2013 Bilingual/ESL Conference Program
- 1. R e g i o n 4 E S C 7 1 4 5 W . T i d w e l l R d . H o u s t o n , T x . 7 7 0 9 2 713.462.7708 713.744.6514 9 / 7 / 2 0 1 3 This year’s keynote speaker is the internationally renowned author and researcher Dr. Robert J. Marzano. Dr. Marzano will deliver insights into his book Teaching Basic and Advanced Vocabulary. Additionally, numerous presentations will be given on relevant topics that directly impact the academic success of ELLs.
- 3. Dr. Robert J. Marzano is the cofounder and CEO of Marzano Research Laboratory in Denver, Colorado. Throughout his 40 years in the field of education, he has become a speaker, trainer, and author of more than 30 books and 150 articles on topics such as instruction, assessment, writing and implementing standards, cognition, effective leadership, and school intervention. His books include The Art and Science of Teaching, Leaders of Learning, On Excellence in Teaching, Effective Supervision, the Classroom Strategies series, Using Common Core Standards to Enhance Classroom Instruction and Assessment, and Vocabulary for the Common Core. His practical translations of the most current research and theory into classroom strategies are known internationally and are widely practiced by both teachers and school leaders. He received a bachelor’s degree from Iona College in New York, a master’s degree from Seattle University, and a doctorate from the University of Washington. SPONSORED BY
- 4. Thank you to our other Sponsors Thank you to Lakeshore for their sponsorship for this year’s lunch.
- 5. MAP OF REGION 4 MCKINNEY CENTER
- 6. Schedule at a Glance – First Floor Rooms 8:30- 9:00 9:00 - 10:15 Break-VendorExhibits 10:15-10:45 10:45 - 11:45 Lunch 11:45-1:00pm Breakout Session A 1:00-2:00 Breakout Session B 2:15-3:15 100A Welcome-Introductions Dr.RobertJ.Marzano Dr.RobertJ.Marzano Two-Way Dual Immersion: What Administrators Have to Say About 1st Year Implementation (K-5) Dr. Faviola Cantu Connie Graves Two-Way Dual Immersion: What Kindergarten Teachers Have to Say About 1st Year Implementation (K-5) Marlene Olvera Alejandra Moino Ana Castillo Gabriela Gonzalez 100B Language-Rich Classrooms Through Interaction (3-5) Ana Segulin Laugh Your Way to STAAR! (3-12) Lorraine Young 100C The Appropriate Use of the Accent Marks in Spanish - Part 1 (K-5) Gustavo Gallardo The Appropriate Use of the Accent Marks in Spanish - Part 2 (K-5) Gustavo Gallardo 100D The Critical Link Between Vocabulary and Comprehension (K-5) Jay Dudley The Critical Link Between Vocabulary and Comprehension (K-5) *Repeat* Jay Dudley 100E Vocabulario de alta frecuencia vs. vocabulario académico? Estrategias para la mejora de la comprensión lectora (K-5) Ana Carlton Extrinsic and Intrinsic Ways to Motivate Bilingual Students (K-5) Miriam Saravia 100F Yo soy diferente (K-12) Li Ruiz Consistent Linguistic and Academic Growth for ELLs (3-8) Ilce Perot Janeth Cornejo
- 7. Breakout Session A 1:00-2:00 Breakout Session B 2:15-3:15 101 Top 10 Things Teachers of English Language Learners Should Know About Special Education (K-12) Dr. Corinna V. Cole Asking the Right Questions Before Referring an ELL to Special Education (K-12) Rosalina Martinez 102 Using Spanish Poetry and Informational Text to Support TEKS & STAAR (K-6) Rick Villasanta How to Reach and Teach Immigrant and Refugees – Differentiation that Works! (3-8) Marie Moreno 104 Mathematically Speaking (3-5) Danielle H. Leuschen A Classroom Full of Engaged Students Producing High Academic Language...It's Easier Than You Think (K-12) Carol Salva 113A Science lab Enseñanza divertida, significativa y acelerada de la lectura y escritura en español (K-2) Dr. Timoteo Soria 113B Science Lab iELPS, Using the iPad to Engage and Support ELL Students (K-12) Gary Loss
- 8. Schedule at a Glance – Second Floor Rooms Lunch 11:45-1:00pm Breakout Session A 1:00-2:00 Breakout Session B 2:15-3:15 201 Reading Strategies for English Language Learners (K-5) Flor Liñan-Shaw Mini-Lessons for Supporting ELLs During Writer’s Workshop (K-2) Kathy Hogan 202 Improving Spanish the Language Proficiency of Dual Language Teachers and Teacher Candidates (K-6) Dr. Luis Rosado Why Do Some Students Learn a Second Language Faster Than Others? (K-5) Magdalena Tarlovsky 203 Small Group Instruction in Secondary Social Studies Classes (6-12) Mandy Sandlin Theresa Douglas Small Group Instruction in Secondary Social Studies Classes (6-12) *Repeat* Theresa Douglas Mandy Sandlin 204 El uso de programación neurolingüística en un salón de clases (K-5) Monica Ibarguengoytia Help I See Strugglers! Interactive Reading and Writing Strategies to Support Students (3-8) Felisha Branford 205 English Language Development Strategies Come Alive: Developing Academic Language Utilizing Research-Based Strategies in a Dual Language Classroom (K-5) Dr. Higinia Torres- Rimbau Work with Poems and Develop Phonological Awareness in the Bilingual Classroom (K-5) Dr. Valentina Hardin 206 Using TPR (Total Physical Response) for Second Language Acquisition (K - 5) Jesica Tanis Vanessa Simpson Don’t Forget the Fluency! (3-5) Terri Washington 207 Practical Instructional Strategies for ELL Transitioning into the Mainstream Classroom (K - 8) Dr. Stephen A. White Write a Thesis Statement With English Language Learners (4-10) Christina Nash
