1. Unimicron is a leading substrate manufacturer that has expanded its product portfolio over time to include finer line designs and smaller bump pitches, posing new challenges for metrology.
2. 2D AOI is used to detect small "mouse bite" defects not found by electrical tests that could cause reliability issues, but it faces challenges discerning real defects from false alarms or similar features like oxidation.
3. As designs evolve to include finer lines and pitches, equipment vendors are expected to provide higher resolution 3D metrology tools that can directly assess defects without multiple scans to reduce false alarms, while also offering faster throughput and automated defect mapping.