Should You Buy an Alternative Vehicle for Economic and/or Environmental Reasons?
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The document discusses the economic and environmental considerations of purchasing alternative vehicles, including conventional, hybrid, electric, and extended range electric vehicles. It provides a detailed analysis of costs, ownership, operation, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with each vehicle type. The findings suggest that while alternative vehicles can be more expensive, they may become cost-effective and environmentally friendly options when driven sufficient miles and supported by tax credits and renewable energy sources.
Should You Buy an Alternative Vehicle for Economic and/or Environmental Reasons?
- 1. Should You Buy an Alternative Vehicle for Economic and/or Environmental Reasons? Photo credit: Michael Graham Richard/TreeHugger Douglas G. Tiffany Assistant Extension Professor Rochester, Minnesota April 26, 2011
- 2. U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices: Up over $1.00 in past year Source: EIA. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 2
- 3. History of U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices, 1970-2012* Source: Energy Information Agency, U.S. DOE. *Projected $4.00 War in Libya $3.50 Nominal Prices Iranian Revolution $3.00 Strong Worldwide Decline of OPEC Control Demand for Petroleum $2.50 9-11 Attacks $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 Weak Economy post 2008 Crash $0.50 $0.00 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 3
- 4. History of U.S. Retail Gasoline Prices 1970-2012* Source: Energy Information Agency, U.S. DOE *projected $4.00 Nominal Prices $3.50 Real Prices $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 4
- 5. Plan for Today’s Talk • Discuss capabilities of four vehicles – Conventional Vehicles (ICE) – Hybrids (HEV) – Electric Vehicles (EV) – Extended Range Electric Vehicles (PHEV) • Demonstrate a consumer decision tool to anticipate consumer behavior • Determine Costs of Ownership and Operation • Compare GHG emissions of the four cars D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 5
- 6. Toyota Prius– Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) • Experience: 11 years in production, 1 million sold in U.S. > 2 million sold world • Uses Regenerative Braking to Charge Battery--generates power as the vehicle is slowed by braking • Battery Assists during acceleration Source: JDPower.com • Gasoline Engine starts and stops as needed --- delivering 48 MPG • Excellent streamlining of car • Price = $23,750 before credits • Battery Longevity –no problem • In 2012 Prius Hybrid with 12 mile range Source: Toyota.com Australia on charge will be available (PHEV) D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 6
- 7. Nissan Leaf--- Electric Vehicle (EV) • Available in U.S. market in Dec. 2010, 20,000 have been reserved • Up to 100 mile range • Lithium Battery Packs under the floor • Can charge in 16 hours @120 Volts • Can charge in 8 hours @ 240 Volts • Rapid re-charge in 30 minutes@ 480 Volts • Battery Pack has 100,000 mile warranty • Rapid acceleration, 90 mph possible • Can direct heating /cooling with cell phone, while plugged in • Typically-- 4 miles per kiloWatt-hour • Price = $34,780 with charge station • Warning: You can’t drive non-stop to Grandma’s House for Thanksgiving in Duluth. D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 7
- 8. Lithium Ion Battery Packs, Charging Equipment •New Plant Built in Smyrna, Tennessee D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 8
- 9. Chevrolet Volt-Extended Range Electric Vehicle, a PHEV (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle) • Most expensive car in analysis $41,000 + $2,000 for 240V charging station • 40 miles of travel in “charge-conserving mode” • 300 miles possible when generator is running on premium gasoline--- gets 34 miles Source: http://allnewchevyvolt.com/mpg3.JPG per gallon of gas • Generator does not re-charge battery, but produces power to turn the wheels • Warranty on battery is 100,000 miles D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 9
- 10. Toyota Matrix - Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) • 1.8 Liter Engine • Matrix is the Hatchback version of the Corolla • Most Popular car in the world •About 30 MPG • Cost is about $20,000 D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 10
