2009 c_tv75_s52009022
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This document discusses cultural characteristics reflected in language through five aspects: how languages define objects, the meaning of words, classification and abstraction of concepts, how objects in the real world are conceptualized, and how languages describe real-world objects and phenomena. It provides examples of how cultural traits are expressed in English and Vietnamese naming conventions, conceptualization, and word meanings. Specifically, it compares how the two languages define sports, vegetables, name people and places, and shift word meanings.
2009 c_tv75_s52009022
- 1. 22 NGON NGU 8c OOI SONG SO 5 (163)^2009 NGOAI NGU VOI BAN NGU DAC TRUNG VAN HOA DAN TOC TRONG NGON N G C Cmpt so lien he vol tieng Viet va tieng Anh) 1. Ngay. nay, qua trinh hdi nh^p, toan cau hoa phat trien da thue day manh me viee giao thoa van hoa dan den viee nhieu ngdn ngiJ cd mang nhiing • dae diem van hoa gid'ng nhau. Tuy nhien, d cau true be sau ngdn ngi2 van phan anh nhutng dae truing rieng biet, difdc ke thiia tri the he nay sang the he khac ve kinh nghiem, tri thiie va ea each tu duy bang ngdn ngiJ. Do vay, ngdn ngii da diide khang dinh la yeu to' quan trgng hang dau mang dam net yeu td' van hoa-dan tgc. Dae diem nay the hien d nhieu binh dien khac nhau eua ngdn ngii. Song trong khudn khd' bai vie't nay, chung tdi xin de cap chii yeu de'n mat ngii nghia cua ngdn ngii. Trong ngii nghia eiia ngdn ngi3, dac triing van hoa dan tgc diidc the hien d 5 khia canh chinh sau day: - dinh danh ngdn ngii - y nghia cua tii, ngii - each ehia cat va pham trii hoa the gidi khach quan - each y niem hoa eac sii vat trong the gidi khach quan - each mieu ta cac sii vat-hien tiidng ciia the gidi khach quan bang ngdn ngii. 2. Cac dac trifng van hoa dan toe diitfc the hien trong ngon ngtif 2. 1. Dinh danh bdng ngdn ngd Triide he't, dac triing van hoa-dan tdc diidc bieu hien d viec liia ehgn dac triing cua dd'i tiidng de lam cd sd cho ten ggi ciia LE HONG LINH (Dai hoc Ngoai thirdng Ha No!) nd. Dieu nay bi quy dinh bdi nhieu nhan to' trong dd mdt phan thudc ve nhiing dac diem sinh 11 ciia con ngiidi, mdt phan thudc ve cae chiic nang va cd che' eua ldi ndi... Trong the gidi khach quan, cac sii vat, va hien tiidng ed nhiing md'i lien he, thudc tinh khac nhau, tao thanh nhiing bieu tiidng kha phiic tap. Qua trinh tam li liia ehgn cae dae triing d mdi dan tdc thiidng khac nhau, vi thiidng ngiidi ta chi ehgn nhiing dac triing nao tha'y la tieu bieu, di khu biet vdi cac dae triing khac. Chang han, ngiidi Anh va ngiidi Viet ciing nhin cac mdn the thad vdi nhiing thudc tinh rieng: Tieng Anh Tieng Viet football bdng da handball bdng nem Xet hai vi du tren ta nhan tha'y: Trong dinh danh ngiidi Anh ehii trgng den sii vat, tha'y sii vat thiic hien hanh dgng cd vai trd tien yeu hdn hanh ddng, nen hg sxL dung foot (chan) trong football, va hand (tay) trong handball. Day la hai mdn the thao vdi bdng diidc phan biet nhau bSng sii vat thiic hien hoat ddng dd: chan hay tay. Cdn dd'i vdi ngiidi Viet thi lai thien ve hanh ddng, ehii y phan biet hai mdn chdi d each thiie hien hanh ddng: da hay nem. Dac diem khac biet ve dan tdc, tdn giao ciing anh hiidng sau sic de'n cac dinh danh cua eae dan tdc. Ngiidi Anh da sd' theo Thien Chiia giao, dd'i vdi ho "heari"
