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Amit Sachan

The document provides an overview of key concepts in object-oriented design, including objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It discusses how objects contain data and methods that operate on the data, and classes act as templates for creating objects. Inheritance allows new classes to extend existing classes, reusing and modifying their attributes and methods. Encapsulation involves objects communicating through messages and hiding their internal data within methods.

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1 Object-Oriented Software Design (lecture 7)
2 Basic Mechanisms: Objects: A real-world entity. A system is designed as a set of interacting objects. Consists of data (attributes) and functions (methods) that operate on data Hides organization of internal information (Data abstraction) Examples: an employee, a book etc. Object-oriented Concepts
3 Object-oriented Concepts Data Object m8 m7 m6 m5 m4m3 m2 m1 Model of an object mi are methods of the object
4 Class: Instances are objects Template for object creation Examples: set of all employees, different types of book Object-oriented Concepts
5 Methods and message: Operations supported by an object Means for manipulating the data of other objects Invoked by sending message Examples: calculate_salary, issue- book, member_details, etc. Object-oriented Concepts
6 Inheritance: Allows to define a new class (derived class) by extending or modifying existing class (base class) Represents Generalization- specialization relationship Allows redefinition of the existing methods (method overriding) Object-oriented Concepts
7 Multiple Inheritance: Subclass can inherit attributes and methods from more than one base class Multiple inheritance is represented by arrows drawn from the subclass to each of the base classes Object-oriented Concepts
8 Object-oriented Concepts LibraryMember ResearchPostGradUnderGrad StaffStudentsFaculty Base Class Derived Classes LibraryMember ResearchPostGradUnderGrad StaffStudentsFaculty Base Class Multiple Inheritance
9 Key Concepts: Abstraction: Consider aspects relevant for certain purpose Suppress non-relevant aspects Supported at two levels i.e. class level where base class is an abstraction & object level where object is a data abstraction entity Object-oriented Concepts
10 Advantages of abstraction: Reduces complexity of software Increases software productivity It is shown that software productivity is inversely proportional to software complexity Object-oriented Concepts
11 Encapsulation: Objects communicate outside world through messages Objects data encapsulated within its methods Object-oriented Concepts
12 Object-oriented Concepts Methods Data m3 m2 m1 m4 m5 m6 Concept of encapsulation
13 Polymorphism: Denotes to poly (many) morphism (forms) Same message result in different actions by different objects (static binding) Object-oriented Concepts
14 Dynamic binding: In inheritance hierarchy, an object can be assigned to another object of its ancestor class A method call to an ancestor object would result in the invocation of appropriate method of object of the derived class Object-oriented Concepts
15 Dynamic binding: Exact method cannot be known at compile time Dynamically decided at runtime Object-oriented Concepts
16 Composite objects: Object containing other objects Object-oriented Concepts
17 Code and design reuse Increased productivity Ease of testing & maintenance Better understandability Its agreed that increased productivity is chief advantage Advantages of Object-oriented design
18 Initially incur higher costs, but after completion of some projects reduction in cost become possible Well-established OO methodology and environment can be managed with 20-50% of traditional cost of development Advantages of Object-oriented design
19 UML is a modelling language Not a system design or development methodology Used to document object- oriented analysis and design Independent of any specific design methodology Object modelling using UML
20 Based Principally on OMT [Rumbaugh 1991] Booch’s methodology[Booch 1991] OOSE [Jacobson 1992] Odell’s methodology[Odell 1992] Shlaer and Mellor [Shlaer 1992] UML
21 UML UML Booch MethodologyOOSE OMT Different object modelling techniques in UML
22 Model is required to capture only important aspects UML a graphical modelling tool, easy to understand and construct Helps in managing complexity Why UML is required?
23 Nine diagrams to capture different views of a system Provide different perspectives of the software system Diagrams can be refined to get the actual implementation of the system UML diagrams
24 Views of a system User’s view Structural view Behavioral view Implementation view Environmental view UML diagrams
25 UML diagrams User’s View -Use Case Diagram Structural View - Class Diagram - Object Diagram Implementation View - Component Diagram Environmental View - Deployment Diagram Behavioural View - Sequence Diagram - Collaboration Diagram - State-chart Diagram - Activity Diagram Diagrams and views in UML
26 NO Use case model, class diagram and one of the interaction diagram for a simple system State chart diagram in case of many state changes Deployment diagram in case of large number of hardware components Are all views required?
