![ROOF SOLAR REFLECTANCE AND
THERMAL EMITTANCE (C402.3)
Low-sloped roofs (<1/6 grade) directly above cooled conditioned spaces in CZs 1, 2 & 3
3-year aged solar reflectance of 0.55 and 3-year aged
thermal emittance of 0.75
3-year aged solar reflectance index of 64
See exceptions for portions of the roof covered by
certain elements (or entire roofs where ≥75 % of the
area complies with one or more of the exceptions)
C402.3.1 Where an aged solar reflectance is not available, it shall be determined as:
Raged = [0.2 + 0.7(Rinitial - 0.2)] (eq. 4-3)
39](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2015iecc02-170811232919/85/2015-IECC-Key-Highlights-Updates-39-320.jpg)
2015 IECC Key Highlights & Updates
- 1. KEY HIGHLIGHTS & UPDATES 2015 IECC
- 2. OVERVIEW • Application of the Energy Code in Texas • 2015 IECC- Ch. 3 General Requirements • Climate Zones • 2015 IECC- Ch. 4 Commercial Energy Efficiency • C401 General • C402 Building Envelope Requirements • C403 Building Mechanical Systems • C404 Service Water Heating • C405 Electrical Power and Lighting Systems • C406 Additional Efficiency Package Options • C407 Total Building Performance • C408 System Commissioning 2
- 3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the architect's role and the impact of early design phase decisions in meeting 2015 IECC requirements and in shaping a building's overall energy performance. 2. Incorporate the energy code's prescriptive requirements such as window-to- wall ratios, lighting power density, daylighting & sky lighting, and automatic lighting controls -as design strategies to not only meet the energy code but also reduce energy consumption and operating costs. 3. Lead their design teams in (the importance of) building performance simulation (energy modeling) and utilize the performance compliance path to meet the energy code requirements and reduce construction cost. 4. Understand the importance of mandatory requirements such as continuous air barriers and commissioning, and how they can help reduce a building’s operating costs. 3
- 4. THE BASICS
- 5. BUILDINGS USE A LOT OF ENERGY
- 8. UNDERSTANDING U-VALUE & R-VALUE
- 9. THERMAL ENVELOPE INSULATION (TABLE C402.1.3)
- 10. 2015 IECC OVERVIEW & UPDATES
- 11. ENERGY CODE ADOPTION BY STATE http://energycodesocean.org/code-status
- 12. ADOPTION OF CODES IN TEXAS SECO has the authority to adopt new editions of International Energy Codes Chapter 388: Texas Building Energy §388.003 – The State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) has the authority to determine, based on the recommendations of Texas A&M Energy Systems Laboratory (ESL), whether to adopt more stringent editions of the IECC and IRC, Chapter 11.
- 13. LOCAL ORDINANCES • Texas is a “home rule” state allowing local jurisdictions to adopt amendments to the energy code. • To amend the state code in non-attainment and affected counties, the amended code must be as stringent as the existing state codes. • Local jurisdictions are responsible for building energy code implementation and enforcement.
- 17. 2015 IECC, CH. 1 & 3 – GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
- 18. INFORMATION ON CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS (C103.2) Requirements For Information on Building Plans 18 • Insulation materials and R-values • Fenestration U-factors and solar heat gain coefficients • Area-weighted U-factor and solar heat gain coefficient calcs • Mechanical system design criteria • Mechanical and service water heating system and equipment types, sizes and efficiencies • Economizer description
- 19. INFORMATION ON CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS (C103.2) Requirements For Information on Building Plans 19 • Equipment and system controls • Fan Motor horsepower and controls • Duct sealing, duct and pipe insulation and location • Lighting fixture schedule with wattage and control narrative • Location of daylight zones on floor plan • Air sealing details
- 20. THE BASICS Basic information about the project • Area take-offs for exterior walls, fenestration, roof/ceiling, basement walls, floors, etc. • Insulation R-values, fenestration U-factors, etc. • Lighting fixture details • Heating and cooling system details • Service water heating details 20 www.energycodes.gov
- 21. INSPECTIONS (C104.2) Newly-required rough-in inspections (C104.2): C104.2.1 Footing and Foundation Inspection C104.2.2 Framing and Rough-in Inspection C104.2.3 Plumbing Rough-in Inspection C104.2.4 Mechanical Rough-in Inspection C104.2.5 Electrical Rough-in Inspection C104.2.6 Final Inspection 21
- 23. TEXAS CLIMATE ZONES (C301.1) Texas includes climate zones 2, 3 and 4.Climate zones are based on historical: heating and cooling climate patterns and amount of precipitation 23 Climate Zones: 2A Hot-humid 2B Hot-dry 3A Warm-humid 3B Warm-dry 4B Mixed-dry
- 24. 2015 IECC, CHAPTER 4 COMMERCIAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY (C401)
- 25. SCOPE OF COMMERCIAL CODE The commercial energy code applies to all buildings that are not included in the definition of “Residential building”. Residential Building - detached one-and two-family dwellings and multiple single- family dwellings (townhouses) as well as Group R-2, R-3 and R-4 buildings three stories or less in height above grade. Industrial: Occupied Space –vs- Manufacturing Space 25
- 26. 26 Either Pick Only One Compliance Approach (C401.2) But Not Both
- 27. COMPLIANCE OPTIONS (C401.2) 1. The requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 2. The requirements of Sections C402 through C405, Section C406 and tenant spaces shall comply with Section C406.1.1 3. The requirements of Sections C402.5, C403.2, C404, C405.2, C405.3, C405.4, C405.6 and C407. The building energy cost shall be ≤ 85% of the standard reference design building 4. * How the Codes all tie together* 27 Additional Energy Efficiency Package
