501 challenging and logic and reasining problems

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501
CHALLENGING
LOGIC AND
REASONING
PROBLEMS

N E W Y O R K
501
CHALLENGING
LOGIC AND
REASONING
PROBLEMS
2nd Edition
®

Copyright © 2005 LearningExpress, LLC.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
501 challenging logic & reasoning problems.
p. cm.—(LearningExpress skill builders practice)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-57685-534-1
1. Logic—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Reasoning—Problems, exercises, etc.
3. Critical thinking—Problems, exercises, etc. I. LearningExpress (Organization)
II. Title: 501 challenging logic and reasoning problems. III. Series.
BC108.A15 2006
160'.76—dc22
2005057953
Printed in the United States of America
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Second Edition
ISBN 1-57685-534-1
For information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at:
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INTRODUCTION vii
QUESTIONS 1
ANSWERS 99
Contents
v

This book—which can be used alone, with other logic and reasoning texts of your choice, or in com-
bination with LearningExpress’s Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day—will give you practice
dealing with the types of multiple-choice questions that appear on standardized tests assessing logic,
reasoning, judgment, and critical thinking. It is designed to be used by individuals working on their own and by
teachers or tutors helping students learn, review, or practice basic logic and reasoning skills. Practice on 501 logic
and reasoning questions will go a long way in alleviating test anxiety, too!
Maybe you’re one of the millions of people who, as students in elementary or high school, never understood
the necessity of having to read opinion essays and draw conclusions from the writer’s argument. Or maybe you
never understood why you had to work through all those verbal analogies or number series questions. Maybe you
were one of those people who could never see a “plan of attack”when working through logic games or critical think-
ing puzzles. Or perhaps you could never see a connection between everyday life and analyzing evidence from a
series of tedious reading passages. If you ﬁt into one of these groups, this book is for you.
First, know you are not alone. It is true that some people relate more easily than do others to number series
questions, verbal analogies, logic games, and reading passages that present an argument. And that’s okay; we all
have unique talents. Still, it’s a fact that for most jobs today, critical thinking skills—including analytical and log-
ical reasoning—are essential. The good news is that these skills can be developed with practice.
Learn by doing. It’s an old lesson, tried and true. And it’s the tool this book is designed to give you. The 501
logic and reasoning questions that follow will provide you with lots of practice. As you work through each set of
questions, you’ll be gaining a solid understanding of basic analytical and logical reasoning skills—all without mem-
orizing! The purpose of this book is to help you improve your critical thinking through encouragement, no
frustration.
Introduction
vii

An Overview
501 Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems is
divided into 37 sets of questions:
Sets 1–4: Number Series
Sets 5–6: Letter and Symbol Series
Sets 7–8: Verbal Classification
Sets 9–11: Essential Part
Sets 12–17: Analogies
Sets 18–19: Artificial Language
Set 20: Matching Definitions
Set 21: Making Judgments
Set 22: Verbal Reasoning
Sets 23–27: Logic Problems
Sets 28–31: Logic Games
Sets 32–37: Analyzing Arguments
Each set contains between 5–20 questions,
depending on their length and difficulty. The book is
specifically organized to help you build confidence as
you further develop your logic and reasoning skills.
501 Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems begins
with basic number and letter series questions, and then
moves on to verbal classification, artificial language,
and matching definition items. The last sets contain
logic problems, logic games, and logical reasoning
questions. By the time you reach the last question,
you’ll feel confident that you’ve improved your critical
thinking and logical reasoning abilities.
How to Use This Book
Whether you’re working alone or helping someone
brush up his or her critical thinking and reasoning
skills, this book will give you the opportunity to prac-
tice, practice, practice!
Working on Your Own
If you are working alone to improve your logic skills or
prepare for a test in connection with a job or school,
you will probably want to use this book in combination
with its companion text, Reasoning Skills Success in 20
Minutes a Day, 2nd Edition, or with some other basic
reasoning skills text. If you’re fairly sure of your basic
logic and reasoning abilities, however, you can use 501
Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems by itself.
Use the answer key at the end of the book not
only to find out if you got the right answer, but also to
learn how to tackle similar kinds of questions next
time. Every answer is explained. Make sure you under-
stand the explanations—usually by going back to the
questions—before moving on to the next set.
Tutoring Others
This book will work well in combination with almost
any analytical reasoning or logic text. You will proba-
bly find it most helpful to give students a brief lesson
in the particular operation they’ll be learning—
number series, verbal classification, artificial language,
logic problems, analyzing arguments—and then have
them spend the remainder of the session actually
answering the questions in the sets. You will want to
stress the importance of learning by doing and of
checking their answers and reading the explanations
carefully. Make sure they understand a particular set of
questions before you assign the next one.
Additional Resources
Answering the 501 logic and reasoning questions in this
book will give you lots of practice. Another way to
improve your reasoning ability is to read and study on
your own and devise your own unique methods of
attacking logic problems. Following is a list of logic and
reasoning books you may want to buy or take out of the
library:
–INTRODUCTION–
viii

REASONING
Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day
(2nd Edition) by LearningExpress
Critical Reasoning: A Practical Introduction by
Anne Thomson (Routledge)
Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to
Fallacy-Free Arguments by T. Edward Damer
(Wadsworth)
Thinking Critically: Techniques for Logical Rea-
soning by James H. Kiersky and Nicholas J.
Caste (Wadsworth)
LOGIC
Essential Logic: Basic Reasoning Skills for the
Twenty-First Century by Ronald C. Pine
(Oxford University Press)
Increase Your Puzzle IQ: Tips and Tricks for
Building Your Logic Power by Marcel Danesi
(Wiley)
Amazing Logic Puzzles by Norman D. Willis
(Sterling)
Challenging Logic Puzzles by Barry R. Clarke
(Sterling)
CRITICAL THINKING
Critical Thinking by Alec Fisher (Cambridge
University Press)
Brainplay: Challenging Puzzles & Thinking
Games by Tom Werneck (Sterling)
Challenging Critical Thinking Puzzles by
Michael A. Dispezio and Myron Miller
(Sterling)
Becoming a Critical Thinker: A User-Friendly
Manual by Sherry Diestler (Prentice Hall)
ANALOGIES
501 Word Analogy Questions by Learning-
Express
Analogies for Beginners by Lynne Chatham
(Dandy Lion Publications)
Cracking the MAT (3rd Edition) by Marcia
Lerner (Princeton Review)
–INTRODUCTION–
ix

Ready to test your mental abilities? Your 501 challenging logic and reasoning problems begin on the
next page. They’re grouped together in sets of 5–20 questions with a common theme. You can work
through the sets in order or jump around, whichever you choose. When you ﬁnish a set, check your
answers beginning on page 99.
Questions
1

Set 1 (Answers begin on page 99.)
Start off with these simple series of numbers. Number
series questions measure your ability to reason without
words. To answer these questions, you must determine
the pattern of the numbers in each series before you will
be able to choose which number comes next. These
questions involve only simple arithmetic. Although
most number series items progress by adding or sub-
tracting, some questions involve simple multiplication
or division. In each series, look for the degree and
direction of change between the numbers. In other
words, do the numbers increase or decrease, and by
how much?
1. Look at this series: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . What num-
ber should come next?
a. 11
b. 12
c. 13
d. 14
2. Look at this series: 58, 52, 46, 40, 34, . . . What
number should come next?
a. 26
b. 28
c. 30
d. 32
a. 40
b. 44
c. 54
d. 61
4. Look at this series: 544, 509, 474, 439, . . . What
a. 404
b. 414
c. 420
d. 445
5. Look at this series: 201, 202, 204, 207, . . . What
a. 205
b. 208
c. 210
d. 211
a. 9
b. 29
c. 32
d. 34
a. 20
b. 25
c. 30
d. 50
a. 20
b. 22
c. 23
d. 26
9. Look at this series: 22, 21, 23, 22, 24, 23, . . .
What number should come next?
a. 22
b. 24
c. 25
d. 26
–QUESTIONS–
2

10. Look at this series: 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, . . . What
a. 7
b. 10
c. 14
d. 15
a. 15
b. 14
c. 13
d. 12
a. 14
b. 15
c. 21
d. 23
a. 12
b. 14
c. 27
d. 53
14. Look at this series: 2, 6, 18, 54, . . . What num-
ber should come next?
a. 108
b. 148
c. 162
d. 216
15. Look at this series: 1,000, 200, 40, . . . What
a. 8
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
16. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, . . . What
a. 7
b. 10
c. 12
d. 13
a. 52
b. 56
c. 96
d. 128
18. Look at this series: 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 3.9, . . . What
a. 4.2
b. 4.4
c. 4.7
d. 5.1
19. Look at this series: 5.2, 4.8, 4.4, 4, . . . What
a. 3
b. 3.3
c. 3.5
d. 3.6
20. Look at this series: 2, 1, ᎏ
1
2
ᎏ, ᎏ
1
4
ᎏ, . . . What number
should come next?
a. ᎏ
1
3
ᎏ
b. ᎏ
1
8
ᎏ
c. ᎏ
2
8
ᎏ
d. ᎏ
1
1
6
ᎏ
–QUESTIONS–
3

This set contains additional, and sometimes more
difficult, number series questions. Again, each ques-
tion has a definite pattern. Some of the number series
may be interrupted by a particular number that
appears periodically in the pattern. For example, in
the series 14, 16, 32, 18, 20, 32, 22, 24, 32, the number
32 appears as every third number. Sometimes, the
pattern contains two alternating series. For example,
in the series 1, 5, 3, 7, 5, 9, 7, the pattern is add 4, sub-
tract 2, add 4, subtract 2, and so on. Look carefully for
the pattern, and then choose which pair of numbers
comes next. Note also that you will be choosing from
five options instead of four.
21. 84 78 72 66 60 54 48
a. 44 34
b. 42 36
c. 42 32
d. 40 34
e. 38 32
22. 3 8 13 18 23 28 33
a. 39 44
b. 38 44
c. 38 43
d. 37 42
e. 33 38
23. 20 20 17 17 14 14 11
a. 8 8
b. 11 11
c. 11 14
d. 8 9
e. 11 8
24. 18 21 25 18 29 33 18
a. 43 18
b. 41 44
c. 37 18
d. 37 41
e. 38 41
25. 9 11 33 13 15 33 17
a. 19 33
b. 33 35
c. 33 19
d. 15 33
e. 19 21
26. 2 8 14 20 26 32 38
a. 2 46
b. 44 50
c. 42 48
d. 40 42
e. 32 26
27. 28 25 5 21 18 5 14
a. 11 5
b. 10 7
c. 11 8
d. 5 10
e. 10 5
28. 9 12 11 14 13 16 15
a. 14 13
b. 18 21
c. 14 17
d. 12 13
e. 18 17
29. 75 65 85 55 45 85 35
a. 25 15
b. 25 85
c. 35 25
d. 85 35
e. 25 75
–QUESTIONS–
4

30. 1 10 7 20 13 30 19
a. 26 40
b. 29 36
c. 40 25
d. 25 31
e. 40 50
31. 10 20 25 35 40 50 55
a. 70 65
b. 60 70
c. 60 75
d. 60 65
e. 65 70
32. 40 40 31 31 22 22 13
a. 13 4
b. 13 5
c. 4 13
d. 9 4
e. 4 4
33. 17 17 34 20 20 31 23
a. 26 23
b. 34 20
c. 23 33
d. 27 28
e. 23 28
34. 2 3 4 5 6 4 8
a. 9 10
b. 4 8
c. 10 4
d. 9 4
e. 8 9
35. 61 57 50 61 43 36 61
a. 29 61
b. 27 20
c. 31 61
d. 22 15
e. 29 22
36. 9 16 23 30 37 44 51
a. 59 66
b. 56 62
c. 58 66
d. 58 65
e. 54 61
37. 8 22 12 16 22 20 24
a. 28 32
b. 28 22
c. 22 28
d. 32 36
e. 22 26
38. 6 20 8 14 10 8 12
a. 14 10
b. 2 18
c. 4 12
d. 2 14
e. 14 14
39. 11 16 21 26 31 36 41
a. 47 52
b. 46 52
c. 45 49
d. 46 51
e. 46 52
40. 8 11 21 15 18 21 22
a. 25 18
b. 25 21
c. 25 29
d. 24 21
e. 22 26
–QUESTIONS–
5

This set will give you additional practice dealing with
number series questions.
41. 44 41 38 35 32 29 26
a. 24 21
b. 22 19
c. 23 19
d. 29 32
e. 23 20
42. 6 10 14 18 22 26 30
a. 36 40
b. 33 37
c. 38 42
d. 34 36
e. 34 38
43. 34 30 26 22 18 14 10
a. 8 6
b. 6 4
c. 14 18
d. 6 2
e. 4 0
44. 2 44 4 41 6 38 8
a. 10 12
b. 35 32
c. 34 9
d. 35 10
e. 10 52
45. 32 29 26 23 20 17 14
a. 11 8
b. 12 8
c. 11 7
d. 32 29
e. 10 9
46. 14 14 26 26 38 38 50
a. 60 72
b. 50 62
c. 50 72
d. 62 62
e. 62 80
47. 8 12 9 13 10 14 11
a. 14 11
b. 15 12
c. 8 15
d. 15 19
e. 8 5
48. 4 7 26 10 13 20 16
a. 14 4
b. 14 17
c. 18 14
d. 19 13
e. 19 14
49. 3 8 10 15 17 22 24
a. 26 28
b. 29 34
c. 29 31
d. 26 31
e. 26 32
50. 17 14 14 11 11 8 8
a. 8 5
b. 5 2
c. 8 2
d. 5 5
e. 5 8
51. 13 29 15 26 17 23 19
a. 21 23
b. 20 21
c. 20 17
d. 25 27
e. 22 20
–QUESTIONS–
6

52. 16 26 56 36 46 68 56
a. 80 66
b. 64 82
c. 66 80
d. 78 68
e. 66 82
53. 7 9 66 12 14 66 17
a. 19 66
b. 66 19
c. 19 22
d. 20 66
e. 66 20
54. 3 5 35 10 12 35 17
a. 22 35
b. 35 19
c. 19 35
d. 19 24
e. 22 24
55. 36 31 29 24 22 17 15
a. 13 11
b. 10 5
c. 13 8
d. 12 7
e. 10 8
56. 42 40 38 35 33 31 28
a. 25 22
b. 26 23
c. 26 24
d. 25 23
e. 26 22
57. 11 14 14 17 17 20 20
a. 23 23
b. 23 26
c. 21 24
d. 24 24
e. 24 27
58. 17 32 19 29 21 26 23
a. 25 25
b. 20 22
c. 23 25
d. 25 22
e. 27 32
59. 10 34 12 31 14 28 16
a. 25 18
b. 30 13
c. 19 26
d. 18 20
e. 25 22
60. 32 31 32 29 32 27 32
a. 25 32
b. 31 32
c. 29 32
d. 25 30
e. 29 30
–QUESTIONS–
7

This set contains additional number series questions,
some of which are in Roman numerals. These items dif-
fer from Sets 1, 2, and 3 because they ask you to find the
number that fits somewhere into the middle of the
series. Some of the items involve both numbers and let-
ters; for these questions, look for a number series and
a letter series. (For additional practice in working let-
ter series questions, see Set 5.)
61. Look at this series: 8, 43, 11, 41, __, 39, 17, . . .
What number should fill in the blank?
a. 8
b. 14
c. 43
d. 44
62. Look at this series: 15, __, 27, 27, 39, 39, . . .
What number should fill the blank?
a. 51
b. 39
c. 23
d. 15
63. Look at this series: 83, 73, 93, 63, __, 93, 43, . . .
a. 33
b. 53
c. 73
d. 93
64. Look at this series: 4, 7, 25, 10, __, 20, 16, 19, . . .
a. 13
b. 15
c. 20
d. 28
65. Look at this series: 72, 76, 73, 77, 74, __, 75, . . .
a. 70
b. 71
c. 75
d. 78
66. Look at this series: 70, 71, 76, __, 81, 86, 70, 91, . . .
a. 70
b. 71
c. 80
d. 96
67. Look at this series: 664, 332, 340, 170, __, 89, . . .
a. 85
b. 97
c. 109
d. 178
68. Look at this series: 0.15, 0.3, __, 1.2, 2.4, . . .
a. 4.8
b. 0.006
c. 0.6
d. 0.9
69. Look at this series: ᎏ
1
9
ᎏ, ᎏ
1
3
ᎏ, 1, __, 9, . . . What num-
ber should fill the blank?
a. ᎏ
2
3
ᎏ
b. 3
c. 6
d. 27
70. Look at this series: U32, V29, __, X23, Y20, . . .
a. W26
b. W17
c. Z17
d. Z26
–QUESTIONS–
8

71. Look at this series: J14, L16, __, P20, R22, . . .
a. S24
b. N18
c. M18
d. T24
72. Look at this series: F2, __, D8, C16, B32, . . .
a. A16
b. G4
c. E4
d. E3
73. Look at this series: V, VIII, XI, XIV, __, XX, . . .
a. IX
b. XXIII
c. XV
d. XVII
74. Look at this series: XXIV, XX, __, XII, VIII, . . .
a. XXII
b. XIII
c. XVI
d. IV
75. Look at this series: VI, 10, V, 11, __, 12, III, . . .
a. II
b. IV
c. IX
d. 14
–QUESTIONS–
9

Another type of sequence question involves a series of
letters in a pattern. Usually, these questions use the let-
ters’ alphabetical order as a base. To make matters more
complicated, sometimes subscript numbers will be
thrown into the letter sequence. In these series, you will
be looking at both the letter pattern and the number
pattern. Some of these questions ask you to ﬁll the
blank in the middle of the series; others ask you to add
to the end of the series.
76. QPO NML KJI _____ EDC
a. HGF
b. CAB
c. JKL
d. GHI
77. JAK KBL LCM MDN _____
a. OEP
b. NEO
c. MEN
d. PFQ
78. B2CD _____ BCD4 B5CD BC6D
a. B2C2D
b. BC3D
c. B2C3D
d. BCD7
79. ELFA GLHA ILJA _____ MLNA
a. OLPA
b. KLMA
c. LLMA
d. KLLA
80. P5QR P4QS P3QT _____ PQV
a. PQW
b. PQV2
c. P2QU
d. PQ3U
81. CMM EOO GQQ _____ KUU
a. GRR
b. GSS
c. ISS
d. ITT
82. QAR RAS SAT TAU _____
a. UAV
b. UAT
c. TAS
d. TAT
83. DEF DEF2 DE2F2 _____ D2E2F3
a. DEF3
b. D3EF3
c. D2E3F
d. D2E2F2
84. SCD TEF UGH ____ WKL
a. CMN
b. UJI
c. VIJ
d. IJT
85. FAG GAF HAI IAH ____
a. JAK
b. HAL
c. HAK
d. JAI
86. BCB DED FGF HIH ___
a. JKJ
b. HJH
c. IJI
d. JHJ
87. ZA5 Y4B XC6 W3D _____
a. E7V
b. V2E
c. VE5
d. VE7
–QUESTIONS–
10

This set contains sequence questions that use a series of
nonverbal, nonnumber symbols. Look carefully at the
sequence of symbols to ﬁnd the pattern.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
11

99.
100.
101.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
12

The next two sets contain verbal classification ques-
tions. For these questions, the important thing (as the
name “verbal classification”indicates) is to classify the
words in the four answer choices. Three of the words
will be in the same classification; the remaining one will
not be. Your answer will be the one word that does
NOT belong in the same classification as the others.
102. Which word does NOT belong with the
others?
a. leopard
b. cougar
c. elephant
d. lion
others?
a. couch
b. rug
c. table
d. chair
others?
a. tape
b. twine
c. cord
d. yarn
others?
a. guitar
b. flute
c. violin
d. cello
others?
a. tulip
b. rose
c. bud
d. daisy
others?
a. tire
b. steering wheel
c. engine
d. car
others?
a. parsley
b. basil
c. dill
d. mayonnaise
others?
a. branch
b. dirt
c. leaf
d. root
others?
a. unimportant
b. trivial
c. insignificant
d. familiar
others?
a. book
b. index
c. glossary
d. chapter
–QUESTIONS–
13

others?
a. noun
b. preposition
c. punctuation
d. adverb
others?
a. cornea
b. retina
c. pupil
d. vision
others?
a. rye
b. sourdough
c. pumpernickel
d. loaf
others?
a. inch
b. ounce
c. centimeter
d. yard
others?
a. street
b. freeway
c. interstate
d. expressway
others?
a. dodge
b. ﬂee
c. duck
d. avoid
others?
a. heading
b. body
c. letter
d. closing
–QUESTIONS–
14

Here’s another set of classification questions. Remem-
ber, you are looking for the word that does NOT belong
in the same group as the others. Sometimes, all four
words seem to fit in the same group. If so, look more
closely to further narrow your classification.
others?
a. core
b. seeds
c. pulp
d. slice
others?
a. unique
b. beautiful
c. rare
d. exceptional
others?
a. biology
b. chemistry
c. theology
d. zoology
others?
a. triangle
b. circle
c. oval
d. sphere
others?
a. excite
b. flourish
c. prosper
d. thrive
others?
a. evaluate
b. assess
c. appraise
d. instruct
others?
a. eel
b. lobster
c. crab
d. shrimp
others?
a. scythe
b. knife
c. pliers
d. saw
others?
a. two
b. three
c. six
d. eight
others?
a. peninsula
b. island
c. bay
d. cape
others?
a. seat
b. rung
c. cushion
d. leg
–QUESTIONS–
15

others?
a. fair
b. just
c. equitable
d. favorable
others?
a. defendant
b. prosecutor
c. trial
d. judge
others?
a. area
b. variable
c. circumference
d. quadrilateral
others?
a. mayor
b. lawyer
c. governor
d. senator
others?
a. acute
b. right
c. obtuse
d. parallel
others?
a. wing
b. ﬁn
c. beak
d. rudder
others?
a. aorta
b. heart
c. liver
d. stomach
–QUESTIONS–
16

In the next three sets, you will be looking for the essen-
tial part of something. Each question has an underlined
word followed by four answer choices. You will choose
the word that is a necessary part of the underlined
word. A good way to approach this type of question is
to say the following sentence: “A ______ could not
exist without ______.”Put the underlined word in the
first blank. Try each of the answer choices in the second
blank to see which choice is most logical.
For questions 137 through 151, find the word that
names a necessary part of the underlined word.
137. book
a. fiction
b. pages
c. pictures
d. learning
138. guitar
a. band
b. teacher
c. songs
d. strings
139. shoe
a. sole
b. leather
c. laces
d. walking
140. respiration
a. mouth
b. circulation
c. oxygen
d. carbon monoxide
141. election
a. president
b. voter
c. November
d. nation
142. diploma
a. principal
b. curriculum
c. employment
d. graduation
143. swimming
a. pool
b. bathing suit
c. water
d. life jacket
144. school
a. student
b. report card
c. test
d. learning
145. language
a. tongue
b. slang
c. writing
d. words
146. desert
a. cactus
b. arid
c. oasis
d. flat
147. lightning
a. electricity
b. thunder
c. brightness
d. rain
–QUESTIONS–
17

148. monopoly
a. corrupt
b. exclusive
c. rich
d. gigantic
149. harvest
a. autumn
b. stockpile
c. tractor
d. crop
150. gala
a. celebration
b. tuxedo
c. appetizer
d. orator
151. pain
a. cut
b. burn
c. nuisance
d. hurt
–QUESTIONS–
18

Remember, you are looking for the essential part of
something. If you had trouble with Set 9, go back
through the items and study each answer explanation.
Then work through this set of more difﬁcult necessary
part questions.
152. inﬁrmary
a. surgery
b. disease
c. patient
d. receptionist
153. facsimile
a. picture
b. image
c. mimeograph
d. copier
154. domicile
a. tenant
b. dwelling
c. kitchen
d. house
155. culture
a. civility
b. education
c. agriculture
d. customs
156. bonus
a. reward
b. raise
c. cash
d. employer
157. antique
a. rarity
b. artifact
c. aged
d. prehistoric
158. itinerary
a. map
b. route
c. travel
d. guidebook
159. orchestra
a. violin
b. stage
c. musician
d. soloist
160. knowledge
a. school
b. teacher
c. textbook
d. learning
161. dimension
a. compass
b. ruler
c. inch
d. measure
162. sustenance
a. nourishment
b. water
c. grains
d. menu
163. ovation
a. outburst
b. bravo
c. applause
d. encore
–QUESTIONS–
19

164. vertebrate
a. backbone
b. reptile
c. mammal
d. animal
165. provisions
a. groceries
b. supplies
c. gear
d. caterers
166. purchase
a. trade
b. money
c. bank
d. acquisition
–QUESTIONS–
20

