3c experimenting and interpreting data

THREE-DAY DIVISION TRAINING
FOR GRADES I AND II TEACHERS
ON LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
AND PROCESS SKILLS
November 8-10,2012

Experimenting
INTEGRATED PROCESS SKILLS
In
Teaching Elementary Science

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, the participants
are expected to:
•plan and conduct a simple investigation.
•identify the variables involved in the
science investigation presented.
•employ simple equipment and tools to
gather data and extend the senses.
•use data to construct a reasonable
explanation.
•communicate investigation and explanation.

ACTIVITY
Rising Against Time
Materials:
Paper towel Stopwatch
Food coloring Metric ruler
Plastic cup or beaker Pencil
Water

ACTIVITY
Procedure:
•Using the available materials, create a design
and conduct a simple investigation to
determine The Effect of Submersion Time
on the Height of a Colored Liquid that will
rise in a Paper Towel.

ACTIVITY
•Construct a data table and an appropriate
graph for the investigation.
•Interpret your results.
•Present the group output
for 2-3 mins.

Describing the Experimental Procedure:
1. Is the list of steps complete?
2. Are all the materials and equipments
included?
3. Is the procedure written for only one level
of independent variable?
4. Did you indicate the number of repetitions
for repeated trials?

Identifying variables.
1. What do you call all the factors that could
change in an experiment?
2. What factor did you purposely change or
manipulated in the experiment?
3. What factor responded to the factor that
was manipulated? How will you call that
factor?
4. What factors remained the same or
unchanged in the experiment?

System of Recording Data.
1. Does the system of recording data
communicate the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables?
2. Does the system’s title communicate the
purpose of the experiment?

Science
Process
(Integrated)
Definition Example Purpose
Experiment-
ing
Experimenting is
the activity that
puts together all
the process
skills from
identifying
problems to
making
conclusions
Experiment
to study the
solubility of
sugar in
water
This skill helps
students to act
like a scientist.
In everyday life,
it helps a person
solve a problem
systematically
and
scientifically.

Experimentation is a cause-and-effect
test between two variables. All processes
may be involved. This can begin with
setting a problem to be solved, identifying
variables to be controlled, making
operational definitions, devising the test
to be carried out and following the
prescribed procedure or steps.

Identifying and
Controlling
Variables
Experimental Components

Variable
-any factor that could
change in an experiment

Controlling variables involves the
process of deciding which variables
or factors will influence the outcome
of an experiment, situation or event
and deliberately controlling all
recognized variables in a systematic
manner.

Independent Variable
The factor that is purposefully
changed or manipulated in
an experiment.

Dependent Variable
The factor or variable that
may change as a result of
changes purposely made in
the independent variable.

Independent Variable
-you change it variable
Dependent Variable
-it changed variable
Independent vs Dependent

Constant Variables
Factors in an experiment that
are kept the same and not
allowed to change or vary.

Controlled Set-up
It is the part of an experiment that serves
as a standard of comparison. A control is
used to detect the effects of factors that
should be kept constant, but which vary.
The control may be a “no treatment” group
or an “experimenter selected” control.

The number of times that a level of
the independent variable is tested in
an experiment or the
number of objects or organisms
tested at each level of the
independent variable
Repeated Trials

Situation :
You want to see what color of bird feeders
your local birds preferred.
Red? Blue? Green

Independent Variable: color of the feeders
Dependent Variable: amount of seed eaten
Constant: everything else that is kept the
same.
for example:
•the location of the feeders
•the kind of seeds used
•putting the feeders out at the same time

Hypothesis
A prediction of the relationship of an
independent and dependent variable
to be tested in an experiment; it
predicts the effect that the changes
purposely made in the independent
variable will have on the dependent
variable.

Hypothesis
Frequently, a hypothesis is stated
in an if …… then….. format.