- 2. SO 5 (163)-2009 NGON NGJ/ & Odi SONG 23 (con tim/trai tim) cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng. Dieu nay ta thay rd trong cae tii ngii: kind-hearted: td't bung, nhan hau light-hearted: nhe da, de tin ngiidi warm-hearted: td't bung sweet-heart: ngiidi yeu learn by heart: hgc thudc ldng from the bottom of one's heart: tan day long Trong eac dinh danh tren, heart diidc coi la yeu to' trung tam va xua't hien nhieu trong cac ca'u tao tii mdi. Cdn dd'i vdi ngiidi Viet, cd ddi sd'ng gan lien vdi ndng nghiep va da tiing trai qua eae thdi ki ddi kem, nen cai bung, long, da...ludn diidc dat d vi tri quan trgng. Do vay, trong tie'ng Viet cd nhieu cac cum tii: tdi bung, tii tan ddy long, md cd trong bung, hd long hd dg, nhe dg, sdng long sdng dg, hgc thudc long Dac diem van hoa-dan tdc cdn the hien d viec quy loai khai niem cua dac triing diidc dinh danh chii khdng chi d viec ehgn dae triing nao de dinh danh. Vi du: Ngiidi Anh thiidng quan niem "vegetable" (rau) gom eac loai thiic vat cd ri mgc tii da't, gom than, la, canh. Hg cd cac loai rau: lettuce (rau diep), cabbage (rau cai bap), colza (rau eai be). Cdn dd'i vdi ngiidi Viet, trong khai niem "rau" khdng nha't thiet phai cd du ca than, la, canh. Chang han nhif rau bi eua ngiidi Viet, thiic ra chi la phan nggn ciia mdt loai thiic vat an qua (qua hi); hay triidng hdp rau ngdt ciing vay: Ngiidi Viet Nam chi an phan la ciia cay ngdt ma thdi. Dieu nay ta edn thay trong cae tii tie'ng Viet ma neu diing ye gdc do sinh hgc ma xet thi khdng phu hdp. Vi du ngiidi Viet Nam ggi cu Igc (diing ra phai ggi la qua lac); cu chudi (than cay chudi); cu su hdo (than su hao). Ma dieu nay ta it thay ed sii sai lech nhif vay trong tie'ng Anh. Dd'i vdi ngiidi Viet, cac tii dinh danh diidc sii dung trong sinh hoat hang ngay khdng nha't thie't phai mang tinh khoa hgc cao. Cac sii vat hien tiidng ludn chiia diing nhiing dac tinh nham phan biet vdi cac sii vat hien tifdng khac. Song, dong thdi nd ciing bad gom nhiing thudc tinh, yeu td' chung, gid'ng cac sii vat hien tiidng khac. Dd dd, khi ggi ten sii vat hien tiidng ngiidi ta thifdng ket hdp ca hai dac trifng nay: thudc tinh chung giiip phan nhdm sii vat hien tiigng; cdn thudc tinh rieng biet de khu biet tiing sii vat hien tifdng. Vi du ciing la loai cay cd eu, mgc ngam trong da't ngifdi Viet ggi chung la "khoai". Nhifng ehiing ta eg cac loai khoai khac nhau nhU: khoai lang, khoai sg, khoai tdy, khoai mdn, khoai niidc... Chiing ta thay nhiing dieu tren d hau khSp cac ngdn ngii. Song, d mdi ngdn ngii tinh chat nay ed the difdc the hien khac nhau, trifdc he't la d trat tii sap xe'p ciia cac yeu td' ngdn ngii ham chiia y nghia chung va nhiing yeu to' chi net rieng. Chang han, trong tieng Viet yeu to' chung thifdng difdc dat d vi tri dau trong tii ghep nhif: bdng da, bdng rd, bdng chuyen, bdng nem. Nhifng ngifdi Anh thi lai khac: Hg dat yeu to' chung h phia sau: football, basketball, volleyball^ handball. Dieu nay ciing cdn tha'y trong each dat ten ngifdi. Ngifdi Viet Nam thifdng dat ten gan vdi mdt sii kien, mdt dia danh ndi difdc sinh ra, hoac theo ten cac con giap, vi du: Nguyin Qud'c Khanh, Thanh The Thai Binh, Tran Van Mao... Trong cac ten rieng nay, bao gid ciing gom mdt yeu td' chung: hg (dung de ggi cho mdt nhdm ngiidi ciing huye't thd'ng); va mgt yeu td' mang tinh cha't ca nhan: ten (ggi ten ngifdi cu the). Theo thdi quen cua ngifdi Viet, khi ggi ten ngifdi thifdng dung ten rieng nhif: anh Khanh, anh Binh, anh Mao. Va mgt dieu rat kieng ki trong viec dat ten cua ngifdi Viet, dac biet trong thdi ki phong kien, la: Ten ggi cua ngifdi d thii bac thap hdn khdng difdc trdng vdi ngifdi d thii bac cao hdn (xet ve dia vi trdng xa hgi, thii bac tdn ti trong gia dinh, ddng hg).
