2.D Algae
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The document discusses the classification of microorganisms, focusing on algae. It describes how algae are classified into five lineages based on molecular evidence, instead of the previous seven-division system. Key details include: - Algae are classified into divisions (Chlorophyta, Charophyta, etc.) based on features like cell structure, pigments, food storage, habitat, and reproduction. - Chlorophyta (green algae) include Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, and Volvox and have chloroplasts with starch storage. - Diatoms have a distinctive silica cell wall called a frustule and reproduce asexually, getting smaller over generations.
2.D Algae
- 1. PENDAHULUAN X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Algae-not a monophyletic group; instead the term is used to describe a group of organisms that lack roots, stems, and leaves, but that have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis Phycologists (algologists)-scientists who study algae Phycology (algology)-the study of algae
- 2. Phylogenetic Diagram Tentative Phylogeny of the Algaelike Eucaryotes Based on 18S rRNA Sequence Comparisons. Using melcular systematics. Organisms are grouped together based on the molecular phylogeny of their nuclear SSU rRNA genes and the type of mitochondrial cristae present. Accordingly on five different occasions and are polyphyletic (higlighted by different colors)
- 3. DISTRIBUSI X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Primarily aquatic Planktonic-suspended in the aqueous environment Phytoplankton-algae and other small aquatic plants Zooplankton-animals and other nonphotosynthetic protists Benthic-attached and living on the bottom of a body of water Neustonic-living at the air-water interface Moist rocks, wood, trees, and soil Some are endosymbionts in protozoa, mollusks, worms, corals, and plants Some associate with fungi to form lichens Some are parasitic
- 4. STRUKTUR X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Ultrastructure of the Algal Cell Surrounded by a thin, rigid cell wall (some also have an outer matrix) Some are motile by flagella The nucleus has a typical nuclear envelope with pores Chloroplasts have thylakoids (sacs) that are the site of photosynthetic light reactions; may also have a dense proteinaceous pyrenoid that is associated with the synthesis and storage of starch Mitochondria can have discoid cristae, lamellar cristae, or tubular cristae
- 5. thylakoids
- 7. STRUKTUR X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) Thallus vegetative body of algae; can be unicellular or multicellular
- 8. STRUKTUR X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Structure of the Algal Thallus (Vegetative Form) Figure 26.2 Diagrammatic Algal Bodies: (a) unicellular, motile, Cryptomonas; (b) unicellular, nonmotile , Palmellopsis; (c) colonial , Gonium; ( d) filamentous , Spirotaenia; ( e) bladelike kelp , Monostroma; (f ) leafy tubular axis, branched tufts or plumes, Stigeoclonium; ( g) unicellular, nonmotile, Chrysocapsa
- 9. NUTRISI X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Most are autotrophic-require only light and inorganic compounds for energy; use CO 2 as carbon source Some are heterotrophic-use external organic materials as source of energy and carbon
- 10. REPRODUKSI X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Asexual-occurs only with unicellular algae FRAGMENTATION -thallus breaks up and each fragment forms a new thallus Spores formed in ordinary vegetative cell or in sporangium Zoospores are flagellated motile spores Aplanospores are nonmotile spores Binary fission- nuclear division followed by cytoplasmic division Sexual-occurs in multicellular and unicellular algae Oogonia -relatively unmodified vegetative cells in which eggs are formed Antheridia -specialized structures in which sperm are formed Zygote -product of fusion of sperm and egg
- 11. PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE In the Whittaker system Divided into SEVEN DIVISIONS within two different kingdoms Primary classification is based on cellular properties Cell wall (if present) chemistry and morphology Storage food and photosynthetic products Number of flagella and their insertion location Morphology of cells and/or thallus (body) Habitat Reproductive structures Life history patterns
- 12. PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE Molecular systems have reclassified the algae as polyphyletic; they fall into five different lineages Plants Red algae Stramenopiles (this lineage also includes some protozoa) Alveolates (this lineage also includes some protozoa) Amoeboflagellates (this lineage also includes some protozoa)
- 13. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE CHLOROPHYTA (GREEN ALGAE) CHAROPHYTA (STONEWORTS/BRITTLEWORTS) EUGLENOPHYTA (EUGLENOIDS) CHRYSOPHYTA (GOLDEN-BROWN, YELLOW-GREEN ALGAE, DIATOMS) PHAEOPHYTA (BROWN ALGAE) RHODOPHYTA (RED ALGAE) PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 14. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE CHLOROPHYTA (green algae)-molecular classification places these with plants Are extremely varied Contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids; store carbohydrate as starch; cell walls are made of cellulose Live in fresh and salt water, soil, and associated with other organisms Can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, membranous, or tubular Exhibit both asexual and sexual reproduction Genus Chlamydomonas - Members of this genus are microscopic, rounded, with two flagella at anterior end; have single haploid nucleus, a large chloroplast with conspicuous pyrenoid for starch production and storage, a stigma (phototactic eyespot), and contractile vacuole (acts as osmoregulator); exhibit asexual reproduction (zoospores) and sexual reproduction Genus Chlorella - members of this genus are nonmotile, unicellular algae; are widespread in aquatic habitats and in soil; only reproduce asexually; lack flagella; have eyespots, contractile vacuoles, and a very small nucleus Genus Volvox - members of the genus exist as hollow spheres made up of a single layer of 500-60,000 flagellated cells; flagella beat in a coordinated fashion; some cells are specialized for reproduction Prototheca moriformis , which is common in soil, causes the disease protothecosis in humans and other animals PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 15. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.3 Chlorophyta (Green Algae); Light Micrographs. (a) Chlorella, a unicellular nonmotile green alga (160). (b) Volvox, a typical green algal colony (450). (c) Spirogyra, a filamentous green alga (100). Four filaments are shown. Note the ribbonlike, spiral chloroplasts within each filament. (d) Ulva, commonly called sea lettuce, has a leafy appearance. (e) Acetabularia, the mermaid’s wine goblet. (f ) Micrasterias, a large desmid (150).