Here is one more set of necessary part questions. This
set is somewhat more difﬁcult than the previous two
sets, and it should give you practice in mastering this
particular type of question. Remember: A good way to
approach this type of question is to use the following
sentence: “A ______ could not exist without ______.”
167. dome
a. rounded
b. geodesic
c. governmental
d. coppery
168. recipe
a. desserts
b. directions
c. cookbook
d. utensils
169. hurricane
a. beach
b. cyclone
c. damage
d. wind
170. autograph
a. athlete
b. actor
c. signature
d. pen
171. town
a. residents
b. skyscrapers
c. parks
d. libraries
172. wedding
a. love
b. church
c. ring
d. marriage
173. faculty
a. buildings
b. textbooks
c. teachers
d. meetings
174. cage
a. enclosure
b. prisoner
c. animal
d. zoo
175. directory
a. telephone
b. listing
c. computer
d. names
176. contract
a. agreement
b. document
c. written
d. attorney
177. saddle
a. horse
b. seat
c. stirrups
d. horn
178. vibration
a. motion
b. electricity
c. science
d. sound
–QUESTIONS–
21

179. cell
a. chlorophyll
b. nucleus
c. nerve
d. human
180. champion
a. running
b. swimming
c. winning
d. speaking
181. glacier
a. mountain
b. winter
c. prehistory
d. ice
–QUESTIONS–
22

Here is the first of several sets of analogies. Analogies
test your ability to see relationships between words,
objects, or concepts. There are many different types of
analogy relationships: use or function, part-to-whole,
classification, proportion or degree, cause and effect,
similarity or difference. In each of these verbal analo-
gies, you will be given a set of two related words, fol-
lowed by a third word and four answer choices. Of the
four choices, you must identify the one that would best
complete the second set so that it expresses the same
relationship as the first set. A good way to figure out
the relationship in a given question is to make up a
sentence that describes the relationship between the
first two words. Then, try to use the same sentence to
find out which of the answer choices completes the
same relationship with the third word.
182. Cup is to coffee as bowl is to
a. dish.
b. soup.
c. spoon.
d. food.
183. Exercise is to gym as eating is to
a. food.
b. dieting.
c. fitness.
d. restaurant.
184. Oar is to rowboat as foot is to
a. running.
b. sneaker.
c. skateboard.
d. jumping.
185. Window is to pane as book is to
a. novel.
b. glass.
c. cover.
d. page.
186. Secretly is to openly as silently is to
a. scarcely.
b. impolitely.
c. noisily.
d. quietly.
187. Artist is to painting as senator is to
a. attorney.
b. law.
c. politician.
d. constituents.
188. Play is to actor as concert is to
a. symphony.
b. musician.
c. piano.
d. percussion.
189. Careful is to cautious as boastful is to
a. arrogant.
b. humble.
c. joyful.
d. suspicious.
190. Pride is to lion as school is to
a. teacher.
b. student.
c. self-respect.
d. fish.
191. Guide is to direct as reduce is to
a. decrease.
b. maintain.
c. increase.
d. preserve.
–QUESTIONS–
23

192. Yard is to inch as quart is to
a. gallon.
b. ounce.
c. milk.
d. liquid.
193. Reptile is to lizard as flower is to
a. petal.
b. stem.
c. daisy.
d. alligator.
194. Elated is to despondent as enlightened is to
a. aware.
b. ignorant.
c. miserable.
d. tolerant.
195. Marathon is to race as hibernation is to
a. winter.
b. bear.
c. dream.
d. sleep.
196. Embarrassed is to humiliated as frightened
is to
a. terrified.
b. agitated.
c. courageous.
d. reckless.
197. Odometer is to mileage as compass is to
a. speed.
b. hiking.
c. needle.
d. direction.
198. Optimist is to cheerful as pessimist is to
a. gloomy.
b. mean.
c. petty.
d. helpful.
199. Sponge is to porous as rubber is to
a. massive.
b. solid.
c. elastic.
d. inflexible.
200. Candid is to indirect as honest is to
a. frank.
b. wicked.
c. truthful.
d. untruthful.
201. Pen is to poet as needle is to
a. thread.
b. button.
c. sewing.
d. tailor.
–QUESTIONS–
24

Now that you have some practice working basic analo-
gies, try these picture analogies, which will give you
practice with nonverbal reasoning. Solve these picture
analogies in the same way you solved the word analo-
gies. For each item, you will be presented with a set of
two pictures that are related to each other in the same
way. Along with this pair, you’ll be given a third picture
and four answer choices, which are also pictures. Of the
four choices, choose the picture that would go in the
empty box so that the two bottom pictures are related
in the same way as the top two are related.
202.
203.
204.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
25

205.
206.
207.
208.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
26

209.
210.
211.
212.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
27

213.
214.
215.
216.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
28

217.
218.
219.
220.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
Soap
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
29

221.
LI
BERTY
a. b. c. d.
ONE CEN
T
–QUESTIONS–
30

Here are more picture analogies for you to master.
There is essentially no difference between verbal and
picture analogies, except that you have to take an extra
ﬁrst step by naming each picture. Make sure you under-
stand the relationship between the ﬁrst set of pictures
before you attempt to choose an answer. Make up a sen-
tence that describes this relationship. From the four
answer choices, choose the picture that would go in the
empty box so that the two bottom pictures are related
in the same way as the top two are related.
222.
223.
224.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
31

225.
226.
227.
228.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
32

229.
230.
231.
232.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
33

233.
234.
235.
236.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
34

237.
238.
239.
240.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
35

241.
a. b. c. d.
–QUESTIONS–
36

This set contains another type of verbal analogy ques-
tions. In each, the words in the top row are related in
some way. To help you discover this relationship, make
up a sentence based on the top three words. The words
in the bottom row are related in the same way as the
words in the top row. For each item, find the word that
completes the bottom row of words.
242. ant fly bee
hamster squirrel _______
a. spider
b. mouse
c. rodent
d. cat
243. carpenter saw nails
pediatrician stethoscope _______
a. thermometer
b. baby
c. doctor
d. illness
244. table wood oak
shirt cloth _______
a. sewing
b. dress
c. cotton
d. tree
245. rule command dictate
doze sleep _______
a. snore
b. govern
c. awaken
d. hibernate
246. meal banquet feast
shelter palace _______
a. mansion
b. hallway
c. protection
d. haven
247. fence wall boundary
path alley _______
a. ramp
b. passageway
c. airfield
d. pedestrian
248. palette easel brush
textbook lesson plan _______
a. artist
b. teacher
c. report card
d. paint
249. snow mountain ski
warmth lake _______
a. sand
b. swim
c. sunburn
d. vacation
250. candle lamp floodlight
hut cottage _______
a. tent
b. city
c. dwelling
d. house
–QUESTIONS–
37

251. apples fruit supermarket
novel book _______
a. bookstore
b. magazine
c. vegetable
d. shopping
252. tadpole frog amphibian
lamb sheep _______
a. animal
b. wool
c. farm
d. mammal
253. walk skip run
toss pitch _______
a. swerve
b. hurl
c. jump
d. dance
254. honeybee angel bat
kangaroo rabbit _______
a. mermaid
b. possum
c. grasshopper
d. sprinter
255. daisy ﬂower plant
bungalow house _______
a. building
b. cottage
c. apartment
d. city
–QUESTIONS–
38

The next two sets will give you more practice with
analogies. Every one of the following questions consists
of a related pair of words, followed by five pairs of
words labeled a through e. Choose the pair that best
represents a similar relationship to the one expressed in
the original pair of words. Remember, the best way to
approach an analogy question is to make up a sen-
tence that describes the relationship between the first
two words. Then, find the pair that has a similar
relationship.
256. PETAL : FLOWER
a. salt : pepper
b. tire : bicycle
c. base : ball
d. sandals : shoes
e. puppy : dog
257. BRISTLE : BRUSH
a. arm : leg
b. stage : curtain
c. recline : chair
d. key : piano
e. art : sculpture
258. FISH : SCHOOL
a. wolf : pack
b. elephant : jungle
c. beagle : clan
d. herd : peacock
e. cow : farm
259. ODOMETER : DISTANCE
a. scale : weight
b. length : width
c. inch : foot
d. mileage : speed
e. area : size
260. SIAMESE : CAT
a. type : breed
b. dog : puppy
c. mark : spot
d. romaine : lettuce
e. collar : leash
261. PEDAL : BICYCLE
a. inch : yardstick
b. walk : skip
c. tire : automobile
d. buckle : belt
e. oar : canoe
262. PULSATE : THROB
a. walk : run
b. tired : sleep
c. examine : scrutinize
d. ballet : dancer
e. find : lose
263. ELEPHANT : PACHYDERM
a. mantis : rodent
b. poodle : feline
c. kangaroo : marsupial
d. zebra : horse
e. tuna : mollusk
264. DEPRESSED : SAD
a. neat : considerate
b. towering : cringing
c. rapid : plodding
d. progressive : regressive
e. exhausted : tired
265. PSYCHOLOGIST : NEUROSIS
a. ophthalmologist : cataract
b. dermatologist : fracture
c. infant : pediatrician
d. rash : orthopedist
e. oncologist : measles
–QUESTIONS–
39

266. BINDING : BOOK
a. criminal : gang
b. display : museum
c. artist : carpenter
d. nail : hammer
e. frame : picture
267. EXPLORE : DISCOVER
a. read : skim
b. research : learn
c. write : print
d. think : relate
e. sleep : wake
268. COTTON : BALE
a. butter : churn
b. wine : ferment
c. grain : shock
d. curd : cheese
e. beef : steak
269. DIVISION : SECTION
a. layer : tier
b. tether : bundle
c. chapter : verse
d. riser : stage
e. dais : speaker
270. PASTORAL : RURAL
a. metropolitan : urban
b. harvest : autumn
c. agrarian : benevolent
d. sleepy : nocturnal
e. wild : agricultural
271. WAITRESS : RESTAURANT
a. doctor : diagnosis
b. actor : role
c. driver : truck
d. teacher : school
e. author : book
272. FINCH : BIRD
a. frog : toad
b. elephant : reptile
c. Dalmatian : dog
d. collie : marsupial
e. ant : ladybug
273. RAIN : DRIZZLE
a. swim : dive
b. hop : shufﬂe
c. juggle : bounce
d. walk : run
e. run : jog
274. SKEIN : YARN
a. squeeze : lemon
b. ﬁre : coal
c. ream : paper
d. tree : lumber
e. plow : acre
275. TAILOR : SUIT
a. scheme : agent
b. edit : manuscript
c. revise : writer
d. mention : opinion
e. implode : building
–QUESTIONS–
40

Now try this last set of analogies, which are somewhat
more difficult than the previous set. Remember that the
first step in solving an analogy is to make up a sentence
that describes the relationship between the first two
words. Sometimes, your sentence may fit more than
one answer choice. In these cases, be prepared to revise
your original sentence. Each of the following questions
consists of a related pair of words, followed by five
pairs of words labeled a through e. Choose the pair that
best represents a similar relationship to the one
expressed in the original pair of words.
276. CONDUCTOR : ORCHESTRA
a. jockey : mount
b. thrasher : hay
c. driver : tractor
d. skipper : crew
e. painter : house
277. JAUNDICE : LIVER
a. rash : skin
b. dialysis : kidney
c. smog : lung
d. valentine : heart
e. imagination : brain
278. COBBLER : SHOE
a. jockey : horse
b. contractor : building
c. mason : stone
d. cowboy : boot
e. potter : paint
279. PHOBIC : FEARFUL
a. finicky : thoughtful
b. cautious : emotional
c. envious : desiring
d. shy : familiar
e. asinine : silly
280. INTEREST : OBSESSION
a. mood : feeling
b. weeping : sadness
c. dream : fantasy
d. plan : negation
e. highlight : indication
281. MONK : DEVOTION
a. maniac : pacifism
b. explorer : contentment
c. visionary : complacency
d. rover : wanderlust
e. philistine : culture
282. SLAPSTICK : LAUGHTER
a. fallacy : dismay
b. genre : mystery
c. satire : anger
d. mimicry : tears
e. horror : fear
283. VERVE : ENTHUSIASM
a. loyalty : duplicity
b. devotion : reverence
c. intensity : color
d. eminence : anonymity
e. generosity : elation
284. SOUND : CACOPHONY
a. taste : style
b. touch : massage
c. smell : stench
d. sight : panorama
e. speech : oration
285. CONVICTION : INCARCERATION
a. reduction : diminution
b. induction : amelioration
c. radicalization : estimation
d. marginalization : intimidation
e. proliferation : alliteration
–QUESTIONS–
41

286. DELTOID : MUSCLE
a. radius : bone
b. brain : nerve
c. tissue : organ
d. blood : vein
e. scalpel : incision
287. UMBRAGE : OFFENSE
a. confusion : penance
b. inﬁnity : meaning
c. decorum : decoration
d. elation : jubilance
e. outrage : consideration
288. PROFESSOR : ERUDITE
a. aviator : licensed
b. inventor : imaginative
c. procrastinator : conscientious
d. overseer : wealthy
e. moderator : vicious
289. DEPENDABLE : CAPRICIOUS
a. fallible : cantankerous
b. erasable : obtuse
c. malleable : limpid
d. capable : inept
e. incorrigible : guilty
290. FROND : PALM
a. quill : porcupine
b. blade : evergreen
c. scale : wallaby
d. tusk : alligator
e. blade : fern
291. METAPHOR : SYMBOL
a. pentameter : poem
b. rhythm : melody
c. nuance : song
d. slang : usage
e. analogy : comparison
292. DIRGE : FUNERAL
a. chain : letter
b. bell : church
c. telephone : call
d. jingle : commercial
e. hymn : concerto
293. FERAL : TAME
a. rancid : rational
b. repetitive : recurrent
c. nettlesome : annoying
d. repentant : honorable
e. ephemeral : immortal
294. SPY : CLANDESTINE
a. accountant : meticulous
b. furrier : rambunctious
c. lawyer : ironic
d. shepherd : garrulous
e. astronaut : opulent
295. DOMINANCE : HEGEMONY
a. romance : sympathy
b. furtherance : melancholy
c. independence : autonomy
d. tolerance : philanthropy
e. recompense : hilarity
296. AERIE : EAGLE
a. capital : government
b. bridge : architect
c. unit : apartment
d. kennel : veterinarian
e. house : person
–QUESTIONS–
42

Now try some reasoning questions that ask you to
translate English words into an artificial language. First,
you will be given a list of three “nonsense” words and
their English word meanings. The question(s) that fol-
low will ask you to reverse the process and translate an
English word into the artificial language.
Your best approach to this type of question is to
look for elements (parts) of the “nonsense”words that
repeat. This is the best way to translate from the imag-
inary language to English. For example, if you know
that linsmerk means oak tree and linsdennel means oak
table, then you know that lins means oak. And, if lins
means oak, merk must mean tree, and dennel must
mean table. When you discover what a word element
means in English, write it down. Then, look for the
word elements that appear both on the list and in the
answer choices.
297. Here are some words translated from an
artificial language.
granamelke means big tree
pinimelke means little tree
melkehoon means tree house
Which word could mean “big house”?
a. granahoon
b. pinishur
c. pinihoon
d. melkegrana
lelibroon means yellow hat
plekafroti means flower garden
frotimix means garden salad
Which word could mean “yellow flower”?
a. lelifroti
b. lelipleka
c. plekabroon
d. frotibroon
moolokarn means blue sky
wilkospadi means bicycle race
moolowilko means blue bicycle
Which word could mean “racecar”?
a. wilkozwet
b. spadiwilko
c. moolobreil
d. spadivolo
daftafoni means advisement
imodafta means misadvise
imolokti means misconduct
Which word could mean “statement”?
a. kratafoni
b. kratadafta
c. loktifoni
d. daftaimo
dionot means oak tree
blyonot means oak leaf
blycrin means maple leaf
Which word could mean “maple syrup”?
a. blymuth
b. hupponot
c. patricrin
d. crinweel
–QUESTIONS–
43

agnoscrenia means poisonous spider
delanocrenia means poisonous snake
agnosdeery means brown spider
Which word could mean “black widow
spider”?
a. deeryclostagnos
b. agnosdelano
c. agnosvitriblunin
d. trymuttiagnos
myncabel means saddle horse
conowir means trail ride
cabelalma means horse blanket
Which word could mean “horse ride”?
a. cabelwir
b. conocabel
c. almamyn
d. conoalma
godabim means kidney stones
romzbim means kidney beans
romzbako means wax beans
Which word could mean “wax statue”?
a. godaromz
b. lazbim
c. wasibako
d. romzpeo
tamceno means sky blue
cenorax means blue cheese
aplmitl means star bright
Which word could mean “bright sky”?
a. cenotam
b. mitltam
c. raxmitl
d. aplceno
gorblflur means fan belt
pixngorbl means ceiling fan
arthtusl means tile roof
Which word could mean “ceiling tile”?
a. gorbltusl
b. flurgorbl
c. arthflur
d. pixnarth
hapllesh means cloudburst
srenchoch means pinball
resbosrench means ninepin
Which word could mean “cloud nine”?
a. leshsrench
b. ochhapl
c. haploch
d. haplresbo
–QUESTIONS–
44

migenlasan means cupboard
lasanpoen means boardwalk
cuopdansa means pullman
Which word could mean “walkway”?
a. poenmigen
b. cuopeisel
c. lasandansa
d. poenforc
–QUESTIONS–
45

Here is another set of questions that ask you to trans-
late from an imaginary language into English. Remem-
ber, the best way to approach these questions is to
translate each word element. When you discover what
a word element means in English, write it down. Then,
look for the word elements that appear both on the list
and in the answer choices.
309. Here are some words translated from an arti-
ficial language.
morpirquat means birdhouse
beelmorpir means bluebird
beelclak means bluebell
Which word could mean “houseguest”?
a. morpirhunde
b. beelmoki
c. quathunde
d. clakquat
ficial language.
slar means jump
slary means jumping
slarend means jumped
Which word could mean “playing”?
a. clargslarend
b. clargy
c. ellaclarg
d. slarmont
ficial language.
briftamint means militant
uftonel means occupied
uftonalene means occupation
Which word could mean “occupant”?
a. elbrifta
b. uftonamint
c. elamint
d. briftalene
ficial language.
krekinblaf means workforce
dritakrekin means groundwork
krekinalti means workplace
Which word could mean “someplace”?
a. moropalti
b. krekindrita
c. altiblaf
d. dritaalti
ficial language.
plekapaki means fruitcake
pakishillen means cakewalk
treftalan means buttercup
Which word could mean “cupcake”?
a. shillenalan
b. treftpleka
c. pakitreft
d. alanpaki
ficial language.
peslligen means basketball court
ligenstrisi means courtroom
oltaganti means placement test
Which word could mean “guest room”?
a. peslstrisi
b. vosefstrisi
c. gantipesl
d. oltastrisi
–QUESTIONS–
46

ficial language.
jalkamofti means happy birthday
moftihoze means birthday party
mentogunn means goodness
Which word could mean “happiness”?
a. jalkagunn
b. mentohoze
c. moftihoze
d. hozemento
ficial language.
mallonpiml means blue light
mallontifl means blueberry
arpantifl means raspberry
Which word could mean “lighthouse”?
a. tiflmallon
b. pimlarpan
c. mallonarpan
d. pimldoken
ficial language.
gemolinea means fair warning
gerimitu means report card
gilageri means weather report
Which word could mean “fair weather?”
a. gemogila
b. gerigeme
c. gemomitu
d. gerimita
ficial language.
aptaose means first base
eptaose means second base
lartabuk means ballpark
Which word could mean “baseball”?
a. buklarta
b. oseepta
c. bukose
d. oselarta
ficial language.
relftaga means carefree
otaga means careful
fertaga means careless
Which word could mean “aftercare”?
a. zentaga
b. tagafer
c. tagazen
d. relffer
ficial language.
malgauper means peach cobbler
malgaport means peach juice
moggagrop means apple jelly
Which word could mean “apple juice”?
a. moggaport
b. malgaauper
c. gropport
d. moggagrop
–QUESTIONS–
47

The questions in this set ask you to match definitions
to particular situations. For each question, you will be
given a definition and four possible answer choices.
Read each definition and all four choices carefully, and
find the answer that provides the best example of the
given definition. Answer each question solely on the
basis of the definition given.
321. Violating an Apartment Lease occurs when a
tenant does something prohibited by the
legally binding document that he or she has
signed with a landlord. Which situation
below is the best example of Violating an
Apartment Lease?
a. Tim has decided to move to another city, so
he calls his landlord to tell him that he is
not interested in renewing his lease when it
expires next month.
b. Valerie recently lost her job and, for the last
three months, has neglected to pay her
landlord the monthly rent they agreed
upon in writing when she moved into her
apartment eight months ago.
c. Mark writes a letter to his landlord that lists
numerous complaints about the apartment
he has agreed to rent for two years.
d. Leslie thinks that her landlord is neglecting
the building in which she rents an apart-
ment. She calls her attorney to ask for
advice.
322. It is appropriate to compensate someone if you
have damaged his or her property in some way.
This is called Restitution. Which situation
below is the best example of Restitution?
a. Jake borrows Leslie’s camera and the lens
shatters when it falls on the ground because
he fails to zipper the case. When Jake
returns the camera, he tells Leslie that he
will pay for the repair.
b. Rebecca borrows her neighbor’s car, and
when she returns it, the gas tank is practi-
cally empty. She apologizes profusely and
tells her neighbor she will be more consid-
erate the next time.
c. Aaron asks Tom to check in on his apart-
ment while he is out of town. When Tom
arrives, he discovers that a pipe has burst
and there is a considerable amount of water
damage. He calls a plumber to repair the
pipe.
d. Lisa suspects that the pothole in her com-
pany’s parking lot caused her flat tire. She
tells her boss that she thinks the company
should pay for the repair.
323. People speculate when they consider a situa-
tion and assume something to be true based
on inconclusive evidence. Which situation
below is the best example of Speculation?
a. Francine decides that it would be appropri-
ate to wear jeans to her new office on Friday
after reading about “Casual Fridays” in her
employee handbook.
b. Mary spends thirty minutes sitting in traffic
and wishes that she took the train instead
of driving.
c. After consulting several guidebooks and her
travel agent, Jennifer feels confident that
the hotel she has chosen is first-rate.
d. When Emily opens the door in tears, Theo
guesses that she’s had a death in her family.
–QUESTIONS–
48

324. A Guarantee is a promise or assurance that
attests to the quality of a product that is
either (1) given in writing by the manufac-
turer or (2) given verbally by the person sell-
ing the product. Which situation below is the
best example of a Guarantee?
a. Melissa purchases a DVD player with the
highest consumer ratings in its category.
b. The salesperson advises Curt to be sure that
he buys an air conditioner with a guarantee.
c. The local auto body shop specializes in
refurbishing and selling used cars.
d. Lori buys a used digital camera from her
coworker who says that she will refund
Lori’s money if the camera’s performance is
not of the highest quality.
325. Reentry occurs when a person leaves his or
her social system for a period of time and
then returns. Which situation below best
describes Reentry?
a. When he is offered a better paying position,
Jacob leaves the restaurant he manages to
manage a new restaurant on the other side
of town.
b. Catherine is spending her junior year of
college studying abroad in France.
c. Malcolm is readjusting to civilian life after
two years of overseas military service.
d. After several miserable months, Sharon
decides that she can no longer share an
apartment with her roommate Hilary.
326. Embellishing the Truth occurs when a per-
son adds ﬁctitious details or exaggerates facts
or true stories. Which situation below is the
best example of Embellishing the Truth?
a. Isabel goes to the theater, and the next day,
she tells her coworkers she thought the play
was excellent.
b. The realtor describes the house, which is
eleven blocks away from the ocean, as
prime waterfront property.
c. During the job interview, Fred, who has
been teaching elementary school for ten
years, describes himself as a very experi-
enced teacher.
d. The basketball coach says it is likely that
only the most talented players will get a col-
lege scholarship.
327. Applying for Seasonal Employment occurs
when a person requests to be considered for a
job that is dependent on a particular season
or time of year. Which situation below is the
best example of Applying for Seasonal
Employment?
a. The ski instructors at Top of the Peak Ski
School work from December through
March.
b. Matthew prefers jobs that allow him to
work outdoors.
c. Lucinda makes an appointment with the
beach resort restaurant manager to inter-
view for the summer waitressing position
that was advertised in the newspaper.
d. Doug’s ice cream shop stays open until
11 p.m. during the summer months.
–QUESTIONS–
49

