33 part 1-earthsoft-water - critical resource-basic
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The document discusses the importance of water as a vital resource for life on Earth, detailing its composition, distribution, and significance in various sectors such as agriculture, industry, and domestic use. It highlights that while Earth is predominantly covered by water, only a small fraction is fresh and accessible for human use. Additionally, the document covers various aspects of water management, including the hydrologic cycle, water consumption statistics, and the challenges of water scarcity.
33 part 1-earthsoft-water - critical resource-basic
- 1. Making earth little softer Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance Edge-Aggressive-Reliable-Trust-Honesty-Soft-Obedient-Fun-Transparent
- 2. Making earth little softer Earthsoft Foundation of Guidance (EFG) has uploaded following presentations at http://myefg.in/downloads.aspx Be mentor using your education, knowledge & experience to contribute for a social cause & do conduct free training seeking help of existing platforms. Kindly share with your friends •Motivation for higher study, Planning for study, Education guidance, Career guidance, Career available after SSC & HSC •Personality development – 3 files •How to prepare resume, Tips to attend interview successfully •Religion related –To understand basic religion, Do & Don’t tips •Health related - Be vegetarian, Be healthy, Manage health •Corporate - Project management, Assertiveness, Ownership, Effective communication, Leadership, Be entrepreneur •Finance - To avoid speculation in stock market •Social - Women empowerment, Choosing life partner, conflict resolution, stop ragging, stop alcohol, snakebite treatment About us
- 3. Making earth little softer • Earth as water planet • The Hydrologic Cycle • Water usage & its distribution • Water & sanitation • Data – Globally • Water – an issue • Global Scarcity & challenges Index
- 4. Making earth little softer Index
- 5. Making earth little softer Earth as water planet • Earth is often referred to as `the water planet'. • Without water, life could not exist • Earth is unique due to its abundant water - in oceans, rivers, ponds, atmosphere, glaciers, fresh water/ground water • Ocean Water : Most of the water on Earth, 97% to be exact, is salt water found in the oceans. • Due to salt content, it can not be used. Process of removal of salt is very expensive. • Groundwater: Freshwater is stored in underground aquifers. Water that enters an aquifer remains for an average of 1,400 years!
- 6. Making earth little softer What kinds are there? Availability Water is essential to life on earth • 97% of the water is salt water, and is found in the oceans of the world. • 3% of the water is fresh water on which we depend.
- 7. Making earth little softer Significance of water • Water is the main constituent of ecosystem & is the basis of known life forms, including humans • It was the basis of the origin of life on our planet • Water is an integral part of life on this planet. • It is an odorless, tasteless, substance • It is essential to civil, agricultural & industrial use • Thus it is main constituent of the universe
- 8. Making earth little softer Three forms of Water • Solids: When water becomes very cold and freezes it changes from a liquid to a solid state. It has a definite form and shape. • Liquids: When water takes the shape of its container it is in a liquid form. • Gases: When water is seen in a vapor form and has no definite size or shape it is in a gas form. These 3 forms are interchangeable
- 9. Making earth little softer Importance of water • Organisms are composed 70%-95% of water • Transport medium for food, oxygen, and other things needed by cells • Cellular medium within which biochemical reactions can occur • Supportive external environment for aquatic organisms
- 10. Making earth little softer A precious natural resource • We use water for drinking, irrigation, industrial purposes and energy production. Water use • Agriculture and energy production - 80% • Industry and public use - 20% Usage • As a nourisher of plant, animal & human life • A bearer of food & drinks • A prime element of industrial processes • A medium for transportation
- 11. Making earth little softer A precious natural resource Transports oxygen & nutrients Prevents clogging of arteries & brain cells Main lubricant in the joint spaces Reduces the effects of aging Prevents memory loss Regulates body temperature Human BodyHuman Body - -- - WaterWater75%
- 12. Making earth little softer A precious natural resource Human BodyHuman Body - -- - WaterWater75% Muscles 75 % water Muscles 75 % water Brain Cells 85 % water Brain Cells 85 % water Bones 25 % water Bones 25 % water Blood 82 % water Blood 82 % water
- 13. Making earth little softer Daily use of water Fresh water is used as
- 14. Making earth little softer How much water do we use? • The kitchen consumes 10% of total household for cooking, cleaning, washing or drinking. • 15-20% of all water consumed in laundry • Nearly 50% in the bathroom, 20% of that water is flushed down the toilet. • A slowly dripping tap can waste 20,000 liters in a year • Evaporation is a major loss from swimming pool. • A lot of water is used in washing cars, bikes, cycles and garages. • 20% Grey water is typically water from baths,
- 15. Making earth little softer Condensation The Clouds form Evaporation vapor rises Transpiration The movement through plants Precipitation The rain falls