- 9. CONFERENCE PLANNER Time Event / Breakout Session Presentation Notes 8:30 am – 9:00 am Opening - Welcome 9:00 am – 10:15 am Dr. Robert J. Marzano 10:15 am – 10:45 am Break Vendor Exhibits 10:45 am – 11:45 am Dr. Robert J. Marzano 11:45 pm – 1:00 pm LUNCH Breakout Session A 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm 2:00 pm -2:15 pm Break Breakout Session B 2:15 pm – 3:15 pm
- 10. 1 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Opening 8:00 am - 12:00 pm Registration 8:30 am - 9:00 am Opening Ceremony Conference Room 9:00 am - 10:15 am Keynote Speaker Address Conference Room Dr. Robert J. Marzano Sponsored by National Geographic Learning and Cengage Learning Break Vendor Exhibits 10:15 am – 10:45 am 10:45 am - 11:45 am Keynote Speaker Address Conference Room Dr. Robert J. Marzano Sponsored by National Geographic Learning and Cengage Learning Lunch 11:45 am - 1:00 pm Sponsored by Lakeshore
- 11. 2 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session A 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Room: 100A Presenter: Dr. Faviola Cantu, and Connie Graves, Pearland ISD Presentation: Two-Way Dual Immersion: What Administrators Have to Say About 1st Year Implementation Description: Principal, Dr. Faviola Cantu, and Bilingual Coordinator, Connie Graves, will discuss the challenges, struggles, and highlights of the first year of implementation in Pearland ISD’s Kindergarten Dual Language 50/50 Model. Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100B Presenter: Ana Segulin, Alvin ISD Presentation: Language-Rich Classrooms Through Interaction Description: We learn to speak by speaking, and we think in terms of language. As ESL, Bilingual or Dual Language teachers, it is imperative that we foster interaction in our classes to help our students in their language acquisition and comprehension of the content knowledge. Audience: 3 - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100C Presenter: Gustavo Gallardo, Houston ISD Presentation: The Appropriate Use of the Accent Marks in Spanish - Part 1 (Part 2 will be at 2:15 pm - 3:15 pm) Description: Participants will increase their Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency by learning that the purpose of the accent marks is to discover how to pronounce each word in the Spanish language. Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100D Presenter: Jay Dudley, Lakeshore Learning Materials (vendor presentation) Presentation: The Critical Link Between Vocabulary and Comprehension (Repeated at 2:15 pm - 3:15 pm) Description: Numerous educational researches have proven that the connection between vocabulary and reading comprehension and successful achievement in all content areas is very strong. This connection becomes even stronger when students are learning and functioning in more than one language. Join this interactive workshop and discover classroom and research-based strategies to improve vocabulary and reading comprehension for all students. Audience: K – 5
- 12. 3 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session A 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Room: 100E Presenter: Ana Carlton, Klein ISD Presentation: Vocabulario de alta frecuencia vs. vocabulario académico? Estrategias para la mejora de la comprensión lectora Description: Esta sesión tiene como objetivo examinar la influencia del vocabulario cognitivo académico y el vocabulario de alta frecuencia en el desempeño de la compresión lectora. Se presentan estrategias de enseñanza para la adquisición del vocabulario, el mejoramiento de la lectura y los procesos metalingüísticos en estudiantes de primaria. Audience: K – 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100F Presenter: Li Ruiz, Alief ISD Presentation: Yo soy diferente Description: La presentadora hablará acerca de su experiencia personal y profesional, explicando porque es importante entender al estudiante. Ms. Ruiz describirá sus experiencias vividas en un país hispanohablante como Argentina siendo ella de descendencia asiática. Los participantes tendrán la oportunidad de realizar preguntas. La audiencia también podrá compartir brevemente sus experiencias personales y profesionales. Audience: K -12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 101 Presenter: Dr. Corinna Villar Cole, Sam Houston State University Presentation: Top 10 Things Teachers of English Language Learners Should Know About Special Education Description: This presentation will provide teachers of English Language Learners with important information about special education issues as they relate to their students. Audience: K – 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 102 Presenter: Rick Villasanta, Santillana USA (vendor presentation) Presentation: Using Spanish Poetry and Informational Text to Support TEKS & STAAR Description: This professional learning session will provide hands-on text activities to effectively use poetry and informational text in the bilingual classroom. Participants will learn how to model, practice, and make connections to text feature strategies that support instruction and connect to the STAAR test. Audience: K - 6