Science
Processes
(Integrated)
Identifying
and
controlling
variables
Recognizing the
characteristics of
objects of factors
in events that are
constant or
change under
different
conditions
Listing or describing the
factors that are thought
to, or would influence
the rate at which the ice
cube melts (eg.
Temperature, air
movement)
The process of identifying
and controlling variables is
very important in scientific
inquiry. The most definitive
results of an investigation
are obtained when the
variables can be identified
and carefully controlled.
Defining
variables
operationally
Specifying the
variables and
how they can be
measured. They
may be specified
differently for
different
investigations.
In studying about the
effects of fertilizer on
the rate of growth, rate
of growth can be
defined as the increase
in height in mm per
week. The amount of
fertilizer can be defined
as the weight of the
fertilizer in mg given to
This skill is very useful in
carrying out investigations
so that precise data can
be obtained

Science
Processes
(Integrated)
Recording Data Collecting bits of information
about objects and events that
illustrate a specific situation
Gathering information about
observations and
measurements in a
systematic way.
Converting numerical
quantities into a diagram that
shows the relationships
among the quantities
Taking notes,
graphing or
tabulating data or
readings of a
thermometer during
an investigation
Data collected in a
proper manner will help
us identify patterns in the
results.
Interpreting Data Analyzing data that have
been obtained and organized
by determining apparent
patterns or relationships in
the data
Studying a graph,
chart, or table of
data
Skill of interpreting data
will help a person
understand what others
try to explain. In
everyday life, we are
constantly interpreting
data when we watch the
news in television or
when we read weather
maps.

THREE-DAY DIVISION TRAINING
FOR GRADES I AND II TEACHERS
ON LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY
AND PROCESS SKILLS
November 8-10,2012
MARIETTA E. JUMALON
Justice Vicente Santiago Elementary School

Interpreting Data, Analyzing Data/
Evaluating
INTEGRATED PROCESS SKILLS
In
Teaching Elementary Science

Data Tables
Accepted Guidelines and Conventions in
Constructing Data Table.
1. The independent variable is almost always
recorded in the left column and the dependent
variable in the right.
. Column for
Independent
Variable
Column for
Dependent
Variable
Column for
Derived Quantity
Time Paper Towel
Submerged (sec)
Height Liquid Rose
In Towel (mm) Average Height
1 2 3
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
11
14
14
15
16
17
19
10
14
14
15
16
17
20
11
13
14
16
16
18
19
11
14
14
15
16
17
19

2. When repeated trials are conducted, they
are recorded in subdivisions of the
dependent variable column.
Column for
Independent
Variable
Column for
Dependent
Variable
Column for
Derived Quantity
Time Paper Towel
Submerged (sec)
Height Liquid Rose
1 2 3
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
11
14
14
15
16
17
19
10
14
14
15
16
17
20
11
13
14
16
16
18
19
11
14
14
15
16
17
19

3. If derived quantities are calculated, they
are recorded in an additional column to
the right..
Column for
Independent
Variable
Column for
Dependent
Variable
Column for
Derived Quantity
Time Paper Towel
Submerged (sec)
Height Liquid Rose
1 2 3
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
11
14
14
15
16
17
19
10
14
14
15
16
17
20
11
13
14
16
16
18
19
11
14
14
15
16
17
19

4.When recording data in a table, the
values of the independent variable are
ordered. The data may be arranged from
smallest to largest or largest to smallest
5.The title of the data table should clearly
communicate the purpose of the
experiment through specific references
to the variables under investigation.

Column for
Independent
Variable
Column for
Dependent
Variable
Column for
Derived Quantity
Time Paper
Towel
Submerged (sec)
Height Liquid Rose
1 2 3
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
11
14
14
15
16
17
19
10
14
14
15
16
17
20
11
13
14
16
16
18
19
11
14
14
15
16
17
19
Table 1. The Effect of Submersion Time on the Height a
Liquid Rose In a Paper Towel

Graphs
Graphs communicate in pictorial form
the data collected in an experiment.
A well constructed graph
communicates experimental findings
more readily than a data table.

