201115985 power point slides ( matter and matterial)
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This document discusses the classification and states of matter. It begins by defining matter and classifying it into elements, compounds and mixtures. It then describes the three states of matter - solid, liquid and gas. Physical properties and chemical properties are distinguished. Physical properties can be observed without changing the identity of the substance while chemical properties involve changes to its identity. Common phase changes like melting, boiling, evaporation and condensation are also outlined.
![Reference
Atreasuredsecret.(2013). Matter and material. Available from :
http://www.slideshare.net/musachauke/savedfiles?s_title=matter16243469&user_login=atreasuredsecret [ Accessed 06 March 2014]
Braisitz(2011). Matter and change. Available from
:http://www.slideshare.net/briansitz/matter-and-change-9735404[06 March 2014]
Hamz, J.(2010). Chemistry and change. Available from:
//www.slideshare.net/jhamze/cmc-chapter-03 [06 March 2014]
Hernandez,E.(2012).Matter and material. Available from:
http://www.slideshare.net/alexrhernandez7777/matter-27998160?qid=6343c4aef420-4fb7-bab5-c888b8836185&v=default&b=&from_search=1 [Accessed 06 March
2014]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/201115985powerpointslidesmatterandmatterial-140306043437-phpapp01/85/201115985-power-point-slides-matter-and-matterial-49-320.jpg)
201115985 power point slides ( matter and matterial)
- 1. MATER AND MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER STATES OF MATTER Edited by MUSA ELVIS CHAUKE 3RD YEAR STUDENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG 201115985
- 2. Chemistry A physical science that involves the study of the properties, composition,& structure of matter and the changes it undergoes.
- 3. What is a chemical? Any substance that has a definite composition or is used or produced in a chemical process. Sugar is an example of a chemical
- 4. MATTER Anything that has mass and occupies space All matter is composed of atoms Atom: Extremely small chemically indivisible particle Atom is Greek for “that which cannot be divided” Greek philosopher Democritus is given credit for idea Modern science can now divide an atom, so new definition includes chemically indivisible An atom cannot be divided and retain it’s chemical properties
- 5. Three Major Classes of Elements Metals- located on the left of the Periodic Tablemost of the elements Non-Metals- Table located on the right of the Periodic Metalloids- on the zigzag line between Metals and Nonmetals- have properties that are skewedie…Silicon is conductive You will have to memorize the symbol and element name for approximately 40 common elements
- 6. More ways to describe matter Element: any substance that cannot be broken up into simpler substances by chemical means Compound: a substance formed when atoms of two or more elements join together silver, copper, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen H20 (water), CO2 (carbon dioxide) Mixture: a material of two or more substances that are not chemically bound to each other and can be separated Blood: water-based mixture including Proteins, sugars, salt, oxygen, carbon dioxide
- 7. Properties of Metals Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity Metals are malleable (can be shaped) Metals are ductile (can be drawn into wires) Metals have high tensile strength Metals have luster
- 8. Properties of Nonmetals Carbon, the graphite in “pencil lead” is a great example of a nonmetallic element. Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and Electricity Nonmetals tend to be brittle Many nonmetals are gases at room temperature
- 10. Fixed composition Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods (physical changes) Can only be changed in identity and properties by chemical methods Properties do not vary- Unique Density, Constant Boiling and Melting Points
- 11. Elements Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes Compounds Chemically joined elements- Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes, always in a definite ratio
- 12. Compounds (cont.) Section 3-4 • The properties of a compound are different from its component elements.
- 13. Compounds Section 3-4 • A compound is a made up of two or more elements combined chemically. • Most of the matter in the universe exists as compounds. • Table salt, NaCl, and water, H2O, are compounds.
- 14. Compounds (cont.) Section 3-4 • This figure shows electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen.
