201 air hazard (1)
- 1. 1 -: Presented By :- -:Guided By:- Himanshu J Dave Dr. Bhavna Patel 1st Year M.Pharm (QA) Ms. Shraddha Parmar Roll No. Q2 Dept. of Pharmaceutical Science
- 2. 2 Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds (including those of biological origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk. In an even broader sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in the air which are usually not present and which lower the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life (such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global warming). What Is Air Pollution?
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- 4. TYPES 1. INDOOR 2. OUTDOOR - Smog -Particle -Greenhouse Effect -Natural Air Pollution -Particle Pollution 4
- 5. 1. Indoor Pollution It is the pollution of air caused by the introduction of materials from smoking and burning fossil fuels such as kerosene, petroleum and coal indoors. Fuels are burned indoors for cooking and cooling or heating purposes. Chemicals from cleaning products, wall paints, pesticides and air fresheners also contribute to indoor air pollution. One half of the population in the world or 80% of the population in South Asia and Africa is affected by indoor air pollution from burning of coal and biomass. It is assumed that indoor air pollution is much worse than outdoors air pollution. 5
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- 7. 2. Outdoor Pollution The levels of outdoor air pollution reach their peak in developing countries, most of them from Asia. The air outside is polluted mainly from vehicle exhaust and emissions from industries. Several pollutants are mixed in the air and a large portion of the world population is regularly exposed to harmful air quality. Various types are : - Smog -Particle -Greenhouse Effect -Natural Air Pollution -Particle Pollution 7
- 8. SMOG Smog is the mixture of two components; smoke and fog. The term was introduced first in mid-20th century in London. Its primary component is harmful ozone found at ground level. Smog is formed as a result of complex photochemical reactions that involve nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Smog causing pollutants are found in sources like exhaust from vehicles, fumes from power plants and solvents. Smog can cause several health problems like breathing problems, decrease in resistance to colds and infections, irritation of eyes and throat, asthma etc. 8
- 9. Particle pollution Particle pollution is also a serious issue in the world. It is widespread in cities and urban areas. This kind of pollution is caused due to the exhaust from burning diesel fuels in heavy transportation, burning of fuels in power plants and burning wood. It has been known to increase problems of heart diseases, cancer of the lungs, coughs and asthma. 9
- 10. Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases are responsible for the trapping of heat in the earth atmosphere which results in the warming of the planet. These gases are increased significantly because of human activities such as exhaust from vehicles and industries, agriculture and generation of electricity. Rise in greenhouse gas emissions help in the increase of global temperature. 10
- 11. Natural air pollution It is the air pollution caused by natural causes. Sometimes nature is also responsible for polluting the air. Volcanic eruptions, radioactive decay and forest fires are natural causes. 11
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- 13. Analysis based on applying prior experience or knowledge of a hazard or failure to identify future hazards, hazardous situations and events that can cause harm In estimating their probability of occurrence for a given activity, facility, product or system How to perform? •Identification of the possibilities that the risk event happens •Qualitative evaluation of the extent of possible injury or damage to health that could result •Identification of possible remedial measures 13
- 14. The steps Risk Matrix Form List known potential hazards - Literature - Previous projects - Reportable events - Complaints Severity rankings Frequency codes and estimates risk codes Once established should remain same for similar product classes Hazards Arising From Product Design Hazard Investigation/ Controls Sev Freq Imp (SxF) 14
- 15. Potential Areas of Uses : Analyzing existing systems Prioritizing hazards Evaluate the types of hazards for the general product type, then the product class and finally the specific product Early in the development: little information on design details or operating procedures will often be a precursor to further studies For product, process and facility design Further assessed with other risk management tools 15
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- 17. Electrical systems that are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks. Flammable liquids and aerosols Electrical wiring in poor condition Batteries Smoking in the factory premises by workers CAUSES 17
- 18. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the building. Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit signs pointing to them that can function in a power failure). Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility. Smoking is prohibited in industrial premises. Don’t wear nylon cloths at work place . Each and every section of the industry should have fire extinguisher . Make sure that all employees are familiar with fire extinguisher. 18
- 19. HOW FIRE OCCURS ? 19
- 20. FIRE CLASSES Class A fires involve organic solids such as paper and wood. Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids, including petrol, grease, and oil. Class C fires involve flammable gases. Class D fires involve combustible metals. Class E Fires involving ELECTRICAL APPARATUS Class F fires involve cooking fat and oil. 20
- 21. Types of Fire Extinguishers a) WATER & FOAM b) DRY CHEMICAL c) WET CHEMIAL d) CARBON DIOXIDE e) CLEAN AGENT f) DRY POWDER g) WATER MIST h) CATRIDGE OPERATE DRY CHEMICAL 21
- 22. Water and Foam Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen element from the other elements. Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire. 22
- 23. Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also be removing the heat with a very cold discharge. Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually ineffective on Class A fires. 23
- 24. Dry Chemical Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle. Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires. Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully. 24
- 25. Wet Chemical Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of the fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the oxygen and fuel elements. Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens. 25
- 26. Clean Agent Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as the newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire by interrupting the chemical reaction and/or removing heat from the fire triangle. Clean agent extinguishers are effective on Class A, B and C fires. Smaller sized handheld extinguishers are not large enough to obtain a 1A rating and may carry only a Class B and C rating. 26
- 27. Dry Powder Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire triangle. However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires. 27
- 28. Water Mist Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern. Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on Class C fires as well. 28
- 29. Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle. Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A fires. Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully. 29
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- 31. 31 •In 1952 London, 12,000 people died from smog
- 34. 34 The six-day smog of November 1953 caused an estimated 220–240 deaths. •1966 New York City Smog
- 36. 36 Here are some simple steps you can take: Avoid smoking indoors (quitting smoking is the best answer for overall health) Use craft supplies in well-ventilated areas Make sure your gas stove is well-ventilated Minimize clutter Remove carpeting if possible Use a dehumidifier and/or air conditioner to reduce moisture Keep trash covered to avoid attracting pests Remove shoes at the door Have car emissions tested regularly Minimize air freshener use Test your home for radon
- 37. 37 Use carbon monoxide detectors Fix water leaks Dust surfaces and vacuum frequently Wash bedding weekly in hot water Make sure exhaust fans are functioning in your bathrooms and kitchen Keep a lid on scented candles Reduce the number of trips you take in your car. Reduce or eliminate fireplace and wood stove use. Avoid burning leaves, trash, and other materials. Avoid using gas-powered lawn and garden equipment. Taking some simple precautions can help boost air quality in your home and improve your health.
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