder 130, 131, 144 gallstones 130, 131 γ(gamma)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 141 gamma motor neurones 186 gangrene 16, 17 gallbladder cystic artery obstruction 131 intussusception 122, 123 volvulus 122, 123 gastrin 116, 117 gastritis 116, 117 gastrointestinal stromal tumour 121 gastrointestinal tract disease adenomatous polyps 126, 127 anal carcinoma 126, 127 colorectal cancer 126, 127 Crohn’s disease 124, 125 diverticulosis 122, 123 malabsorption 114, 115 mechanical 122, 123 oesophageal disease 118, 119 peptic ulceration 116, 117 small intestine tumours 120, 121 stomach tumours 120, 121 ulcerative colitis 124, 125 gastro–oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) 118, 119 generalised paralysis of the insane 71 gene rearrangement 28, 29 genetics alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 107 arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 97 cell division 52, 53 colorectal cancer predisposition 127 genetic diseases 54, 55 leukaemia 211 mutation 60, 61 oncogenes 62, 63 tumour suppressor genes 62, 63 genitourinary tract disease bladder tumours 158, 159 congenital 146, 147 glomerulonephritis 150, 151 inherited 146, 147 prostatic disease 162, 163 renal neoplasms 156, 157 testicular cancer 160, 161 tubulointerstitial diseases 154, 155 vascular kidney diseases 146, 147 germ cells 17 meiosis 52, 53 ovarian tumours 164–5, 164 gestational diabetes 203 Ghon complex 104 giant cell arteritis 74, 75 giant cell tumour 218, 219 glandular epithelium 17 Gleason score 163 glioblastoma multiforme 182 gliomas 182 glomerular tufts 146, 147 glomerulonephritis 150, 151, 152, 153 glomerulus 146, 147, 150 glossary of terms 240–1 glucagon 203 glucocorticoids 201 glucocorticoid suppressible hyperaldosteronism 201 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) 210, 211 glucose 202, 203 gluten 114, 115 glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) 86 goblet cells 106, 107 goitre 194, 195 Golgi apparatus 12 Goodpasture’s syndrome 48, 49, 151 gout 214, 215 grading colorectal carcinoma survival 66 gliomas 182 tumours 59 see also staging; TNM system granulomatosis, Wegener’s 74, 75 granulomatous chronic inflammation 42, 221 autoimmune hepatitis/cholangiopathies 134, 135 causes 39 sarcoidosis 70, 71 tuberculous 38, 104 granzyme B 18, 19 Graves’ disease 194, 195 grey hepatisation 100, 101 growth factors 62, 63 growth hormone (GH) 192, 193 guanosine triphosphate (GTP) 63 Guillain–Barré syndrome 186, 188, 189 gut epithelium 20, 21 gynaecological disease benign uterine conditions 166–7, 166 cervical cancer 170, 171 ovarian tumours 164, 165 uterine cancer 168, 169 haemangioma 145 haematemesis 117 haematological conditions 210–11, 210 haematology reference ranges 242 haematoma 40, 41 haemochromatosis 72, 73 haemophilia-A 54 Haemophilus influenzae 184, 217 chronic bronchitis 107 pneumonia 101 haemorrhage 44, 45, 180, 180, 181 haemorrhagic infarction 122, 123 haemorrhagic pancreatitis 142, 143 haemorrhagic strokes 176, 177 haemostasis, normal 89–90 halo naevus 223 hamartoma 56, 57 breast 226, 227 bronchial 112 hand 187 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 195 Hassall’s corpuscles 46 HBeAg antigen 145 HBsAg antigen 136, 137 head injury 179, 180, 180, 181 head and neck 204, 205 Heaf test 48 heart see cardiac entries; myocardial entries heat-induced tissue damage 20, 21 heavy/light immunoglobulin chains 28, 29, 32 Helicobacter pylori 57 gastric adenocarcinoma 120–1, 120 oesophageal adenocarcinoma 119 peptic ulceration 116, 117 helminths 42, 43 hemianopia 193 Henlé, loop of 146 Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) 74, 75, 123, 151 hepatic disease alcoholic 132, 133 autoimmune 134, 135 cholangiopathies 134, 135 cirrhosis 128, 129, 132, 133, 139, 140–1 jaundice 130, 131 liver cell adenoma 145 liver damage 128, 129 liver transaminases 140 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis 132, 133 tumours 144, 145 viral hepatitis 136, 137–8 Wilson’s disease 72, 73 hepatitis A virus (HAV) 137 hepatitis B virus (HBV) 136, 137, 145 hepatitis C virus (HCV) 132, 133, 136, 137 hepatitis D virus (HDV) 137–8 hepatitis E virus (HEV) 138 hepatitis G virus (HGV) 138
