20130909-best practices work group-presentation.ppt

Best Practices Work Group
Chapter 244 Acts of 2012
Joint Policy Working Group
Bureau of Health Care Safety and Quality
Cheryl Campbell, M.S.,J.D.
Adele Audet, R.Ph.
Len Young, M.S., M.A.
September 9, 2013

Chapter 244 Acts of 2012 Section 21
“The commissioner of public health shall convene a
joint policy working group to investigate and study
best practices, including those in education,
prevention, screening, tracking, monitoring and
treatment, to promote safe and responsible opioid
prescribing and dispensing practices for acute and
chronic pain with the goal of reducing diversion,
abuse and addiction and protecting access for
patients suffering from acute and chronic pain.”

Overview
Agenda
I. Review meeting minutes from July 26, 2013
II. Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic – Data Review
• National trends in Prescription Drug Abuse
• Prescription Drug Abuse in Massachusetts
III. Purpose of the Best Practices Workgroup
IV. Example: Treatment Guideline (Number 27) – Chronic Pain
the Department of Industrial Accidents. Diane Neelon, B.S., R.N.,
J.D. Director of the Office of Health Policy (OHP) - Executive
Director of the Health Care Services Board (HCSB)
V. Discussion, Feedback and Next Steps

Meeting of July 26, 2013 Agenda
Agenda
1. Review Minutes from April 25, 2013
Meeting
2. Discuss the Amendment to Chapter 244 of
the Actsof 20123.
3. Discuss Best Practices for Promoting Safe
and Responsible Opioid Prescribing
4. Regulations Development Timeline
5. Discuss Next Steps

Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic:
Brief Review of National Data

Deaths are the tip of the iceberg
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Data: ED Visits Related to
Nonmedical Use of Narcotic Pain
Relievers (2004 and 2011)
Emergency Department (ED) Visits Involving the Nonmedical Use of
Selected Narcotic Pain Relievers: 2004 and 2011
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Oxycodone Products
(263%)
Hydrocodone Products
(107%)
Methadone (82%) Morphine Products
(146%)
Fentanyl Products
(104%)
Hydromorphone
Products (438%)
Selected Narcotic Pain Relievers
Number
of
ED
Visits
2004
2011
41,701
151,218
18,224
3,385
20,034
9,823
34,593
14,090
66,870
36,806
82,480
39,846
Data Source: Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) Report 2013 (Only includes data up to 2011)

MA Death Data
• Coded according to WHO International Classification of
Diseases, Tenth Revision
– Based on text that is written on death certificates
– Data shown here is not directly based on toxicology reports
• Nearly all overdose deaths in MA are reviewed and certified
by MA Office of the Chief Medical Examiner
– Standardized policies and protocols (quality data)
– Determine the manner and cause of death – written on death cert.
– 2005 policy change regarding assignment of manner of death in
overdose deaths where no evidence of suicide from “undetermined
intent” to “unintentional.”

Leading Mechanisms of Injury Deaths,
MA Residents, 2010 (Total N= 3,066)
*Includes occupants, motorcyclists, and unspecified persons
Sources: Registry of Vital Records and Statistics, MA Department of Public Health; CDC, WISQARS
Firearm, 266,
9%
MV-Traffic
Occupant*, 281,
9%
Suffocation
Hanging, 412,
13%
Other and
Unspecified
Causes, 728,
24%
Fall, 540, 18%
Poisoning/
Drug Overdose
839, 27%
Age Adjusted Rate: 43.3 per 100,00 (vs. 57.0 per 100,00 in U.S.)

Massachusetts - Drug-related deaths by drug category, 2009-2010
NOTES: Alcohol row includes alcohol in combination
with other drugs (all ages) and alcohol alone
in decedents under age 21.
ALL DRUGS 822
Alcohol 216
Antidepressants 90
Antipsychotics 25
Benzodiazepines 86
Misc. anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics 30
Opiates/opioids 592 **(72% of all drugs)
– Heroin (specified) 90
– Methadone 94
– All other opiates/opioids 432
Misc. analgesics/combinations 24
Anticonvulsants 11
Muscle relaxants 14
Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2010: Area Profiles of Drug-Related Mortality.
HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4699, DAWN Series D-36. Rockville, MD: Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012.

