3 d chapter 6 structure
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This document discusses various structural principles and forces in architecture and design. It describes different types of structures like post and lintel, arches, and trusses. It explains how structures achieve stability through forms like triangles, pyramids, arches, cylinders and domes. The document also discusses structural economy and how structures use tension, compression, and joinery efficiently. Finally, it covers transformers, or structures that can collapse, expand, inflate or fold to change their form.
3 d chapter 6 structure
- 2. Introduction Structural Principles Leaning barn. Some forms are inherently weak: • Squares • Rectangles • Rectangular solids Other forms achieve stability quite naturally: • Triangles • Pyramids • Arches • Cylinders • Domes • Spheres
- 3. Introduction Structural Principles Types of structures. • Post and lintel – A horizontal beam (lintel) is supported by columns (two posts.) • Arch - An arched bridge can span approximately four times the distance and support more weight than a flat beam bridge. • Truss - An extremely sturdy structure is created when triangles are repeated to form an extended configuration. Shigeru Ban. Paper Bridge. Remoulin, France. 2007.
- 4. Structural Economy Efficient Form There is not a particle to spare in natural structures. — Ralph Waldo Emerson Extremely tall towers use efficient vertical trusses and guy wires to connect them to the ground. Radio transmission tower near Houma, Louisiana.
- 5. Geodesic domes rely on a web of triangles, spreading the load evenly and efficiently throughout the entire structure. Buckminster Fuller. Biosphere of Environment Canada. 1967. Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Structural Economy Efficient Form
- 6. Tension is the force that stretches. Pulling each end of a rubber band places it under tension — tension acts to expand. Compression is the application of pressure. If you stand on a stack of books, squeezing it downward, it is being compressed. Can you recognize which kind of force is acting on each of the elements in this sculpture? Tension and Compression Physical Forces Santiago Calatrava. Bou. 2007. Palma, Spain.
- 7. Tension and Compression Physical Forces Spider webs are only under tension. They work because the silk has high tensile strength – the ability to be stretched without failing Stone, concrete, and wood have low tensile strength. Spider web.
- 8. Tension and Compression Physical Forces In suspension bridges, such as the Brooklyn Bridge, the steel cables are under tension, and the stone towers are under compression. In this way, all suspension bridges find their equilibrium. Brooklyn Bridge. John A. Roebling, designing engineer. New York, NY.
- 9. Joinery Structural Connection Joinery refers to how parts of a form are held together, how elements are attached. One of the challenges of the designer or artist is to find the appropriate method for the task at hand. • Nails, screws, staples, bolts • Rivets • Clamps • Binding • Tape • Adhesives • Welding • Soldering, brazing • Heat-sealing • Mechanical splicing Ben Franklin Bridge. Philadelphia, PA.
- 10. Joinery Structural Connection Woodworkers utilize many kinds of joints: miter, spline, dovetail, tongue and groove, and dado are just a small selection. Some joints require glue or epoxy, and some can do without. Richard Deacon. Kiss and Tell. 1989. Epoxy, plywood, steel, timber, 5' 9 1⁄3” x 7' 5” x 8' 10 1⁄3". Collection, Arts Council of Great Britain, London. Woodworker fitting dovetail joint.
- 11. Transformers Collapsible and Expandable Structure Form is not simply a static mass; it can be collapsible, expandable, inflatable, and foldable. These transformations are usually a result of function or efficiency, as illustrated by the decoy that can be disassembled for easy carrying. Blue Heron decoy. Assembled, right. A rendering of the decoy unassembled, left.
- 12. Transformers Collapsible and Expandable Structure The toy pictured is not simply an amusement, but the sphere employs ingenious folding mechanisms that have led the designer to major projects involving rapidly deployable tents and adaptive buildings with roofs that open and close and facades that retract. Portable dwellings such as tents, igloos and huts, are a necessity for nomadic people or traveling events. Raumlaborberlin, Art and architecture collective. Portavilion 2010: Rosy (the ballerina). Hoberman Sphere. Toy. Expanded and contracted views. Chuck Hoberman, designer. Plastic, 9"–30".