- 16. Making earth little softer • Saltwater evaporates from sun's energy producing fresh water in clouds • Water vapor cools and condenses to precipitation over oceans and land. • Runoff forms fresh water lakes, streams, ponds, groundwater, and is held in soil & plants
- 17. Making earth little softer • Surface water is water collected on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean
- 18. Making earth little softer • Two main processes: precipitation & evaporation • Powered by energy from the sun • Hydrologic cycle purifies water
- 19. Making earth little softer Ocean Evaporation Evapo-transpiration runoff Water Supply Discharge treated water Salt Water IntrusionAquifer Infiltration Recharge Evaporation Extraction Precipitation Precipitation Evaporation/ET Surface Water Groundwater Soil moisture Infiltration (Art) Extraction Return flow Treate water Aquifer intrusion Soil moisture Soil moisture
- 20. Making earth little softer The Hydrologic Cycle
- 21. Making earth little softer Ground Water • Ground water is located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. • A unit of rock is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water
- 22. Making earth little softer Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water tableInfiltration Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer Ground Water
- 23. Making earth little softer Water world
- 24. Making earth little softer •Two thirds of our planet is covered by water. •97.5% of the water is saltwater. •The majority of freshwater is beyond our reach, locked into polar snow and ice. •Two thirds of our planet is covered by water. •97.5% of the water is saltwater. •The majority of freshwater is beyond our reach, locked into polar snow and ice. Water world
- 25. Making earth little softer Water world • Less than 3% of the world’s water is fresh – the rest is seawater and undrinkable. • Of this 3% over 2.5% is frozen, locked up in Antarctica, Arctic & glaciers, and not available to man. • Thus humanity must rely on this 0.5% for all of man’s and ecosystem’s fresh water needs.
- 26. Making earth little softer • Only about 2.5% of Earth's water is fresh. • ~ 2% of the Earth's water is in solid form, found in ice caps and glaciers. • One percent of all the Earth's water in a form useable to humans and land animals. • This fresh water is found in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, in the ground & as vapor in the atmosphere • India has 16 % of the world’s population and 4% of its fresh water resources.
- 27. Making earth little softer The earth's water supply • Water covers 70.9% of the Earth's surface. • The amount of fresh water accounts for 2.6%, which is vital for all forms of life. • 97.2% of the Earth's water supply is salt water. • Only 2.8% is fresh water! • 97.200% salt water in the oceans • 02.014% ice caps and glaciers • 00.600% groundwater • 00.009% surface water • 00.005% soil moisture • 00.001% atmospheric moisture
- 28. Making earth little softer Salt & freshwater relationship
- 29. Making earth little softer Distribution of global water
- 30. Making earth little softer Oceans 97% Atmosphere 0.01% Rivers, Lakes, & Inland Seas 0.141% Soil Moisture 0.0012% Ground Water 0.4 – 1.7% Ice Caps and Glaciers 1.725% Distribution-Water reservoirs
- 31. Making earth little softer 22% 8% 70% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Agriculture Domestic Industry Water uses %oftotalwaterused World water usage
- 32. Making earth little softer • 66% of the human body is made up of water • We should drink at least 1½ litres of water a day. • At just 2% dehydration your performance decreases by around 20% • 66% of the human body is made up of water • We should drink at least 1½ litres of water a day. • At just 2% dehydration your performance decreases by around 20% Human need
- 33. Making earth little softer Water Resources - Rainfall • Annual average rainfall : 105 cm • Largest in the world for a country • River area = 3288000 km2 • Surface flow : 1880 km3 /700 km3 for beneficial use • Ground water : 600 Km3/420 km3 usable
- 34. Making earth little softer Water Bodies • River & Canals : 7420 Km • Reservoir : 0.52 Lakh hectares • Tanks, Lakes & ponds : 6.91 Lakh hectares • Brackish Water : 0.56 Lakh hectares
- 35. Making earth little softer Water Resources - Rainfall
- 36. Making earth little softer Water Resources - Rainfall • India’s total annual replinishable underground fresh water is 433 BCM (km^3) • 344 BCM through natural from rainfall • 89 BCM from canal irrigation system • There are 12 major river basins, the largest is Gangetic Plain Aquifer with replinishable ground water at 206 BCM or 48%. • India has been reasonably rich in Ground water and is one of the main reason of sustenance its variety of life species • http://www.indiastat.com/meteorologicaldata/22/rainfall/238/stats.aspx
- 37. Making earth little softer Ground water • Total potential : 431 km3 per year • Drinking & Industrial purposes (16% of total potential) • 68% is still remaining untapped
- 38. Making earth little softer Water consumed In 1990 • Fresh water (rain & snow) - 4,000 BCM, Most of which returns to the seas via rivers. • Surface and ground water - 1,869 BCM. Of this, 40 % is not available. Groundwater Consumption • 92% - Agricultural • 5% - Industrial • 3% - Domestic. Groundwater Consumption • 92% - Agricultural • 5% - Industrial • 3% - Domestic. Surface water Consumption • 89% - Agricultural • 2% - Industrial • 9% - Domestic. Surface water Consumption • 89% - Agricultural • 2% - Industrial • 9% - Domestic.
