1465714.ppt
- 2. General principles of instrumentation * Accessibility (position of operator & patient) * Visibility, illumination and retraction * Condition of instruments * Maintaining a clean field * Instrument stability * Instrument activation
- 3. * Position: Operator--- feet are flat on the floor and thighs parallel to floor, keeping back straight and back erect
- 4. Neutral seated position Neutral neck position
- 5. Neutral back position--- forward slightly from waist or hip
- 6. • Supine Patient position Patient’s heels should be slightly higher than tip of his nose, good blood flow to the head • Mouth is close to resting elbow of operator
- 7. * Patient: Instrumentation of maxi. arch, raise the chin slightly to provide optimal visibility and accessibility Instrumentation of mand. arch, lower the chin until mandible is parallel to floor
- 8. * Position of operator & patient
- 9. * Optimum Visibility The following methods are effective for retraction 1) Use of mirror to deflect the cheek while the finger of non-operating hands retract the lip and protect the angle of mouth from irritation by the mirror handle
- 10. 2) Use the mirror alone to retract lip and cheek 3) Use the mirror to retract tongue 4) Use the fingers of non-operating hand to retract the lip 5) Combination of the preceding
- 12. * Illumination (dental light position) Mand. Tx. areas Max. Tx areas
- 13. General principles of instrumentation * Accessibility (position of operator & patient) * Visibility, illumination and retraction * Condition of instruments * Maintaining a clean field * Instrument stability * Instrument activation
- 14. * Condition of instruments (sharpness) Sharp instruments enhance tactile sensation and allow the clinician to work more precisely and efficiently * Maintaining a clean field Saliva and gingival bleeding interfere visibility and impede (妨礙)control
- 15. General principles of instrumentation * Accessibility (position of operator & patient) * Visibility, illumination and retraction * Condition of instruments * Maintaining a clean field * Instrument stability * Instrument activation
- 16. * Instrument stability Two factors of major importance in providing stability are the instrument grasp and finger rest a. Instrument grasp A proper grasp is essential for precise control of movements made during periodontal instrumentation
- 17. a. Instrument grasp (1) Modified pen grasp (2) Palm and thumb grasp
- 18. Modified pen grasp The middle finger is positioned so that the side the pad next to the fingernail is resting on the instrument shank. The index finger is bent at second joint from the finger tip and is positioned well above the middle finger on the same side of the handle
- 20. b. Finger rest Serves to stabilize the hand and instrument by providing a firm fulcrum as movement are made to activate the instrument. Generally be classified as intraoral finger or extraoral fulcrum * Intraoral finger rests (1) Conventional (2) Cross arch (3) Opposite arch (4) Finger on finger
- 21. * Intraoral finger rests (1) Conventional (2) Cross arch (3) Opposite arch (4) Finger on finger
- 22. b. Finger rest May be generally be classified as intraoral finger or extraoral fulcrum * Extraoral fulcrum (1) Palm up (2) Palm down
- 23. General principles of instrumentation * Accessibility (position of operator & patient) * Visibility, illumination and retraction * Condition of instruments * Maintaining a clean field * Instrument stability * Instrument activation
- 24. * Instrument activation 1. Adaptation 2. Angulation ---Different angulation position will cause different effective 3. Lateral pressure 4. Strokes
- 25. * Adaptation: the manner in which the working end of a periodontal instrument is placed against the surface of a tooth To make the working end of instrument conform to the contour of tooth surface To avoid trauma to soft tissues and root surface, to ensure maximum effectiveness of instrumentation
- 26. * Adaptation The lower third of the working end must be kept in constant contact with the tooth while it is moving over varying tooth contours
- 27. * Adaptation If only the toe or tip is in adapted, the soft tissue can be distended or compressed by the back of the working end, also causing trauma and discomfort, the toe can gouge or groove the root surface
- 28. *Angulation: the angle between the face of a bladed instrument and tooth surface, also called “tooth-blade relationship”
- 29. *The working-end is inserted at an angle between 0- and 40-degrees. The 0-to40o angle is referred to as a closed angle
- 30. *During S/RP, optimal angulation is between 45 to 90 degrees. The exact angulation depends on the amount and nature of calculus, the procedure being performed, and the condition of the tissue
- 31. * Lateral pressure: the pressure created when force is applied against the surface of a tooth with the cutting edge of a blade instrument The exact amount of pressure applied must be varied according to the nature of the calculus and according to the stroke is intended
- 32. * Strokes: exploratory, scaling & root planing Exploratory stroke--- the instrument is grasped lightly and adapted with light pressure against the tooth to achieve maximum tactile sensation
- 33. Scaling stroke is a short, powerful pull stroke * The scaling motion should be initiated in the forearm and transmitted from the wrist to the hand with a slight flexing of the fingers