- 28. COMMERCIAL CODE COMPLIANCE 28 Choose A Path IECC Mandatory Provisions Mandatory Provisions ANSI/ASHRAE/ IES 90.1 Building Envelope Mechanical Power & Lighting Add’l Eff Pkg Total building performance The building energy cost ≤85% standard reference design Service hot water Building Envelope Mechanical Lighting Other Eqmt Service water heating Power Energy Cost Budget Method Plan review Inspection Certificates of Occupancy CommissioningConstruction Prescriptive Path Performance Path Prescriptive Path Performance Path
- 29. C406.2 – Eff. C402 Envelope HVAC Performance C406.3 – Reduced LPDC403 Mechanical C406.4 – Digital Lighting Controls Prescriptive Pick One C406.5 – On‐Site Renewable Energy C404 SWH C406.6 – Outdoor Air System C405 Lighting C406.7 – Reduced Energy Use in SWH
- 30. C407 Total Building Performance C405.2 C402.5 – Air Leakage C405.3 C405.4 Performance Approach C403.2 – Provisions applicable to all mechanical systems Lighting Mandatory Sections C405.6 C405.7 C405.8 C404 – SWH C405.9 C407.3 Performance-based compliance. Compliance based on total building performance requires that a proposed building (proposed design) be shown to have an annual energy cost that is less than or equal to the annual energy cost of the standard reference design
- 32. GENERAL (C402.1) C402.1.2 Equipment Buildings- buildings that comply with the following are exempt from the building thermal envelope provisions. 32 Exemptions: • Separate buildings not more than 500 ft2 • Intended to house electronic equipment
- 33. 0.25 0.75 0.25-SEW & 0.33-N Fixed – 0.5 Operable – 0.65 -Wall: ~28% increase! -Roof: ~20% increase! Double check your charts for specific project! CHECK THE CODE – EVERY PROJECT 2009 2015 WA LLS R-VA LUE ROOFS R-VA LUE Insulation entirely above roof deck G LA ZING – SHGC G LA ZING – U-VA LUE R-13 R-20 R-13 + R-5 ci R-25 ci
- 34. THERMAL ENVELOPE INSULATION (TABLE C402.1.3)
- 35. ROOF – INSULATION COMPLETELY ABOVE DECK (C402.1.4) 35 • Continuous Insulation (CI) • Insulation thickness can vary ≤ 1” and area weighted U- factor meets the requirements of Table C402.1.4 • Insulation can vary by > 1” but larger variation doesn’t count toward R-value
- 36. ROOF INSULATION VS ABOVE SUSPENDED CEILINGS C402.2.2 Dropped CeilingDropped Ceiling 36 Will not count for code compliance per C402.2.2 Will not comply with Section C402.5.1.1 – Air Barrier Construction because…no Air Barrier is established! IMPORTANT!
- 37. BELOW-GRADE WALLS – REQD CZ 4+ (TABLE C402.1.3) What is a below-grade wall? Basement or first-story walls ≥ 85% below grade Insulation must extend down 10 ft. from the outside finished grade level or to the level of the floor, whichever is less Heated slabs installed below grade (Footnoted to Table C402.1.3) Where heated slabs are below grade, below-grade walls shall comply with the exterior insulation requirements for heated slabs. 37
- 38. OPAQUE DOORS (TABLE C402.1.4) Doors having < 50% glass area Swinging doors Meet U-factor requirement Climate zones 1 - 4: U-0.61 38 Roll-up or sliding doors Meet R-value requirement All Climate Zones: R-4.75 Building Envelope/Air Barriers
- 39. ROOF SOLAR REFLECTANCE AND THERMAL EMITTANCE (C402.3) Low-sloped roofs (<1/6 grade) directly above cooled conditioned spaces in CZs 1, 2 & 3 3-year aged solar reflectance of 0.55 and 3-year aged thermal emittance of 0.75 3-year aged solar reflectance index of 64 See exceptions for portions of the roof covered by certain elements (or entire roofs where ≥75 % of the area complies with one or more of the exceptions) C402.3.1 Where an aged solar reflectance is not available, it shall be determined as: Raged = [0.2 + 0.7(Rinitial - 0.2)] (eq. 4-3) 39
- 40. FENESTRATION (C402.4) 40 402.4.2 Minimum Skylight Fenestration Area • Enclosed spaces greater than 2,500 ft2 of certain uses • Directly Under Roof • Ceilings > 15 ft.
- 41. SKYLIGHT MAXIMUM 41 ASHRAE 90.1-2013 (5.5.4.2.2) IECC 2015 (C402.4.1.2) 3% The skylight area shall be permitted to be not more than 5 percent of the roof area provided daylight responsive controls complying with Section C405.2.3.1. The total skylight area shall be no greater than 6% of the gross roof area if the criteria in Exception (1) to Section 5.5.4.4.2 are met. Result: • IECC always permits 5% • ASHRAE 90.1 permits 3% with an exception allowing up to 6%
- 42. BUILDING ENVELOPE FENESTRATION MAXIMUM U-FACTOR AND SHGC REQUIREMENTS (TABLE C402.4) 42
- 43. FENESTRATION SHGC REQUIREMENTS (TABLE C402.4) The Effect of Overhangs on Fenestration SHGC Overhangs allow a higher SHGC product to be installed Projection factor must be calculated 43
- 44. AIR LEAKAGE- THERMAL ENVELOPE (C402.5) The thermal envelope of buildings shall comply with Sections C402.5.1 through C402.5.8, or the building thermal envelope shall be tested. 44 • C402.5.1 Air barriers • C402.5.2 Air leakage of fenestration • C402.5.3 Rooms containing fuel-burning appliances • C402.5.4 Doors and access openings to shafts, chutes, stairways and elevator lobbies • C402.5.5 Air intakes, exhaust openings, stairways and shafts • C402.5.6 Loading dock weather seals • C402.5.7 Vestibules • C402.5.8 Recessed lighting
- 45. AIR BARRIER COMPLIANCE OPTIONS C402.5.1.2 Testing Three ways to comply with air barrier requirements Materials Assemblies
- 46. AIR LEAKAGE-THERMAL ENVELOPE (CONT.) (C402.5) C402.5 Full Building Test Tested in accordance with ASTM E 779 at a pressure differential of 0.3 inch water gauge Air leakage rate ≤ 0.40 cfm/ft2 Must also comply with Sections: C402.5.5 Air intakes, exhaust openings, stairways and shafts C402.5.6 Loading dock weatherseals C402.5.7 Vestibules 46
- 47. AIR LEAKAGE-THERMAL ENVELOPE (CONT.) (C402.5) C402.5.1 Air Barriers Must have continuous barrier throughout the entire building thermal envelope May be located on the inside or outside of the building envelope or within the assemblies The air barrier shall comply with Sections: C402.5.1.1 Air Barrier Construction C402.5.1.2 Air Barrier Compliance Options Exception: Buildings located in Climate Zone 2B 47
- 50. AIR BARRIER CONSTRUCTION (C402.5.1.1) Mandatory Requirements All penetrations, openings, joints and seams in the building envelope must be sealed. Materials that can be used include: Caulking Gasketing Tapes Moisture vapor-permeable wrapping material Sealing materials spanning joints between dissimilar materials must allow for expansion and contraction 50