- 39. Making earth little softer Water consumed In 1990 • 25 BCM of water for domestic • 460 BCM of water for agricultural • 40 BCM of water for industrial (10 BCM as process water + 30 BCM as cooling water) • Total 525 BCM (km3)
- 40. Making earth little softer Water Resources - Rainfall 2010 2025 2050 WATER (BCM) Low H Low H Low High Irrigation 543 557 561 611 628 807 Domestic 42 43 55 62 90 111 Industries 37 37 67 67 81 81 Power 18 19 31 33 70 70 Inland Navigation 7 7 10 10 15 15 Flood Control Not available Afforestation Not available Environment / Ecology 5 5 10 10 20 20 Evaporation Losses 42 42 50 50 76 76 Total (BCM) 694 710 784 843 980 1180 • Water Demand is rising, to grow 34% in next 25 years • Domestic/Industry mix demand growing faster than Irrigation • Ground water represents about 46% in Agriculture Supply and 80% of Domestic Supply. And its Growing
- 41. Making earth little softer 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 2 3 4 5 Demand,BCM Use Water Demand for Different Uses 1990 2025 2050 Irrigation Domestic Industry Power Others Water demand BCM – Billion cubic meter
- 42. Making earth little softer Use of Water Resources Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff Agriculture Industry Domestic Power plants United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture 38%
- 43. Making earth little softer Water Consumption # Country Average Usage per day 1 Kenya 10 litres (3 gallons) 2 Canadian 326 litres (86 gallons) 3 American person 500 litres (132 gallons) 4 India 53 litres (14 gallons) 5 Japan 292 litres (77 gallons) 6 Switzerland 405 litres (107 gallons)
- 44. Making earth little softer Water Usage # Task Av. use in gallon 1 To make four car tires 2072 2 1 pound of plastic 24 3 To refine 1barrel of crude oil 1851 4 To produce 1 pound of potato 60 5 To produce 1 pound of wheat 108 6 To produce 1 pound soybean 240 7 To produce 1 pound of beef 12009 8 To produce 1 kg Sugarcane 800 9 Cotton per kg of fabric 7672 10 To produce 1 kg of Rice 1325 1 Gallon = 3.78 Lit
- 45. Making earth little softer Uses of water Five Designated Best uses of water bodies Class Designated Best Use A Used for drinking without any treatment but with disinfections B Used for outdoor bathing C Used for drinking with treatment D Used for propagation of wild life and fisheries E Used for irrigation, Cooling and controlled waste disposal
- 46. Making earth little softer Water Usability Class Designated best use pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) MPN/ 100 ml A Drinking without treatment, but chlorination 6.5 – 8.5 6 or more 2 or less 50 B Outdoor Bathing 6.5 – 8.5 5 or more 3 or less 500 C Drinking with treatment 6.5 – 8.5 4 or more 3 or less 5000 D Propagation of wild life, fisheries 6.5 – 8.5 4 or more NA NA E Irrigation, Industrial cooling & controlled waste disposal 6.0 – 8.5 NA NA NA
- 47. Making earth little softer Drinking Water Quality Indian Standards for Drinking Water Quality S No Characteristics Acceptable Cause for Rejection 1 Turbidity (NTU) 1 10 2 TDS (mg/L) 500 2000 3 Nitrates (mg/L) 45 45 4 E Coli Must not be detectable 5 Chromium (mg/L) 0.05 0.05
- 48. Making earth little softer Drinking Water Quality Industrialization & Technology Industrialization & Technology LeadLead MercuryMercury Agri-PollutionAgri-Pollution Drugs & Shampoo Drugs & Shampoo ChlorineChlorine ArsenicArsenic FluorideFluoride AluminumAluminum Tap Water RustRust
- 49. Making earth little softer Water for Food–1 liter/calorie Description Liters of Water Daily Drinking Water 2 – 5 Liters of Water Daily Household Use 20 – 500 Liters of Water 1kg of Grain 500 to 2,000 Liters of Evapotranspiration (ET) Livestock products (meat, milk) 5,000 to 15,000 Liters of ET
- 50. Making earth little softer Sectoral water consumption is increasing due to increased demand Demand will double in the next 40 years Water consumption
- 51. Making earth little softer Highest Rain fall Mawsynram & Cherrapunji is credited as highest & second wettest place on Earth
- 52. Making earth little softer Highest Rain fall Mawsynram & Cherrapunji is credited as highest & second wettest place on Earth Country India State Meghalaya District East Khasi Hills Elevation 1,484 m (4,869 ft) Population (2011) • Total 14,816 • Density 397/km2 (1,030/sq mi ) Time zone IST (UTC+5:30) Precipitation 11,777 millimetres (463.7 in)
- 53. Making earth little softer Water use in India
- 54. Making earth little softer Water use in India
- 55. Making earth little softer Chemical Formula • What is the chemical formula of water? • The density of water is 1000 kg per m3 • It is measured in cubic foot, gallon (3.7854 lit), liter, quart (0.9463 lit), cup, etc Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen H2O Liquid measuring device
- 56. Making earth little softer Water pH 7.2 - death7.2 - death 7.4 – normal7.4 – normal blood pHblood pH pH potential of Hydrogen ions is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity “Without enough water, body goes acidic, goes into fat storing.”
- 57. Making earth little softer Water pH pH Color Chart 4.5 6.5 7.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 Neutral For clean water ACIDIC ALKALINE SicknessSickness HealthHealth pH of better quality of mineral water – 8.5 to 9.5
- 58. Making earth little softer Water & Earth • What % of the Earth is made up of water? • What % of water is Salt, Fresh, and Frozen? • The Earth is made up of approximately 70% water. • 97% of that water is salt water. Very little is water that we use to drink & cook • 2% of water is frozen. • 1% of water is fresh water
- 59. Making earth little softer Water & Body • What % of our body is made up of water? • Human body is made up of ~ 60-70% water • Medical source documents that men have 60% and women have 50% water.
- 60. Making earth little softer Water & Blood • What percentage of blood is water? • 92% of 55% which is 50.6% • It is composed of blood cells suspended in a liquid called blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume
- 61. Making earth little softer Function of Water in body • Identify main functions of water in the body’s metabolic process. • It delivers oxygen and nutrients to different parts • It removes toxins and waste from the body • Water also has other functions: • Regulates body temperature through perspiration • Reduces friction between joints and facilitates movement • Acts as a cushion between organs to protect • Facilitates normal functions of body processes.
- 62. Making earth little softer Water & Body • In what way the body lose water & How much? • A person can live without food for weeks but life cannot last more than few days without water . • Human body is 60-70 % water. We take water with food and drink, and lose it in urine, in sweat, and in our breath (as water vapor) • A person loses 1.89-2.83 lit of water every day as a result of their normal body functions • This much loss means if a person doesn't get any fluids for about three days, they will die. • 6-9 quarts (5.678-8.517 l) of water loss would cause death.
- 63. Making earth little softer Water & Body • Percentage of overall water loss occurs when: • Thirst is perceived. • Strength and endurance decrease. • Delirium and blurred vision become a problem and you can not move. • A person dies.
- 64. Making earth little softer Water & Body • In one day the person loses between 2 to 3 quarts of water through their urine, sweat, and normal breathing. If a person doesn't replace that lost water, then dehydration begins to occur. • At 1-2% dehydration, thirst is perceived. (.6-.9 quarts) • At 5% dehydration, a person becomes hot and tired, and strength and endurance decrease. (1.5-2.25 quarts) • At 10% dehydration, delirium & blurred vision become a problem, can not move. (3-4.5 quarts)
- 65. Making earth little softer Other Water Facts • 1.2 billion people lack access to safe water, • ~one-sixth of the world's population lack access to adequate sanitation services. • 6,000 die every day from diseases associated with unsafe water, poor sanitation & hygiene. • Unsafe water & sanitation cause an estimated 80 % of all diseases in the developing world. • Women and girls tend to suffer the most as a result of the lack of sanitation facilities. • One flush of a Western toilet uses as much water as the person in the developing world uses for washing, drinking, cleaning & cooking.
- 66. Making earth little softer Water facts..Continued • Water use has grown at twice the rate of population during the past century. • The Middle East, North Africa and South Asia are chronically short of water. • In developing countries, as much as 90 percent of waste water is discharged without treatment. • Over pumping groundwater for drinking water and irrigation has caused water levels to decline by tens of meters in many regions, forcing people to use low-quality water for drinking.
- 67. Making earth little softer Water facts..Continued • Losses of water through leakage, illegal hook- ups and waste amount to about 50 percent of water for drinking and 60 percent of water for irrigation in developing countries. • Floods affected more than 75 percent of all people impacted by natural disasters during the 1990s and caused over 33 percent of the total estimated costs of natural disasters.