- 6. 248 Index hypoplasia 56, 57 hypospadias 146, 147 hypothermia 20, 21 hypothyroidism 194, 195 hypovolaemia 44, 45, 92 hypoxia 176, 177 immobilisation, wound healing 40, 41 immune complexes 48, 49, 150, 151 immune-mediated disease 155 immunity acute inflammation 36, 37 B cells 28, 29 body’s natural defences 26, 27 chronic inflammation 38, 39 coeliac disease 114, 115 extrinsic allergic alveolitis 109 hypersensitivity reactions 48, 49 immunodeficiency 42, 43 infection 42, 43 major histocompatibility complex 30, 31, 32, 33 overview 50, 51 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 T cells 30, 31 viral hepatitis 136, 137 wound healing 40, 41 immunodeficiency 42, 43 see also HIV infection immunoglobulins (Ig) 28, 29 autoimmune hepatitis 134, 135 glomerulonephritis 152, 153 hypersensitivity reactions 48, 49 IgE in hypersensitivity 48, 49 major histocompatibility complex 30, 31, 32, 33 myeloma 209 viral hepatitis 136, 137 inducing agents 61 infarction 16, 17 cerebral 176, 177, 184, 186 pulmonary 98 infection 42, 43 acute inflammation 36, 37 agents 42, 43 atherosclerosis 84 bacterial endocarditis 94, 95 bronchiectasis 103 chronic bronchitis 107 diabetes 202 disseminated intravascular coagulation 92, 93 Helbicobacter pylori 116, 117 necrosis 18, 19 nervous system 184–5, 184 osteomyelitis 217 pneumonia 100, 101 portal vein thrombosis 91, 93 septic arthritis 217 tubulointerstitial disease 154, 155 see also bacterial infection; viral infection inflammation and immunity acute inflammation 36, 37 B cells 28, 29 body’s natural defences 26, 27 bronchiectasis 103 chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis 139, 140–1 chronic inflammation 38, 39 chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy 189 cirrhosis 139, 140–1 Crohn’s disease 125 extrinsic allergic alveolitis 109 gastro–oesophageal reflux disease 118, 119 glomerulonephritis 150, 151 Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis 116, 117 hypersensitivity reactions 48, 49 immunodeficiency 42, 43 immunoglobulins 28, 29 infection 42, 43 major histocompatibility complex 30, 31, 32, 33 myocardial infarct 85, 87 nervous system infections 184–5, 184 overview 50, 51 proliferative glomerulonephritis 152, 153 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 shock 44, 45 T cells 30, 31 tolerance 46, 47 tuberculosis 104, 105, 184 tubulointerstitial disease 154, 155 viral hepatitis 136, 137 wound healing 40, 41 see also autoimmune disease inflammatory dermatoses 220, 220, 221, 221 inflammatory mediators 26, 27 inflammatory syndrome 25 injury bile ducts 135 diffuse axonal 181 intracranial 179, 180, 180, 181 vascular endothelial 76, 77 wound healing 40, 41, 202, 203 innate immunity 26, 27, 50, 51 in-situ lobular neoplasia (ISLN) 228, 229 insulin 24, 25, 203 integrins 36, 37 intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) 36, 37 interface hepatitis 140 interferons 24, 25, 30, 31 interleukins 30, 31, 37 interstitial nephritis 154, 155 intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma 121 intimal cushions 84 intracranial haemorrhage 180, 180, 181 intracranial pressure, raised 179, 179, 182 intradermal naevus, benign 222, 223 intraduct papilloma 226, 227 intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) 114 intrahepatic jaundice 130, 131 intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia 160, 161 intravascular coagulation 92, 93 intrinsic coagulation pathway 88, 90 intussusception 122, 123 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) 228, 229 invasive lobular carcinoma 228, 229 iodine deficiency 194, 195 hepatoblastoma, paediatric 174 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 141, 144, 145 hepatopulmonary syndrome 129 hepatorenal syndrome 129, 141 hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) 63, 127, 131 Hering, canals of 128, 129 herniation, intracranial 179, 179 herpes gestationis 220, 221 heterotopia 56, 57 HFE protein 72, 73 hiatus hernia 118, 119 histamines 36, 37 histology capillary endothelial cell subtypes 77 carcinoma subtypes 64, 65 lung cancer 111 mesothelioma 112 HIV infection 42, 43 hepatitis C infection 137 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 101 tuberculosis 105 Hodgkin lymphoma 206, 207 Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells 206, 