27 Use Case model Consists of set of “use cases” An important analysis and design artifact Other models must confirm to this model Not really an object-oriented model Represents a functional or process model
28 Use Cases Different ways in which system can be used by the users Corresponds to the high-level requirements Represents transaction between the user and the system Define behavior without revealing internal structure of system Set of related scenarios tied together by a common goal
29 Use Cases Normally, use cases are independent of each other Implicit dependencies may exist Example: In Library Automation System, renew-book & reserve-book are independent use cases. But in actual implementation of renew-book, a check is made to see if any book has been reserved using reserve- book
30 Example of Use Cases For library information system issue-book Query-book Return-book Create-member Add-book, etc.
31 Representation of Use Cases Represented by use case diagram Use case is represented by ellipse System boundary is represented by rectangle Users are represented by stick person icon (actor) Communication relationship between actor and use case by line External system by stereotype
32 Example of Use Cases Use case model Tic-tac-toe game Play Move Player
33 Why develop Use Case diagram? Serves as requirements specification Users identification helps in implementing security mechanism through login system Another use in preparing the documents (e.g. user’s manual)
34 Factoring Use Cases Complex use cases need to be factored into simpler use cases Represent common behavior across different use cases Three ways of factoring Generalization Includes Extends
35 Factoring Using Generalization Pay membership fee Pay through library pay cardPay through credit card Use case generalization
36 Factoring Using Includes Base use case Use case inclusion Common use case <<include>> Base use case Base use caseBase use caseBase use case Base use case <<include>> <<include>> <<include>> <<include>> Paralleling model
37 Factoring Using Extends Base use case Use case extension Common use case <<extends>>
38 Class diagram Describes static structure of a system Main constituents are classes and their relationships: Generalization Aggregation Association Various kinds of dependencies
39 Class diagram Entities with common features, i.e. attributes and operations Classes are represented as solid outline rectangle with compartments Compartments for name, attributes & operations Attribute and operation compartment are optional for reuse purpose
40 Example of Class diagram Different representations of the LibraryMember class LibraryMember Member Name Membership Number Address Phone Number E-Mail Address Membership Admission Date Membership Expiry Date Books Issued issueBook( ); findPendingBooks( ); findOverdueBooks( ); returnBook( ); findMembershipDetails( ); LibraryMember Member Name Membership Number Address Phone Number E-Mail Address Membership Admission Date Membership Expiry Date Books Issued LibraryMember
41 Association Relationship Association between two classes Library Member Book 1 *borrowed by
42 Aggregation Relationship Represent a whole-part relationship Represented by diamond symbol at the composite end Cannot be reflexive(i.e. recursive) Not symmetric It can be transitive
43 Aggregation Relationship Representation of aggregation Document Line 1 * Paragraph 1 *
44 Composition Relationship Representation of composition Order 1 * Item Life of item is same as the order
45 Class Dependency Representation of dependence between class Dependent Class Independent Class
46 Object diagram Different representations of the LibraryMember object LibraryMember Mritunjay B10028 C-108, Laksmikant Hall 1119 Mrituj@cse 25-02-04 25-03-06 NIL IssueBook( ); findPendingBooks( ); findOverdueBooks( ); returnBook( ); findMembershipDetails( ); LibraryMember Mritunjay B10028 C-108, Laksmikant Hall 1119 Mrituj@cse 25-02-04 25-03-06 NIL LibraryMember
47 Interaction diagram Models how groups of objects collaborate to realize some behaviour Typically each interaction diagram realizes behaviour of a single use case
48 Interaction diagram Two kinds: Sequence & Collaboration Two diagrams are equivalent but portrays different perspective These diagram play a very important role in the design process
49 Sequence diagram Shows interaction among objects as two- dimensional chart Objects are shown as boxes at top If object created during execution then shown at appropriate place Objects existence are shown as dashed lines (lifeline) Objects activeness, shown as rectangle on lifeline
50 Sequence diagram Messages are shown as arrows Message labelled with message name Message can be labelled with control information Two types of control information: condition ([]) & an iteration (*)
51 Example of Sequence diagram :Library Boundary :Library Book Renewal Controller :Library Book Register :Book :Library Member renewBook displayBorrowing selectBooks [reserved] apology confirm find MemberBorrowing bookSelected * find update [reserved] apology confirm updateMemberBorrowing Sequence Diagram for the renew book use case
52 Collaboration diagram Shows both structural and behavioural aspects Objects are collaborator, shown as boxes Messages between objects shown as a solid line Message is shown as a labelled arrow placed near the link Messages are prefixed with sequence numbers to show relative sequencing