- 52. EXTERIOR AIR BARRIER USING ADHERED MEMBRANE 52
- 53. AIR BARRIER COMPLIANCE OPTIONS (C402.5.1.2) 53 Assemblies (≤ 0.04 ) - Three • CMU coated with block filler (1x) or a paint or sealer coating (2x) • Clay or shale masonry units (≥ 4” nominal) • Portland cement, stucco or plaster (≥ ½”)
- 54. FENESTRATION AIR LEAKAGE (TABLE C402.5.2) 54 Fenestration assemblies must be labeled by the manufacturer Exceptions: • Field-fabricated fenestration assemblies that are sealed in accordance with Section C402.5.1 • Buildings that undergo full building testing
- 55. MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS – VESTIBULES (C402.5.7)Required to reduce infiltration into spaces Required on entrance doors leading into spaces ≥ 3,000 ft2 Doors must have self-closing devices Not necessary for doors to be open at same time 55 Exceptions: • Buildings in Climate Zones 1 and 2 • Doors not intended to be used by the public or that open from a guest room or dwelling unit • Doors equipped with an air curtain
- 57. GENERAL MECHANICAL SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS (C403.1) C403.2 is mandatory and mechanical systems must comply with: Section C403.3 – Economizers Section C403.4 – Hydronic & multiple-zone HVAC systems
- 58. PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO ALL MECHANICAL SYSTEMS (C403.2) 58 Mandatory Sections: • 403.2.1 HVAC Load Calculations • 403.2.2 Equipment and System Sizing • 403.2.3 HVAC Equipment Performance Requirements • 403.2.4 HVAC System Controls • 403.2.6 Ventilation • 403.2.7 Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems • 403.2.8 Kitchen Exhaust Systems • 403.2.9 Duct and Plenum Insulation and Sealing • 403.2.10 Piping Insulation • 403.2.11 Mechanical System Completion • 403.2.12 Air System Design and Control • 403.2.13 Heating Outside a Building • 403.2.14 Refrigeration • 403.2.15 Walk-in Coolers • 403.2.17 Refrigerated Display Cases
- 59. HVAC LOAD CALCULATIONS (C403.2.1) •Heating and cooling load sizing calculations required •ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183 or approved method •Exterior design conditions specified by ASHRAE •Interior design conditions specified by Section C302 of the IECC –≤ 72° F for heating load –≥ 75° F for cooling load 59
- 60. EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEM SIZING (C403.2.2) Output capacity SHALL NOT exceed sizing – Select the system which serves the greater load, heating or cooling 60 Exceptions: • Standby Equipment with Required Controls • Multiple Units with Combined Capacities Exceeding Loads • Sequencing Controls Required
- 61. HVAC SYSTEM CONTROLS (C403.2.4) C403.2.4.3 Shutoff Dampers Buildings < 3 stories in height and all buildings in CZs 1-3 Gravity (non-motorized) allowed 20 cfm/ft2 (≥ 24 inches in any dimension) 40 cfm/ft2 (< 24 inches in any dimension) Dampers on stairway and shaft vents and other outdoor air intakes. Buildings ≥ 3 stories in height above grade in CZs 4 – 8 Class 1 motorized leakage-rated damper Maximum leakage rate ≤ 4cfm /ft2 @ 1.0 inch w.g. 61
- 62. HVAC SYSTEM CONTROLS (CONT.) (C403.2.4) C403.2.4.4 Zone Isolation HVAC systems serving zones designed to operate or be occupied non-simultaneously Over 25,000 ft2 floor area Span more than one floor and are divided into isolation areas Exceptions: 1. Exhaust air and outdoor air connections to isolation areas where the fan system to which they connect is not greater than 5,000 cfm. 2. Exhaust airflow from a single isolation area of less than 10 percent of the design airflow of the exhaust system to which it connects. 3. Isolation areas intended to operate continuously or intended to be inoperative only when all other isolation areas in a zone are inoperative. 62
- 64. VENTILATION (C403.2.6) 403.2.6.1 Demand Controlled Ventilation Demand control ventilation (DCV): a ventilation system capability that provides for the automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design rates when the actual occupancy of spaces served by the system is less than design occupancy. DCV must be provided for each zone with spaces > 500 ft² and the average occupant load ≥ 25 people/1000 ft² of floor area where the HVAC system has: •An air-side economizer, •Automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper, or •A design outdoor airflow > 3,000 cfm 64
- 65. VENTILATION (CONT.) (C403.2.6) 403.2.6.1 Demand Controlled Ventilation, Exceptions: 1. Systems with energy recovery complying with C403.2.7 2. Multiple zone systems without direct digital control of single zones communicating with central control panel 3. Systems with design outdoor airflow < 1,200 cfm 4. Spaces where supply airflow rate minus any makeup or outgoing transfer air requirement < 1,200 cfm 5. Ventilation provided for process loads only 65
- 66. VENTILATION (CONT.) (C403.2.6) 403.2.6.2 Enclosed Parking Garage Ventilation Controls •Garages storing or handling automobiles: •Contamination-sensing devices •Ventilation optimization controls to modulate airflow 66 Exceptions: 1. Total exhaust capacity < 22,500 cfm & no heating or mechanical cooling 2. Ventilation system motor nameplate power ratio exceeding 1125 ft2/hp
- 67. PIPING INSULATION (C403.2.10) All piping serving heating or cooling systems must be insulated in accordance with Table C403.1.10 (See Exceptions) 67 New Table Footnotes: a. reduction of these thicknesses by 1 inch for piping < 1 ½” and located in partitions within conditioned spaces b. Reduction thicknesses by 1½” for direct-buried heating and hot water system piping
- 68. MECHANICAL SYSTEM COMPLETION (C403.2.11) In Accordance with C408.2 •Commissioning Plan •Air System Balancing •Hydronic System Balancing •Preliminary & Final Commissioning Reports •Required Manuals •Equipment Capacity and Required Maintenance •Equipment O & M Manuals •HVAC System Control Maintenance and Calibration Information •Written Narrative of Each System Operation 68 Service water- heating system commissioning (C404.11)