- 3. 24 NGON NGUr 8c OOI SONG s6 5(163)-2009 Dd'i vdi ngiidi Anh, viec dat ten triing nhau lai bieu thi sii quy men, kinh trgng. Trong khi ggi ten, ngifdi Anh thifdng dung hg chii it dung ten rieng. Va thiidng ten rieng difde dat d phia sau, vi du: John Smith, Elton John, Thomas Scovel. ? Mgt dieu khac niia la ten con gai Vigt Nam thifdng cd dem "thi" va hay lay theo ten ciia cac loai hoa: Nguyen Thi' Lan, Tran Thi Lay On, Pham Thi Thuy Tien... va hg ten nay thifdng gan vdi hg sudt cugc ddi. Cdn d ngifdi Anh, ngifdi con gai khi mdi sinh ra eho de'n khi lay chong thi mang hg cua bd' (ciing cd trifdng hdp mang hg me), nhifng khi da lay chong phai lay hg eiia chong. Ngoai ra, dd'i vdi ngifdi Viet, viec ggi ten rieng ngifdi ldn tudi se bi coi la vd le, bat lich sii. Trong xa hdi cii, thay vi ggi diing ten khai sinh (hay edn ggi la "ten ciing cdm") thi ngifdi ta ggi theo ten cua ngifdi eon ca. Cdn ngay nay, ngifdi ta thifdng ggi diing ten hg nhifng di kem chifc vi, vai trd, vi du: bac Minh, chii Quye't, me Ngan... Dd'i vdi ngifdi Anh, khdng nha't thiet phai lam vay. Hg cd the cho them cae tif chi ehiic vu, gidi: Mr. John, Miss. Mary, Doctor, Bean... Tuy nhien trong quan he hg hang than thie't, hg ciing diing ten rieng. Tham ehi dd'i vdi bd' me, khi than thien ngifdi ta ciing cd the ggi ten rieng nhif: John!, Mary!... 2. 2. Sii chuyen nghia vd nghia bieu triing Sii chuyen nghia hay cai bie'n nghia chinh la "sii chuyen ten ggi cd ca'u triic ngii nghia nay sang ca'u triic ngii nghia khac". Dong thdi, cd sd cua cac bie'n dd'i (md rdng hay thu hep) nghia nay la cae quy luat logic-hinh thdc ciia tif duy, quan he giiia cac khai niem. De thiic hien cdng viec nay, ngifdi ta cd the sif dung cac phep chuyen nghia nhif an du, hoan du. Vi du: Trong tie'ng Viet cd tii "bung" vdi nghia gd'c chi bd phan cd the, ndi chiia thiic an, chang han: Bung anh ta dang sdi len vi ddi. .. . , ,, , , Sdng ciing cd cac trifdng hdp khac difdc ehuyen nghia tif "bung" d tren nhif: Anh ta nghl thdm trong bung. ("bung" liie nay ehi la suy nghi trong dau, trong dc: la tii duy) Anh dy Id ngiidi tdt bung. ("bung" chi thai do sd'ng, each cif xif, quan he vdi ngifdi khae) Dieu nay ta ciing tha'y trong tie'ng Anh. Vi du: tii "world" cd nghia gd'c chi the gidi, chang han: He has travelled all over the world. (Anh ta da di khlp the gidi), nhifng ta tha'y tii nay ciing diidc