53 Example of Collaboration diagram :Library Boundary :Library Book Renewal Controller :Library Book Register :Book :Library Member 1: renewBook 3: display Borrowing 4: selectBooks [reserved] 8: apology 12: confirm 2: findMemberBorrowing 5: book Selected 6: * find 9: update [reserved] 7: apology 10: confirm updateMemberBorrowing Collaboration Diagram for the renew book use case
54 Activity diagram New concept, possibly based on event diagram of Odell [1992] Represent processing activity, may not correspond to methods Activity is a state with an internal action and one/many outgoing transition
55 Activity diagram Can represent parallel activity and synchronization aspects Swim lanes enable to group activities based on who is performing them Example: academic department vs. hostel
56 Activity diagram Normally employed in business process modelling Carried out during requirement analysis and specification Can be used to develop interaction diagrams
57 Example of Activity diagram check student records Academic Section receive fees allot room receive fees allot hostel create hospital record conduct medical examination register in course Accounts Section Hostel Office Hospital Department issue identity card Activity diagram for student admission procedure at IIT
58 State Chart diagram Based on the work of David Harel [1990] Model how the state of an object changes in its lifetime Based on finite state machine (FSM) formalism
59 State Chart diagram Elements of state chart diagram Initial State: Filled circle Final State: Filled circle inside larger circle State: Rectangle with rounded corners Transitions: Arrow between states, also boolean logic condition (guard)
60 Example of State Chart diagram Unprocessed Order Fulfilled Order Pending Order Accepted Order Rejected Order order received [reject] checked [accept] checked [some items not available] processed [all items available] newsupply [some items available] processed / deliver Example: State chart diagram for an order object
61 Design Patterns Standard solutions to commonly recurring problems Provides a good solution to model Pattern has four important parts The problem The context (problem) The solution The context (solution)
62 Example Pattern Expert Problem: Which class should be responsible for doing certain things Solution: Assign responsibility to the class that has the information necessary to fulfil the required responsibility
63 Example Pattern Creator Problem: Which class should be responsible for creating a new instance of some class? Solution: Assign a class C1 the responsibility to create class C2 if C1 is an aggregation of objects of type C2 C1 contains object of type C2
64 Example Pattern Controller Problem: Who should be responsible for handling the actor requests? Solution: Separate controller object for each use case.
65 Example Pattern Facade Problem: How should the services be requested from a service package? Context (problem): A package (cohesive set of classes), example: RDBMS interface package Solution: A class (DBfacade) can be created which provides a common interface to the services of the package
66 Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe Computer Game A human player and the computer make alternate moves on a 3 3 square. A move consists of marking a previously unmarked square. The user inputs a number between 1 and 9 to mark a square Whoever is first to place three consecutive marks along a straight line (i.e., along a row, column, or diagonal) on the square wins.
67 Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe Computer Game As soon as either of the human player or the computer wins, a message announcing the winner should be displayed. If neither player manages to get three consecutive marks along a straight line, and all the squares on the board are filled up, then the game is drawn. The computer always tries to win a game.
68 Example 1: Use Case Model Tic-tac-toe game Play Move Player
69 Example 1: Sequence Diagram :playMove Boundary :playMove Controller :board acceptMove Sequence Diagram for the play move use case move checkMoveValidity [invalidMove] announceInvalidMove [invalidMove] announceInvalidMove [game over] announceResult[game over] announceResult checkWinner playMove checkWinner [game over] announceResult [game over] announceResult getBoardPositionsdisplayBoardPositions [game not over] promptNextMove
70 Example 1: Class Diagram Board int position[9] checkMove Validity checkResult playMove Controller announceInvalidMove announceResult PlayMoveBoundary announceInvalidMove announceResult displayBoard
71 Example 2: Supermarket Prize Scheme Supermarket needs to develop software to encourage regular customers. Customer needs to supply his residence address, telephone number, and the driving licence number. Each customer who registers is assigned a unique customer number (CN) by the computer.
72 Example 2: Supermarket Prize Scheme A customer can present his CN to the staff when he makes any purchase. The value of his purchase is credited against his CN. At the end of each year, the supermarket awards surprise gifts to ten customers who make highest purchase.