- 69. REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE (C403.2.14) Refrigeration equipment performance Tables C403.2.14 (1) & (2): – List the maximum energy use in kWh/day – Organized by equipment type, operating mode & rating temperature 69
- 70. WALK-IN COOLERS AND FREEZERS (C403.2.15) Requirements for walk-in coolers, walk-in freezers, refrigerated warehouse coolers and refrigerated warehouse freezers include: – Door self-closures – Min. floor, wall & ceiling insulation – Anti-sweat heaters and controls – Lighting efficiency 70 Note: C403.2.16 regulates site-assembled units to the same requirements
- 71. REFRIGERATED DISPLAY CASES (C403.2.17) Site-assembled & site-constructed Lighting controlled by time switch or motion sensor Temp-based defrost termination control (Low-temp display cases) Antisweat heater controls based on RH or condensation 71
- 72. ECONOMIZERS (C403.3) CLIMATE ZONES ECONOMIZER REQUIREMENT 1A, 1B No requirement 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4A, 4B, 4C, 5A, 5B, 5C, 6A, 6B, 7 & 8 Economizers on cooling systems ≥ 54,000 Btu/ha a The total capacity of all systems without economizers shall not exceed 300,000 Btu/h per building, or 20 percent of its air economizer capacity, whichever is greater.
- 74. EFFICIENT HEATED WATER SUPPLY PIPING (C404.5) From nearest source of heated water to termination of the fixture supply: •Maximum allowable pipe length method •Two columns in Table C404.5.1 • Public lavatory faucets • All other fixtures •Maximum allowable pipe volume method •Volume from the nearest source of heated water to the termination of the fixture supply pipe, 2 oz. public lavatory faucet, ½ gallon for other fixtures 74
- 75. DEMAND RECIRCULATION CONTROLS (C404.7) Demand Recirculation Water System: A water distribution system having one or more recirculation pumps that pump water from a heated water supply pipe back to the heated water source through a cold water supply pipe Pumps must have controls that: 1. Start the pump upon hot water demand 2. Limit the temperature of the water entering the cold water piping to 104ºF 75
- 76. ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF POOLS AND PERMANENT SPAS (C404.9) C409.9 Energy Consumption of Pools and Permanent Spas Readily accessible on-off, mounted on the exterior of the heater, or external to and within 3 feet of the heater (This is in addition to a circuit breaker for the power to the heater.) R-12 insulated covers are no longer required for pools & spas heated above 90 °F C409.10 Energy Consumption of Portable Spas 76
- 77. SECTION C405- ELECTRICAL POWER AND LIGHTING SYSTEMS
- 78. ELECTRICAL POWER & LIGHTING SYSTEMS 78
- 79. COMMERCIAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS Section 405 covers lighting controls and power density for interior and exterior Exception: Lighting within dwelling units may comply with R404.1 (75% high-efficacy lamps) Major changes between the 2009 and 2015 editions: •Redefined daylight zone geometries •Mandatory daylight responsive controls •Specific application controls (C405.2.4) •Reintroduced Space-by-Space Method •Reduced interior lighting power allowances 79
- 80. 80 C405.2.1 Occupant sensor controls • C405.2.1.1 Occupant sensor control function • C405.2.1.2 Occupant sensor control function in warehouses C405.2.2 Time-switch controls • C405.2.2.1 Time-switch control function • C405.2.2.2 Light-reduction controls • C405.2.2.3 Manual controls C405.2.3 Daylight-responsive controls • C405.2.3.1 Daylight-responsive control function • C405.2.3.2 Sidelight daylight zone • C405.2.3.3 Toplight daylight zone C405.2.4 Specific application controls C405.2.5 Exterior lighting controls COMMERCIAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS
- 81. WHEN DO LIGHTING AND POWER REQUIREMENTS APPLY? •Original installed lighting system in a new building, addition, or tenant build- out •Existing lighting system that is altered (Energy saving retrofit of all lamps and ballasts exempted) •All changes in occupancy Exceptions: •Historic buildings where compliance with provisions would threaten, degrade or destroy historic form, fabric or function (required submitted report) •Alterations where less than 50% of the luminaires are replaced and power is not increased •Lighting within dwelling units where ≥ 75% of permanently installed fixtures are high-efficacy lamps 81
- 82. LIGHTING CONTROLS (C405.2) Independent Lighting Control required for each space surrounded by floor-to-ceiling partitions Must be located in the space served - or - Switched from a remote location Must have indicator that identifies the lights served and their status (off or on) Exceptions: 1. Security or emergency areas that must be continuously lighted 2. Interior exit stairways, exit ramps and exit passageways 3. Emergency egress lighting 82 Intent: Allow occupants to control unneeded lighting!
- 83. OCCUPANT SENSOR CONTROLS (C405.2.1) C405.2.1.1 Occupant Sensor Control must: 1. Automatically turn off lights within 30 min. of occupants leaving the space 2. Be manual on or controlled to automatically turn the lighting on to not more than 50% 3. Incorporate a manual control to allow occupants to turn lights off Exceptions: public corridors, stairways, restrooms, primary building entrance areas and lobbies 83 Occupant Sensor Control Spaces Classrooms/lecture/ training rooms Conference/meeting/ multipurpose rooms Copy/print rooms Lounges Employee lunch and break rooms Private offices Storage rooms Janitorial closets Locker rooms Spaces ≤ 300 ft2 Warehouses
- 84. OCCUPANT SENSOR CONTROLS (CONT.) (C405.2.1) C405.2.1.2 Occupant Sensor Control Function in Warehouses Lighting in aisle ways and open areas Automatically reduce lighting power ≥ 50 % when unoccupied Control lighting in each aisle way independently 84
- 85. TIME-SWITCH CONTROLS (C405.2.2) C405.2.2.2 Light Reduction Controls must allow the occupant to reduce connected lighting By at least 50% In a reasonably uniform illumination pattern Note: Alternate Standard ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2013 does not require Light Reduction Control 85 Intent: Allow occupants to moderate light levels to save energy!