Observations and measurements of
variables can be classified as either
discrete or continuous.
Constructing Graphs

Discrete data are categorical or counted
data.
Examples: days of the week, gender,
kind of animals, brand of soap, number
of children, or color.
Bar graphs are appropriate for these
types of variables.

Continuous data –associated with
measurements involving a standard scale
with equal intervals.
Examples: height of plants in centimeters,
the amount of fertilizers in grams, length
of time in seconds
A line graph is a better way to depict the
data.

Constructing Line Graphs
1. Label the x-axis as the independent
variable and y-axis as the dependent
variable.

2. Determine an interval scale for each axis
that is appropriate for the data to be
plotted.

3. Plot the data pairs as data points on a graph.
4. Summarize trends

Types of relationships (between variables)

Science
Processes
Definition Example
Basic Skills that form the foundation for
later and more complex skills
Observing,
communicating,
classifying, measuring,
inferring, and
predicting.
Integrated Skills in which an individual will
need to learn to design and
conduct scientific investigations.
These empower individuals to
answer many of their questions.
Defining operationally,
identifying and
controlling variables,
recording and
interpreting data,
constructing
hypothesis, and
experimenting

For each of the scenarios below answer questions A-C.
A. Identify the independent variable, dependent variable,
number of repeated trials, constants, and control (if present)
B. Identify the hypothesis for the experiment. If the hypothesis
is not explicitly stated, write one for the scenario.
C. State at least two ways to improve the experiment described
in the scenario.

1. Ten seeds were planted in each of 5 pots found around the
house that contained 500 g of “Juan’s potting soil”. The pots
were given the following amounts of distilled water each day
for 40 days: Pot 1, 50 ml; Pot 2, 100 ml; Pot 3, 150 ml, Pot 4,
200 ml; Pot 5, 250 ml. because Pot 3 received the
recommended amount of water, it was used as a control. The
height of each plant was measured at the end of the
experiment.

2. Gloria wanted to find out if the color of food would affect
whether kindergarten children would select it for lunch. She
put food coloring into 4 identical bowls of lugaw. The colors
were red, green, yellow and blue. Each child chose a bowl of
lugaw of the color of their choice. Gloria did this experiment
using 100 pupils. She recorded the number of pupils that
chose each color.

3. Sandy heard that plants compete for space. She decided
to test this idea. She bought a mixture of flower seeds and
some potting soil. Into each of 5 plastic cups she put the
same amount of soil. In the first cup she planted 2 seeds, in
the second cup she planted 4 seeds, in the third cup 8
seeds, and in the fourth cup she planted 16 seeds. In the
last cup she planted 32 seeds. After 25 days she determined
which set of plants looked best

4. Ester became interested in insulation while her parent’s
new house was being built. She decided to determine which
insulation transferred the least heat. She filled each of 5 jars
half full with water. She sealed each jar with plastic lid. Then
she wrapped each jar with a different kind of insulation. She
put the jars outside in the direct sunlight. Later, she
measured the temperature of the water in each jar

For each experiment title listed, state whether the experiment
should be graphed as a bar or a line graph.
A. The Effect of Coloration on the Number of Kittens sold at
a Pet Store.
B. The Effects of Concentration of Sugar Water on the Number
of Visits of Hummingbirds to a Feeder.
C. The Effectiveness of Different Brands of Paper Towels
on the Absorption of Water.
D. The Effect of the Horsepower of Tractor on the mass
of Sled it can Pull

•Students use process skills to build a
conceptual understanding of science
content.
•Students of all ages use all of the process
skills. Each skill can be practiced at
simple and increasingly complex levels.
Take-Home Messages

•Process skills are not used separately but
as intertwined, coherent sets of skills.
•Teachers can redesign activities to help
students develop stronger process skills.
Take-Home Messages

3c experimenting and interpreting data

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3c experimenting and interpreting data