- 68. Making earth little softer Problems using Groundwater Water table lowering Depletion Subsidence Saltwater intrusion Chemical contamination Reduced stream flows
- 69. Making earth little softer Water and sanitation • Investments in safe drinking water and improved sanitation show an improvement in human health and economic productivity. • Each person needs 20 to 50 liters of water free of harmful chemical and microbial contaminants each day for drinking and hygiene. • It’s a challenge to providing this basic service to large segments of the human population.
- 70. Making earth little softer Water - Globally
- 71. Making earth little softer Learning Objectives • To understand that water is a global issue and not just within certain countries • That lack of water is not the only issue in water insecurity and stress • Access to sanitation is linked to poverty • Development can hinder water quality, access and supply
- 72. Making earth little softer Human water needs • In the US usage in gallons/person/day • A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for hydration • Personal use - 188 • Additional 657 used for irrigation, industrial use • Total per capita use is about 2000 gal/person/day • If world’s water supply were 100 liters, the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp (teaspoon) • US has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan
- 73. Making earth little softer Distribution
- 74. Making earth little softer Global water situation • Estimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water • At least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. • With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these water bodies could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes.
- 75. Making earth little softer A very personal look at water • What happens to water before you drink it? • What happens to water after you dispose of it? • Approximately 57% of Canadians are served by wastewater treatment plants, compared with 74% of Americans, 86.5% of Germans, and 99% of Swedes. • Approximately 99% of Swedes are served by wastewater treatment plants
- 76. Making earth little softer • The number of people with access to clean water has doubled in the last 20 years. • 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the population. • The number of people with access to clean water has doubled in the last 20 years. • 1.1 billion people in the world still do not have access to safe water. This is nearly 20% of the population. Clean water
- 77. Making earth little softer The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population won’t have reliable, clean water. The UN estimates that by 2025, 75% of the world population won’t have reliable, clean water. Water future
- 78. Making earth little softer Water Resources • Over the last century • Human population has increased 3x • Global water withdrawal has increased 7x • Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4x • About one-sixth of the world’s people don’t have easy access to safe water • Most water resources are owned & managed by governments as publicly owned resources
- 79. Making earth little softer Water issue Characteristic of Water Issues • Water is an issue of many sectors such as industry, environment, agriculture, etc • It is the fundamental issue related to the human security and social and economic development • The strong leadership and commitment of the national leaders are essential.
- 80. Making earth little softer Global Water Issue 2.6 billion not have access to proper sanitation facilities (JMP Report, UNICEF/WHO 2006) 1.1 billion not have access to proper drinking water facilities (JMP Report, UNICEF/WHO 2006) 3.8 million People die each year of water related diseases(UN World Water Dev, 2006) 7 billion People in 60 countries will be facing water shortage by the middle of 21st century (UN World Water Development 2003) 2 billion will suffer from food damage stemming from population increase & climate change by the middle of the 21st century (UNU-EHS 2004)
- 81. Making earth little softer Water Issues in Asia-Pacific Water Supply and Sanitation 660 million people live without access to safe drinking water. 1.9 billion people live without access to basic sanitation. Water-related Disaster The region accounted for 80% of the world’s total deaths due to water-related disasters (2001-2005). Water and Food 80% of water used for agriculture in the region. 60% of the world’s population lives in the region. 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 8,153 43,167 39,689 62,273 3,363 2,946 13,808 13,432 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 Numberofpeoplekilled (5-yearaverage) year Number of people killed by water-related disaster other regions Asia-Pacific 60 ％ 80 ％
- 82. Making earth little softer Too Little Water Dry climate Drought Desiccation Water stress Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million
- 83. Making earth little softer Interesting fact
- 84. Making earth little softer Water consumption/ countries
- 85. Making earth little softer Water consumption/use
- 86. Making earth little softer Global Water Crisis
- 87. Making earth little softer source: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the decade http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007ImprovedAccessWaterSanitation/en/index.html Access to Safe drinking water
- 88. Making earth little softer Improved Drinking Water Sources Unimproved Drinking Water Sources -Piped water into dwelling, plot or yard -Public tap/standpipe -Tubewell/borehole -Protected dug well -Protected spring -Rainwater collection -Unprotected dug well -Unprotected spring -Cart with small tank/drum -Bottled water -Tanker-truch -Surface water (river, dm, lake, etc) Access to Safe drinking water