sif dung trong phep ehuyen nghia nhif: / think the world of him. (Tdi rat thich anh ay) _ ,, :„ ,,..,> Trong vi du thii hai, nghia gd'c "the gidi" da chuyen thanh y nghia "nhieu, rat nhieu" Trong tie'ng Viet, ta tha'y cd nhiing cau thd nhif: Ngdy ngdy mat trdi di qua tren ldng Thdy mgt mat trdi trong ldng rdt dd Trong hai cau thd tren mdi cau deu cd tii "mat trdi", nhifng y nghia cua chiing khac nhau. "Mat trdi" trong cau thd dau chi sii vat ton tai thiic sii trong the gidi, dd la mat trdi thiic sii, dem lai anh sang. Nhifng mat trdi h cau sau lai la mat trdi difdc chuyen nghia, tifdng trifng cho mot con ngifdi vi dai, mgt vi lanh tu xua't sSc: Bac Ho. Trong sii chuyen nghia, cd the nhan tha'y khdng chi la cai cd tinh chat phd' bie'n, qud'c te', ma cdn cd tinh dac thii dan tdc. Sii lien tifdng vd'n bi tien dinh bdi dieu kien lich sif, tam li cu the eiia mdt cdng dong van hoa-ngdn ngii cu the, cd the d^n den sii chuyen nghia trong cac ngdn ngii khae nhau ed the khdng gid'ng nhau. Vi du tii "chan" trong tie'ng Viet cd the chuyen nghia thanh "cifdng vi vdi tif each la thanh vien cua mdt td chiic": Ong dy cd chdn trong hdi dong nhdn ddn. Nhifng neu dieh cau nay sang tieng Anh, thi khdng the ndi:
- 4. so 5 (163)-2009 NGON NGlT 8c 0 6 l SONG 25 *He has got a leg in the People's Committee. Ma phai ndi la: He has got a chair in the People's Committee. (Ong ay cd ghe trong hdi dong nhan dan). Hay trong tie'ng Viet chiing ta ndi: "dat cat co". Nhifng trong ngdn ngii cua ngifdi Anh lai cd each ndi: It costs me an arm and a leg. Nd ton cua tdi mdt cai chan va mdt cai tay). Xin la'y mdt vi du khac trong tie'ng Anh cd lien quan de'n dia li: Bring coal to Newcastle. (Chd than ve Newcastle). Cdn ngifdi Viet lai ndi: "Chd ciii ve rifng". Nifdc Anh la mdt niidc tieu thu san pham khoai tay ldn tren the gidi. Do vay "cii khoai tay;" (potato) dUdc ehuyen nghia thanh "nhan vat quan trgng, ngifdi cd dia vi trong xa hdi", chang han: He is a big potato. (Ong ta la mdt nhan vat quan trgng) Cdn ngifdi Viet Nam khdng bao gid ndi: * Ong ta la mgt cii khoai tay to. Trong khi thiic hien phep chuyen nghia, ngifdi ta thifdng ehii y de'n nhiing dac trifng cd ban ciia sii vat, hien tifdng. Tuy nhien sii nhin nhan nhifng dae trifng dd khdng gid'ng nhau d mdi dan tdc.Chang han nhif "con gau" trong tie'ng Viet bieu thi sii hdn lao, to ldn, nhieu, vi du: .;r;'t