- 86. LIGHT REDUCTION CONTROLS (405.2.2.2) Controlling all lamps or luminaires Dual switching of alternate rows of luminaires, alternate luminaires or lamps Switching middle lamp luminaires independently from the outer lamps Each luminaire or each lamp 86 SS Dimmer Switch D SS Alternating Luminaires Dimming Alternating Lamps Exceptions: • Areas with only one luminaire • Areas controlled by occupancy sensor • Lighting in daylight zones • Corridors, storerooms, restrooms or public lobbies • Spaces with <0.6 w/ft2 • Spaces with one luminaire < 100 W
- 87. DAYLIGHT-RESPONSIVE CONTROLS (C405.2.3) Daylight zones Must have individual control of the lights independent of general area lighting Continuous dimming to 15% for certain spaces Capability for complete shutoff of lights Contiguous daylight zones adjacent to vertical fenestration Lights in sidelight daylight zones facing different cardinal orientations must be controlled independently of each other Exceptions: Sidelight daylight zones on the first floor above grade in Group A-2 and Group M occupancies are also exempt All spaces with < 150watts of lighting within either a sidelight -or- toplight daylight zone 150 watts of lighting in each space is permitted to be controlled together with lighting in a daylight zone facing a different cardinal orientation 87
- 88. DAYLIGHT RESPONSIVE CONTROLS (C405.2.3) 88 C405.2.3.2 Sidelight Daylight Zone • Vertical fenestration < 24 ft2 is exempt
- 89. TOPLIGHT DAYLIGHT ZONE (C405.2.3.3) 89
- 90. TOPLIGHT DAYLIGHT ZONE (C405.2.3.3) 90
- 91. TOPLIGHT DAYLIGHT ZONE (C405.2.3.3) 91
- 92. SPECIFIC APPLICATION CONTROLS (C405.2.4) 92 Specific application controls shall be provided for: 1. Display and accent lighting 2. Lighting in cases 3. Hotel and motel sleeping units and guest suites Hotel and motel sleeping units and guest suites shall have a master control device that is capable of automatically switching off all installed luminaires and switched receptacles within 20 minutes after all occupants leave the room Exception: Lighting and switched receptacles controlled by captive key systems. 4. Supplemental task lighting 5. Lighting for non-visual applications 6. Lighting equipment that is for sale or for demonstrations in lighting
- 93. INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER LIMITS (C405.4.2)Connected Interior Lighting Power must not exceed Interior Lighting Power Allowance 1. Calculate Interior Lighting Power Allowance • Building Area Method allowance -OR- • Space-by-Space Method allowance plus any additional allowances 2. Calculate proposed connected lighting power • Wattage calculation “rules” • Exempted lighting 3. Compare values: proposed wattage must be less than or equal to allowed wattage 93 Intent: Eliminate waste from sloppy lighting design and application!
- 94. INTERIOR LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE (C405.4.2) C405.4.2.1 Building Area Method “Area” is all contiguous spaces that accommodate or are associated with a single building area type Each building area type shall be treated as a separate area Lighting power densities – significantly reduced since 2009 C405.4.2.2 Space-by-Space Method New Section and Table Tradeoffs are permitted C405.4.2.2.1 permits additional interior lighting power for retail spaces (previously footnote b of Table 505.5.2) 94 Note: Alternate Standard ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2013 also provides whole building and space-by-space options
- 95. ADDITIONAL RETAIL LIGHTING POWER ALLOWANCE (C405.4.2.2.1) Additional Interior Lighting Power Allowance = 500 watts + (Retail Area 1 x 0.6 W/ft2) + (Retail Area 2 x 0.6 W/ft2) + (Retail Area 3 x 1.4 W/ft2) + (Retail Area 4 x 2.5 W/ft2) Where: Retail Area 1 = the floor area for all products not listed in Retail Area 2, 3 or 4 Retail Area 2 = the floor area used for the sale of vehicles, sporting goods and small electronics Retail Area 3 = the floor area used for the sale of furniture, clothing, cosmetics and artwork Retail Area 4 = the floor area used for the sale of jewelry, crystal, and china 95 Intent: Allow flexibility in design for critical retail applications!
- 96. EXEMPTIONS TO PROPOSED LIGHTING POWER CALCULATION (C405.4.1) Connected power for the following are not included in calculations: – Professional sports arena playing field – Sleeping unit lighting – Emergency lighting automatically off during normal building operation – Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by occupants with special lighting needs including visual impairment and other medical and age related issues – Lighting in interior spaces specifically designated as a registered interior historic landmark – Casino gaming areas – Mirror lighting in dressing rooms Lighting equipment used for the following are exempt if in addition to general lighting and controlled by an independent control device: – Task lighting for medical and dental procedures – Display lighting for exhibits in galleries, museums and monuments – Theatrical, stage, film, and video production – Integral to equipment or instrumentation installed by manufacturer – Plant growth or maintenance – Advertising or directional signage – Food warming and food prep equipment (in restaurant buildings and areas) – Lighting equipment that is for sale – Lighting demonstration equipment in lighting education facilities – In retail display windows when the display is enclosed by ceiling-height partitions – Furniture-mounted supplemental task lighting controlled by automatic shutoff – Exit signs 96
- 97. EXTERIOR LIGHTING CONTROL REQUIREMENTS (C405.2.5) Controls must automatically turn off the lighting as a function of available daylight Building façade or landscape lighting - controls automatically shut off the lighting as a function of dawn/dusk and a set opening and closing time Controls configured to automatically reduce the connected lighting power by ≥ 30% from: Midnight to 6 a.m. One hour after business closing to one hour before business opening or During any period when activity has not been detected for 15 minutes All time switches must have 10 hour battery backup 97 Exceptions: • Lighting for covered vehicle entrances or exits • Emergency lighting • Lighting specifically required to meet health and life safety requirements • Decorative gas lighting
- 98. EXTERIOR LIGHTING POWER LIMITS (C405.5.1) Connected Exterior Lighting Power must not exceed Exterior Lighting Power Allowance Calculate exterior Lighting Power Allowance Lighting power densities by exterior function and by applicable lighting zone Calculate proposed connected lighting power Wattage calculation “rules” Exempted lighting Compare values: proposed wattage must be less than or equal to allowed wattage 98
- 99. EXTERIOR LIGHTING POWER LIMITS TABLE C405.5.1(2) What areas are covered under exterior lighting allowances? Tradable surfaces: Common exterior lighted needs that can be traded for other needs. For example, wattage allowed for parking lot lighting can be “traded” and used for canopy lighting. Non-tradable surfaces: Less common exterior lighted needs that cannot be traded for other needs. These applications have more specific security or task illuminance needs. 99
- 100. EXTERIOR LIGHTING ZONES TABLE C405.5.1(1) Lighting Zone Description 1 Developed areas of national parks, state parks, forest land, and rural areas 2 Areas predominantly consisting of residential zoning, neighborhood business districts, light industrial with limited nighttime use and residential mixed-use areas 3 All other areas not classified as lighting zone 1, 2, or 4 4 High-activity commercial districts in major metropolitan areas as designated by the local land use planning authority 100
- 101. Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Base Site Allowance 500 W 600 W 750 W 1300 W Tradable Surfaces Uncovered Parking Areas Parking areas and drives 0.04 W/ft 2 0.06 W/ft2 0.10 W/ft2 0.13 W/ft2 Building Grounds Walkways less than 10 feet wide 0.7 W/linear foot 0.7 W/linear foot 0.8 W/linear foot 1.0 W/linear foot Walkways 10 feet wide or greater 0.14 W/ft2 0.14 W/ft2 0.16 W/ft2 0.2 W/ft2Plaza areas Special Feature Areas Stairways 0.75 W/ft2 1.0 W/ft2 1.0 W/ft2 1.0 W/ft2 Pedestrian Tunnels 0.15 W/ft2 0.15 W/ft2 0.2 W/ft2 0.3 W/ft2 EXTERIOR LIGHTING ZONES TABLE C405.5.1(2) EXCERPT 101
- 102. EXEMPTIONS FROM EXTERIOR CALCULATION (C405.5.1) 102 The following lighting does not need to be included in the proposed lighting calculation: Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with transportation Advertising signage or directional signage Lighting integral to equipment or instrumentation and installed by its manufacturer Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film production, and video production Lighting for athletic playing areas Temporary lighting Lighting for industrial production, material handling, transportation sites, and associated storage areas Theme elements in theme/amusement parks Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered historic landmark structures or buildings
- 103. VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT (C405.9) Elevators Luminaires ≥ 35 lumens/watt ventilation fans ≤ 1/3 watts/cfm Controls to de-energize fans & lighting after 15 minutes of nonuse Escalators & moving walks ASME’s Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators Automatic speed reduction Variable frequency regenerative drive (750#) 103
- 104. SECTION C406- ADDITIONAL EFFICIENCY PACKAGE OPTIONS
- 105. ADDITIONAL EFFICIENCY PACKAGE OPTIONS (C406) C406.2 Superior HVAC performance Additional 10% efficiency over the Code requirements C406.3 Reduced LPD Additional 10% efficiency over the Code requirements C406.4 Enhanced lighting controls Luminaires are required to be capable of continuous dimming and being addressed individually Digital control system for fixtures Sequence of operations on construction documents Functional testing required C406.5 On-site supply of renewable energy 0.50 W/ft2 or 3% of the energy for mechanical, water heating & lighting 105
- 106. ADDITIONAL EFFICIENCY PACKAGE OPTIONS (C406) C406.6 Dedicated outdoor air system Ventilation system capable of total energy recovery for buildings with hydronic & multi-zone HVAC (C403.4) Provide100% outdoor air to each individual occupied space Automatic supply-air temperature controls C406.7 High-efficiency service water heating ≥ 60 % hot water requirements supplied by waste heat recovery or solar water- heating systems 106 Group R-1: Boarding houses, hotels or motels Group I-2: Hospitals, psychiatric hospitals and nursing homes Group A-2: Restaurants, banquet halls, food preparation areas Group F: Laundries Group R-2: Buildings with residential occupancies Group A-3: Health clubs and spas Any other building with a service hot water load ≥ 10 % of total building energy loads (shown by an energy analysis)
- 109. EXCEPTIONAL CALCULATION METHODS (C407.6.3) Available if simulation program does not model a design, material or device of the proposed design Subject to approval by the code official Each calculated separately Total exceptional savings ≤ ½ difference in performance vs. baseline performance Applications for approval must include: 1. Step-by-step documentation 2. Copies of all spreadsheets used 3. Sensitivity analysis – input parameters varied from 0.5 x – 2x 4. Time-step basis consistent with simulation program 5. Performance rating calculated with and without exceptional calculation method 109
- 111. SYSTEM COMMISSIONING (C408) •Mechanical systems capacities ≥ 600,000 heating ≥ 480,000 Btu/h cooling •Service water heating controls •Lighting systems •C408.3.1.1 Occupant sensor controls •C408.3.1.2 Time-switch controls •C408.3.1.3 Daylight responsive controls 111
- 112. Prior to the final mechanical and plumbing inspections, the registered design professional or approved agency shall provide evidence of mechanical systems commissioning and completion in accordance with the provisions of this section. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND SWH SYSTEMS COMMISSIONING AND COMPLETION REQUIREMENTS. C408.2
- 114. COMMISSIONING Lighting System Functional Testing C408.3.1 Prior to passing final inspection, the registered design professional shall provide evidence that the lighting control systems have been tested C408.3.1.1 Occupant sensor controls. – C408.3.1.2 Time-switch controls.. – C408.3.1.3 Daylight responsive controls – C408.3.2 Documentation requirements.
- 116. COMMISSIONING PLAN A. A. Narrative description of the activities that will be accomplished during each phase of commissioning including the personnel intended to accomplish each task. The commissioning agent for the project (if known) or the proposed certifications of such agent. B. A listing of the specific equipment, appliances or systems to be tested and a description of the tests to be performed C. Functions to be tested including calibrations and economizer controls D. Conditions under which the tests are to be performed E. Measurable criteria for performance
- 117. COMMISSIONING REPORT I. A statement that systems have been completed in accordance with the contract documents and that the systems are performing in accordance with the final owner’s project requirements document II. Identification and discussion of any substitutions, compromises, or variances between the final design intent, contract documents and as-built conditions III. Description of components and systems that exceed owner’s project requirements and those which do not meet the requirements and why IV. Summary of all issues resolved and unresolved and any recommendations for resolution V. Post-construction activities and results including deferred & seasonal testing results, test data reports and additional training documentation VI. Lessons learned for future commissioning project efforts VII. Recommendations for changes to The Client standard test protocols and/or facility design standards (i.e. GSA P-100, etc.)
- 119. QUESTIONS??? 121
Editor's Notes
- #10: Note: LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS were moved to Ch. 4 (C401.1) as exception to Building Envelope requirements Green houses were added – only other change U-factors consistent with semi-heated buildings in ASHRAE 0.2 – CZs 1-5 0.12 – CZs 6-8 Reduced insulation requirements often desirable for such buildings which are primarily cooled (from energy standpoint)
- #14: Speak to Local Amendments
- #28: Building sites has been added to Ch. 4 Scope – consistent with Scope in Ch. 1 Same 3 compliance paths exist New Additional Energy Efficiency Package (Prescriptive) 85% costs of SRD for performance (since the SRD does not account for the Additional Efficiency Package)
- #33: Note: LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS were moved to Ch. 4 (C401.1) as exception to Building Envelope requirements Green houses were added – only other change U-factors consistent with semi-heated buildings in ASHRAE 0.2 – CZs 1-5 0.12 – CZs 6-8 Reduced insulation requirements often desirable for such buildings which are primarily cooled (from energy standpoint)
- #35: Note: LOW ENERGY BUILDINGS were moved to Ch. 4 (C401.1) as exception to Building Envelope requirements Green houses were added – only other change U-factors consistent with semi-heated buildings in ASHRAE 0.2 – CZs 1-5 0.12 – CZs 6-8 Reduced insulation requirements often desirable for such buildings which are primarily cooled (from energy standpoint)
- #36: “Where tapered insulation is used with insulation entirely above deck, the R-value where the insulation thickness varies 1 inch (25 mm) or less from the minimum thickness of tapered insulation shall comply with the R-value specified in Table C402.1.3.”
- #39: Marine is now more stringent than 2006 IECC
- #41: Brings toplighting into consistency with ASHRAE 90.1 Cost-effective analyses performed by PNNL showing reasonable payback periods 15’ ceiling requirement protects small retail stores FIVE EXCEPTIONS: Buildings in Climate Zones 6 through 8. Spaces where the designed general lighting power densities are less than 0.5 W/ft2. Areas where it is documented that existing structures or natural objects block direct beam sunlight on at least half of the roof over the enclosed area for more than 1,500 daytime hours per year between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. Spaces where the daylight zone under rooftop monitors is greater than 50 percent of the enclosed space floor area. Spaces where the total area minus the area of daylight zones adjacent to vertical fenestration is less than 2,500 square feet, and where the lighting VT is determined in accordance with Section C303.1.3. WF = Area weighted average well factor 0.9 if light well depth is less than 2 feet 0.7 if light well depth is 2 feet or greater Light well depth = vertically dist. from skylight glazing to the ceiling plane C402.4.2.2 Haze factor. Skylights in office, storage, automotive service, manufacturing, nonrefrigerated warehouse, retail store & distribution/sorting area spaces Diffuser with a haze factor > 90% (when tested i.a.w. ASTM D 1003) Exception: Skylights designed and installed to exclude direct sunlight
- #43: Here are the fenestration performance requirements for prescriptive compliance for commercial buildings. Note the local amendments may make these more restrictive. Also note these generally require less performance than the residential code. Can anybody tell me why that is appropriate?
- #45: Three mandatory sections even with Full Building Test: C402.5.5 Air intakes, exhaust openings, stairways and shafts C402.5.6 Loading dock weatherseals C402.5.7 Vestibules
- #47: “…or an equivalent method approved by the code official and deemed to comply with the provisions of this section” Three mandatory sections even with Full Building Test: C402.5.5 Air intakes, exhaust openings, stairways and shafts C402.5.6 Loading dock weatherseals C402.5.7 Vestibules
- #48: In 2012, CZs 1-3 were exempt. Reduced to only 2B in 2015 Continuous for all assemblies, joints and seams must be sealed to withstand stack effect & mechanical ventilation, penetrations caulked Penetrations also include recessed lighting & fire sprinklers
- #49: Figure 4: Double Vapor Barrier Wall Assembly That Works—The “vapor profile” is that of a “double vapor barrier”. We know that it works because we have been building it for so long.
- #50: Figure 1: Classic Compact Flat Roof—The most famous "double vapor barrier" of them all. The roof membrane on the "top" is clearly a vapor barrier. In fact, it is almost a "perfect" vapor barrier. And the membrane on the "bottom" is also a vapor barrier. The "bottom" membrane's primary function is that of an air barrier but it's material characteristics are such that historically it has also been a vapor barrier.
- #52: many manufacturers with many products consider longevity of air barrier system if it is inaccessible after installation
- #53: Photograph 1: Exterior Air Barrier Using Adhered Membrane (Note the air barrier continuity where the wall meets the roof) Photograph 2: Exterior Air Barrier Using Adhered Membrane (Note the rigid insulation installed on the exterior of the air barrier system)
- #54: Notes: Extruded polystyrene (XPS) Polyisocyanurate (PIR) “Certain roof membranes” = Built-up, modified bituminous or fully adhered single-ply roof membrane
- #56: No changes from the 2006 IECC
- #60: ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183 is a change from the 2006 IECC.