- 15. Variable composition Components retain their characteristic properties May be separated into pure substances by physical methods sifting, evaporation, magnetism, etc… Mixtures of different compositions may have widely different properties Do NOT have definite boiling/melting points
- 16. Homogenous mixtures look the same throughout but can be separated by physical means Examples: salt water, soda
- 17. Have the same composition throughout Components are indistinguishable Can exist between all phases of matter: air (gases) brass (alloyblend of multiple metals -solids) soda (gas, solid, liquid)
- 18. Solutions are homogenous mixtures that do not scatter light. These mixtures are created when something is completely dissolved in pure water. Therefore, they are easily separated by distillation or evaporation. Appear in one phase of matter Examples: sugar water, salt water
- 19. Parts of a solution Solvent- part that does the dissolvingwater is our universal solvent Solute- part that was dissolved (salt)
- 20. How do we increase solubility of a solid into a liquid Heat it- more collisions between solute and solvent Mix- Fresh solvent to solute Crush- more surface area- more contact
- 21. Increase solubility of a gas in a liquid Henrys Law- solubility of the gasis directly proportional to the pressure above the liquid- Effervescence- rapid escape of gas from liquid Decrease temperature- slows down diffusion
- 22. Heterogeneous mixtures are composed of large pieces that are easily separated by physical means (ie. density, polarity, metallic properties, size). Pond Water, Vegetable Soup- Suspensions Visible particles Starch Water: invisible to the eye :colloid
- 23. Physical Properties – Observable traits of a material that may be measured without altering the substance Examples: Mass, Color, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density
- 24. We can use physical properties to separate mixtures: a method to separate the Please determine following and determine the type of matter: Oil and Water Iron and Sand Sand and Salt Sulfur and Sugar
- 25. What are the physical properties of the substance to the right? What do you think the material is that made this bracelet? How could you be sure? Density- the amount of material in a given volume- unique to the material
- 26. Chemical Changean irreversible change that changes the identity and make up of the material Examples: Rusting Burning
- 27. There is no observable change in the quantity of matter during a chemical reaction or a physical change. In other words, matter cannot be created nor destroyed. It is just converted from one form to another
- 28. Energy comes in two forms : Kinetic Energy: Movement Potential Energy: Stored
- 29. All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical changes. These changes can be microscopic or macroscopic.
- 30. A physical change occurs when the substance changes state but does not change its chemical composition. It is not permanent and is reversible! Example Phase Changes!
- 31. Physical Change For example: Ice melting to water. The form or appearance has changed, but the properties of that substance are the same (i.e. it has the same melting point, boiling point, chemical composition, etc.)
- 32. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing substance into another substance Color Odor Taste Size Physical state (liquid, gas, or solid) Boiling point Melting point Density
- 34. Names of Water Phase Changes Endothermic Requires Energy to go Exothermic Gives energy off forward Melting: Solid Liq Boiling (forced) Liquid Gas Evaporation ( spon) Liquid Gas Sublimation Solid Gas Condensation Gas Liq Freezing: Liq Solid Deposition: Gas Solid
- 35. A substance changes into something new. It is irreversible.
- 36. All Chemical Changes can be written as a reaction A + B AB A, B are the starting materials- reactants AB is the resultproduct
- 37. Reaction with acids Reaction with bases (alkalis) Ability to act as reducing agent Reaction with oxygen (combustion) Reaction with other elements Ability to act as oxidizing agent Decomposition into simpler substances Corrosion
- 38. Physical and chemical properties may be intensive or extensive.
- 39. Intensive properties such as density, color, and boiling point do not depend on the size of the sample of matter and can be used to identify substances.
- 40. Extensive properties such as mass and volume do depend on the quantity of the sample.
- 41. Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.
- 42. The physical properties of sodium metal can be observed or measured. It is a soft, lustrous, silvercolored metal with a relatively low melting point and low density. Hardness, color, melting point and density are all physical properties.
- 43. Specific Heat Physical Property that is unique to the material Amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius -Why do you choose to sit on the wooden bleachers on a cold fall day for a football game instead of the metal bleachers?
- 44. Chemical properties describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances. These properties, then, must be determined using a process that changes the identity of the substance of interest.
- 45. One of the chemical properties of alkali metals such as sodium and potassium is that they react with water. To determine this, we would have to combine an alkali metal with water and observe what happens. In other words, we have to define chemical properties of a substance by the chemical changes it undergoes.
- 46. States of Matter . The physical forms of matter, either solid, liquid, or gas, are called the states of matter. • Solids are a form of matter that have their own definite shape and volume. • Liquids are a form of matter that have a definite volume but take the shape of the container.
- 47. States of Matter (cont.) . • Gases have no definite shape or volume. They expand to fill their container. • Vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature.
- 48. Resources Menu Chemistry Online Study Guide Chapter Assessment Standardized Test Practice Image Bank Concepts in Motion
- 49. Reference Atreasuredsecret.(2013). Matter and material. Available from : http://www.slideshare.net/musachauke/savedfiles?s_title=matter16243469&user_login=atreasuredsecret [ Accessed 06 March 2014] Braisitz(2011). Matter and change. Available from :http://www.slideshare.net/briansitz/matter-and-change-9735404[06 March 2014] Hamz, J.(2010). Chemistry and change. Available from: //www.slideshare.net/jhamze/cmc-chapter-03 [06 March 2014] Hernandez,E.(2012).Matter and material. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/alexrhernandez7777/matter-27998160?qid=6343c4aef420-4fb7-bab5-c888b8836185&v=default&b=&from_search=1 [Accessed 06 March 2014]
Editor's Notes
- #11: Basic characteristics of pure substance:
- #12: The two categories of pure chemical substances.
- #16: Basic identification of a mixture.
- #18: Brainstorm more examples of homogenous mixtures.
- #28: Definition of Conservation of matter.
- #31: Definition of physical changes.
- #36: Definition of chemical change.
- #38: Chemical Changes are characterized by the following: