49061.ppt
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Blood transports nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and removes waste throughout the body. It consists of plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells that protect against disease, and platelets that help clotting. Blood has key functions like respiration, nutrition, regulation, temperature control, and protection.
49061.ppt
- 2. INTRODUCTION Blood is a fluid connective tissue which transports substances from one part of the body to another. It provides nutrients and hormones to the tissues and removes their waste products.
- 3. BLOOD Fluid of life – carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of body and carbon-di-oxide from all parts of the body to the lungs Fluid of growth – carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues. Fluid of health – protects the body against diseases and get rid of unwanted substances by transporting them into excretory organs like kidney.
- 4. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Thicker than water • 8 % of total body weight • Blood volume » 70 mL/kg of body weight » 5 - 6 liters in males » 4 - 5 liters in females • Temperature - 100.40F • pH - 7.35 to 7.45
- 5. Blood Functions 1. Respiratory Transport O2 from lungs to tissues Transport CO2 from tissues to lungs 2. Nutrition Transport “food” from gut to tissues 3. Excretory Transport waste from tissues to kidney (urea, uric acid) 4. Protective White blood cells , antibodies, antitoxins.
- 6. Blood Functions 5. Regulatory regulate body temperature regulate pH through buffers coolant properties of water vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins 6. Body Temperature Water- high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, heat of vaporization Typical heat generation is 3000 kcal/day
- 7. Blood composition Suspension of cells in plasma (carrier fluid) 45% Cells 55% Plasma Cells Red cells (erythrocytes) 99% 5x106/mL White cells (leukocytes) 7x103/mL < 1% Platelets (thrombocytes) 3x105/mL
- 9. Blood Plasma • Straw colored clear liquid • Contains 90% water • 7% plasma proteins created in liver confined to bloodstream albumin maintain blood osmotic pressure immunoglobulins antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens form antigen-antibody complexes fibrinogen for clotting • 2% other substances Nutrients, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste products
- 10. Functions of plasma proteins 1. Coagulation of blood – Fibrinogen to fibrin 2. Defense mechanism of blood – Immunoglobulins 3. Transport mechanism – α Albumin, β globulin transport hormones, gases, enzymes, etc. 4. Maintenance of osmotic pressure in blood 5. Acid-base balance 6. Provides viscosity to blood 7. Provides suspension stability of RBC 8. Reserve proteins
- 11. Formed Elements of Blood • Red blood cells (R.B.C.) • White blood cells (W.B.C.) granular leukocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils agranular leukocytes lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, natural killer cells (N.K.C) monocytes • Platelets (special cell fragments)
- 12. Functions of RBC 1. Transport oxygen from lungs to the tissues (oxyhemoglobin). 2. Transport carbon-di-oxide from tissues to lungs (carboxyhemoglobin) 3. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer and regulates the hydrogen ion concentration (acid base balance) 4. Carry the blood group antigens and Rh factor
- 13. Functions of neutrophils 1. First line of defence against invading micro- organisms. 2. Powerful and effective killer machine – contains enzymes like protease, elastase, metalloproteinase, NADPH oxidase; antibody like substances called defensins. Defensins – antimicrobial peptides active against bacteria and fungi. 3.Secrete Platelet Aggregation Factor (PAF) – accelerates the aggregation of platelet during injury to the blood vessels
- 14. Functions of eosinophils Secrete lethal substances at the time of exposure to foreign proteins/parasites 1. Eosinophill peroxidase – detroy worms, bacteria and tumor cells. 2. Major basic protein – damage parasites 3. Eosinophill cationic protein (ECP)- destroys helminths. 4. Eosinophill derived neurotoxin – destroys nerve fibres (myelinated nerve fibres)
- 15. Functions of basophils Basophill granules release some important substances like – 1. Histamine – Acute hypersensitivity reaction- vascular changes, increase capillary permeability 2. Heparin – prevents intravascular blood clotting 3. Hyaluronic acid – necessary for deposition of ground substances in basement membrane 4. Proteases – exaggerate inflammation • Basophill have IgE receptor – hypersensitivity reaction
- 16. Functions of Platelets 1.Blood clotting 2.Clot retraction 3.Defence mechanism 4.Homeostasis 5.Repair and rupture of blood vessel