- #61: ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183 is a change from the 2006 IECC.
- #63: Added in 2015 to ensure technical compatibility with ASHRAE 90.1-2010, which included the ability to create isolation areas within zones Each isolation area must be controlled independently Exceptions: Exhaust air and outdoor air connections to isolation areas where the fan system to which they connect is not greater than 5,000 cfm. Exhaust airflow from a single isolation area of less than 10 percent of the design airflow of the exhaust system to which it connects. Isolation areas intended to operate continuously or intended to be inoperative only when all other isolation areas in a zone are inoperative. Each isolation area shall be equipped with isolation devices and controls configured to automatically shut off the supply of conditioned air and outdoor air to and exhaust air from the isolation area. Each isolation area shall be controlled independently by a device meeting the requirements of Section C403.2.4.2.2. Central systems and plants shall be provided with controls and devices that will allow system and equipment operation for any length of time while serving only the smallest isolation area served by the system or plant.
- #64: This is only part of Table 503.2.3(2) to give an idea of the information contained in the table. Values before and after January 2010
- #65: Changed from 2006 IECC. >40 people / 1000 sq ft would be classrooms, conference rooms, lobbies, and similar high occupancy spaces.
- #67: Automatic controls are required to modulate the airflow based on contaminant levels detected Failure mode for fans is operating at full power ASHRAE 90.1-2010 included ventilation-optimization controls provisions, and it has provided significant energy savings
- #68: Changed from 2006 IECC. Also, footnotes to this table were changed. This table is for insulation with a thermal conductivity of 0.27 BTU per inch/h * ft^2 * F. Adjustments for different thermal conductivity is made per the footnotes below the table. For reference, the thermal conductivity of fiberglass pipe insulation is 0.27. Elastomeric foam insulation thermal conductivity is 0.25 which probably doesn’t change the thickness required to the next smaller size.
- #69: Service water-heating systems, swimming pool water-heating systems, spa water-heating systems and the controls for those systems shall be commissioned and completed in accordance with Section C408.2.
- #71: C 403.2.15 regulates refrigerated warehouse coolers and refrigerated warehouse freezers and walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers that are not either site assembled or site constructed. Definitions: A cooler is > 35 °F and <55 °F A Freezer is ≤ 23 °F A walk-in is <3000 ft2 Section C403.2.16 is identical to C403.2.15 for site-constructed units. Wording in places is slightly different, but the requirements and layout are identical.
- #72: Foreshadow C403.5, which regulates refrigerated display cases, walk-in coolers or walk-in freezers served by remote compressors and remote condensers not located in a condensing unit.
- #73: Changed from the 2006 IECC.
- #75: This new section speeds up the time for hot water to reach users Saves energy & water Eliminates volume of water in pipes Compliance with the volume limitation of piping between sources of heated water and the termination of fixture supply piping can be accomplished in two ways Maximum piping length in Table C404.5.1, based on the nominal pipe size Maximum pipe volume, which may take some calculation (or the volume/linear foot column of Table C404.5.1) Note: Table C404.5.1 will result in longer lengths Note: Water heaters, circulating water systems and heat trace temperature maintenance systems are considered sources of heated water.
- #76: Start the pump upon receiving a signal from the action of a user of a fixture or appliance, sensing the presence of a user of a fixture or sensing the flow of hot or tempered water to a fixture fitting or appliance.
- #77: MANDATORY – 3 subsections Switch must not require resetting the temperature Vapor retardant covers are still required on ALL outdoor heated pools & spas Heat of evaporation >> conduction APSP = Association of Pool & Spa Professionals
- #80: 90.1-2007 is an alternate compliance path referenced in the 2009 IECC, but Section 501.2 “Application” now requires 90.1 to be used in “its entirety”. Dwelling units – refers to personal, complete living spaces, for example, an apartment –the lighting within the dwelling unit is exempt, but lighting in common areas such as corridors and lobbies would need to meet the requirements. The lighting power densities have not changed related to stringency, but the format has changed to one table. There is a new, detailed exterior lighting section in the 2006 IECC that is from ASHRAE 90.1 and was adopted by the 2006 IECC.
- #82: There are other historic listings that may be applicable, such as regional listings. Confirm these exceptions with the building official.
- #85: During the commissioning process, it will be checked to make sure that movement in adjacent aisleways does not activate lights nor does activation of ventilation systems
- #89: New in the 2015 IECC.
- #90: New in the 2015 IECC.
- #91: New in the 2015 IECC.
- #92: New in the 2015 IECC.
- #96: Specific accommodation has been made for retail merchandise highlighting in the 2009 IECC. These are IN ADDITION TO general lighting. Display area is the specific area to highlight merchandise. For example, track lighting installed to highlight a wall display of shoes – would qualify. Overhead, general lighting not specifically aimed at the wall of shoes would not qualify. Only for use with the SbS Method (since 2012) Previously a footnote in the BA Method table since it was the only method permitted in the 2009 edition Base allowance decreased from 1000 W to 500 W Must be turned off during nonbusiness hours For lighting equipment to be installed in sales areas specifically to highlight merchandise
- #97: These types of lighting do not have to be counted. These are considered to be IN ADDITION TO general lighting.
- #99: Similar to interior lighting power limits. Same steps to calculate as for interior.
- #100: Two sections to the table: tradable and non-tradable. Tradable – when calculating the allowance based on all surfaces; can be used for any fixture you want. Typically, the most common surfaces are included as tradable (example: parking lot lighting). If you don’t use it all, you can use it elsewhere (example: canopy lighting). Non-tradable – typically related to specific security requirements. “Extra” cannot be used for other fixtures.
- #101: New in the 2009 IECC.
- #110: Calculations must be detailed enough to reproduce the results.
- #112: In 2009, the commissioning requirements were dispersed throughout the code for mechanical systems. All commissioning requirements have now been moved to Section C408. The new section details required testing procedures for different types of equipment, the necessary details of reports, and what manuals/documentation must be given to the building owner. Systems must be maintained and often retrocommissioned, so detailed documentation and baselines are essential.