Co-Occurrences of Select Agents among Poisoning/Overdose Deaths, MA Residents 2000-2010
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Percent
of
Total
% of cocaine among opioid
% of opioid among cocaine
% of benzo among opioid
% of opioid among benzo
Source: Registry of Vital Records and Statistics, MDPH

Opioid-related Poisoning Deaths by
Selected Age Subgroups, MA
Residents 2000-2010
Source: Registry of Vital Records and Statistics, MA Department of Public Health
Rates among individuals 65+ for all years and among individuals 55-64 for years 2000-2003 are based on counts
<20 and considered unstable.
2010: Highest rates among individuals 25-54 years of age.

US and MA Age-Adjusted All Poisoning and
MA Opioid-related Death Rates, 2000-2010
Sources: All- poisoning rates from CDC, WISQARS web-based query (Accessed 2/19/2013)
Opioid-related poisoning from Registry of Vital Records, MDPH.
99% increase in all poisoning death rate in MA from 2000-2006; 18% decrease in
rate from 2006 to 2010.
73% increase in opioid-related poison death rate in MA from 2000-2006; 13%
decrease in rate from 2006 to 2010.

Key Data Points
• National:
– Opioid deaths are just the tip of the iceberg.
– There is a need for different strategies for early intervention.
• Statewide:
– The leading mechanism of injury deaths in MA is associated with
poisoning/drug overdose.
– Opiates and opioids accounted for 72% of all drug-related deaths in
2009-2010.
– Overdose deaths related to co-occurrences of opioid among
benzodiazepines is on the rise.
– 2010: Highest rates among individuals 25-54 years of age.
– 99% increase in all poisoning death rate in MA from 2000-2006; 18%
decrease in rate from 2006 to 2010.
– 73% increase in opioid-related poison death rate in MA from 2000-
2006; 13% decrease in rate from 2006 to 2010.

Purpose of the Best Practices Work
Group
Statutory Approach to Address the
Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic in
Massachusetts
Adele Audet, R.Ph.
Assistant Director of the Drug Control Program
Adele.Audet@State.MA.US

Best Practices Workgroup
Goals:
Develop recommendations for:
reducing diversion,
abuse of opioid prescription medications,
and addiction to opioid prescription medications
while protecting access for patients with acute and chronic pain.
Study findings and workgroup recommendations will be submitted in a report to
the legislature.

Task
Investigate and study best practices for promoting safe
and responsible opioid prescribing and dispensing
practices for acute and chronic pain.
What are the best practices in:
Education Monitoring
Tracking
Screening
Prevention
Treatment

Question 1
Educate whom?
Health Care Providers
Patients/Care Givers
Insurance Companies
Drug Companies
Professional Schools
Regulators
Law Enforcement

Question 2
Treatment of
Acute/Chronic Pain
in the Setting of
Reducing Diversion,
Abuse and Addiction
Treatment Specialists
Emergency Services
Patients/Care Givers
Professional Schools

Treatment of Chronic Pain
: Guideline Number 27
Workers’ Compensation Claims
Department of Industrial Accidents
Diane Neelon; BS, RN, JD
Director of the Office of Health Policy (OHP) - Executive Director of the
Health Care Services Board (HCSB)

Discussion and Feedback

Side by Side Comparison of
Guidelines and Federation of State
Medical Boards Model Policy
Guidelines from the MA Department of
Industrial Accidents
Federation of State Medical Boards Model Policy
on the Use of Opioid Analgesics in the
Topics
"It is recommended that use of opioid
analgesic and sedative hypnotic
medications in chronic pain patients be
used in a very limited manner, with total
elimination desirable whenever clinically
feasible."
"Physicians must understand the relevant
pharmacologic and clinical issues in the use of such
analgesics, and carefully structure a treatment plan
that reflects the particular benefits and risks of opioid
use for each individual patient."
Initial workup
should include
Physical exam and baseline initial drug
screen.
Systems review, physical exam, laboratory
investigations as indicated.
Additional
factors to
consider
Psychosocial history, mechanism of injury,
pain history, medical management history,
substance use/abuse, and other factors
that may affect treatment outcome.
Social and vocational assessment, personal and
family history of alcohol or drug abuse
Psychological
risk factors
screening
Psychosocial evaluation, as well as,
concomitant interdisciplinary rehabilitation
treatment whenever appropriate. Initial
exam to be performed by a psychologist
with a PhD, PsyD, EdD credential, or
Psychiatric MD/DO may perform the initial
comprehensive evaluations.
Screen for depression, history of substance use
disorder and other mental health disorders.