207 hormones acute inflammation 37 oestrogen 229 parathyroid hormone 198, 199 pituitary disease 192–3, 192, 200, 201 reference ranges 242 renal cell carcinoma 157 see also endocrine disease Horner syndrome 110 horseshoe kidney 146, 147 human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) 173 human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes 33 Graves’ disease 195 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis 195 HLA-DQ2/DQ5 114, 115 human papilloma virus (HPV) 171 humidifier fever 109 Huntington’s chorea 186, 187, 190, 191 Hürthle cells 195 hydatidiform mole 172, 173 hydrocephalus 184 hydrostatic pressure, (HP) 14, 15 hyperacute rejection 33 hyperglycaemia 202, 203 hyperparathyroidism 198, 199 hyperplasia 56, 57 adenomatous colorectal polyps 127 benign prostatic 162, 163 breast epithelial 226, 227 endometrial 168, 169 parathyroid 198 primary hyperparathyroidism 198, 199 thymic 213 hypersensitivity reactions 48, 49, 109 hyperthyroidism, non-neoplastic 194, 195 hypertrophy 56, 57, 96 –7, 96 hypoalbuminaemia 140 hypochromic microcytic anaemia 211 hypoglycaemia 202, 203 hypoparathyroidism 198, 199 hypopituitarism 193
- 7. Index 249 ions calcium 212, 213 channels 212 free radicals 18, 19 normal cells 12, 13 potassium 15 sodium 15, 18, 102, 212 iron 72, 73, 117 irritable bowel disease 124, 125 ischaemia cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 heart disease 85–6, 86–7 necrosis 18, 19 Islets of Langerhans 142, 143, 203 jaundice 130, 131 joints, arthritis 214, 215 juvenile melanoma 223 Kayser–Fleischer rings 72, 73 keratinocytes 224, 225 ketone bodies 202, 203 kidney blood pressure 80, 81 congenital/inherited abnormalities 146, 147 glomerulonephritis 150, 151, 152, 153 neoplasms 156, 157 tuberculosis 104 tubulointerstitial diseases 154, 155 vascular disease 146, 147 Wegener’s granulomatosis 74, 75 see also renal entries Klebsiella pneumoniae 101 Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis 199 Krukenberg tumour 165 Kupffer cells 128, 129, 133 kwashiorkor 24, 25 lamellar cortical bone 40 lamina propria 114, 115 Langerhans, Islets of 142, 143, 203 Langhans giant cell 38 large bowel 16, 114, 124, 125, 126, 127 large cell carcinoma 111 large granular lymphocytes 30, 31 larynx 204 lectin binding pathway 26 left sided colorectal tumours 126 left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) 80, 81 Legionella pneumophilia 101 leiomyomas 166, 166 leiomyosarcoma, uterine 168, 169 leucotrienes 26 leukaemia 174, 175, 210–11 leukodystrophies 190 L’Hermitte’s sign 188, 189 lichenoid diseases 220 light/heavy immunoglobulin chains 28, 29, 32, 209 linitis plastica 120 liquefactive necrosis 16, 17 Listeria monocytogenes 184 liver see hepatic entries Li–Fraumeni syndrome 63 lobar pneumonia 100, 101 lobular liver architecture 128, 129 long loop excisions of the transformation zone (LLETZ) 171 loop of Henlé 146 low density lipoproteins (LDLs) 83, 84 lower motor neurone lesions 187, 187 low grade B cell lymphomas 206, 207 lung bronchiectasis 102, 103 embolism 93, 98, 98 primary carcinoma 110, 111 shock 44, 45 tumours 110, 111, 112, 113 vascular disorders 98–9, 98 volume 107 Wegener’s granulomatosis 74, 75 see also pulmonary entries; respiratory entries lymphatic system fluid dynamics 14, 15 lymph nodes 34, 35 metastatic tumour spread 66 prostate cancer spread 162, 163 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 spleen 34, 35 tolerance 46, 47 lymphoma 206, 207 gastric 121 lung 112, 113 malignant 160, 161 paediatric 174, 175 lymphoreticular disease 210–11, 210 see also lymphoma; myeloma lysosomes 12, 13 lytic necrosis 17 McCune Albright syndrome 200, 201 macrocytic anaemia 211 macrophages 26, 27 acute inflammation 36, 37 overview 50, 51 major artery occlusion 87 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 30, 31, 32, 33 immunity overview 50, 51 normal vascular endothelium 77 tolerance 46, 47 malabsorption 114, 115 malignant disease adrenal 200–1, 200 biliary 144, 145 bladder 158, 159 bone 218, 219 breast 228, 229 carcinoma histological subtypes 64, 65 central nervous system 182–3, 182 cervical 170, 171 classification 58, 59 disseminated intravascular coagulation 92 dysplasia 56, 57, 97, 119, 127 head and neck 204, 205 