3. INTRODUCTION
• SQL is structured query language, which
is a computer language for storing,
manipulating and retrieving data stored
in a relational database
• SQL, is a standardized computer
language that was originally developed
by IBM for database querying,.
4. WHAT
SQL
CAN
DO?
SQL can create
new databases
Create
SQL can create
new tables in a
database
Create
SQL can set
permissions on
tables, procedures,
and views
Set
5. WHAT
SQL
CAN
DO?
SQL can execute
queries against a
database
Execute
SQL can retrieve data
from a database
Retrieve
SQL can insert records
in a database
Insert
SQL can update
records in a database
Update
SQL can delete
records from a
database
Delete
6. DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Enterprise, Developer Versions, Etc.
• Express Version Is Free Of Charge
• Oracle
• Mysql (Oracle, Previously Sun
Microsystems) - Mysql Can Be Used
Free Of Charge (Open Source
License), Web Sites That Use Mysql:
Youtube, Wikipedia, Facebookd
• Microsoft Access
• Ibm Db2
• Sybase
7. Relational Database
• Relational database is a collection of
organized set of tables from which
data can be accessed easily.
• Relational database store data in a
tabular form,
• It consists of number of tables and
each table has its own primary key
8. What is a table
• A table is a collection of data elements
organized in terms of rows and columns
Ex: Employee Table
9. What is a record
• A single entry in a table is called a Record or
Row.
• A Record in a table represents set of related data
Ex: Employee Table
• This table consist of 4 records
10. What is a field?
• A table consists of several records(row),
• Each record can be broken into several smaller
entities known as Fields.
Ex: Employee Table
• Each record have four fields as ID , Name, Age, Slary
11. What is a column
• A column is a set of value of a particular
type. The term Attribute is also used to
represent a column
Ex: Employee Table
18. SQL AND, OR and NOT operator
• The AND and OR operators are used to filter records
based on more than one condition
• The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions
separated by AND are TRUE.
• The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions
separated by OR is TRUE
20. ORDER BY keyword
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set in
ascending or descending order.
selects all customers from the
"Customers" table, sorted by the
"Country" column: Default in
ascending
that it orders by Country, but if some
rows have the same Country, it orders
them by CustomerName:
21. INSERT INTO Statement
• The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.
Order of the values is in the same
order as the columns in the table
22. SQL UPDATE statement
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing
records in a table.
23. SQL DELETE STATEMENT
• The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records
in a table.
24. SQL NULL VALUES
• If a field in a table is optional, it is possible to insert a new record or
update a record without adding a value to this field. Then, the field will
be saved with a NULL value.
27. Aggregate functions in SQL
• Aggregate functions are used to summarize information from multiple
tuples into a single-tuple summary. A number of built-in aggregate
functions exist
• COUNT
• SUM
• MAX
• MIN
• AVG
28. COUNT
• The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches
a specified criteria.
29. SUM
• The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.
30. MAX
• The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected
column.
31. MIN
• The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected
column
32. AVG
• The AVG() function returns the average value of a numeric column
33. Grouping: The GROUP BY and
HAVING Clauses
• The GROUP BY statement group rows that have the same values into
summary rows
• The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions
lists the number of customers in
each country
34. • The HAVING clause use with SQL because the WHERE keyword
could not be used with aggregate functions.
35. EXISTS Operator
• The EXISTS operator is used to test for the existence of any record in
a subquery.
36. TOP
• The SELECT TOP clause is used to specify the number of records to
return
37. LIKE Operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a
specified pattern in a column.
38. SQL IN Operator
• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a
WHERE clause.
39. BETWEEN Operator
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range.
The values can be numbers, text, or dates.
40. SQL Aliases
• SQL aliases are used to give a table, or a column in a table, a
temporary name. (More readable name)
41. CREATE TABLE
• The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a
database