- 16. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.4 Chlamydomonas: The Structure and Life Cycle of This Motile Green Alga. During asexual reproduction, all structures are haploid; during sexual reproduction, only the zygote is diploid.
- 17. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE CHAROPHYTA (stoneworts/brittleworts) Abundant in fresh and brackish waters; worldwide distribution Some species precipitate calcium and magnesium carbonate from water to form a limestone covering (helps preserve them as fossils) PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 18. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE EUGLENOPHYTA (euglenoids)-molecular classification places these with amoeboflagellates Same chlorophylls (a and b) as Chlorophyta and Charophyta; found in fresh and brackish waters and in moist soils Genus Euglena-members of this genus: Have elongated cells bounded by a plasma membrane; inside the plasma membrane is a pellicle (articulated proteinaceous strips lying side-by-side), which is elastic enough to enable turning and flexing of the cell, yet rigid enough to prevent excessive alterations in cell shape Have a stigma located near an anterior reservoir Have a large contractile vacuole, which collects water and empties it into the reservoir for osmotic regulation Have paired flagella at anterior end that arise from reservoir base; only one beats to move the cell Reproduce by longitudinal mitotic cell division PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 19. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.5 Euglena. A Diagram Illustrating the Principal Structures Found in This Euglenoid. Notice that a short second flagellum does not emerge from the anterior invagination. In some euglenoids both flagella are emergent.
- 20. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE CHRYSOPHYTA (golden-brown and yellow-green algae and diatoms)-molecular classification places these with the stramenopiles Divided into three classes: golden-brown algae, yellow-green algae, and diatoms Major carbohydrate reserve is chrysolaminarin Some lack cell walls; some have intricately patterned scales on the plasma membrane; diatoms have a distinctive two-piece wall of silica called a FRUSTULE ; have zero, one, or two flagella (of equal or unequal length) Most are unicellular or colonial; reproduction is usually asexual, but occasionally sexual Diatoms are photosynthetic, circular or oblong cells with overlapping silica shells (epitheca-larger half and hypotheca-smaller half) Grow in aquatic habitats and moist soil Some are faculatative heterotrophs Vegetative cells are diploid and reproduce asexually with each daughter getting one old theca and constructing one new theca; this type of reproduction results in diatoms getting progressively smaller with each reproductive cycle; when diminished to 30% of original size, sexual reproduction occurs PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 21. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.6 Chrysophyta (Yellow-Green and Golden-Brown Algae; Diatoms). (a) Scanning electron micrograph of Mallomonas, a chrysophyte, showing its silica scales. The scales are embedded in the pectin wall but synthesized within the Golgi apparatus and transported to the cell surface in vesicles (9,000). (b) Ochromonas, a unicellular chrysophyte. Diagram showing typical cell structure. (c) Scanning electron arranged by a light microscopist (900)
- 22. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PHAEOPHYTA (brown algae)-molecular classification places these with stramenopiles Multicellular seaweeds; some species have the largest linear dimensions known in the eucaryotic world Simplest species have branched filaments; more complex species (kelps) are differentiated into flattened blades, stalks, and holdfast organs that anchor them to rocks Contain chlorophylls a and c; carotenoids include fucoxanthin, violaxanthin, and -carotene PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 23. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.7 Phaeophyta (Brown Algae). Diagram of the parts of the brown alga, Nereocystis. Due to the holdfast organ, the heaviest tidal action and surf seldom dislodge brown algae from their substratum. The stipe is a stalk that varies in length; the bladder is a gas-filled float.
- 24. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE RHODOPHYTA (red algae)-molecular classification gives these a separate lineage Some are unicellular, but most are multicellular, filamentous seaweeds; comprise most of the seaweeds Carbohydrate reserve is FLORIDEAN STARCH Contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment), and can therefore live in deeper waters Their cell walls include a rigid inner part composed of microfibrils and a mucilaginous matrix consisting of sulfated polymers of galactose (agar); many also deposit calcium carbonate in their cell walls and contribute to coral reef formation PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 25. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.8 Rhodophyta (Red Algae). These algae (e.g., Corallina gracilis ) are much smaller and more delicate than the brown algae. Most red algae have a filamentous, branched morphology as seen here
- 26. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PYRRHOPHYTA (DINOFLAGELLATES) - molecular classification places these with the alveolates Unicellular, photosynthetic protists Most are marine organisms but a few are freshwater dwellers; some are responsible for phosphorescence in ocean waters and for toxic red tides Their flagella and protective coats are distinctive Are clad in stiff, patterned, cellulose plates (thecae) Most have two perpendicular flagella that function in a manner that causes organism to spin Contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenoids, and xanthophylls Some can ingest other cells; some are heterotrophic; some are endosymbiotic, living within host cells where they lose their cellulose plates and flagella (zooxanthellae) PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE
- 27. X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME ALGAE PENGGOLONGAN ALGAE Figure 26.9 Dinoflagellates. (a) Ceratium. (b) Scanning electron micrograph of Gymnodinium (4,000). Notice the plates of cellulose and the two flagella: one in the transverse groove and the other projecting outward.
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