Side by Side Comparison of Guidelines
and Federation of State Medical Boards
Model Policy (cont’d.)
Guidelines from the MA Division of
Goal of pain
treatment
Ongoing effort to gain improvement in
activities of daily living, and social and
physical function as a result of pain relief
should be a primary goal with the use of
any medication.
Reasonably attainable improvement
in pain and function; improvement in pain-associated
symptoms such as sleep disturbance, depression,
and anxiety; and avoidance of unnecessary or
excessive use of medications.
Treatment
Agreement
Patient Physician Agreement – All
patients on long term opioids must have a
written, informed agreement. The
agreement should discuss side effects of
opioids, results of use in pregnancy,
inability to refill lost or missing
medication/prescription, withdrawal
symptoms, requirement for drug testing,
necessity of tapering, and reasons for
termination of prescription.
Use of a written informed consent and treatment
agreement (sometimes referred to as a “treatment
contract”)
is recommended.
Initiating
Opioid
Treatment
Consultation or referral to a pain specialist
should be considered when the pain
persists beyond the expected time for
tissue healing of the injury.
Opioid therapy should be presented to the patient as
a therapeutic
trial or test for a defined period of time (usually no
more than 90 days) and with specified evaluation
points.

Side by Side Comparison of Guidelines
and Federation of State Medical Boards
Model Policy (cont’d.)
Guidelines from the MA Division of
Ongoing
Monitoring and
Adapting the
Treatment Plan
Ongoing review and documentation of pain
relief, functional status, appropriate
medication use, and side effects. Visits
initially at least every 2-4 weeks for the first
2-4 months of the trial, then At least once
every 6-8 weeks while receiving opioids. If
there has not been an overall improvement
in function, opioids should be tapered and
discontinued.
Apply the “5As” of chronic pain management when
monitoring patient on chronic opioid therapy; these
involve a determination of whether the patient is
experiencing a reduction
in pain (Analgesia), has demonstrated an
improvement in level of function (Activity), whether
there are
significant Adverse effects, whether there is evidence
of Aberrant substance-related behaviors, and mood
of the
individual (Affect).
Testing for
Adherence to
Treatment Plan
Use of random drug screening at least
twice and up to 4 times per year for the
purpose of improving patient care. Periodic drug testing and pill counting.
Addiction and
diversion
prevention
measures
The total daily dose of opioids should not
be increased above 120 mg of oral
morphine or its equivalent. If more than two
opioids are prescribed for long-term use;
and/or the total daily dose of opioids is
above 120 mg of oral morphine or its
equivalent; and/or opioids with central
nervous system depressants are
prescribed, then a second opinion from a
Pain Medicine Specialist
(i.e. Board Certified) is strongly
recommended.
Evidence of misuse of prescribed opioids demands
prompt intervention by the physician. If opioid therapy
is discontinued, the patient who has become
physically dependent should be provided with a safely
structured tapering regimen.

Prescription Monitoring Program
(PMP) and patient prescription
histories:
use in promoting safe and
responsible opioid prescribing
Len Young, M.S., M.A.
Epidemiologist for the Prescription Monitoring
Program
Leonard.Young@State.MA.US

29
Prescription Monitoring
Program
Prescriber Survey: Preliminary Findings
• 336 baseline surveys received as of 1/23/2012
• 72% of respondents said Unsolicited Reports
(both electronic and hard copy) “very” or
“somewhat helpful”
• Only 8% said they were “aware of all or most of
other prescribers” in report
• Only 9% said “based on current knowledge,
including report, patient appears to have
legitimate medical reason for rxs from multiple
prescribers”
Source: MDPH and P. Kreiner et al., Brandeis University

PMP System
Overview
State
PMP
Dispensers
Prescribers
Law
Enforcement
& Professional
Licensing
Agencies
Pharmacists
Data
Submitted
Reports
Sent
Reports
Sent
Reports
Sent
*Other groups may also receive reports other than those listed
PMP System Overview

What is doctor shopping?
Patient seeks prescription without informing a
prescriber that he/she has obtained prescriptions from
other prescribers
How can PMP data be used to measure it?
Patients with prescriptions from multiple prescribers,
filled at multiple pharmacies, can be identified in PMP
data
States use different thresholds
PMP and Doctor Shopping

Prescription Information
Collected
• Patient identification:
– Name & Address
– DOB & Gender
• Prescriber Information
• Dispensing Pharmacy Information
• Drug Information, e.g.
– NDC # = name, type, strength, manufacturer
– Quantity & date dispensed

Comparison of Doctor
Shopping Thresholds
Doctor/Pharmacy Shopping Trends Over Time
0
4,000
8,000
12,000
16,000
CY 2009 CY 2010 CY 2011 CY 2012
Time Period
Rates
per
100000
individuals
> = 2 Presc & 2 Pharm
Doctor/Pharmacy Shopping: Obtaining a Schedule II opiod drug prescribed by 2 or more different prescribers and
having the controlled drug dispensed by 2 or more different pharmacies during the specified time period.
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
CY 2009 CY 2010 CY 2011 CY 2012
Time Period
Rates
per
100,000
individuals
> = 4 Presc & 4 Pharm
Doctor/Pharmacy Shopping: Obtaining a Schedule II opiod drug prescribed by 4 or more different prescribers and
having the controlled drug dispensed by 4 or more different pharmacies during the specified time period.

Doctor/Pharmacy Shopping Trends Over Time
0
100
200
300
400
CY 2009 CY 2010 CY 2011 CY 2012
Time Period
Rates
per
100,000
individuals
> = 6 Presc & 6 Pharm > = 8 Presc & 8 Pharm > = 10 Presc & 10 Pharm

Percent Difference from 2009 - 2012
CY 2009 CY 2012 % Difference
Threshold
C-II Opioid Rate
per 100,000
C-II Opioid Rate
per 100,000
> = 2 Presc & 2 Pharm 15,144 14660 -3.2
> = 4 Presc & 4 Pharm 1,687 1403 -16.9
> = 6 Presc & 6 Pharm 386.2 256.0 -33.7
> = 8 Presc & 8 Pharm 124.7 65.1 -47.8
> = 10 Presc & 10 Pharm 54.3 24.1 -55.6
Declining Rates of Doctor/Pharmacy Shopping in MA

Comparison of PMP
Requirements

Best Practices Work Group Report:
Recommendations for
MA Department of Public Health
Epidemiology to Policy Group

Background
• From Epidemiology to Policy: Prescription Drug
Overdose Meeting, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, April 22-23, 2013
– Using epidemiology data to develop educational programs
– MA Department of Public Health Representatives and
Collaborators in this Initiative:
• Madeleine Biondolillo, M.D., Director of the Bureau of Health Care
Safety and Quality
• Holly Hackman, M.D., M.P.H., Epidemiologist, Injury Prevention
and Control Program
• Hilary Jacobs, LICSW, LADC I, Director of the Bureau of Substance
Abuse Services

Epi to Policy Group: Current/Future
Initiatives
Identify a best practice training program for opioid
prescribing for prescribers and pharmacists.
Provide a catalogue of educational opportunities for
Prescription Monitoring Program use and best
practices.
Develop principles of care guidelines published by
describing best practices and how practice in
specific areas can be improved.
Provide guidance on how to talk to patients
suspected of abuse and how to say no to
prescribing opioids.

Next Meeting Topics
Investigate and study best practices for promoting safe
and responsible opioid prescribing and dispensing
practices for acute and chronic pain.
What are the best practices in:
Education Monitoring
Tracking
Screening
Prevention
Treatment

Thank you
Next meeting:
Wednesday
October 9, 2013
9:30 AM – 11 AM
99 Chauncy St., 11th Floor
Boston, MA

20130909-best practices work group-presentation.ppt

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