328. An Informal Gathering occurs when a group
of people get together in a casual, relaxed
manner. Which situation below is the best
example of an Informal Gathering?
a. The book club meets on the first Thursday
evening of every month.
b. After finding out about his promotion,
Jeremy and a few coworkers decide to go
out for a quick drink after work.
c. Mary sends out 25 invitations for the bridal
shower she is giving for her sister.
d. Whenever she eats at the Mexican restau-
rant, Clara seems to run into Peter.
329. The rules of baseball state that a batter
Legally Completes His Time at Bat when he
is put out or becomes a base runner. Which
situation below is the best example of a bat-
ter Legally Completing His Time at Bat?
a. Jared’s blooper over the head of the short-
stop puts him in scoring position.
b. The umpire calls a strike, even though the
last pitch was way outside.
c. The pitcher throws his famous knuckleball,
Joe swings and misses, and the umpire calls
a strike.
d. The count is two balls and two strikes as
Mario waits for the next pitch.
330. In the Maple Hill school district, a Five-Day
Suspension occurs when a student is not
permitted to attend school for five days for
(1) physically assaulting another student, a
teacher, or a school employee or (2) willfully
destructing or defacing school property.
Which situation below is the best example of
a Five-Day Suspension?
a. Lillian gets caught cheating on a math test
for the second time and is suspended from
school.
b. Marc is asked to leave the classroom due to
his constant disruptions.
c. Franny uses spray paint to write derogatory
comments on the locker room wall and she
is given a suspension.
d. Ms. Farmer tells her class that students who
fail the midterm exam will be expected to
stay after school for tutoring help.
331. A Tiebreaker is an additional contest or
period of play designed to establish a winner
among tied contestants. Which situation
below is the best example of a Tiebreaker?
a. At halftime, the score is tied at 28.
b. Mary and Megan have each scored three
goals in the game.
c. The referee tosses a coin to decide which
team will have possession of the ball first.
d. The Sharks and the Bears each finished
with 14 points, and they are now battling it
out in a five-minute overtime.
–QUESTIONS–
50

332. Establishing a Power of Attorney occurs
when a legal document is created that gives
one individual the authority to act for
another. Which situation below is the best
example of Establishing a Power of Attorney?
a. Louise is selling her house and she hires a
lawyer to review the contract.
b. Simone’s mother can no longer get to the
bank to cash her checks and make deposits,
so she has taken legal steps to enable
Simone to do these things for her.
c. Jack’s father is elderly and Jack thinks he is
no longer able to make decisions for
himself.
d. At her daughter’s urging, Mrs. Lenox
opens up a retirement account with the
local bank.
333. Erratic Behavior occurs when an individual
acts in a manner that lacks consistency, regu-
larity, and uniformity. Which situation below
is the best example of Erratic Behavior?
a. Julia cannot contain her anger whenever
the subject of local politics is discussed.
b. Martin has just been told that he is being
laid off. Before leaving his supervisor’s
ofﬁce, he punches a hole in the door.
c. Rhonda has visited the dealership several
times, but she still cannot decide which car
to buy.
d. In the past month, Jeffrey, who has been a
model employee for three years, has repeat-
edly called in sick, forgotten important
meetings, and been verbally abusive to
colleagues.
334. Posthumous Publication occurs when a
book is published after the author’s death.
Which situation below is the best example of
Posthumous Publication?
a. Richard’s illness took his life before he was
able to enjoy the amazing early reviews of
his novel.
b. Melissa’s publisher cancels her book con-
tract after she fails to deliver the manuscript
on time.
c. Clarence never thought he’d live to see the
third book in his trilogy published.
d. Elizabeth is honored with a prestigious lit-
erary award for her writing career and her
daughter accepts the award on behalf of her
deceased mother.
–QUESTIONS–
51

This set contains additional situations. Each question
presents a situation and asks you to make a judgment
regarding that particular circumstance. Answer each
one solely on the basis of the information given.
335. The school principal has received complaints
from parents about bullying in the school
yard during recess. He wants to investigate
and end this situation as soon as possible, so
he has asked the recess aides to watch closely.
Which situation should the recess aides
report to the principal?
a. A girl is sitting glumly on a bench reading a
book and not interacting with her peers.
b. Four girls are surrounding another girl and
seem to have possession of her backpack.
c. Two boys are playing a one-on-one game of
basketball and are arguing over the last bas-
ket scored.
d. Three boys are huddled over a handheld
video game, which isn’t supposed to be on
school grounds.
336. Dr. Miller has a busy pediatric dentistry prac-
tice and she needs a skilled, reliable hygienist
to keep things running smoothly. The last
two people she hired were recommended by
top dentists in the area, but they each lasted
less than one month. She is now in desperate
need of a hygienist who can competently
handle the specific challenges of her practice.
Which one of the following candidates
should Dr. Miller consider most seriously?
a. Marilyn has been a hygienist for fifteen
years, and her current employer, who is
about to retire, says she is the best in the
business. The clientele she has worked with
consists of some of the wealthiest and most
powerful citizens in the county.
b. Lindy recently graduated at the top of her
class from one of the best dental hygiene
programs in the state. Prior to becoming a
dental hygienist, Lindy spent two years
working in a day care center.
c. James has worked as a dental hygienist for
three years in a public health clinic. He is
very interested in securing a position in a
private dental office.
d. Kathy is an experienced and highly recom-
mended dental hygienist who is also finish-
ing up a degree in early childhood
education, which she hopes will get her a
job as a preschool teacher. She is eager to
find a job in a pediatric practice, since she
has always wanted to work with children.
337. Mrs. Jansen recently moved to Arizona. She
wants to fill her new backyard with flowering
plants. Although she is an experienced gar-
dener, she isn’t very well-versed in what
plants will do well in the Arizona climate.
Also, there is a big tree in her backyard mak-
ing for shady conditions and she isn’t sure
what plants will thrive without much direct
sunlight. Her favorite gardening catalog
offers several backyard seed packages. Which
one should Mrs. Jansen choose?
a. The Rainbow Collection is ideal for North-
east gardens. It includes a variety of color-
ful perennials that thrive in cool, moist
conditions.
b. The Greenhouse Collection will blossom
year after year if planted in brightly lit loca-
tions and watered regularly.
c. The Treehouse Collection will provide lush
green plants with delicate colorful flowers
–QUESTIONS–
52

that thrive in shady and partially shady
locations.
d. The Oasis Collection includes a variety of
perennials that thrive in dry climates and
bright sunlight.
338. Eileen is planning a special birthday dinner
for her husband’s 35th birthday. She wants
the evening to be memorable, but her hus-
band is a simple man who would rather be in
jeans at a baseball game than in a suit at a
fancy restaurant. Which restaurant below
should Eileen choose?
a. Alfredo’s offers fine Italian cuisine and an
elegant Tuscan décor. Patrons will feel as
though they’ve spent the evening in a luxu-
rious Italian villa.
b. Pancho’s Mexican Buffet is an all-you-can-
eat family style smorgasbord with the best
tacos in town.
c. The Parisian Bistro is a four-star French
restaurant where guests are treated like roy-
alty. Chef Dilbert Olay is famous for his
beef bourguignon.
d. Marty’s serves delicious, hearty meals in a
charming setting reminiscent of a baseball
clubhouse in honor of the owner, Marty
Lester, a former major league baseball all-
star.
339. Mark is working with a realtor to find a loca-
tion for the toy store he plans to open in his
town. He is looking for a place that is either
in, or not too far from, the center of town
and one that would attract the right kind of
foot traffic. Which of the following locations
should Mark’s realtor call to his attention?
a. a storefront in a new high-rise building
near the train station in the center of town
whose occupants are mainly young, child-
less professionals who use the train to com-
mute to their offices each day
b. a little shop three blocks away from the
town’s main street, located across the street
from an elementary school and next door
to an ice cream store
c. a stand-alone storefront on a quiet residen-
tial street ten blocks away from the town’s
center
d. a storefront in a small strip mall located on
the outskirts of town that is also occupied
by a pharmacy and a dry cleaner
340. Rita, an accomplished pastry chef who is well
known for her artistic and exquisite wedding
cakes, opened a bakery one year ago and is
surprised that business has been so slow. A
consultant she hired to conduct market
research has reported that the local popula-
tion doesn’t think of her shop as one they
would visit on a daily basis but rather a place
they’d visit if they were celebrating a special
occasion. Which of the following strategies
should Rita employ to increase her daily
business?
a. making coupons available that entitle the
coupon holder to receive a 25% discount
on wedding, anniversary, or birthday cakes
b. exhibiting at the next Bridal Expo and hav-
ing pieces of one of her wedding cakes
available for tasting
c. placing a series of ads in the local newspa-
per that advertise the wide array of breads,
muffins, and cookies offered at her shop
d. moving the bakery to the other side of town
–QUESTIONS–
53

341. Mrs. Carson took a taxi to meet her three friends
for lunch. They were waiting for her outside the
restaurant when she pulled up in the car. She
was so excited to see her friends that she left her
tote bag in the taxi. As the taxi pulled away, she
and her friends took notice of the license plate
number so they would be able to identify the car
when they called the taxi company. The four
license plate numbers below represent what each
of the four women thinks she saw. Which one is
most likely the license plate number of the taxi?
a. JXK 12L
b. JYK 12L
c. JXK 12I
d. JXX 12L
342. Zachary has invited his three buddies over to
watch the basketball game on his wide-screen
television. They are all hungry, but no one
wants to leave to get food. Just as they are
arguing about who should make the food
run, a commercial comes on for a local pizze-
ria that delivers. The phone number flashes
on the screen briefly and they all try to
remember it. By the time Zachary grabs a
pen and paper, each of them recollects a dif-
ferent number. Which of the numbers is
most likely the telephone number of the
pizzeria?
a. 995-9266
b. 995-9336
c. 995-9268
d. 995-8266
Answer question 343 solely on the basis of the follow-
ing information.
When a new employee is hired at the law firm, a human
resources representative should take the following steps
on the employee’s first day of work.
1. Greet the employee in the reception area and
offer him coffee or tea.
2. Take the employee back to the human resources
office and have him complete a general informa-
tion questionnaire, a healthcare insurance form,
and a tax form.
3. Take a photograph of the employee for his iden-
tification card.
4. Issue the employee a temporary identification
card.
5. Walk the employee to the department in which
he will be working and introduce him to his
colleagues.
6. Bring the employee to his office or cubicle.
343. It is Kate Milford’s first day of work as a para-
legal at the law firm of Jasper, Jenkins & Mead.
Taylor Franklin, the human resources man-
ager, greets Kate in the reception area and gets
her a cup of tea as they walk back to the
human resources office. Taylor asks Kate to sit
at a table and fill out three forms. While Kate
completes the forms, Taylor checks her mes-
sages and asks her secretary to confirm a meet-
ing she has for later that morning. Taylor then
takes a photograph of Kate that will be used on
her company identification card. As Taylor
walks Kate over to the paralegal department,
she tells her that the identification card should
be ready in a couple of days. Taylor introduces
Kate to her new colleagues, who all greet her
quite warmly, and then shows her to her new
cubicle, jots down her phone extension, and
says that Kate should call her if she has any
questions at all. Taylor Franklin’s actions were
a. proper, because she is the human resources
manager and knows how to greet a new
employee.
b. improper, because she did not spend
enough time making sure that Kate was
comfortable.
c. proper, because she told Kate that she should
feel free to call her if she had questions.
d. improper, because she did not issue a tem-
porary identification card.
–QUESTIONS–
54

Answer question 344 solely on the basis of the follow-
ing information.
When a client comes in looking for a new home, the
real estate agency requires its realtors to follow some
specific guidelines during the first meeting. The realtor
is expected to do the following.
1. Be sure the client is comfortably seated and has
been offered a drink.
2. Get background information on the client’s cur-
rent living circumstances.
3. Ask the client what qualities she is looking for in
a house.
4. Discuss the price range that the client has in
mind and determine whether or not she has been
preapproved for a mortgage.
5. With the computer screen facing the client,
browse the current house listings and print out
information for any of the houses that the client
would like to see in person.
6. Ask the client if she is available to look at some of
the houses immediately, and if not, make an
appointment to show her the houses as soon as
possible.
344. Marcus and Cynthia Howard arrive at Smith-
field Realty for their appointment with real-
tor Patricia Russo. Ms. Russo leads the couple
to a comfortable sofa in her office and gets
them both a cup of coffee. Ms. Russo asks
Marcus and Cynthia what kind of house they
are looking for and it becomes clear that they
have very particular ideas. Most importantly,
they are looking for a house that is in walk-
ing distance of the train station. They also
want a newer house, preferably one built
after 1970.
They must have four bedrooms and cen-
tral air conditioning. A finished basement
would be a welcome bonus. Ms. Russo dis-
cusses price range with her new clients, and
before the discussion is finished, they hand her
a letter from their mortgage company that
indicates that they have been preapproved for a
mortgage. Together, the three of them browse
the listings on Ms. Russo’s computer screen
and information is printed out for four houses
that the couple would like to see. Ms. Russo
determines that Marcus and Cynthia are free
for another few hours, so the three of them
head to her car to begin looking at potential
new homes. Based on the company guidelines,
the actions taken by Ms. Russo were
a. improper, because she was only able to find
four houses that Marcus and Cynthia
wanted to see.
b. proper, because she obtained all the neces-
sary information from the clients.
c. improper, because she failed to get any
details about the client’s current living
circumstances.
d. proper, because she didn’t try to persuade
the clients to consider houses that didn’t
meet all of their criteria.
–QUESTIONS–
55

345. The ﬁlm director wants an actress for the
lead role of Lucy who perfectly ﬁts the
description that appears in the original
screenplay. He is not willing to consider
actresses who do not resemble the character
as she is described in the screenplay, no mat-
ter how talented they are. The screenplay
describes Lucy as an average-sized, forty-
something redhead, with deep brown eyes,
very fair skin, and a brilliant smile. The cast-
ing agent has four actresses in mind.
Actress #1 is a stunning red-haired beauty
who is 5'9" and in her mid-twenties. Her eyes
are brown and she has an olive complexion.
Actress #2 has red hair, big brown eyes, and a
fair complexion. She is in her mid-forties and
is 5'5".
Actress #3 is 5'4" and of medium build. She
has red hair, brown eyes, and is in her early
forties.
Actress #4 is a blue-eyed redhead in her early
thirties. She’s of very slight build and stands
at 5'.
Which two actresses should the casting agent
send to meet the director?
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 3
c. 1, 4
d. 2, 4
346. The neighborhood block association has
received many complaints about people
knocking on doors and soliciting money for
an unknown charity organization even
though door-to-door solicitation is prohib-
ited by local laws. Three residents have pro-
vided descriptions of individuals who have
come to their door asking for money.
Solicitor #1 is a white male, 20–25 years old,
5'9", 145 pounds, with very short brown hair.
He was wearing a dark blue suit and carrying
a brown leather briefcase.
Solicitor #2 is a white male, 25–30 years old,
6'2", 200 pounds, with a shaved-head. He was
wearing a red T-shirt and jeans.
Solicitor #3 is a white male, approximately
23 years old, 5'10", slight build, with short
brown hair. He was wearing a blue suit.
Three days after the block association meet-
ing, a resident noticed a man knocking on
doors in the neighborhood and phoned the
police to report the illegal activity. This solic-
itor was described as follows:
Solicitor #4 is a white male, 22 years old, 140
pounds, about 5'10", with short brown hair.
He was carrying a briefcase and wearing a
dark suit.
Based on this description, which of the three
solicitations was also likely carried out by
Solicitor #4?
a. #1, #2, and #3
b. #1, but not #2 and #3
c. #1 and #3, but not #2
d. #1 and #2, but not #3
–QUESTIONS–
56

Here’s another type of verbal reasoning question. For
each item in this set, you will be given a short, infor-
mational paragraph and four answer choices. Look
for the statement that must be true according to the
given information. The best way to approach this
problem is to read the answer choices in turn, going
back each time to look for that exact information in
the short passage.
For questions 347 through 357, find the statement that
must be true according to the given information.
347. Erin is twelve years old. For three years, she
has been asking her parents for a dog. Her
parents have told her that they believe a dog
would not be happy in an apartment, but
they have given her permission to have a
bird. Erin has not yet decided what kind of
bird she would like to have.
a. Erin’s parents like birds better than they
like dogs.
b. Erin does not like birds.
c. Erin and her parents live in an apartment.
d. Erin and her parents would like to move.
348. Last summer, Mike spent two weeks at a
summer camp. There, he went hiking, swim-
ming, and canoeing. This summer, Mike
looks forward to attending a two-week music
camp, where he hopes to sing, dance, and
learn to play the guitar.
a. Mike’s parents want him to learn to play the
guitar.
b. Mike prefers music to outdoor activities.
c. Mike goes to some type of camp every
summer.
d. Mike likes to sing and dance.
349. The Pacific yew is an evergreen tree that
grows in the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific
yew has a fleshy, poisonous fruit. Recently,
taxol, a substance found in the bark of the
Pacific yew, was discovered to be a promising
new anticancer drug.
a. Taxol is poisonous when taken by healthy
people.
b. Taxol has cured people from various
diseases.
c. People should not eat the fruit of the
Pacific yew.
d. The Pacific yew was considered worthless
until taxol was discovered.
350. On weekends, Mr. Sanchez spends many
hours working in his vegetable and flower
gardens. Mrs. Sanchez spends her free time
reading and listening to classical music. Both
Mr. Sanchez and Mrs. Sanchez like to cook.
a. Mr. Sanchez enjoys planting and growing
vegetables.
b. Mr. Sanchez does not like classical music.
c. Mrs. Sanchez cooks the vegetables that Mr.
Sanchez grows.
d. Mrs. Sanchez enjoys reading nineteenth-
century novels.
–QUESTIONS–
57

351. Tim’s commute never bothered him because
there were always seats available on the train
and he was able to spend his 40 minutes
comfortably reading the newspaper or catch-
ing up on paperwork. Ever since the train
schedule changed, the train has been
extremely crowded, and by the time the
doors open at his station, there isn’t a seat to
be found.
a. Tim would be better off taking the bus
to work.
b. Tim’s commute is less comfortable since the
train schedule changed.
c. Many commuters will complain about the
new train schedule.
d. Tim will likely look for a new job closer
to home.
352. When they heard news of the hurricane,
Maya and Julian decided to change their
vacation plans. Instead of traveling to the
island beach resort, they booked a room at a
fancy new spa in the mountains. Their plans
were a bit more expensive, but they’d heard
wonderful things about the spa and they were
relieved to find availability on such short
notice.
a. Maya and Julian take beach vacations
every year.
b. The spa is overpriced.
c. It is usually necessary to book at least six
months in advance at the spa.
d. Maya and Julian decided to change their
vacation plans because of the hurricane.
353. Seahorse populations have declined every-
where that seahorses are fished. During the
past five years, seahorse populations have
decreased by 50%. Last year, biologists met to
discuss what might be done to reverse this
trend.
a. Seahorses are likely to become extinct
within five years.
b. One way to increase seahorse populations is
to ban the fishing of seahorses.
c. Biologists from all over the world are work-
ing to save the seahorses.
d. Seahorse fishermen have spoken out against
the biologists.
354. Vincent has a paper route. Each morning, he
delivers 37 newspapers to customers in his
neighborhood. It takes Vincent 50 minutes to
deliver all the papers. If Vincent is sick or has
other plans, his friend Thomas, who lives on
the same street, will sometimes deliver the
papers for him.
a. Vincent and Thomas live in the same
neighborhood.
b. It takes Thomas more than 50 minutes to
deliver the papers.
c. It is dark outside when Vincent begins his
deliveries.
d. Thomas would like to have his own paper
route.
355. Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha.
Marsha’s brother Bart is older than Georgia.
When Marsha and Bart are visiting with
Georgia, all three like to play a game of
Monopoly. Marsha wins more often than
Georgia does.
a. When he plays Monopoly with Marsha and
Georgia, Bart often loses.
b. Of the three, Georgia is the oldest.
c. Georgia hates to lose at Monopoly.
d. Of the three, Marsha is the youngest.
–QUESTIONS–
58

356. Ten new television shows appeared during
the month of September. Five of the shows
were sitcoms, three were hour-long dramas,
and two were news-magazine shows. By Jan-
uary, only seven of these new shows were still
on the air. Five of the shows that remained
were sitcoms.
a. Only one of the news-magazine shows
remained on the air.
b. Only one of the hour-long dramas
remained on the air.
c. At least one of the shows that was cancelled
was an hour-long drama.
d. Television viewers prefer sitcoms over
hour-long dramas.
357. Sara lives in a large city on the East Coast.
Her younger cousin Marlee lives in the Mid-
west in a small town with fewer than 1,000
residents. Marlee has visited Sara several
times during the past ﬁve years. In the same
period of time, Sara has visited Marlee only
once.
a. Marlee likes Sara better than Sara likes
Marlee.
b. Sara thinks small towns are boring.
c. Sara is older than Marlee.
d. Marlee wants to move to the East Coast.
–QUESTIONS–
59

The next three sets contain short logic problems. Each
problem consists of three statements. Based on the first
two statements, the third statement may be true, false,
or uncertain.
Logic problems may appear daunting at first.
However, solving these problems can be done in the
most straightforward way. Simply translate the abstract
relationships in the questions into real-world relation-
ships, so you can see the facts more clearly. For exam-
ple, if the problem is comparing the ages of three
people, make a chart and list the names of the people
and their possible ages according to the information
given. Or, create a diagram using symbols to represent
phrases like “older than” or “greater than.”
358. Tanya is older than Eric.
Cliff is older than Tanya.
Eric is older than Cliff.
If the first two statements are true, the third
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
359. During the past year, Josh saw more movies
than Stephen.
Stephen saw fewer movies than Darren.
Darren saw more movies than Josh.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
360. All the tulips in Zoe’s garden are white.
All the pansies in Zoe’s garden are yellow.
All the flowers in Zoe’s garden are either
white or yellow.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
361. Blueberries cost more than strawberries.
Blueberries cost lest than raspberries.
Raspberries cost more than both strawberries
and blueberries.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
362. All the offices on the 9th floor have wall-to-
wall carpeting.
No wall-to-wall carpeting is pink.
None of the offices on the 9th floor has pink
wall-to-wall carpeting.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
363. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B.
Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B.
Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
–QUESTIONS–
60

364. Rover weighs less than Fido.
Rover weighs more than Boomer.
Of the three dogs, Boomer weighs the least.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
365. All the trees in the park are ﬂowering trees.
Some of the trees in the park are dogwoods.
All dogwoods are ﬂowering trees.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
366. Apartments in the Riverdale Manor cost less
than apartments in The Gaslight Commons.
Apartments in the Livingston Gate cost
more than apartments in the The Gaslight
Commons.
Of the three apartment buildings, the Liv-
ingston Gate costs the most.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
367. The Kingston Mall has more stores than the
Galleria.
The Four Corners Mall has fewer stores than
the Galleria.
The Kingston Mall has more stores than the
Four Corners Mall.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
368. Mara runs faster than Gail.
Lily runs faster than Mara.
Gail runs faster than Lily.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
–QUESTIONS–
61

Some of the logic questions in this set ask you to deter-
mine the direction of a particular place in relation to
other places. For these problems, instead of making a
chart or grid, draw a very simple map and label North,
South, East, and West to help you see where the places
are located in relation to each other.
369. Oat cereal has more fiber than corn cereal
but less fiber than bran cereal.
Corn cereal has more fiber than rice cereal
but less fiber than wheat cereal.
Of the three kinds of cereal, rice cereal has
the least amount of fiber.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
370. On the day the Barton triplets are born,
Jenna weighs more than Jason.
Jason weighs less than Jasmine.
Of the three babies, Jasmine weighs the most.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
371. The temperature on Monday was lower than
on Tuesday.
The temperature on Wednesday was lower
than on Tuesday.
The temperature on Monday was higher than
on Wednesday.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
372. Spot is bigger than King and smaller than
Sugar.
Ralph is smaller than Sugar and bigger than
Spot.
King is bigger than Ralph.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
373. A fruit basket contains more apples than
lemons.
There are more lemons in the basket than
there are oranges.
The basket contains more apples than
oranges.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
–QUESTIONS–
62

374. The Shop and Save Grocery is south of
Greenwood Pharmacy.
Rebecca’s house is northeast of Greenwood
Pharmacy.
Rebecca’s house is west of the Shop and Save
Grocery.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
375. Joe is younger than Kathy.
Mark was born after Joe.
Kathy is older than Mark.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
376. All spotted Gangles have long tails.
Short-haired Gangles always have short tails.
Long-tailed Gangles never have short hair.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
377. Battery X lasts longer than Battery Y.
Battery Y doesn’t last as long as Battery Z.
Battery Z lasts longer than Battery X.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
378. Martina is sitting in the desk behind Jerome.
Jerome is sitting in the desk behind Bryant.
Bryant is sitting in the desk behind Martina.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
379. Middletown is north of Centerville.
Centerville is east of Penﬁeld.
Penﬁeld is northwest of Middletown.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
–QUESTIONS–
63