73 Example 2: Supermarket Prize Scheme Also, it awards a 22 carat gold coin to every customer whose purchases exceed Rs. 10,000. The entries against the CN are reset on the last day of every year after the prize winner’s lists are generated.
74 Example 2: Use Case Model Supermarket Prize scheme register customerCustomer register sales select winners Sales Clerk Manager Clerk
75 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Select Winners Use Case :SelectWinner Boundary :SelectWinner Controller :Sales History :Sales Record :Customer Register Select Winners Sequence Diagram for the select winners use case :Customer Record SelectWinners announces SelectWinners *computeSales *browse [for each winner] find WinnerDetails [for each winner] browse
76 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Register Customer Use Case :SelectWinner Boundary :SelectWinner Controller :Customer Register register Sequence Diagram for the register customer use case :Customer Record [duplicate] displayCIN *match create register :Customer Record checkDuplicate showError generateCIN register
77 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Register Sales Use Case :Register Sales Boundary :Sales History :Sales Record registerSales Sequence Diagram for the register sales use case RegisterSales create confirm :Register Sales Controller registerSales confirm
78 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Register Sales Use Case :Register Sales Boundary :Sales History :Sales Record registerSales Refined Sequence Diagram for the register sales use case RegisterSales create confirm
79 Example 1: Class Diagram SalesHistory selectWinners registerSales SalesRecords computerSales browse create CustomerRegister findWinnerDetails register salesDetails CustomerRecord browse checkDuplicate create name address 1 * 1 *
80 Summary We discussed object-oriented concepts Basic mechanisms: Such as objects, class, methods, inheritance etc. Key concepts: Such as abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, composite objects etc.
81 Summary We discussed an important OO language UML Its origin, as a standard, as a model Use case representation, its factorisation such as generalization, includes and extends Different diagrams for UML representation In class diagram we discussed some relationships association, aggregation, composition and inheritance
82 Summary Some more diagrams such as interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration), activity diagrams, state chart diagram We discussed OO software development process and patterns In this we discussed some patterns example and domain modelling

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uml123 copy

  • 2. 2 Basic Mechanisms: Objects: A real-world entity. A system is designed as a set of interacting objects. Consists of data (attributes) and functions (methods) that operate on data Hides organization of internal information (Data abstraction) Examples: an employee, a book etc. Object-oriented Concepts
  • 4. 4 Class: Instances are objects Template for object creation Examples: set of all employees, different types of book Object-oriented Concepts
  • 5. 5 Methods and message: Operations supported by an object Means for manipulating the data of other objects Invoked by sending message Examples: calculate_salary, issue- book, member_details, etc. Object-oriented Concepts
  • 6. 6 Inheritance: Allows to define a new class (derived class) by extending or modifying existing class (base class) Represents Generalization- specialization relationship Allows redefinition of the existing methods (method overriding) Object-oriented Concepts
  • 7. 7 Multiple Inheritance: Subclass can inherit attributes and methods from more than one base class Multiple inheritance is represented by arrows drawn from the subclass to each of the base classes Object-oriented Concepts
  • 9. 9 Key Concepts: Abstraction: Consider aspects relevant for certain purpose Suppress non-relevant aspects Supported at two levels i.e. class level where base class is an abstraction & object level where object is a data abstraction entity Object-oriented Concepts
  • 10. 10 Advantages of abstraction: Reduces complexity of software Increases software productivity It is shown that software productivity is inversely proportional to software complexity Object-oriented Concepts
  • 11. 11 Encapsulation: Objects communicate outside world through messages Objects data encapsulated within its methods Object-oriented Concepts
  • 13. 13 Polymorphism: Denotes to poly (many) morphism (forms) Same message result in different actions by different objects (static binding) Object-oriented Concepts
  • 14. 14 Dynamic binding: In inheritance hierarchy, an object can be assigned to another object of its ancestor class A method call to an ancestor object would result in the invocation of appropriate method of object of the derived class Object-oriented Concepts
  • 15. 15 Dynamic binding: Exact method cannot be known at compile time Dynamically decided at runtime Object-oriented Concepts
  • 16. 16 Composite objects: Object containing other objects Object-oriented Concepts
  • 17. 17 Code and design reuse Increased productivity Ease of testing & maintenance Better understandability Its agreed that increased productivity is chief advantage Advantages of Object-oriented design
  • 18. 18 Initially incur higher costs, but after completion of some projects reduction in cost become possible Well-established OO methodology and environment can be managed with 20-50% of traditional cost of development Advantages of Object-oriented design
  • 19. 19 UML is a modelling language Not a system design or development methodology Used to document object- oriented analysis and design Independent of any specific design methodology Object modelling using UML
  • 20. 20 Based Principally on OMT [Rumbaugh 1991] Booch’s methodology[Booch 1991] OOSE [Jacobson 1992] Odell’s methodology[Odell 1992] Shlaer and Mellor [Shlaer 1992] UML
  • 22. 22 Model is required to capture only important aspects UML a graphical modelling tool, easy to understand and construct Helps in managing complexity Why UML is required?