- 89. Making earth little softer source: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target : the urban and rural challenge of the decade http://www.who.int/whosis/indicators/2007ImprovedAccessWaterSanitation/en/index.html Access to improved Sanitation
- 90. Making earth little softer Improved Sanitation Facilities Unimproved Sanitation Facilities -Flush or pour-flush to piped sewer system, septic tank and pit latrine -Ventilated improved pit latrine -Pit latrine with slab -Composting toilet -Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere -Pit latrine without slab or open pit -Bucket -Hanging toilet / latrine -No facilities or bush or field Access to improved Sanitation
- 91. Making earth little softer Scarcity 1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity We already inhabit a water scarce world
- 92. Making earth little softer Most hungry and poor people live where water challenges pose a constraint to food production Hunger Goal Indicator: Prevalence of undernourished in developing countries, percentage 2001/2002 (UNstat, 2005) The semi-arid and arid tropics: 840 million malnourished people remaining Challenge
- 93. Making earth little softer Water Insecurity Where do you feel there are areas in the world that have issues of water Insecurity
- 94. Making earth little softer Water Security Crisis • 2nd world water forum in 2000 deemed water a key issue • Health, welfare and livelihoods depend on secure supplies • Demand and misuse are high • World water forum
- 95. Making earth little softer Asia and Pacific • 1/3 of pop’n lacks access to clean drinking water • 500,000 infant related deaths through diarrhoea • Levels of bacteria from human sources is 10x higher than recommended levels • Agriculture accounts for 90% of freshwater withdrawals in S. Asia • Aquifer depletion in Asia has reduced water availability per capita by over half • Withdrawals in W. Africa far exceed natural replacement levels
- 96. Making earth little softer Africa • 25 out of the 57 countries will face either water stress or scarcity by 2025 • Over 300 million lack access to clean water • Sub Saharan Africa this is much worse with over 51% without safe water and 41% without adequate sanitation • Agriculture accounts for 88% of all groundwater removed and has no protection
- 97. Making earth little softer Europe and Central Asia • Lack of access to clean water in E. Europe and Central Asia • Over half of all European cities over-exploit their groundwater reserves • Declining water quality in countries with groundwater pollution (Aral Sea) – the Med and Scandinavian Lakes
- 98. Making earth little softer Latin America & Caribbean • Groundwater contamination and depletion from industrial, agriculture and mining waste • Poor sanitation on 2% of sewage is treated in Latin America • Economic Scarcity with conflict over access and use
- 99. Making earth little softer North America • Aquifer depletion in increasing due to urban pop’n growth, develp’t of industry and agriculture (Cotton in Texas) • Water pollution from agricultural runoff has contaminated some surface waters. (Salton Sea)
- 100. Making earth little softer Is that the whole world??
- 101. Making earth little softer What can be done about this?
- 102. Making earth little softer Emerging pattern • The balance between human demand and availability is precarious • Access to clean water is not always guaranteed when it should be a fundamental right • Pop’n growth especially in the third world mean prospects are not good. • UN's world water development report
- 103. Making earth little softer Millennium Development Goals • In 2000 had a target to halve by 2015 the proportion of people without access to sustainable water supplies • By 2005 only 12% of developing countries had managed to do this • In some LEDC’s fresh and waste water aren’t even separated. (Cholera and dysentery)
- 104. Making earth little softer How water is used • In the western US, irrigation makes up 85% of all water use • 50% to grow food for livestock • 35% to grow crops • Not sustainable…cost of water is heavily subsidized by the federal government
- 105. Making earth little softer Key Areas-Direct Operations • Virtually all business organizations utilize water in the production of their goods & services, the extent of use varies • For instance, water-infrastructure companies play a direct role in working with governments and municipalities to manage water and wastewater systems. • In other cases, water is a primary ingredient in an organization’s final product. Water is also crucial in the manufacturing or development process of many companies. In still others, water is a primary resource in the supply chain.
- 106. Making earth little softer Key Areas-Direct Operations • In areas of water stress, rapid industrialization place significant demands on water resources. • Therefore, we pledge to undertake the following actions as appropriate & during the period 1.Conduct a comprehensive water-use assessment (audits) to understand the extent to which the company uses water in the direct production of goods and services. 2.Set targets for operations related to water conservation and waste-water treatment, framed in a corporate cleaner production and consumption strategy.
- 107. Making earth little softer Key Areas-Direct Operations 3. Seek to invest in and use new technologies to achieve these goals. 4. Raise awareness of water sustainability within corporate culture. 5. Include water sustainability considerations in business decision-making – e.g., facility-siting, due diligence, and production processes.