Here’s your last set of “true-false-uncertain”problems.
Remember, the best way to answer questions like this
is usually to draw a quick diagram or take notes.
380. Taking the train across town is quicker than
taking the bus.
Taking the bus across town is slower than
driving a car.
Taking the train across town is quicker than
driving a car.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
381. All Lamels are Signots with buttons.
No yellow Signots have buttons.
No Lamels are yellow.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
382. The hotel is two blocks east of the drugstore.
The market is one block west of the hotel.
The drugstore is west of the market.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
383. Tom puts on his socks before he puts on his
shoes.
He puts on his shirt before he puts on his
jacket.
Tom puts on his shoes before he puts on his
shirt.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
384. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.
Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.
Pencils are more expensive than rulers.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
385. A jar of jelly beans contains more red beans
than green.
There are more yellow beans than red.
The jar contains fewer yellow jelly beans than
green ones.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
–QUESTIONS–
64

386. Cloudy days tend to be more windy than
sunny days.
Foggy days tend to be less windy than
cloudy days.
Sunny days tend to be less windy than
foggy days.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
387. The bookstore has a better selection of post-
cards than the newsstand does.
The selection of postcards at the drugstore is
better than at the bookstore.
The drugstore has a better selection of post-
cards than the bookstore or the newsstand.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
388. At a parking lot, a sedan is parked to the
right of a pickup and to the left of a sport
utility vehicle.
A minivan is parked to the left of the pickup.
The minivan is parked between the pickup
and the sedan.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
389. A toothpick is useful.
Useful things are valuable.
A toothpick is valuable.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
–QUESTIONS–
65

The logic problems in this set present you with three
true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact 3. Then, you are
given three more statements (labeled I, II, and III),
and you must determine which of these, if any, is also
a fact. One or two of the statements could be true; all
of the statements could be true; or none of the state-
ments could be true. Choose your answer based solely
on the information given in the ﬁrst three facts.
390. Fact 1: Jessica has four children.
Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyes
and two of the children have brown
eyes.
Fact 3: Half of the children are girls.
If the ﬁrst three statements are facts, which of
the following statements must also be a fact?
I. At least one girl has blue eyes.
II. Two of the children are boys.
III. The boys have brown eyes.
a. II only
b. I and III only
c. II and III only
d. None of the statements is a known fact.
391. Fact 1: All hats have brims.
Fact 2: There are black hats and blue hats.
Fact 3: Baseball caps are hats.
I. All caps have brims.
II. Some baseball caps are blue.
III. Baseball caps have no brims.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I, II, and III
392. Fact 1: All chickens are birds.
Fact 2: Some chickens are hens.
Fact 3: Female birds lay eggs.
I. All birds lay eggs.
II. Hens are birds.
III. Some chickens are not hens.
a. II only
b. II and III only
c. I, II, and III
393. Fact 1: Most stuffed toys are stuffed with
beans.
Fact 2: There are stuffed bears and stuffed
tigers.
Fact 3: Some chairs are stuffed with beans.
I. Only children’s chairs are stuffed with
beans.
II. All stuffed tigers are stuffed with beans.
III. Stuffed monkeys are not stuffed with
beans.
a. I only
b. II only
c. II and III only
–QUESTIONS–
66

394. Fact 1: Pictures can tell a story.
Fact 2: All storybooks have pictures.
Fact 3: Some storybooks have words.
I. Pictures can tell a story better than
words can.
II. The stories in storybooks are very simple.
III. Some storybooks have both words and
pictures.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
395. Fact 1: Robert has four vehicles.
Fact 2: Two of the vehicles are red.
Fact 3: One of the vehicles is a minivan.
I. Robert has a red minivan.
II. Robert has three cars.
III. Robert’s favorite color is red.
a. I only
b. II only
c. II and III only
396. Fact 1: Islands are surrounded by water.
Fact 2: Maui is an island.
Fact 3: Maui was formed by a volcano.
I. Maui is surrounded by water.
II. All islands are formed by volcanoes.
III. All volcanoes are on islands.
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
397. Fact 1: All drink mixes are beverages.
Fact 2: All beverages are drinkable.
Fact 3: Some beverages are red.
I. Some drink mixes are red.
II. All beverages are drink mixes.
III. All red drink mixes are drinkable.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and III
398. Fact 1: Eyeglass frames cost between $35
and $350.
Fact 2: Some eyeglass frames are made of
titanium.
Fact 3: Some eyeglass frames are made of
plastic.
I. Titanium eyeglass frames cost more than
plastic frames.
II. Expensive eyeglass frames last longer
than cheap frames.
III. Only a few eyeglass frames cost less
than $35.
a. II only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
–QUESTIONS–
67

399. Fact 1: Some pens don’t write.
Fact 2: All blue pens write.
Fact 3: Some writing utensils are pens.
I. Some writing utensils don’t write.
II. Some writing utensils are blue.
III. Some blue writing utensils don’t write.
a. II only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
400. Fact 1: Mary said, “Ann and I both have
cats.”
Fact 2: Ann said, “I don’t have a cat.”
Fact 3: Mary always tells the truth, but Ann
sometimes lies.
I. Ann has a cat.
II. Mary has a cat.
III. Ann is lying.
a. II only
b. I and II only
c. I, II, and III
401. Fact 1: All dogs like to run.
Fact 2: Some dogs like to swim.
Fact 3: Some dogs look like their masters.
I. All dogs who like to swim look like their
masters.
II. Dogs who like to swim also like to run.
III. Dogs who like to run do not look like
their masters.
a. I only
b. II only
c. II and III only
–QUESTIONS–
68

Here is yet another set of logic questions. The logic
problems in this set are somewhat more complex than
the ones in the previous sets, but your approach should
be the same. Make a chart or grid so that you can order
the given information.
402. Children are in pursuit of a dog whose leash
has broken. James is directly behind the dog.
Ruby is behind James. Rachel is behind Ruby.
Max is ahead of the dog walking down the
street in the opposite direction. As the chil-
dren and dog pass, Max turns around and
joins the pursuit. He runs in behind Ruby.
James runs faster and is alongside the dog on
the left. Ruby runs faster and is alongside the
dog on the right. Which child is directly
behind the dog?
a. James
b. Ruby
c. Rachel
d. Max
403. Nurse Kemp has worked more night shifts in
a row than Nurse Rogers, who has worked
five. Nurse Miller has worked fifteen night
shifts in a row, more than Nurses Kemp and
Rogers combined. Nurse Calvin has worked
eight night shifts in a row, less than Nurse
Kemp. How many night shifts in a row has
Nurse Kemp worked?
a. eight
b. nine
c. ten
d. eleven
404. Four friends in the sixth grade were sharing a
pizza. They decided that the oldest friend
would get the extra piece. Randy is two
months older than Greg, who is three
months younger than Ned. Kent is one
month older than Greg. Who should get the
extra piece of pizza?
a. Randy
b. Greg
c. Ned
d. Kent
405. A four-person crew from Classic Colors is
painting Mr. Field’s house. Michael is paint-
ing the front of the house. Ross is in the alley
behind the house painting the back. Jed is
painting the window frames on the north
side, Shawn is on the south. If Michael
switches places with Jed, and Jed then
switches places with Shawn, where is Shawn?
a. in the alley behind the house
b. on the north side of the house
c. in front of the house
d. on the south side of the house
406. In a four-day period—Monday through
Thursday—each of the following temporary
office workers worked only one day, each a
different day. Ms. Johnson was scheduled to
work on Monday, but she traded with Mr.
Carter, who was originally scheduled to work
on Wednesday. Ms. Falk traded with Mr.
Kirk, who was originally scheduled to work
on Thursday. After all the switching was
done, who worked on Tuesday?
a. Mr. Carter
b. Ms. Falk
c. Ms. Johnson
d. Mr. Kirk
–QUESTIONS–
69

407. The high school math department needs to
appoint a new chairperson, which will be
based on seniority. Ms. West has less senior-
ity than Mr. Temple, but more than Ms.
Brody. Mr. Rhodes has more seniority than
Ms. West, but less than Mr. Temple. Mr.
Temple doesn’t want the job. Who will be the
new math department chairperson?
a. Mr. Rhodes
b. Mr. Temple
c. Ms. West
d. Ms. Brody
408. Four people witnessed a mugging. Each gave
a different description of the mugger. Which
description is probably right?
a. He was average height, thin, and
middle-aged.
b. He was tall, thin, and middle-aged.
c. He was tall, thin, and young.
d. He was tall, of average weight, and
middle-aged.
409. As they prepare for the state championships,
one gymnast must be moved from the Level 2
team to the Level 1 team. The coaches will
move the gymnast who has won the biggest
prize and who has the most experience. In
the last competition, Roberta won a bronze
medal and has competed seven times before.
Jamie has won a silver medal and has com-
peted fewer times than Roberta. Beth has
won a higher medal than Jamie and has com-
peted more times than Roberta. Michele has
won a bronze medal, and it is her third time
competing. Who will be moved to the Level 1
team?
a. Roberta
b. Beth
c. Michele
d. Jamie
410. Four defensive football players are chasing
the opposing wide receiver, who has the ball.
Calvin is directly behind the ball carrier.
Jenkins and Burton are side by side behind
Calvin. Zeller is behind Jenkins and Burton.
Calvin tries for the tackle but misses and
falls. Burton trips. Which defensive player
tackles the receiver?
a. Burton
b. Zeller
c. Jenkins
d. Calvin
411. Danielle has been visiting friends in Ridge-
wood for the past two weeks. She is leaving
tomorrow morning and her ﬂight is very
early. Most of her friends live fairly close to
the airport. Madison lives ten miles away.
Frances lives ﬁve miles away, Samantha,
seven miles. Alexis is farther away than
Frances, but closer than Samantha. Approxi-
mately how far away from the airport is
Alexis?
a. nine miles
b. seven miles
c. eight miles
d. six miles
412. Ms. Forest likes to let her students choose
who their partners will be; however, no pair
of students may work together more than
seven class periods in a row. Adam and Bax-
ter have studied together seven class periods
in a row. Carter and Dennis have worked
together three class periods in a row. Carter
does not want to work with Adam. Who
should be assigned to work with Baxter?
a. Carter
b. Adam
c. Dennis
d. Forest
–QUESTIONS–
70

413. At the baseball game, Henry was sitting in
seat 253. Marla was sitting to the right of
Henry in seat 254. In the seat to the left of
Henry was George. Inez was sitting to the left
of George. Which seat is Inez sitting in?
a. 251
b. 254
c. 255
d. 256
–QUESTIONS–
71