Thdng dy nd gdu ldm. Nd dn nhii gdu vgy. Cdn trong tie'ng Anh, "ga'u" lai ed y nghia la "thd kech". Vi du: He behaves like a bear. ' (Nd cif xif thd Id lim) Hay mdt vi du khac: Trong tie'ng Viet tii "niif'mang chi sii ldn lao, ki vi. Vi du: Cdng cha nhii nui Thdi Sdn Nghia me nhii niidc trong nguon chdy ra. Nhifng trong tie'ng Anh, "niii" lai bieu thi sii "gia cdi, lau ddi". Vi du: He is as old as a hill. (Ong a'y da gia lim roi)... 2.3. Sii chia cdt vd y niem hod the gidi The gidi hien thiic la mdt the lien tuc, vd ciing yd tan. Do dd con ngifdi mud'n nhan thiic difdc nd, thi phai ehia clt ca'u true hoa lai theo nhiing each thiic nha't dinh. Va dieu nay ciing mang da'u an ciia dan tdc mdt each rd net. Chang han: ngifdi Viet xae dinh rat rd eac sii vat: liia, thdc, gao, cdrn, cdn ngifdi Anh thi chi dilng mdt tii duy nha't cho ca ba dang tren: rice. Hay tifdng iing vdi "di bd"trong tie'ng Viet trong tieng Anh cd cac tii nhif: walk (di bg ndi chung); go on foot (di bd, phan biet vdi di xe dap, d td); jog (di bg de tap luyen). Sii thieu vang mdt tii nao dd trong mdt ngdn ngii cd the la do d dan tdc ndi ngdn ngii nay khdng cd khai niem tifdng dng. Song, cung cd khi d dan tdc ay cd sii nhan biet cac khai niem nhifng lai khdng cd each the hien bang ngdn ngii. Ngoai ra, dieu kien sd'ng, van hoa khac nhau ciing cd the anh hifdng de'n ngdn ngii. Nifdc Anh la mdt trong so' mifdi nifdc diing hang dau ve tieu thu rifdu con. Trong ngdn ngii ciia hg tha'y xua't hien rat nhieu cac tii chi cac loai rifdu khac nhau nhif: wine, whisky, alcdhol, brandy, spirit, liquor, gin. Trong tie'ng Viet, chi gap cac tii ghep cd yeu to' chung la "rifdu", vi du: rifdu gad, rifdu trang, rifdu nep, rifdu vang. Sii y niem hoa the gidi ciing cd anh hifdng rd net de'n mat ngii nghia cua cac ngdn ngii. Trifdc he't phai ndi den viec dinh vi khdng gian. Ngifdi Viet Nam cd thdi quen ndi: di vao Nam, di ra Bac, di vao buong, di ra eufa. Cdn vdi ngifdi Anh, ta't ca cac diin dat "vao, ra" dd chi cin dien dat bing mgt gidi tif chi phifdng hifdng "to": go to the South, go to, the North, go to the bedroom, go to the door. Ngifdi Anh, khi mieu ta vi tri ciia cac sii vat, thifdng dat trong md'i tiidng quan vdi nhau mgt each chat che hdn sd vdi ngifdi Viet. Vi du: Khi mieu ta mdt ngifdi xua't hien d mgt trong nhiing phifdng tien giao thdng nhif: bus (xe buyt), bicycle (xe dap).
- 5. 26 NGON NGUT 8c o6l SONG s6 5(163)-2009 taxi (xe tac-xi), car (d td con), train (tau), plane (may bay)... thi hg phan biet bang each sif dung "in" (trong) va "on" (tren). Cac phifdng tien cd khoang khdng rgng nhif: bus, train, plane thi sif dung "on"; hoac tKifdng hdp xe dap (bicycle), xe gin may (motorcycle) ciing sii dung "on". Trong cac trifdng hdp ma tifdng quan giiia ngifdi va phifdng tien khdng nhieu, chang han nhif: xe tac-xi, hoac d td con, thi su£ dung "in". Vi du: We were on the bus when it rained. He saw the car crashed when he was in the taxi. Cdn trong tie'ng Viet cac trifdng hdp tren cd the diing ca hai each dien dat deu diing. Chang han, cd the ndi: Liic trdi dd miia, chiing tdi dang d tren /trong xe buyt. Anh ta chiing kien vu tai nan khi dang d tren I trong xe tdc-xi. Nhifng ciing cd khi trong tie'ng Viet lai cu the hdn trong tieng Anh. Vi du vdi cau: John is in Nam's house. Trong tie'ng Anh, viee xae dinh vi tri giiia John, Nam, va ngifdi phat ngdn khdng can cu the nhif trong cau tie'ng Viet. Cdn dd'i vdi ngifdi Viet, chiing ta se cd cac phat ngdn khac nhau phu thudc vao vi tri giiia hg: Neu nhd nha John va Nam ciing toa nha, nha Nam d tang cao hdn nha John, ta se ndi: John d chdi tren nhd Nam. Trong trifdng hdp ngifdc lai, nha Nam h tang tha'p hdn thi ndi: John d diidi nhd Nam. Neu trong trifdng dd la hai toa nha khac nhau thi phai ndi: John dchdi ben nhd Nam. '• ';- '''•':•• • Hoac mgt trifdng hdp khac: Ngifdi Viet Nam ta thifdng ndi: Cau be dang ngoi dUdi gd'c cdy. '• Cdn trong tieng Anh thi lai ndi: . ' ' ? ••' He is sitting under the tree. " ; ''" (Cau be dang ngoi difdi cay) - >'' Hoac trong tieng Viet: • •'" Cau he dang ngdi tren liing trdu. :* ''••'•'• • trong tie'ng Anh lai ndi: He is sitting on the buffalo. (Cau be dang ngdi tren trau) Nhif vay, sii dinh vi khdng gian va each tri nhan nd d cac dan tdc cd the khdng gidng nhau. Dieu nay cang phan anh rd them dac trifng van hoa dan tdc cua tiing ngdn ngii tren the gidi. 2. 4. Cdc mieu td the gidi khach quan Ndi de'n dac trifng van hoa dan tdc khdng the nao khdng xem xet nd trong each mieu ta the gidi khach quan. Mdi dan tdc cd mdt each mieu ta sii vat, hien tifdng ton tai trong the gidi khac nhau. Khi mieu ta, ngifdi ta thifdng gin lien vdi mdt sii vat, hien tiidng eu the, rieng biet va rd nha't la viec mieu ta gan lien vdi tinh tii. Khi ta "may", ngifdi Viet cd the ndi: Bdu trdi ddy mdy den. Cdn khi mieu ta cu the hdn,thi ndi: Tren trdi hdng trdm ddm mdy den kit. Hoac khi ndi den "tay", ta ndi: Nd diia tay ra hdng nhiing gigt niidc miia dang nho diidi hien nhd. Hoac: Nd diia hdn tay day biin quel nhUng gigt nUdc con dgng lai tren khudn mat. Trong cau tie'ng Viet, khi danh ngii di kem vdi cae tinh td mieu ta cu the thi bat bugc nd phai di kem vdi cac loai tii cu the nhif: ban (tay), dam (may), con(ga), vien (phan), cue (da't). Dac biet, trong cac trdng hdp dao trat tii (dao chii ngii va vi ngii) de mieu ta thi sii xua't hien ciia loai ddng trifdc danh tif la hg't siic can thiet.Vi du: Trong cong vien nhgc vang len. => Trong cdng vien vang len tieng nhgc. Tren ludng hoa, biidm bay rap rdn. => Tren ludng hoa, hay rgp rdn nhdng canh biidm. • Liia bap bimg trong dem. => Bap biing dnh liia trong dem. Trong tie'ng Anh ta ciing thay ton tai loai tii di kem vdi danh td de mieu ta. Song sd lifdng cae loai tii trong tieng Anh