  • 23. 23 Nine diagrams to capture different views of a system Provide different perspectives of the software system Diagrams can be refined to get the actual implementation of the system UML diagrams
  • 24. 24 Views of a system User’s view Structural view Behavioral view Implementation view Environmental view UML diagrams
  • 25. 25 UML diagrams User’s View -Use Case Diagram Structural View - Class Diagram - Object Diagram Implementation View - Component Diagram Environmental View - Deployment Diagram Behavioural View - Sequence Diagram - Collaboration Diagram - State-chart Diagram - Activity Diagram Diagrams and views in UML
  • 26. 26 NO Use case model, class diagram and one of the interaction diagram for a simple system State chart diagram in case of many state changes Deployment diagram in case of large number of hardware components Are all views required?
  • 27. 27 Use Case model Consists of set of “use cases” An important analysis and design artifact Other models must confirm to this model Not really an object-oriented model Represents a functional or process model
  • 28. 28 Use Cases Different ways in which system can be used by the users Corresponds to the high-level requirements Represents transaction between the user and the system Define behavior without revealing internal structure of system Set of related scenarios tied together by a common goal
  • 29. 29 Use Cases Normally, use cases are independent of each other Implicit dependencies may exist Example: In Library Automation System, renew-book & reserve-book are independent use cases. But in actual implementation of renew-book, a check is made to see if any book has been reserved using reserve- book
  • 30. 30 Example of Use Cases For library information system issue-book Query-book Return-book Create-member Add-book, etc.
  • 31. 31 Representation of Use Cases Represented by use case diagram Use case is represented by ellipse System boundary is represented by rectangle Users are represented by stick person icon (actor) Communication relationship between actor and use case by line External system by stereotype
  • 32. 32 Example of Use Cases Use case model Tic-tac-toe game Play Move Player
  • 33. 33 Why develop Use Case diagram? Serves as requirements specification Users identification helps in implementing security mechanism through login system Another use in preparing the documents (e.g. user’s manual)
  • 34. 34 Factoring Use Cases Complex use cases need to be factored into simpler use cases Represent common behavior across different use cases Three ways of factoring Generalization Includes Extends
  • 35. 35 Factoring Using Generalization Pay membership fee Pay through library pay cardPay through credit card Use case generalization
  • 36. 36 Factoring Using Includes Base use case Use case inclusion Common use case <<include>> Base use case Base use caseBase use caseBase use case Base use case <<include>> <<include>> <<include>> <<include>> Paralleling model
  • 37. 37 Factoring Using Extends Base use case Use case extension Common use case <<extends>>
  • 38. 38 Class diagram Describes static structure of a system Main constituents are classes and their relationships: Generalization Aggregation Association Various kinds of dependencies
  • 39. 39 Class diagram Entities with common features, i.e. attributes and operations Classes are represented as solid outline rectangle with compartments Compartments for name, attributes & operations Attribute and operation compartment are optional for reuse purpose
  • 40. 40 Example of Class diagram Different representations of the LibraryMember class LibraryMember Member Name Membership Number Address Phone Number E-Mail Address Membership Admission Date Membership Expiry Date Books Issued issueBook( ); findPendingBooks( ); findOverdueBooks( ); returnBook( ); findMembershipDetails( ); LibraryMember Member Name Membership Number Address Phone Number E-Mail Address Membership Admission Date Membership Expiry Date Books Issued LibraryMember
  • 41. 41 Association Relationship Association between two classes Library Member Book 1 *borrowed by
  • 42. 42 Aggregation Relationship Represent a whole-part relationship Represented by diamond symbol at the composite end Cannot be reflexive(i.e. recursive) Not symmetric It can be transitive
  • 44. 44 Composition Relationship Representation of composition Order 1 * Item Life of item is same as the order
  • 45. 45 Class Dependency Representation of dependence between class Dependent Class Independent Class