hepatic 144, 145 HIV immunodeficiency 42, 43 Hodgkin lymphoma 206, 207 lung 110, 111 lymphoma 160, 161 mesothelioma 112, 113 myeloma 208, 209 non-Hodgkin lymphoma 206, 207 oncogenesis 60, 61 ovarian 164–5, 164 paediatric 174, 175 pancreatic 144, 145 phaeochromocytoma 198, 200 phyllodes tumour of breast 226 pituitary 192, 193 prostate 162, 163 pulmonary 110, 111 radiation damage 20, 21 raised intracranial pressure 179 renal cell carcinoma 156, 157 skin 224–5, 224 smoking 22, 23 testicular 160, 161 thyroid 196–7, 196 tubulointerstitial disease 154, 155 uterine 168, 169 Mallory’s hyaline 133 malnutrition 24, 25 malt worker’s lung 109 Mantoux test 48, 49 marasmus 24, 25 Marfan syndrome 54, 55 mast cells 26, 27 matrix metalloproteinases 40 maturation pathways, B/T cells 46, 47 maturity onset diabetes of the young 203 mechanical GI tract disease 122, 123 medullary thyroid carcinoma 197, 198, 199 megakaryopoiesis 210 meiosis 52, 53 melaena 117 melanocytic naevus NOS 223 melanoma 223, 224, 225 membrane attack complex (MAC) 26 membranes apoptosis 18, 19 cell necrosis 18, 19 normal cell 12, 13 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 152, 153 membranous nephropathy 152, 153 menin gene 199 meningioma 183 meningitis 184 meningovascular syphilis 71 mesangial cells 150, 151 mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 152, 153 mesonephric duct 146, 147 mesothelioma, lung 112, 113 metanephros 146, 147 metaphase 52 metaplasia 56, 57 metastasis anal cancer 127 bone secondaries 218, 219 brain secondaries 183 cervical cancer 171 colorectal cancer 127 definition 59 kidney carcinoma 156, 157
- 8. 250 Index mutagens 61 mutations adenocarcinoma 126, 127 alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency 107 causes 60, 61 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene 102 oncogenes 62, 63 somatic/germline 52, 53 myasthenia gravis 213 mycobacteria 217 defences against 42, 43 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 105 myelin 212 myelination 188, 189 myelodysplasia 210, 211 myeloma 208, 209, 218 myelopoiesis 210 myeloproliferative disorders 210, 211 myocardial disease 96–7, 96 myocardial infarction 85–6, 86–7 myocarditis 96, 97 myometrial leiomyomas 166, 166 myotonic dystrophy 213 naevi 222, 223 nasal polyps 204, 205 nasopharyngeal carcinoma 204, 205 natural defences 26, 27 natural killer (NK) cells 30, 31 acute inflammation 37 immunity overview 50, 51 neck 204, 205 necrosis 16, 17, 18, 19 acute tubular (ATN) 44, 45, 154–5 caseous 16, 17, 38, 104 cerebrovascular accidents 177 cirrhosis 140 intussusception 123 liquefactive 16, 17 liver damage 128, 129 myocardial infarction 85, 87 pulmonary infarction 98 see also tissue damage Neisseria meningitidis 184 neoplasia basic concepts 58, 59 carcinoma histological subtypes 64, 65 disordered cell growth 56, 57 myeloma 208, 209 oncogenes 62, 63 prognosis/treatment 66, 67 tumorigenesis/oncogenesis 60, 61 see also benign tumours; malignant disease nephritic factor 153 nephritic syndrome 150, 151 nephritis, interstitial 154, 155 nephroblastoma, paediatric 174, 175 nephrons 146, 147 nephrotic syndrome 150, 151 nerves metastatic tumour spread 66 root lesions 187 wound healing 41 see also nervous system disease; neuro entries nervous system disease acquired disorders of myelination 188, 189 central nervous system tumours 182–3, 182 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 dementia 190, 191 infections 184–5, 184 movement disorders 186, 187 raised intracranial pressure 179, 179 traumatic injury, intracranial haemorrhage 180, 180, 181 Wilson’s disease 72, 73 neuroblastoma 174, 175, 204, 205 neurodegenerative disorders 187, 190, 191 neuroectodermal-derived tissue 17 neuroendocrine tumours 121 see also carcinoid tumour neurofibrillary tangles 191 neurological deficits 177, 182 neuromuscular junction 212, 213 neuropathy, diabetic 202 neurosyphilis 70, 71 neurotransmitters 14 neutropenia 211 neutrophil polymorphs 26, 27, 36, 37 nicotine 22, 23 nipple 226, 227, 228, 229 nitric oxide 88, 89–90 nitrogen embolus 92 NOD2 gene 125 nodes of Ranvier 188 nodular glomerulosclerosis 152, 153 nodular lymphocytic predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) 206, 207 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis (NAFLD/NASH) 132, 133 non-cyanotic congenital heart disease 78, 79 non-Hodgkin lymphoma 206, 207 non-proliferative glomerulonephritis 152, 153 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs) 160, 161 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), gastric irritation 116, 117 normal physiology blood vessels 76, 77 bone 216 cells 12, 13, 17 colon 124 duodenum 116 glomerulus 150 liver 128, 129, 139 movement control 186 pancreas 142 stomach 116, 118 normochromic normocytic anaemia 211 nose 204, 205 noxious stimuli 18, 19 nuclear proteins 62, 63 nucleus 12, 13 null cells 46, 47 nutritional deficiencies 18, 19 nutritional disorders 24, 25 metastasis (cont.) liver secondaries 144, 145 lung cancer 110, 111 oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 118 ovarian secondaries 165 paediatric tumours 175 routes 66 squamous cell carcinoma 225 stomach adenocarcinoma 120 thyroid carcinoma 197 uterine cancer 168, 169 methanol (methyl alcohol) 23 microscopic polyarteritis 74, 75 middle cerebral artery 178 middle meningeal artery 180 miliary tubercles 104, 105 mineralocorticoid excess 201 mismatch repair enzymes 62, 63 mitochondria 12, 13 apoptosis 18, 19 genetic disorders 55 mitosis 52, 53 mitral valve 94, 95, 96 MLH-1 62, 63 monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) 209 monocytes 26, 27 mortality, cancer 64 motor end plates 212 motor neurones 186, 187, 187 demyelination 188, 189 disease 186, 187 mouth 204 movement disorders 186, 187 MSH-2 62, 63 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 34, 35 gastric lymphoma 121 Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis 116, 117 lung lymphoma 112 mucosal crypts 124, 125 multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 197, 198, 199, 200 multiple myeloma 208, 209 multiple sclerosis 186, 188, 189 multisystems disease haemochromatosis 72, 73 multi-symptom diseases 70 sarcoidosis 70, 71 syphilis 70, 71 systemic vasculitis 74, 75 Wilson’s disease 72, 73 muscle tissue 17 disorders 212, 213 spindles 186 vascular smooth 77 wound healing 41 musculoskeletal disease arthritis 214, 215 bone tumours 218, 219 muscle disorders 212, 213 osteomalacia 216, 217 osteomyelitis 217 osteoporosis 216, 217 Paget’s disease 216, 217 septic arthritis 217
- 9. Index 251 obesity 24, 25, 119, 132, 133 obstruction blood flow in shock 44, 45 cirrhosis 139 nephropathy 154, 155 pancreatitis 142, 143 ocular problems 179, 202, 204, 205 Oddi, sphincter of 142 oedema 177, 192–3 oesophageal disease 118, 119, 141 oestrogen 169, 229 olfactory neuroblastoma 204, 205 oligodendrocytes 188, 189 oligodendroglioma 182–3 oligohydramnios, Potter’s syndrome 147 oncocytoma 157 oncogenes 62, 63, 126, 127 oncogenesis 60, 61 opportunistic infection 42, 43 opsonin 36, 37 oral contraceptives 22 organelles 12, 13 mitochondria 12, 13, 18, 19, 55 organ failure 44, 45 orphan Annie nuclei 196, 197 osmotic gradients 14, 15 osteoarthritis 214, 215 osteoblasts 40 osteoclastoma 219 osteoid sarcoma 219 osteomalacia 216, 217 osteomyelitis 217 osteoporosis 216, 217 osteosarcoma 174, 218, 219 ovarian tumours 164–5, 164 p53 gene/p53 protein 18, 19, 62, 63 paediatric tumours 174, 175 Paget’s disease 216, 217, 228, 229 palate 204 palisading 224, 225 panacinar emphysema 106, 107 p-ANCA 125 Pancoast syndrome 110 pancreas acute/chronic pancreatitis 142, 143 tumours 144, 145 exocrine 198 pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma 144, 145 posthepatic jaundice 130, 131 pannus 214, 215 papillary carcinoma of thyroid 196, 197 papillary transitional cell carcinoma 159 papilloma, breast 226, 227 paracetamol, liver failure 128, 129 paraneoplastic phenomena 59 paraprotein 208, 209 parathyroid glands 198, 199 parathyroid hormone (PTH) 198, 199 parenteral hepatitis transmission 137 parkinsonism 187 Parkinson’s disease 186, 187 parotid glands 204, 205 partial hydatidiform mole 172, 173 particulates 22, 23 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 78, 79 pathological fractures 216, 217, 218, 219 pemphigoid gestationis 220, 221 pemphigus foliaceous 220, 221 pemphigus vulgaris 220, 221, 221 peptic ulceration 116, 117 pericardial disease 96–7, 96 pericarditis 97 peripheral nerves 41, 187, 188, 189 peroxisomes 12, 13 