- 108. Making earth little softer Benefit of saving • Everyone will also get enough water to use • Save water, reduce electricity & water bills, also reduce maintenance efforts, time & cost • Water harvesting • Utilise Grey water • Water efficient garden • Using water efficient products • No waiting or running behind tankers • Save water and protect our environment
- 109. Making earth little softer Benefit of saving • Covering the swimming pool • Lowers the pool temperature • Decreases evaporation • Prevents debris falling on the pool surface • Reduce sunlight penetration, reduce amount of chemicals needed to keep the pool clean. • By covering your vehicles when not in use, use less water & efforts for washing • Water efficient gardens use plants that attract native birds, makes it more enjoyable • A water efficient garden directs water to where it is needed, so no problem with runoff or erosion.
- 110. Making earth little softer Benefit of saving • Conserving water saves money allowing marketing edge in a very competitive industry. • Protecting valuable water resources maintains competitive advantage. • Enhance relationships with staff, customers and the local community • Enhance organization’s reputation as an environmentally responsible employer • Save on energy bills by reducing hot water usage
- 111. Making earth little softer Benefit of saving • More water available for local streams, wetlands, and their natural inhabitants • Reducing impact on local water supplies and systems • Reduced pumping need reduces energy costs • Decreased infrastructure requirements such as maintenance and upgrades of equipment • Reduced environmental risks associated with wastewater • Preparation of company for future water restriction and increased water prices
- 112. Making earth little softer Benefit of saving • Water recycling and runoff management allows further use of water for free • Increase productivity- efficient water use leads to greater returns per hectare. • Improve whole farm efficiency and sustainability. • Prevent deep drainage from over-watering. • Saving money through reduced water costs and more effective use of fertilizers • Lower energy requirements for pumping less water reduces costs. • Decreases demand on local water supply. • Allow farmers to maximize irrigated area
- 113. Making earth little softer Benefit of saving • Increased savings through reduced water and pumping costs • Reduced fertilizer application • Lower energy requirements for pumping • Reduced amount of drainage water and surface runoff • Additional water for expansion or trading • Less impact on environment
- 114. Making earth little softer What have we learnt • There is no life without water • Extremely small % of fresh & usable water is available for human being out of total stock • That water is a global issue and not just within certain countries • That lack of water is not the only issue, but also water insecurity and water stress • Access to sanitation is linked to poverty • Development can hinder water quality, access and supply • Using water carefully could minimize the scarcity
- 115. Making earth little softer
- 116. Making earth little softer References • www.wikipedia.org; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net • Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource • U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa) • MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240 • Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein • Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive Director,Jankalyana • Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s • Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć, • Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz • Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor • Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL • Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management Institute • Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>. • We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html> • “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68. • Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama • Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore) • Water Pollution By DiGiT • Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman • Water Pollution by Home • Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya • John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution • pppst.com • kangenforall.com
Editor's Notes
- #6: amongst planets of our solar system because of The vast majority of water on the planet is the salt water in the oceans and seas. We can not drink salt water or use it for crops because of the salt content & is heavy. Process of removal of salt is very expensive.
- #8: Men recognized since ancient times its importance, and identified as one of the main constituents of the universe, giving it a deep symbolic value, found in major religions. that covers more than three-fourths of the Earth's surface.
- #10: Means of support - Turgid plant cells /Hydrostatic animal support systems Organisms are composed 70%-95% of water Supportive external environment for aquatic organisms Cellular medium within which biochemical reactions can occur Transport medium for food, oxygen, and other things needed by cells Means of support-Turgid plant cells /Hydrostatic animal support systems
- #15: It does not include water from the toilet. By recycling grey water, you can reduce domestic water consumption by up to 20%. Collecting and using rainwater can save large amounts of water.
- #17: ; leaves salts in ocean. and transpired.
- #22: or an unconsolidated deposit
- #38: Tamilnadu used more than 50% of Ground water resources.
- #44: On Water Consumption: (Source: Every Body Counts, Every Drop Matters, UN Classroom Resource Guide)
- #45: On Water Usage: (Source: Jefferson County Water Issues; Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation and Health (Island Press, Washington DC, 2001)
- #56: Feel free to print the slide for each team. Make them submit it back with the answers on the back perhaps so the questions aren’t floating round if you have other classes doing this activity. After they submit the answer, document their points on the page for their records and back up for you. They should keep this in a team notebook.
- #57: Feel free to print the slide for each team. Make them submit it back with the answers on the back perhaps so the questions aren’t floating round if you have other classes doing this activity. After they submit the answer, document their points on the page for their records and back up for you. They should keep this in a team notebook.
- #58: Feel free to print the slide for each team. Make them submit it back with the answers on the back perhaps so the questions aren’t floating round if you have other classes doing this activity. After they submit the answer, document their points on the page for their records and back up for you. They should keep this in a team notebook.