  • 46. 46 Object diagram Different representations of the LibraryMember object LibraryMember Mritunjay B10028 C-108, Laksmikant Hall 1119 Mrituj@cse 25-02-04 25-03-06 NIL IssueBook( ); findPendingBooks( ); findOverdueBooks( ); returnBook( ); findMembershipDetails( ); LibraryMember Mritunjay B10028 C-108, Laksmikant Hall 1119 Mrituj@cse 25-02-04 25-03-06 NIL LibraryMember
  • 47. 47 Interaction diagram Models how groups of objects collaborate to realize some behaviour Typically each interaction diagram realizes behaviour of a single use case
  • 48. 48 Interaction diagram Two kinds: Sequence & Collaboration Two diagrams are equivalent but portrays different perspective These diagram play a very important role in the design process
  • 49. 49 Sequence diagram Shows interaction among objects as two- dimensional chart Objects are shown as boxes at top If object created during execution then shown at appropriate place Objects existence are shown as dashed lines (lifeline) Objects activeness, shown as rectangle on lifeline
  • 50. 50 Sequence diagram Messages are shown as arrows Message labelled with message name Message can be labelled with control information Two types of control information: condition ([]) & an iteration (*)
  • 51. 51 Example of Sequence diagram :Library Boundary :Library Book Renewal Controller :Library Book Register :Book :Library Member renewBook displayBorrowing selectBooks [reserved] apology confirm find MemberBorrowing bookSelected * find update [reserved] apology confirm updateMemberBorrowing Sequence Diagram for the renew book use case
  • 52. 52 Collaboration diagram Shows both structural and behavioural aspects Objects are collaborator, shown as boxes Messages between objects shown as a solid line Message is shown as a labelled arrow placed near the link Messages are prefixed with sequence numbers to show relative sequencing
  • 53. 53 Example of Collaboration diagram :Library Boundary :Library Book Renewal Controller :Library Book Register :Book :Library Member 1: renewBook 3: display Borrowing 4: selectBooks [reserved] 8: apology 12: confirm 2: findMemberBorrowing 5: book Selected 6: * find 9: update [reserved] 7: apology 10: confirm updateMemberBorrowing Collaboration Diagram for the renew book use case
  • 54. 54 Activity diagram New concept, possibly based on event diagram of Odell [1992] Represent processing activity, may not correspond to methods Activity is a state with an internal action and one/many outgoing transition
  • 55. 55 Activity diagram Can represent parallel activity and synchronization aspects Swim lanes enable to group activities based on who is performing them Example: academic department vs. hostel
  • 56. 56 Activity diagram Normally employed in business process modelling Carried out during requirement analysis and specification Can be used to develop interaction diagrams
  • 57. 57 Example of Activity diagram check student records Academic Section receive fees allot room receive fees allot hostel create hospital record conduct medical examination register in course Accounts Section Hostel Office Hospital Department issue identity card Activity diagram for student admission procedure at IIT
  • 58. 58 State Chart diagram Based on the work of David Harel [1990] Model how the state of an object changes in its lifetime Based on finite state machine (FSM) formalism
  • 59. 59 State Chart diagram Elements of state chart diagram Initial State: Filled circle Final State: Filled circle inside larger circle State: Rectangle with rounded corners Transitions: Arrow between states, also boolean logic condition (guard)
  • 60. 60 Example of State Chart diagram Unprocessed Order Fulfilled Order Pending Order Accepted Order Rejected Order order received [reject] checked [accept] checked [some items not available] processed [all items available] newsupply [some items available] processed / deliver Example: State chart diagram for an order object
  • 61. 61 Design Patterns Standard solutions to commonly recurring problems Provides a good solution to model Pattern has four important parts The problem The context (problem) The solution The context (solution)
  • 62. 62 Example Pattern Expert Problem: Which class should be responsible for doing certain things Solution: Assign responsibility to the class that has the information necessary to fulfil the required responsibility
  • 63. 63 Example Pattern Creator Problem: Which class should be responsible for creating a new instance of some class? Solution: Assign a class C1 the responsibility to create class C2 if C1 is an aggregation of objects of type C2 C1 contains object of type C2
  • 64. 64 Example Pattern Controller Problem: Who should be responsible for handling the actor requests? Solution: Separate controller object for each use case.