Peutz–Jeghers polyps 123 Peyer’s patches 122, 123 phaeochromocytoma 198, 200 phagocytosis 26, 27, 32, 36, 37 Philadelphia chromosome 63, 211 phyllodes tumour 226 pia-arachnoid 180 pia mater 180 Pick’s disease 190, 191 piecemeal necrosis 140 pilar cyst 222, 223 pilocytic astrocytoma 182 pink puffers 107 pituitary disease 192–3, 192, 193, 198, 200, 201 placenta creta 172, 173 plaque Alzheimer’s disease 191 atheromatous 82, 83, 84 plasma cells 208, 209 cold-induced tissue damage 20, 21 heat-induced tissue damage 21 oncotic pressure (POP) 14, 15 platelets 88, 89, 90, 211 pleomorphic adenoma, salivary 205 pleural secondary tumours 113 pleurisy 101 plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy 99 pneumonia 42, 43, 100, 101 podocytes 150 polio 185 polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) 74, 75 polycystic kidney disease 146 polyglandular deficiency type 1/11 200 polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) 36, 37 abscesses 38, 39 immunity overview 50, 51 polymyositis 213 polyps adenomatous polyps 126, 127 fibroepithelial polyp 222, 223 hyperplastic colorectal 127 nasal 204, 205 portal vein hypertension, cirrhosis 139, 141 liver acinar zones 128, 129 thrombosis 91, 93 posterior cerebral artery 178 posthepatic jaundice 130, 131 potassium ions 15 Potter’s syndrome 147 pregnancy 172, 173 disseminated intravascular coagulation 92 ectopic 172, 173 herpes gestationis 220, 221 oesophageal disease 119 radiation damage 20 smoking during 22, 23 prehepatic jaundice 130, 131 premalignant change 56, 57 prevention of neoplasia 67 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) 134, 135 primary conditions bone tumours 218, 219 CNS tumours 182–3 hyperparathyroidism 199 liver tumours 144, 145 pancreatic tumours 145 pulmonary hypertension 99 syphilis 70, 71 tuberculosis 105 primary intention healing 40, 41 primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) 134, 135 primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) 175, 219 Prinzmetal angina 86 prion diseases 190, 191 programmed cell death (apoptosis) 18, 19, 62, 63 progressive supranuclear palsy 187 prolactin 192, 193 proliferative glomerulonephritis 151, 152, 153 prometaphase 52 promoting agents 61 prostacyclin (PGl2 ) 76 prostaglandins 26, 27 prostate disease 162, 163 protein energy malnutrition 24, 25 protein production, normal cell 12, 13 proteosomes 12, 13 proto-oncogenes 63 protozoal infection 42, 43 pruritis 134, 135 pseudohypoparathyroidism 199 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 101, 217 pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 199 psoriasiform diseases 220 pulmonary embolism (PE) 93, 98, 98 pulmonary hypertension 98–9, 107 pulmonary infarction 98 pulmonary valve disease 94, 95 pulmonary vascular disorders 98–9, 98 pulmonary venous hypertension 99 pupils, assymetrical 179 pus brain abscess 185 chronic inflammation 38, 39 meningitis 184, 184 TB empyema 104 see also septic entries pyelonephritis, acute 154, 155 pyramidal cells 186 pyruvate kinase deficiency 210, 211 quaternary syphilis 71 radial scar, breast 226, 227 radiation atherosclerosis 84 radiotherapy 20, 175 tissue damage 20, 21 tubulointerstitial disease 155
- 10. 252 Index Salmonella 217 salpingitis 167 SAME 201 sarcoidosis 70, 71 sarcoma 218, 219 definition 58, 59 endometrial stromal 169 Schiller–Duval body 160, 161 schistosomiasis 155, 159 Schwann cells 188, 189 scleroderma 109 sclerosing adenosis 226, 227 sclerosing cholangitis, primary 134, 135 screening cervical 171 neoplasia 67 prostate cancer 163 seborrheic keratosis 222, 223 secondary conditions glomerulonephritis 151 hyperparathyroidism 199 hypoadrenalism 200–1 pulmonary hypertension 107 syphilis 70, 71 tuberculosis 105 tumours bone metastases 218, 219 brain metastases 183 hepatic 144, 145 lung/pleura 113 ovarian 165 secondary intention healing 40, 41 selectins 36, 37 self-assessment 230–9 seminoma 160, 161 sensory fibres 186, 189 septic arthritis 217 septic shock 45 sequestration 39 serotonin 121 serous carcinoma, uterine 168, 169 serum amylase 143 sex cord stromal tumours 161, 164, 165 Sheehan’s syndrome 193 shock 44, 45 disseminated intravascular coagulation 92 pancreatitis 142, 143 shunting blood/plasma in shock 44, 45 