- 34. Wrist and forearm motion, finger flexing both are necessary for complete instrumentation *The wrist and forearm motion, pivoting in an arc on the finger rest, produce a more powerful stroke --- preferred for scaling *Finger flexing --- for precise control over stroke length in areas such as line angles and when horizontal strokes are used on the lingual or facial aspects narrow-rooted teeth
- 35. Root planing stroke: a moderate to light pull stroke for final smoothing and planing of root surface *A continuous series of long, overlapping shaving stroke is achieved
- 36. Periodontal therapy Non-surgical Surgical Chemotherapy Systemic Topical Mechanical debridement S/RP, OHI Subgingival curettage, gingivectomy, Flap, Osseous surgery, Guided tissue regeneration
- 37. Scaling: instrumentation to remove all supragingival uncalcified and calcified accretions and all gross subgingival accretion
- 38. Root planing: instrumentation to remove the microbial flora on the root surface or lying free in the pocket, all fleck of calculus and all contaminated cementum and dentin
- 39. Detection skills *Visual examination--- good light and a clean field. Compressed air supragingival calculus chalky white; subgingival calculus dark shadow * Tactile sensation--- light exploratory strokes are activated vertically up and down on root surface
- 40. Detection skills * Tactile sensation--- the distance between apical edge of calculus and bottom of the pocket is 0.2 – 1.0 mm * Illumination
- 41. The rationale for root planing *Assumption that a smooth root surface will be less plaque retentive and therefore the danger of re-infection and recurrence of disease should be less *Reattachment of epithelial and connective tissue would be likely on a smooth root surface than on a rough one
- 42. Objectives of root planing 1. Securing biologically acceptable root surface 2. Resolving inflammation 3. Reducing probing depth 4. Facilitating oral hygiene procedure 5. Improving or maintaining attachment level 6. Preparing tissue for surgical procedure
- 43. * Principles for Gracey curettes usage 1. Determine the correct cutting edge 2. Make sure the lower shank is parallel to root surface to be instrumented 3. Using finger rest 4. Concentrate on using lower third of cutting edge for calculus remove 5. Moderate lateral pressure
- 44. * Determine cutting edge of Gracey curette 1. Hold face of curette blade parallel with floor and looking down on the face 2. Notice the blade curve 3. Larger, outer curve is the correct cutting edge
- 45. * The face of blade be close against the tooth so it can only be partially seen
- 46. * Make sure lower shank is parallel with root surface
- 47. The functional shank extends from the first bend in the shank up to working-end The lower shank is the bent section of the shank nearest to the working-end
- 48. To avoid over-instrumentation, a delicate transition from short, powerful scaling strokes to longer, lighter root planing strokes must be made as soon as calculus and initial roughness have been eliminated
- 49. *Hoe, files and ultrasonic instruments are also used for subgingival scaling of heavy calculus but not recommended for root planing *Curette is preferred for subgingival scaling and root planing
- 50. A common error in proximal instrumentation is failing to reach mid-proximal region apical to the contact point because this area is relatively inaccessible and this technique require more skill
- 51. * The relationship between location of finger rest and working area is important 1. The finger rest or fulcrum must be position to allow lower shank of instrument to be parallel or nearly parallel with tooth surface being treated
- 52. * The relationship between location of finger rest and working area is important
- 53. 2. Finger rest must be positioned enable the operator to use wrist-arm motion to activate strokes
- 54. Modes of calculus attachment reported by Zander in 1953 1. Attachment by means of secondary cuticle 2. Attachment of calculus matrix to irregularities of cementum surface corresponding to previous insertion location of Sharpey’s fibers
- 55. 3. Penetration of microorganisms of calculus into cementum 4. Attachment in areas of cementum resorption via mechanical locking into undercuts
- 56. Limitation of the effectiveness of scaling and root planing 1. Anatomy of roots 2. Depth of pockets 3. Areas of mouth being treatment 4. Inadequate instruments for diagnosis 5. Inadequate instruments for treatment 6. Range of mouth opening 7. Dexterity of operator
- 57. Palato-gingival groove * Developmental abnormality * A funnel for the accumulation of plaque and calculus in the depth of groove * Prevalence on incisors ranges from 1.9 % to 4.4 %
- 58. Cervical enamel projections *Rapid progression of pocket formation (precluding an organic connective tissue attachment) *Hemidesmosome attachment in CEJ less resistant to breakdown by bacterial plaque rapid progression of disease
- 66. Complications of scaling & root planing 1. Gingival bleeding 2. Bacteremias 3. Root sensitivity
- 67. Information to pt’ with root sensitivity 1. Sensitivity usually temporary 2. Through plaque control 3. Not discourage if desensitizing agent does not produce immediate effect 4. Avoid foods that heighten sensitivity
- 68. Root desensitization agents Silver nitrate, 10% strontium chloride, NaF, formaldehyde, stannous fluoride, 5% KNO3 Ionotophoresis
- 69. ThankS for Your Attention