  • 65. 65 Example Pattern Facade Problem: How should the services be requested from a service package? Context (problem): A package (cohesive set of classes), example: RDBMS interface package Solution: A class (DBfacade) can be created which provides a common interface to the services of the package
  • 66. 66 Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe Computer Game A human player and the computer make alternate moves on a 3 3 square. A move consists of marking a previously unmarked square. The user inputs a number between 1 and 9 to mark a square Whoever is first to place three consecutive marks along a straight line (i.e., along a row, column, or diagonal) on the square wins.
  • 67. 67 Example 1: Tic-Tac-Toe Computer Game As soon as either of the human player or the computer wins, a message announcing the winner should be displayed. If neither player manages to get three consecutive marks along a straight line, and all the squares on the board are filled up, then the game is drawn. The computer always tries to win a game.
  • 68. 68 Example 1: Use Case Model Tic-tac-toe game Play Move Player
  • 69. 69 Example 1: Sequence Diagram :playMove Boundary :playMove Controller :board acceptMove Sequence Diagram for the play move use case move checkMoveValidity [invalidMove] announceInvalidMove [invalidMove] announceInvalidMove [game over] announceResult[game over] announceResult checkWinner playMove checkWinner [game over] announceResult [game over] announceResult getBoardPositionsdisplayBoardPositions [game not over] promptNextMove
  • 70. 70 Example 1: Class Diagram Board int position[9] checkMove Validity checkResult playMove Controller announceInvalidMove announceResult PlayMoveBoundary announceInvalidMove announceResult displayBoard
  • 71. 71 Example 2: Supermarket Prize Scheme Supermarket needs to develop software to encourage regular customers. Customer needs to supply his residence address, telephone number, and the driving licence number. Each customer who registers is assigned a unique customer number (CN) by the computer.
  • 72. 72 Example 2: Supermarket Prize Scheme A customer can present his CN to the staff when he makes any purchase. The value of his purchase is credited against his CN. At the end of each year, the supermarket awards surprise gifts to ten customers who make highest purchase.
  • 73. 73 Example 2: Supermarket Prize Scheme Also, it awards a 22 carat gold coin to every customer whose purchases exceed Rs. 10,000. The entries against the CN are reset on the last day of every year after the prize winner’s lists are generated.
  • 74. 74 Example 2: Use Case Model Supermarket Prize scheme register customerCustomer register sales select winners Sales Clerk Manager Clerk
  • 75. 75 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Select Winners Use Case :SelectWinner Boundary :SelectWinner Controller :Sales History :Sales Record :Customer Register Select Winners Sequence Diagram for the select winners use case :Customer Record SelectWinners announces SelectWinners *computeSales *browse [for each winner] find WinnerDetails [for each winner] browse
  • 76. 76 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Register Customer Use Case :SelectWinner Boundary :SelectWinner Controller :Customer Register register Sequence Diagram for the register customer use case :Customer Record [duplicate] displayCIN *match create register :Customer Record checkDuplicate showError generateCIN register
  • 77. 77 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Register Sales Use Case :Register Sales Boundary :Sales History :Sales Record registerSales Sequence Diagram for the register sales use case RegisterSales create confirm :Register Sales Controller registerSales confirm
  • 78. 78 Example 2: Sequence Diagram for the Register Sales Use Case :Register Sales Boundary :Sales History :Sales Record registerSales Refined Sequence Diagram for the register sales use case RegisterSales create confirm
  • 79. 79 Example 1: Class Diagram SalesHistory selectWinners registerSales SalesRecords computerSales browse create CustomerRegister findWinnerDetails register salesDetails CustomerRecord browse checkDuplicate create name address 1 * 1 *
  • 80. 80 Summary We discussed object-oriented concepts Basic mechanisms: Such as objects, class, methods, inheritance etc. Key concepts: Such as abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, composite objects etc.
  • 81. 81 Summary We discussed an important OO language UML Its origin, as a standard, as a model Use case representation, its factorisation such as generalization, includes and extends Different diagrams for UML representation In class diagram we discussed some relationships association, aggregation, composition and inheritance
  • 82. 82 Summary Some more diagrams such as interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration), activity diagrams, state chart diagram We discussed OO software development process and patterns In this we discussed some patterns example and domain modelling