congenital heart disease 78, 79 sickle cell disease 210, 211 sigmoid colon, volvulus 122, 123 signalling 12, 13, 62, 63 sinoatrial node 86, 87 sinuses, nasal 204, 205 Sipple’s syndrome 199 Sjögren’s syndrome 205 skin benign tumours 222, 223 inflammatory dermatoses 220, 220, 221, 221 malignant tumours 224–5, 224 wound healing 40, 41 skull 216, 217 small bowel 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 125 small cell carcinoma 64, 65 small round blue cell tumours (SRBCTs) 175, 219 smoking 22, 23 atherosclerosis 84 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 106, 107 colorectal cancer 127 lung cancer 111 mesothelioma 113 smooth muscle cells, vascular 77 sodium ions 15 cystic fibrosis 102 necrosis 18 neuromuscular junction 212 somatic mutations 52, 53 space of Disse 128, 129 spermatocytic seminoma 161 sphincter of Oddi 142 spindle-shaped aneurysms 82 Spitz naevus 223 spleen 34, 35, 46, 47 spongiotic diseases 220 spontaneous venous thrombosis 123 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 64, 65, 224, 225 anal 127 bladder 158, 159 cervical 171 head and neck 204, 205 lung 111 oesophagus 118, 119 squamous epithelium 17 staging 58, 59 bladder tumours 159 breast carcinoma 229 cervical cancer 171 colorectal carcinoma survival 126 lung cancer 111 lymphoma 206, 207 prostate cancer 163 renal carcinoma 157 survival 66, 67 uterine cancer 169 Staphylococcus aureus 217 bacterial endocarditis 95 pneumonia 101 Starling’s law 95 steatohepatitis 132, 133 stem cells 16, 17, 129 stenosis aorta 80, 95 cardiac valves 94, 95 renal artery 147 stomach adenocarcinoma 120–1, 120, 165 normal 116, 118 tumours 120, 121 see also gastric entries Streptococcus heart valves 95 post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis 152, 153 S. pneumoniae 101, 184, 217 S. pyogenes 39, 217 strokes 176, 177, 186 stromal tumour 121, 164, 165 subacute spongiform encephalopathy 19, 190 subarachnoid haemorrhage 181 raised intracranial pressure 179, 179, 182 Ranvier, nodes of 188 ras family of oncogenes 63 Rathke’s pouch 193 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 18, 19 acute inflammation 36, 37 radiation damage 20, 21 smoking 22, 23 Type II diabetes mellitus 203 re-canalisation 90 recessive genes 53, 54, 55, 102, 103, 142, 143 recombination, meiosis 52, 53 red hepatisation 100, 101 red pulp (spleen) 34, 35 reference ranges 242 reflux oesophagitis 118, 119 regeneration, liver 129 regurgitation, cardiac 94, 95, 96 rejection, transplanted tissue 33 renal artery stenosis 147 renal calculi 154, 155 renal cell carcinoma 156, 157 renal diabetic disease 202 renal failure benign prostatic hypertrophy 162 myeloma 209 shock 44, 45 renal transplant rejection 33 renal vein 157 renin 80, 81 resolution, pneumonia 100, 101 respiratory disease bronchiectasis 102, 103 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 106, 107 fibrosing alveolitis 108, 109 pneumonia 42, 43, 100, 101, 109 primary lung carcinoma 110, 111 pulmonary vascular disorders 98–9, 98 tuberculosis 104, 105 respiratory failure 44, 45 restrictive cardiomyopathy 96, 97 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 retinoblastoma, paediatric 174, 175 retinoblastoma gene (RB) 62, 63, 175 retinopathies, diabetes 202 RET proto-oncogene 199 rhabdomyosarcoma, paediatric 174 Rhesus disease 49 rheumatic heart disease 94, 95 rheumatoid arthritis 109, 214, 215 rheumatoid factor (RF) 214, 215 ribosomes 12, 13 Riedel’s thyroiditis 195 right cardiac ventricle 80, 97, 99 right sided colorectal tumours 126 RNA flavivirus 136, 137 hepatitis A virus 136, 137 hepatitis C virus 136, 137 hepatitis D virus 137–8 hepatitis E virus 138 saccular aneurysms 77, 82 salivary glands 204, 205