- 13. 4 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session A 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Room: 104 Presenter: Danielle H. Leuschen de Pico, Spring Branch ISD Presentation: Mathematically Speaking Description: The presenter will explain an easy-to-implement strategy known as “Mathematically Speaking.” This activity incorporates cooperative learning, speaking and listening ELPS, and problem solving in bilingual and ESL math classrooms. Audience: 3 - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 113A Presenter: Dr. Timoteo Soria, Galena Park ISD Presentation: Enseñanza divertida, significativa y acelerada de la lectura y escritura en español Description: Actividades multisensoriales, dramatización, canciones, historias, personajes, marionetas, juegos y manipulativos sumergen a los estudiantes en un proceso de aprendizaje integrado que facilita su éxito en la lectura y la escritura. Audience: K - 2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 113B Presenter: Gary Loss, Region 4 ESC Presentation: iELPS, Using the iPad to Engage and Support ELL Students Description: Learn how to use a variety of iPad apps to engage and motivate ELL students while simultaneously improving their English language skills via the ELPS. Audience: K - 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 201 Presenter: Flor Liñan-Shaw, Alief ISD Presentation: Reading Strategies for English Language Learners Description: During this session, we will discover strategies to help ELLs make reading more comprehensible. We will explore each strategy and how it can be apply within our reading/content areas. Lastly, we will discuss how we can integrate writing! Audience: K -5
- 14. 5 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session A 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Room: 202 Presenter: Dr. Luis Rosado, University of Texas at Arlington Presentation: Improving Spanish the Language Proficiency of Dual Language Teachers and Teacher Candidates Description: This presentation will describe the Spanish proficiency test required for the bilingual EC-6 teacher certification in Texas—the BTLPT. It will highlight the test format and the Spanish language structures that candidates must master to be successful in the test. The presenters will introduce a new book designed to improve the language proficiency of teachers and teacher candidates. A screening instrument, developed by the presenters, will be used to determine the language proficiency needed to become effective dual language teachers. Audience: K - 6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 203 Presenter: Mandy Sandlin and Theresa Douglas, Waller ISD Presentation: Small Group Instruction in Secondary Social Studies Classes (Repeated at 2:15 pm - 3:15 pm) Description: Participants will partake in an in-depth example of small group instruction in secondary social studies classes. This strategy can be used in any content area; however, we will be focusing on social studies content. The small group instruction will be modeled, and then practiced by small groups in the session. Audience: 6-12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 204 Presenter: Monica Ibarguengoytia, Kipp-SHINE Prep Presentation: El uso de programación neurolingüística en un salón de clases Description: Distintas técnicas para aumentar el aprendizaje de nuestros alumnos, enseñándolos a pensar utilizando y conectando sus 2 hemisferios cerebrales. Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 205 Presenter: Dr. Higinia Torres-Rimbau, University of St. Thomas Presentation: English Language Development Strategies Come Alive: Developing Academic Language Utilizing Research-Based Strategies in a Dual Language Classroom Description: The goal of this presentation is to share the professional development experiences and insights of a bilingual educator when implementing a highly successful and proven method utilized to provide English Language Development training to teachers in bilingual and dual language classrooms. Audience: K - 5
- 15. 6 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session A 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm Room: 206 Presenter: Jesica Tanis and Vanessa Simpson, Language Kids Private School Presentation: Using TPR (Total Physical Response) for Second Language Acquisition Description: This session will focus on how to use TPR in the bilingual classroom. Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 207 Presenter: Dr. Stephen A. White, University of Houston, Downtown Presentation: Practical Instructional Strategies for ELL Transitioning into the Mainstream Classroom Description: This session provides a whole new perspective on teaching ELLs, and complete techniques to improve the effectiveness of your teaching in the classroom. You will leave with new perspectives, exciting new ideas and practical instructional strategies to help strengthen your classroom. Audience: K - 8 Breakout Session B 2:15 pm – 3:15 pm Room: 100A Presenter: Marlene Olvera, Alejandra Moino, Ana Castillo, Gabriela Gonzalez, Pearland ISD Presentation: Two-Way Dual Immersion: What Kindergarten Teachers Have to Say About 1st Year Implementation Description: Bilingual Kinder teachers will talk about the challenges and successes of the first year implementation of a dual language 50/50 model in Pearland ISD. They will also discuss how the second year is progressing in 2013-14. Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100B Presenter: Lorraine Young, Cypress Fairbanks ISD Presentation: Laugh Your Way to STAAR! Description: Feeling a little stressed over testing and it's only September? Learn how to regulate your mood, reduce stress, boost your attitude and add a couple of new strategies to your tool kit for working with ELLs. Audience: 3 - 12