- 11. Economic Analysis Used • Determine Accumulated Discounted Value of Expenditures Made Over Life of the Car • What is a car, but a series of expenditures that one assumes for the life of the vehicle? • Focused on expenditures for ownership, fuel, engine maintenance, battery replacement, assume rapid charging stations in the home---”points of difference” • Ignored depreciation, license fees, insurance, storage • Users experiment with flat projections of fuel cost for life of the vehicle • Force consumers to identify their discount rate D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 11
- 12. Building up Assumptions • Assumed 15,000 miles per year for Minnesotans – (12,000 miles per year assumed by EPA) • Battery Replacement Cost in Year 8 –a very conservative estimate--- 100,000 mile warranty (150,000 in CA) – Battery life hasn’t been a big issue with hybrids • Cost of Gasoline Engine Maintenance per 3,000 miles ---- oil change, muffler, anti-freeze, filters for oil, air, and gasoline, starter battery and starter-- $60.84 per 3,000 miles • Price of residential electricity – For U.S. 11.26 cents per kWh in 2009 – MN equaled 9.74 cents per kWh in 2009 – Source: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 12
- 13. GHG Emissions from Gasoline and Electricity • 10% ethanol blend is most gasoline – Gasoline is 92g CO2e X 121 MJ/gal = 24.52 lb./gal – Ethanol is 42 g. CO2e X 89 MJ/gal = 8.23 lb ./ gal. (Liska et al., Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13,58-74 (2009) Therefore, E10 equals 22.89 lb. CO2 e/ gal. http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/documents/egridzips/eGRID2010V1_0_year07_SummaryTables.pdf •U.S. electricity typically emits 1306.18 lb/ MWh •MN electricity emits 1781.44 lb/ MWh (36% > national avg.) D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 13
- 14. Input—Assumptions in Yellow Cells 1 Copyright by Douglas G. Tiffany 18-Apr-11 2 Alternative Vehicle Analysis Extended Conventional Hybrid Electric Range 3 Car Pricing & Performance Assumptions Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Electric 4 Negotiated Purchase Price (plus charging station*) $ 20,000 $ 23,750 $ 34,780 $ 43,000 5 Down Payment (if financed) or Total Purcahse Price $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 6 Enter months of car loan 60 60 60 60 7 Enter interest rate on car loan 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 8 Income Tax Credits for Hybrid, Electric & Charging Station $ - $ 8,500 $ 8,500 9 Cost of Battery Service Assumed in Year 8 $ 2,000 $ 8,000 $ 8,000 10 Miles per Gallon of Gasoline 30 48 34 11 Miles per kiloWatt-hour of Electricity 4.0 4.0 12 Expected Miles per Year 15,000 0 13 Annual Miles from Grid Electricity (less or equal to above figure) 15,000 8,000 14 Gasoline and Electricity Prices, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Rates and Discount Rate 15 Gasoline (E10) Price for life of car $3.80 16 Addl. Cost of Premium Gasoline Per Gallon $0.25 (Affects Fuel Cost of Extended Range Electric only) 17 Electricity Price (Grid) per kWh for life of car $0.0974 18 Gas Engine Maintenance Per 3000 miles $60.84 19 Personal Discount Rate Applied to Costs 6.00% 20 GHG Emissions per MWh of Electicity (Tons) 1781.44 Pounds per MWh (See attached page.) 21 GHG Emission per Gallon of Gasoline (E10) 22.89 Pounds per Gallon (See attached page.) D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 14
- 15. Calculated Values Compare Monthly Fuel Costs Monthly Payments, Gas Usage and GHG Emissions in First Five Years Conventional Extended Vehicle Hybrid Vehicle Electric Vehicle Range Electric Monthly Car Payments (if financed) $ 283.07 $ 353.84 $ 420.32 $ 575.44 Monthly Opportunity Cost of Down Payment or Purchase $ 25.00 $ 25.00 $ 25.00 $ 25.00 Average Monthly Gasoline Payments $ 158.33 $ 98.96 $ 69.49 Average Monthly Engine Maintenance Costs $ 25.35 $ 25.35 $ 11.83 Average Monthly Electrical Payments $ 30.44 $ 16.23 Monthly Costs (ownership, fuel, engine maint.) $ 491.75 $ 503.14 $ 475.76 $ 697.99 Difference in Monthly Payments in first 5 years vs. Conventional $ 11.39 $ (16.00) $ 206.24 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Annual Gasoline Usage (gal.) 500.0 312.5 205.9 Annual Electricity Usage from Grid (kWh) - - 3,750 2,000 Annual GHG Emissions from Gasoline Usage (lb. of CO2 equiv.) 11,445 7,153 - 4,713 Annual GHG Emissions of Electricity Source (lb. of CO2 equiv.) - - 6,680 3,563 Total Annual GHG Emissions (lb. of CO2 equivalent)) 11,445 7,153 6,680 8,276 Annual GHG Reduction in Metric Tonnes per Year - 1.947 2.161 1.438 Effective CO2 Tax Charged to Self by Owning Alternative Vehicle per Metric Tonne $ 6 (7) $ 143 University of Minnesota Extension Service See the CO2 Tax on the Extended Range Electric Vehicles D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 15
- 16. Baseline Graph, assuming $3.80 gas, 15k miles, 9.74 cent electricity Accumulated Discounted Costs of Ownership and Operation of Conventional, Hybrid, Electric, and Extended Range Electric Vehicles by Year $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 40,716 $30,000 Conventional $20,000 Hybrid $10,000 Electric Ext. Range Elect. $- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years of Operation D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 16
- 17. Graphs of Accumulated Discounted Costs and GHG Emissions Accumulated Discounted Costs of Ownership & Operation in Year 15 Ext. Range Electric $49,618 Electric $33,955 Hybrid $38,367 Conventional $40,716 $- $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 Annual GHG Emissions (lb.) Ext. Range Electric 8,276 Electric 6,680 Hybrid 7,153 Conventional 11,445 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 17
- 18. Electric Car is Still Lowest for life of Vehicle down to $2.45 per Gal. Gasoline Accumulated Discounted Costs of Ownership and Operation of Conventional, Hybrid, Electric, and Extended Range Electric Vehicles by Year $50,000 $40,000 34,161 $30,000 $20,000 Conventional Hybrid $10,000 Electric Ext. Range Elect. $- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years of Operation D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 18
- 19. If the Cars are driven 9,000 miles / year, the conventional car wins Accumulated Discounted Costs of Ownership and Operation of Conventional, Hybrid, Electric, and Extended Range Electric Vehicles by Year $50,000 $40,000 32,153 $30,000 $20,000 Conventional Hybrid $10,000 Electric Ext. Range Elect. $- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years of Operation D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 19
- 20. If Gasoline Goes to $5.00 per Gallon, Electric Vehicles Become Very Attractive Accumulated Discounted Costs of Ownership and Operation of Conventional, Hybrid, Electric, and Extended Range Electric Vehicles by Year $60,000 $50,000 46,544 $40,000 $30,000 Conventional $20,000 Hybrid $10,000 Electric Ext. Range Elect. $- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years of Operation D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 20
- 21. What Happens to Electrics and Ext. Range Electrics when Tax Credits End with $3.80 gas and 15k mpy? Accumulated Discounted Costs of Ownership and Operation of Conventional, Hybrid, Electric, and Extended Range Electric Vehicles by Year $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 40,716 $30,000 Conventional $20,000 Hybrid Electric $10,000 Ext. Range Elect. $- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Years of Operation D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 21
- 22. If Consumer buys 50% windpower, what happens to GHG emissions at 15K mpy for MN drivers? AnaG sb nul E os G m( H in.l ) Enlr Rgt xe .E tc ai 86 2 ,7 E e lt cr i 60 ,8 Hd y br i 73 1 ,5 Cvol oeia nn t n 1,5 1 4 4 - 20 0 ,0 40 0 ,0 60 0 ,0 80 0 ,0 1,0 0 0 1,0 2 0 0 1,0 4 0 0 To AnaG sb nul E os G m( H in.l ) Enlr Rgt xe .E tc ai 64 4 ,9 E e lt cr i 30 ,4 Hd y br i 73 1 ,5 Cvol oeia nn t n 1,5 1 4 4 - 20 0 ,0 40 0 ,0 60 0 ,0 80 0 ,0 1,0 0 0 1,0 2 0 0 1,0 4 0 0 D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 22
- 23. Conclusions • Alternative vehicles cost more, but can be cost-effective while reducing GHG emissions if you drive enough miles. • Emissions of electric vehicles can be cut further when utilities increase the proportion of renewables in their portfolio. • Electric Vehicles are the newcomers, with the shortest operational record, but are very efficient in converting energy. • Electric Vehicles are cost-effective choices with tax credits, if the consumer can tolerate range issues. • EVs may be well-suited as fleet vehicles around a city. • Lots of operational experience is available with hybrids. • If annual miles driven are low, more expensive vehicles are hard to justify. • Power pricing plans of utilities may make EVs even more economical if consumers charge at off-peak hours. D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 23
- 24. Thanks! • Douglas Tiffany • 612-625-6715 • tiffa002@umn.edu D.G. Tiffany 4/26/2011 24