- 6. so 5 (163)-2009 NGON NGUT 8c 06l SONG 27 it hdn nhieu so vdi tieng Viet. Trong tie'ng Anh cd nhieu trifdng hdp khdng nha't thie't phai sii dung loai tii. Vi du: To me, red shoes are preferrable. .f, ,. Va: -^ To me, a pair of red shoes is prefferable. (Theo tdi, giay dd difdc ifa chudng hdn). Tuy nhien, ciing ed nhiing trifdng hdp bat bugc phai cd cac loai tii di kem, dac biet la cac danh tii khdng dem difdc, vi du: / like bread. (Tdi thich banh mi) I bought two loaves of bread yesterday, J (Hdm qua, tdi mua hai d banh mi) Trong cau dao tie'ng Anh, viec dUa loai tif vao khdng cd tinh cha't bat bugc nhif trong tie'ng Viet. Vi du: Hardly have I eaten such delicious chocolate. (Tdi chifa tiing bao gid an sd-cd-la ngon de'n the) Va: Hardly have I eaten such a delicious bar ofchocolate. (Tdi chifa tiing bao gid an mdt thanh sd- cd-la ngon de'n the) Trong tie'ng Viet, tinh tif mieu ta it khi phan biet diing cho ngifdi hay vat. Cdn trong tie'ng Anh thi trong nhieu trifdng hdp phan biet ranh mach hdn. Chang han, trong tie'ng Viet ta cd tinh tif "cao" dilng cho ca sii vat va ngifdi. Anh dy la ngiidi cao nhdt dIdp toi. > '- Ngdi nhd cua cd dy rdt cao. Cdn trong tie'ng Anh ngifdi ta ddi khi phan biet tinh tii ddng cho vat la: "high" (cao); dung cho ngifdi thi la "tall" (cad). Vi du: He is the tallest man in my class. ~ Her house is very high. Tuy nhien, trong trifdng hdp ta mdt ngdi nha choc trdi, ngifdi Anh lai cd xu hifdng sif dung tinh tif "tall" vd'n hay dilng cho ngifdi, la do liie nay hg quan tam nhieu de'n dang ve (shape) cua chiing: That skyscraper is very tall. (Toa nha dd ra't cao) Hoac trong trifdng hdp ciia tinh tii "nd'i tieng" trdng tie'ng Viet khdng cd xu hifdng phan biet y nghia td't, xau. ChIng han: Ong dy Id mdt nhd khoa hgc rdt ndi tieng. Hdn ta la mdt ten trgm noi tieng. Cdn trong tieng Anh thi phan biet rd rang hdn. Ddng cho nghia td't, sif dung tinh tif "famous"; cdn vdi y nghia xau, dilng "notorious". Vi du: He is a famous scientist. (Ong a'y la mgt nha khoa hgc nd'i tie'ng) He is a notorious thief. (Han la mdt ten trdm nd'i tieng (khet tieng))... , 3. Ket luan Qua phan tich, so sanh ddi chieu mdt so' khia canh cua tie'ng Anh va tieng Viet, ta phan nao tha'y dUdc mdt each rd net tinh dan tdc difdc the Men d mdi ngdn ngii rat khae nhau. Dieu nay cang khlng dinh them ring md'i quan he giiia ngdn ngii-van hoa-tu duy la md'i quan he "tay ba" khdng the nao tach rdi nhau. Trong ngdn ngii ludn ludn cd yeu td van hoa phan anh each nghi, each nhan thiie va bieu dat ve the gidi ve con ngifdi va ca nhiing suy nghi cua mdt cdng dong. Tim hieu mdt ngdn ngir, chiing ta can chii y tdi khia canh tam li. Dd la tam li chung, xu hudng chung ciia ca cgng ddng va ciing la ciia mgt nhdm ngudi trong cdng ddng ay, hoac cua rieng ca nhan ngudi phat ngdn. Ngdn ngu hgc tam li la chuyen nganh phai di sau tim hieu tat ca nhiing khia canh xung quanh van de rat phiic tap va ciing rat hap dan nay. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Ly Toan Thing, Mdy vdn de Viet ngii hgc vd ngon ngd hgc dgi ciidng. Nxb Khoa hoc Xahoi, H., 2002. 2. Nguyen Ddc Ton, Tim hieu ddc trUng vdn hod - ddn tdc cua ngon ngd vd tU duy. Nxb DHQGHN, 2002. 3. Tii dien Viet - Anh, Nxb Dong Nai. 1995. 4. Tii dien Anh - Viet, Nxb Thuan Hoa. 1997. (Ban Bien tap nhan bai ngay 09-04-2009)