- 11. Index 253 subdural haemorrhage 180, 180, 190 subendocardial myocardium 86 substantia nigra 187 sudden death 96–7 sun exposure 225 suppurative chronic inflammation 38, 39 survival, neoplasia 66, 67 sweat glands 102 sympathetic nervous system 81 synapses, neuromuscular 212, 213 syncytiotrophoblast 160, 161 syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) 192–3, 192 synovial joints 214, 215 syphilis 70, 71 systemic hypertension 80, 81 systemic immune responses 50, 51 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 48, 49 fibrosing alveolitis 109 secondary glomerulonephritis 151 systemic vasculitis 74, 75, 151 systemic venous thrombosis 90, 91, 93 Takayasu’s arteritis 74, 75 tamponade 97 Tc (cytotoxic T) cells 30, 31, 114, 115 T cell lymphomas 206, 207 T cell receptor (TCR) 30, 31, 32, 46, 47 T cells 30, 31 chronic inflammation 38, 39 immunity overview 50, 51 immunodeficiency disorders 42, 43 leukaemia 210 reticuloendothelial system 34, 35 tolerance 46, 47 teeth 204 telomerases 63 telophase 52 temperature extremes 20, 21, 37 teratoma 160, 161, 164, 165 terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) 226, 229 terminology 240–1 cell division 53 neoplasia 58, 59 skin disorders 220 tertiary hyperparathyroidism 199 tertiary syphilis 70, 71 testicular cancer 160, 161 tetanus 185 tetralogy of Fallot 78, 79 thalassaemia 210, 211 T helper (Th) cells 39 thrombin 88 thrombocytopaenia 211 thromboembolus 146 thrombolysis 87, 90 thrombosis 88–9, 89–90 atherosclerosis 83, 84 bowel 123 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177 embolism 91, 92–3 thymus 46, 47, 213 thyroid 194, 195, 196 –7, 196, 204 thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 192, 193 tissue damage acute inflammation 36, 37 alcohol 23 clinical signs 26 drugs 22, 23 environmental toxins 20, 21 nutritional disorders 24, 25 tobacco 22, 23 types/effects 16, 17 see also necrosis tissue factor (TF) 88, 90, 92 tissue types 17 TNFR1 receptor 18, 19 TNM (tumour, nodes, metastases) system 67 breast carcinoma 229 cervical cancer 171 lung cancer 111 prostate cancer 163 renal carcinoma 157 uterine cancer 169 tobacco 22, 23 tolerance 46, 47 tongue 204 tonsil 204 tophi 214, 215 toxic chemicals 21, 22, 23, 155 toxic megacolon 125 transferrin 72, 73 transitional epithelium 17, 157, 158, 159 transplantation 33 transport, normal cell 12, 13 transposition of the great vessels 78, 79 transudates 14, 15 trauma see injury T regulatory (CD8+) cells 30, 31 Treponema pallidum 71 tricuspid valve 94, 95 trophoblast 172, 173 trypsin 142, 143 tuberculosis (TB) 104, 105 granuloma 38, 39 hypersensitivity 48, 49 tuberculous meningitis 184 tubulointerstitial disease 155 tubular adenoma 126, 127 tubules, kidney 146, 147 tubulointerstitial diseases 154, 155 tubulovillous adenoma 126, 127 tumour necrosis factor (TNF) 18, 19 acute inflammation 36, 37 cachexia 24, 25 immunity overview 50, 51 natural immunity 26, 27 tumours classification 58, 59 formation 60, 61 see also benign tumours; malignant disease; metastasis; neoplasia; TNM tumour suppressor genes 62, 63, 126, 127 tunica intima 83, 84 Types I/ II/ III/IV hypersensitivity 48, 49 ulceration, peptic 116, 117 ulcerative colitis 124, 125 unfixed antigens 48, 49 unstable angina 86 upper motor neurone lesions 187, 187 urachal remnants 146, 147, 159 uric acid 214, 215 urinary tract abnormalities 146, 147 urothelial transitional cell carcinoma 158, 159 usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) 109 uterus 166–7, 166, 168, 169 vaccination 67, 105 valvular disease, cardiac 94, 95 varices, oesophageal 141 varicocele, left-sided 157 vascular compression, intracranial 179 vascular disorders 221 cerebrovascular accidents 176, 177, 178 dementia 190, 191 diabetes mellitus 202 kidney diseases 146, 147 pulmonary 98–9, 98 vasculitis 74, 75, 123, 151 Vater, ampulla of 142 veins normal 76, 77 thrombosis 90 bowel 123 embolism 91, 92–3 ventricular septal defect (VSD) 78, 79 ventricular vibrillation 21 vertebrobasillar arteries 178 villous adenoma 126, 127 viral infection chronic inflammation 39 defences against 42, 43 DeQuervain’s thyroiditis 195 encephalitis 184–5 hepatitis 136, 137–8 Hodgkin lymphoma 207 major histocompatibility complex 32, 33 meningitis 184, 185 tubulointerstitial disease 155 Virchow’s triad 89, 89 visual field defects 193 vitamin D deficiency 217 volvulus 122, 123 von Willebrand factor (vWF) 76, 77, 88, 90 Warthin’s tumour 205 water, drowning 21 watershed zone infarction 16 Wegener’s granulomatosis 74, 75 Wermer’s syndrome 199 Wernicke’s encephalopathy 186 white pulp (spleen) 34, 35 Willis, circle of 181 Wilm’s tumour 174, 175 Wilson’s disease 72, 73, 186, 187 wound healing 40, 41, 202, 203 X-linked disorders 54, 55, 213 Xp21 gene 213 yolk sac tumour 160, 161 Ziehl–Neelsen stain 104