3.9 addition to the cie system
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The CIE system of color specification established in 1931 has remained largely unchanged, but some additions have been made over time, including: - Defining standard illuminants D and supplementary standard observer based on 10-degree field of view in 1964. - Recommending reference standards for measuring reflectance factors. - Specifying measurement geometries such as 45/0 and 0/45 viewing configurations.
![• The original 1931 CIE standard observer was based on
experiments using a 2° field of view.
• This is a much narrower field of view than that normally used for
critical colour appraisal.
• In addition, a few problems were encountered using the 1931
observer, possibly due to the distribution coefficients being too
low at short wavelengths .
• New colour-matching experiments were therefore carried out by
Stiles and Burch [15] and by Speranskaya .
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3.9 addition to the cie system
- 1. Since the CIE system of colour specification was adopted in 1931 the basic system has remained unchanged, but with increasing experience some additions have been made. COMPILED BY TANVEER 1 AHMED
- 2. D illuminants 1964 supplementary standard observer (10°) Standard of reflectance factor COMPILED BY TANVEER 2 AHMED
- 3. • Illuminants B and C were intended to represent • different phases of daylight. • Later measurements showed that • neither represents any common phase of daylight at all closely, particularly in the near- UV region . • This latter aspect is particularly important • when considering samples treated with fluorescent brightening agents(FBA). COMPILED BY TANVEER 3 AHMED
- 4. • Illuminant D65 is based on measurements of the total daylight (sun plus sky) in several countries. • Except for times near sunrise and sunset, the relative spectral energy distribution generally corresponds to • correlated colour temperatures between 6000 and 7000 K. • If we consider illumination by only part of the sky • (a portion of blue sky from a north-facing window, • for example, • or direct evening sunlight from a west-facing window), • the correlated colour temperature and energy distribution can be quite different. COMPILED BY TANVEER 4 AHMED
- 5. • Judd et al. showed that • The different relative energy distributions could be represented quite closely by • a series of curves dependent only on the correlated colour temperature of the particular form of daylight . • Taking Judd’s work into account, the CIE has defined a series of D illuminants with • correlated colour temperatures ranging from • 4000 to 25 000 K. • In the interests of standardization, the CIE recommends that • D65 should be used whenever possible. COMPILED BY TANVEER 5 AHMED
- 6. • There seems to be no doubt that the D illuminants represent • a substantial improvement over illuminants B and C. • Illuminant B has rarely been used, • and in recent years illuminant C has been almost completely replaced by the D illuminants, D65 in particular. • The major problem with the D illuminants in that • there is no satisfactory way of obtaining, say, D65 in the laboratory. • Problems occur with metameric pairs. A pair that are a close match according to tristimulus values calculated for D65 might well be seen to be a poor match when viewed under a so-called daylight source in a viewing cabinet: the match might well look better if inspected under real daylight, however. COMPILED BY TANVEER 6 AHMED
- 7. • The original 1931 CIE standard observer was based on experiments using a 2° field of view. • This is a much narrower field of view than that normally used for critical colour appraisal. • In addition, a few problems were encountered using the 1931 observer, possibly due to the distribution coefficients being too low at short wavelengths . • New colour-matching experiments were therefore carried out by Stiles and Burch [15] and by Speranskaya . COMPILED BY TANVEER 7 AHMED
- 8. • The experiments were similar to those by Wright and Guild for the 1931 standard observer in that each wavelength in turn was visually matched using an additive mixture of the primary light sources. • The main difference was the much wider field of view (10°). • As indicated earlier, the use of wide fields with metameric matches causes problems. • These were largely overcome by ignoring the centre 2° of the field of view. • The two sets of experimental results were combined and used to define the 1964 (10°) CIE supplementary standard observer. COMPILED BY TANVEER 8 AHMED
- 9. • It is recommended that the 1964 observer is used whenever a more accurate correlation with visual colour matching of fields greater than 4° is required. • There is probably little to choose between the two standard observers for some applications. COMPILED BY TANVEER 9 AHMED
- 10. • The original CIE recommendation was that the sample should be – illuminated at 45° to the surface – and the light viewed normally, i.e. at right angles to the surface. – This mode can be represented by ‘45/0’. • It was assumed that the opposite mode (0/45) would give the same result, but this is not the case if the incident light is polarised . • Four possible sets of conditions are now recommended. These are 45/0, 0/45, d/0 and 0/d. • In the third case the sample is illuminated by diffuse light • while in the last case the light reflected at all angles is collected (using an integrating sphere). COMPILED BY TANVEER 10 AHMED
- 11. • The CIE recommends that reflectance measurements should be made – relative to a perfect diffuser, – i.e. a sample that diffusely reflects all the light incident upon it. • No such surface exists, but working standards of known spectral reflectance factors are normally used, allowing the correct results to be obtained. • For example, if the working standard reflects 98% of the light of a particular wavelength – all values measured relative to the working standard – need to be multiplied by 100/98. • In practice, instrument manufacturers supply calibrated white tiles with their instruments. Using these, corrected R values are obtained automatically. COMPILED BY TANVEER 11 AHMED
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- 13. • Many spectrophotometers give reflectance readings at 10 or 20 nm intervals; • in this case there is no official CIE advice and different tables of values have been published. • Stearns has described a method which allows • appropriate adjustments to the tables • of Eλ Xbarλ etc. • values to be calculated for any wavelength intervals. • The results • from using these adjusted tables are consistent • with those obtained using 5 nm interval tables • and interpolated R values where necessary. COMPILED BY TANVEER 13 AHMED
- 14. • Values from other sources are slightly different, and it is difficult to argue that • one set is better than another. • Even very small differences can cause problems, • however (for example, when checking computer programs), • and it is highly desirable that everyone uses the same set of values. • In an attempt to promote uniformity of practice, the Colour Measurement Committee(CMC) of the Society of Dyers and Colourists has recently recommended that • the corresponding values recommended • by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) • should be used. COMPILED BY TANVEER 14 AHMED