- #59: More water facts that can be added to the slide show and tests if desired. (Source: http://www.epa.gov/reg5rcra/wptdiv/p2pages/water.pdf) EARTH’S TOTAL WATER SUPPLY Oceans (saltwater) = 97.2% Fresh water = 2.8% EARTH’S FRESH WATER SUPPLY Ice caps and glaciers = 82.1% Groundwater (aquifers*) = 14.3% Surface water (lakes, rivers, and streams) = 2.4% Air and soil = 1.2%
- #61: (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood contents – Plasma contains ),and contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide Blood Is made of white cells, red cells, platelets, and plasma. The plasma is the part that has water. Plasma is 55% of the blood. 90% of plasma is water. So….90% of 55% which is 49.5%. What percentage of blood is water? 90% of 55% which is 49.5% When spun in a centrifuge, the cells and cell fragments of blood are separated from the liquid intercellular matrix. Because the formed elements are heavier than the liquid matrix, they are packed in the bottom of the tube by the centrifugal force. The light yellow colored liquid on the top is the plasma, which accounts for about 55 percent of the blood volume and red blood cells is called the hematocrit,or packed cell volume (PCV). The white blood cells and platelets form a thin white layer, called the "buffy coat," between plasma and red blood cells. Plasma is the watery fluid portion of blood (90 percent water) in which the corpuscular elements are suspended. It transports nutrients as well as wastes throughout the body. Various compounds, including proteins, electrolytes, carbohydrates, minerals, and fats, are dissolved in it.
- #63: Students would need nine sources here perhaps to gain full credit. I was not able to find one source that had all the information. The last question can be calculated by using the water lost in a day times the number of days you can survive without water.
- #64: Recall how much water the average person loses in one day through their urine, sweat, and normal breathing. Calculate the amount of water loss for each based on the amount of water lost per day. Students could present this with a bar graph of body outlines with the water levels shaded in. Students could list the actions and the amount of water. Attach page of math calculations! Expect a professional looking graph for this, not a sketch. Eggling, Sue. Effects of Water Loss. Clackamas Community College. 8 December 2008 <http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch106-06/effects.htm>.
- #65: Students could present this with a bar graph of body outlines with the water levels shaded in. Students could list the actions and the amount of water. Expect a professional looking graph for this, not a sketch.
- #66: The State of the World's Freshwater: (Source: The United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development) <http://www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>
- #67: The State of the World's Freshwater: (Source: The United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development) <http://www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>
- #68: The State of the World's Freshwater: (Source: The United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development) <http://www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>
- #82: JWF: The Asia-Pacific Water Forum is necessary, because the Asia-Pacific region is in water crisis (as shown) and demands immediate and concerted action.
- #109: It does not include water from the toilet. By recycling grey water, you can reduce domestic water consumption by up to 20%. Collecting and using rainwater can save large amounts of water. Water harvesting reduces water bills Others will also get enough water to use You will never run out of water or stand in queues on the road waiting for water lorries! Using water-efficient products, save money on water & electricity bill and help the environment. Covering the swimming pool lowers the pool temperature, decreases evaporation and prevents debris from falling on the pool surface. By preventing sunlight from penetrating the water, you will also reduce the amount of chemicals needed to keep the pool clean.
- #110: A water efficient garden contributes less to storm water flow, reducing the need for costly public storm water projects. Water efficient gardens can be healthy gardens. By using the correct products and plants, you can maintain plant life and improve soil conditions. Grey water will usually require treatment. By covering your vehicles when not in use, use less water & efforts for washing Utilise grey water in societies & save water & electricity bill Water efficient gardens can reduce water bills and running costs. They can require less maintenance saving in time Water efficient gardens use plants that attract native birds, making your garden a more enjoyable, relaxing environment. A water efficient garden directs water to where it is needed, so no problem with runoff or erosion.
- #111: A water efficient garden contributes less to storm water flow, reducing the need for costly public storm water projects. Water efficient gardens can be healthy gardens. By using the correct products and plants, you can maintain plant life and improve soil conditions. Grey water will usually require treatment.
- #112: A water efficient garden contributes less to storm water flow, reducing the need for costly public storm water projects. Water efficient gardens can be healthy gardens. By using the correct products and plants, you can maintain plant life and improve soil conditions. Grey water will usually require treatment.
- #113: A water efficient garden contributes less to storm water flow, reducing the need for costly public storm water projects. Water efficient gardens can be healthy gardens. By using the correct products and plants, you can maintain plant life and improve soil conditions. Grey water will usually require treatment.
- #114: A water efficient garden contributes less to storm water flow, reducing the need for costly public storm water projects. Water efficient gardens can be healthy gardens. By using the correct products and plants, you can maintain plant life and improve soil conditions. Grey water will usually require treatment.