- 16. 7 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session B 2:15 pm – 3:15 pm Room: 100C Presenter: Gustavo Gallardo, Houston ISD Presentation: The Appropriate Use of the Accent Marks in Spanish - Part 2 (Part 1 is at 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm) Description: Participants will increase their Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency by learning that the purpose of the accent marks is to discover how to pronounce each word in the Spanish language. Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100D Presenter: Jay Dudley, Lakeshore Learning Materials (vendor presentation) Presentation: The Critical Link Between Vocabulary and Comprehension (Repeated at 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm) Description: Numerous educational researchers have proven that the connection between vocabulary and reading comprehension and successful achievement in all content areas is very strong. This connection becomes even stronger when students are learning and functioning in more than one language. Join this interactive workshop and discover classroom and research-based strategies to improve vocabulary and reading comprehension for all students. Audience: K – 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100E Presenter: Miriam Saravia, Spring ISD Presentation: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Ways to Motivate Bilingual Students Description: Research-based ideas to ensure all of your students are extrinsically and intrinsically motivated to learn! Learn to implement solutions to the following challenges: (1) How do you motivate bilingual students? (2) How do you help students see the importance of personal responsibility? (3) How do you deal with a student who is being disruptive in class? (4) How do you regain control of an out-of-control class? and (5)much more! Audience: K - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 100F Presenter: Ilce Perot and Janeth Cornejo, Aldine ISD Presentation: Consistent Linguistic and Academic Growth for ELLs Description: This session is designed for classrooms that are not experiencing consistent academic growth and success with English language learners (ELLs). This session requires participants to rethink and examine best practices in the ELL, Balanced Literacy Classroom. Teachers will leave with interactive experience and cognitive strategies to meet students’ linguistic and academic needs. Audience: 3 – 8
- 17. 8 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session B 2:15 pm – 3:15 pm Room: 101 Presenter: Rosalina Martinez, Klein ISD Presentation: Asking the Right Questions Before Referring an ELL to Special Education Description: There are specific cultural and linguistic issues that school personnel should address before deciding to refer an English Language Learner to special education. Has the student received targeted intervention? What about the RtI process? How much time should we give a student to develop language? Is the difficulty related to language acquisition or a learning disability? This session will address ways to gather answers to specific questions critical to separating difference from disability. Audience: K - 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 102 Presenter: Marie Moreno, Las Americas Newcomer Center, Houston ISD Presentation: How to Reach and Teach Immigrant and Refugees – Differentiation that Works! Description: Do you find yourself teaching to the middle? What about those students that speak Arabic, Nepali, Urdu or some other languages, and you don’t know if they are understanding? Learn about a school that has made differentiation easy for all to do. Las Americas Newcomer School has students from 32 countries who speak 29 languages. Learn more about newcomer centers and how setting up your classroom for success will allow you to teach smarter not harder. Audience: 3 - 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 104 Presenter: Carol Salva, Spring Branch ISD Presentation: A Classroom Full of Engaged Students Producing High Academic Language...It's Easier Than You Think Description: We know that vocabulary is what opens or closes doors for people. We also know that our students must produce the language to internalize the content and own the vocabulary. But how do we get them to do this willingly? How do we include every learner in this critical experience of producing academic language? Learn how we use proven research and strategies to engage learners in meaningful activities that reinforce and extend learning. This session will present a strong focus in reviewing vocabulary through games as well as the foundations of why we must be thoughtful about how we facilitate these activities. Audience: K - 12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 201 Presenter: Kathy Hogan, Region 4 ESC Presentation: Mini-Lessons for Supporting ELLs During Writer’s Workshop Description: Investigate minilessons for supporting ELLs at the emergent and early writing stages. Minilessons include: capturing small moments throughout the day, zooming in, and sketching to add details. Learn how to plan a story using two effective methods. Audience: K - 2
- 18. 9 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session B 2:15 pm – 3:15 pm Room: 202 Presenter: Magdalena Tarlovsky, Klein ISD Presentation: Why Do Some Students Learn a Second Language Faster Than Others? Description: This presentation is a brief analysis of different factors that impact the way we learn a second language. Information will also include what educators can do to identify essential factors that influence each student to be able to make a difference in their learning experience. . Audience: K -5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 203 Presenter: Theresa Douglas and Mandy Sandlin, Waller ISD Presentation: Small Group Instruction in Secondary Social Studies Classes (Repeated at 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm) Description: Participants will partake in an in-depth example of small group instruction in secondary social studies classes. This strategy can be used in any content area; however, we will be focusing on social studies content. The small group instruction will be modeled, and then practiced by small groups in the session. Audience: 6-12 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 204 Presenter: Felisha Branford, Region 4 ESC Presentation: Help I See Strugglers! Interactive Reading and Writing Strategies to Support Students Description: Participants will acquire knowledge about the needs of struggling learners and how to use powerful interactive strategies to improve reading and writing for these students. Audience: 3 - 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 205 Presenter: Dr. Valentina Hardin, Region 4 ESC Presentation: Work with Poems and Develop Phonological Awareness in the Bilingual Classroom Description: Participants will be introduced to the continuum of phonological awareness and will practice using poems to help students move through its various levels. The practice will focus on collecting, writing down, and reading traditional poems and popular rhymes to connect oral language to print. The presenter will show how to work/play with the poems at the word, syllable, and sound level (phonemes) to develop literacy skills. Audience: K - 5
- 19. 10 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 Breakout Session B 2:15 pm – 3:15 pm Room: 206 Presenter: Terri Washington, Region 4 ESC Presentation: Don’t Forget the Fluency! Description: Are you missing the important component of fluency in your reading instruction? While fluency alone is not enough to create good readers, it does relieve one major impediment to comprehension. In this session, we will explore 10 ideas to foster fluent reading in grades 3-5 using direct, explicit instruction, opportunities for repeated reading, reading with expression and much more. Fluency is often viewed as the bridge between word recognition and comprehension. So please, “Don’t forget the fluency.” Audience: 3 - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Room: 207 Presenter: Christina Nash, Region 4 ESC Presentation: Write a Thesis Statement with English Language Learners Description: Learn how to model the construction of an effective thesis statement for various types of essays: analytical, expository, and descriptive. A strong thesis statement is the essential element of the essay. Participants will learn how to effectively guide student writing through the construction of a strong thesis statement followed by compositional elements that build from the thesis statement. Audience: 4 – 10
- 20. 11 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference September 7, 2013
- 21. 12 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference – September 7, 2013 2013 Region 4 Bilingual/ESL Conference Survey Region 4 wants to ensure that we are meeting the needs of our school districts. Please take a few minutes to complete this survey. Rate each session from 1 to 5, and add any comments you may have. Place the survey in the bins located by the exit doors when leaving the conference. THANKS! 1 = Poor 2 = Fair 3 = Good 4 = Very Good 5 = Excellent Keynote Presentation 1: Dr. Robert J. Marzano 1 2 3 4 5 Comments: ___________________________________________________________________________________ Keynote Presentation 2: Dr. Robert J. Marzano 1 2 3 4 5 Comments: ___________________________________________________________________________________ Breakout Session- A: Title______________________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 Comments: ___________________________________________________________________________________ Breakout Session- B: Title_______________________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 Comments: ___________________________________________________________________________________ General Comments: ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Suggestions/Topics for next year: ________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________