Questions that involve analytical reasoning—better
known as “logic games”—tend to inspire fear in most
test takers. These games give the most trouble to test
takers who haven’t defined a specific method for solv-
ing these problems. The best way to attack logic games
is to have a plan. When solving the problems in this set,
try the following strategy:
1. Know the rules of the logic game and what each
rule means.
2. Draw up an easy-to-reference diagram that
includes all of the game’s information.
3. Look for common elements in the rules; you can
combine these to make deductions.
4. Read the questions carefully; be sure you know
what is being asked before you try to answer the
question.
Now, try solving the logic games in this set.
Answer questions 414 through 416 on the basis of the
information below.
The government of an island nation is in the
process of deciding how to spend its limited
income. It has $7 million left in its budget and
eight programs to choose among. There is no
provision in the constitution to have a surplus,
and each program has requested the minimum
amount they need; in other words, no program
may be partially funded. The programs and their
funding requests are:
■ Hurricane preparedness: $2.5 million
■ Harbor improvements: $1 million
■ School music program: $0.5 million
■ Senate office building remodeling: $1.5 million
■ Agricultural subsidy program: $2 million
■ National radio: $0.5 million
■ Small business loan program: $3 million
■ International airport: $4 million
414. If the legislature decides to fund the agricul-
tural subsidy program, national radio, and
the small business loan program, the only
other single program that can be funded is
a. hurricane preparedness.
b. harbor improvements.
c. school music program.
d. senate office building remodeling.
e. international airport.
415. If the legislature decides to fund the agricul-
tural subsidy program, national radio, and
the small business loan program, what two
other programs could they fund?
a. harbor improvements and international
airport
b. harbor improvements and school music
program
c. hurricane preparedness and school music
program
d. hurricane preparedness and international
airport
e. harbor improvements and hurricane
preparedness
416. Senators from urban areas are very con-
cerned about assuring that there will be
funding for a new international airport. Sen-
ators from rural areas refuse to fund anything
until money for agricultural subsidies is
appropriated. If the legislature funds these
two programs, on which of the following
could they spend the rest of the money?
a. the school music program and national
radio
b. hurricane preparedness
c. harbor improvements and the school music
program
d. small business loan program
e. national radio and senate office building
remodeling
–QUESTIONS–
72

information below.
A weekly television show routinely stars six actors,
J, K, L, M, N, and O. Since the show has been on
the air for a long time, some of the actors are
good friends and some do not get along at all. In
an effort to keep peace, the director sees to it that
friends work together and enemies do not. Also,
as the actors have become more popular, some of
them need time off to do other projects. To keep
the schedule working, the director has a few
things she must be aware of:
■ J will only work on episodes on which
M is working.
■ N will not work with K under any
circumstances.
■ M can only work every other week, in
order to be free to film a movie
■ At least three of the actors must appear
in every weekly episode.
417. In a show about L getting a job at the same
company J already works for and K used to
work for, all three actors will appear. Which
of the following is true about the other actors
who may appear?
a. M, N, and O must all appear.
b. M may appear and N must appear.
c. M must appear and O may appear.
d. O may appear and N may appear.
e. Only O may appear.
418. Next week, the show involves N’s new car and
O’s new refrigerator. Which of the following
is true about the other actors who may
appear?
a. M, J, L, and K all may appear.
b. J, L, and K must appear.
c. Only K may appear.
d. Only L may appear.
e. L and K must appear.
information below.
A cinema complex with six movie theaters never
shows the same movie in more than one theater.
None of the theaters is the same size as any other,
with number 1 being the largest and going in
order to number 6, the smallest. The theater also
has the following rules:
■ It will never show more than two R-rated
movies at once.
■ It will always show at least one G-rated movie
and one PG-rated movie in the two middle-
sized theaters (theaters 3 and 4).
■ It will never show more than one foreign film
at a time and never in the biggest theater.
■ The starting times of movies will be staggered
by fifteen minutes and will always be on the
quarter hour.
■ Employees need twenty minutes between
showings to clean the theaters.
The cinema has the following films to choose from
this particular week:
Shout, rated R
Que Pasa, a Spanish film rated PG
Abra Cadabra, rated G
Lessons, rated R
Jealousy, rated PG
Mist, a Swedish film rated R
Trek, rated NC-17
Fly, rated G
–QUESTIONS–
73

419. Which one of the following is an acceptable
listing of ﬁlms to show this week?
a. Shout, Mist, Trek, Que Pasa, Fly, and
Jealousy
b. Shout, Mist, Trek, Fly, Jealousy, and Abra
Cadabra
c. Que Pasa, Lessons, Mist, Shout, Abra
Cadabra, and Trek
d. Shout, Lessons, Mist, Trek, Fly, and Jealousy
e. Shout, Fly, Trek, Lessons, Abra Cadabra,
and Mist
420. If Shout starts at 8:30, Mist at 8:15, Trek at
8:00, Fly at 7:45, Jealousy at 7:30, and Abra
Cadabra at 7:15, and each movie is exactly
two hours long, at what time will the next
showing of Trek start?
a. 10:00
b. 10:15
c. 10:30
d. 10:45
e. 11:00
421. The movies this week are showing in the fol-
lowing theaters:
Theater 1: Shout
Theater 2: Trek
Theater 3: Abra Cadabra
Theater 4: Jealousy
Theater 5: Fly
Theater 6: Mist
Shout is doing the most business, followed by
Trek and, to the management’s surprise, Mist.
The management wants to move Mist to a
larger theater. Which theater is the most
logical?
a. theater 1
b. theater 2
c. theater 3
d. theater 4
e. theater 5
information below.
The six top songs (not in order) of 1968 were:
“People Got to Be Free” by The Rascals
“Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay” by Otis Redding
“Honey” by Bobby Goldsboro
“Sunshine of Your Love” by Cream
“Love Is Blue” by Paul Mauriat & His Orchestra
“Hey Jude” by The Beatles
Here are some rules about the order of the songs:
■ The Beatles and Cream do not appear next to
each other on the list.
■ The number 1 song is not “Love Is Blue.”
■ The songs by individual artists are numbers 3
and 4.
■ The Rascals appear right before Cream and
right after Otis Redding.
422. Which of the following is true?
a. Song #3 is “Honey” by Bobby Goldsboro.
b. Song #6 is “Hey Jude” by the Beatles.
c. Song #1 is “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
by Otis Redding.
d. Song #1 is “Sunshine of Your Love” by
Cream.
e. Song #3 is “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
by Otis Redding.
–QUESTIONS–
74

423. Which of the following is the correct order of
songs?
a. “Honey,” “Love Is Blue,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sunshine of Your Love,” “Sittin’ on
the Dock of the Bay,” “Hey Jude”
b. “Love Is Blue,” “Hey Jude,” “Honey,” “Sittin’
on the Dock of the Bay,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sunshine of Your Love”
c. “Sunshine of Your Love,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay,”
“Honey,” “Love Is Blue,” “Hey Jude”
d. “Hey Jude,” “Love Is Blue,” “Honey,” “Sittin’
on the Dock of the Bay,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sunshine of Your Love”
e. “Honey,” “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay,”
“Hey Jude,” “Sunshine of Your Love,”
“People Got to Be Free,” “Love Is Blue”
–QUESTIONS–
75

If you’re having trouble after the first set of logic games,
there’s a bonus for you—a complete explanation of
questions 424 and 425 in the answers section, with a
step-by-step explanation of how to set up a table to
answer the questions.
Answer questions 424 and 425 on the basis of the
information below.
At a Halloween party where people were asked to
dress as an object that represented their profes-
sions, Quentin, Rachel, Sarah, Thomas, and
Ulysses were among the guests. The costumes
included a flower, a pencil, a spoon, a camera, and
a thermometer. The professions included a pho-
tographer, a florist, a doctor, an accountant, and
a chef.
■ Quentin is an accountant.
■ Neither Rachel nor Sarah was dressed as a
spoon.
■ None of the men is a doctor.
■ Thomas is dressed as a camera.
■ Sarah is a florist.
424. Which person is dressed as a thermometer?
a. Quentin
b. Rachel
c. Sarah
d. Thomas
e. Ulysses
425. What is Ulysses’s profession?
a. photographer
b. florist
c. doctor
d. accountant
e. chef
information below.
Evan is a waiter in a café. After he turns in orders
for the six people sitting at the counter—each of
whom is eating alone and is sitting in chairs num-
bered 1 through 6—the cook opens a window in
the kitchen and the order slips get messed up.
Here’s what Evan remembers about the orders:
■ The entree orders are: fried eggs, a hamburger,
a cheeseburger, a vegetable burger, soup, and a
ham sandwich.
■ The two people who did not order sandwiches
are sitting at chairs 3 and 4.
■ The person who ordered the cheeseburger and
the one who ordered the hamburger are not
sitting next to each other.
■ The person in chair number 5 is a regular. She
will not sit next to anyone who is eating ham.
■ The person eating the vegetable burger is not
sitting in chair 2, but is sitting between the
person who ordered fried eggs and the one
who ordered a cheeseburger.
■ The customer who ordered the hamburger is
not sitting next to the customer who ordered
soup.
426. To which customer should Evan serve the
vegetable burger?
a. the customer in chair 2
b. the customer in chair 3
c. the customer in chair 4
d. the customer in chair 5
e. the customer in chair 6
–QUESTIONS–
76

soup?
ham sandwich?
Use the additional information below, along with the
information before question 426, to answer questions
429 and 430.
Now Evan has to decide who gets which side dish.
Here is what he remembers, in addition to the
previous information, about the orders, which
were: cole slaw, hash browns, onion rings, potato
salad, french fries, and lettuce salad.
■ The person who ordered soup did not order
french fries, hash browns, onion rings, or a
lettuce salad.
■ The person who ordered onion rings is sitting
in chair 6.
■ The person who ordered potato salad is sitting
between the person who ordered cole slaw and
the one who ordered hash browns.
■ The person who ordered a vegetable burger
ordered a lettuce salad.
■ The hash browns were ordered by the cus-
tomer who ordered fried eggs.
429. With which entrée does the potato salad
belong?
a. soup
b. hamburger
c. cheeseburger
d. fried eggs
e. ham sandwich
430. With which entrée do the french fries belong?
a. soup
b. cheeseburger
c. hamburger
d. fried eggs
e. ham sandwich
information below.
At a small company, parking spaces are reserved
for the top executives: CEO, president, vice pres-
ident, secretary, and treasurer—with the spaces
lined up in that order. The parking lot guard can
tell at a glance if the cars are parked correctly
by looking at the color of the cars. The cars are
yellow, green, purple, red, and blue, and the exec-
utives’ names are Alice, Bert, Cheryl, David,
and Enid.
■ The car in the ﬁrst space is red.
■ A blue car is parked between the red car and
the green car.
■ The car in the last space is purple.
■ The secretary drives a yellow car.
■ Alice’s car is parked next to David’s.
■ Enid drives a green car.
■ Bert’s car is parked between Cheryl’s and
Enid’s.
■ David’s car is parked in the last space.
–QUESTIONS–
77

431. What color is the vice president’s car?
a. green
b. yellow
c. blue
d. purple
e. red
432. Who is the CEO?
a. Alice
b. Bert
c. Cheryl
d. David
e. Enid
433. Who is the secretary?
a. Enid
b. David
c. Cheryl
d. Bert
e. Alice
–QUESTIONS–
78

Remember, the best way to answer these logic game
questions is to attack the information systematically.
Make a diagram outlining all the given informa-
tion. There’s always at least one fact that can serve as
your starting point, the place to begin eliminating
possibilities.
information below.
Five towns—Fulton, Groton, Hudson, Ivy, and
Jersey—which are covered by the same newspa-
per, all have excellent soccer teams. The teams
are named the Panthers, the Whippets, the
Antelopes, the Kangaroos, and the Gazelles. The
sports reporter, who has just started at the news-
paper, has to be careful not to get them confused.
Here is what she knows:
■ The team in Fulton has beaten the Antelopes,
Panthers, and Kangaroos.
■ The Whippets have beaten the teams in Jersey,
Hudson, and Fulton.
■ The Antelopes are in Groton.
■ The team in Hudson is not the Kangaroos.
434. Where are the Whippets?
a. Fulton
b. Groton
c. Hudson
d. Ivy
e. Jersey
435. Where are the Panthers?
a. Ivy
b. Jersey
c. Fulton
d. Groton
e. Hudson
436. What team is in Fulton?
a. Panthers
b. Gazelles
c. Whippets
d. Kangaroos
e. Antelopes
information below.
Henri delivers flowers for a local florist. One
lovely day, he left the windows open on the deliv-
ery van and the cards all blew off the bouquets.
He has to figure out who gets which flowers. He
has five bouquets, each of which has only one
kind of flower: daisies, roses, carnations, iris, and
gladioli. He has five cards with names on them: a
birthday card for Inez, a congratulations-on-
your-promotion card for Jenny, a graduation card
for Kevin, an anniversary card for Liz, and a
housewarming card for Michael. Here’s what
Henri knows:
■ Roses are Jenny’s favorite flower and what her
friends always send.
■ Gladioli are traditionally sent for a
housewarming.
■ Kevin is allergic to daisies and iris.
■ Liz is allergic to daisies and roses.
■ Neither Liz nor Inez has moved recently.
437. Which flowers should be delivered to Kevin?
a. carnations
b. iris
c. gladioli
d. daisies
e. roses
–QUESTIONS–
79

438. Who should get the housewarming gladioli?
a. Jenny
b. Kevin
c. Liz
d. Michael
e. Inez
439. Which flowers should be delivered to Liz?
a. gladioli
b. daisies
c. roses
d. carnations
e. iris
information below.
Five cities all got more rain than usual this year.
The five cities are: Last Stand, Mile City, New
Town, Olliopolis, and Polberg. The cities are
located in five different areas of the country: the
mountains, the forest, the coast, the desert, and in
a valley. The rainfall amounts were: 12 inches,
27 inches, 32 inches, 44 inches, and 65 inches.
■ The city in the desert got the least rain; the city
in the forest got the most rain.
■ New Town is in the mountains.
■ Last Stand got more rain than Olliopolis.
■ Mile City got more rain than Polberg, but less
rain than New Town.
■ Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain.
■ The city in the mountains got 32 inches of
rain; the city on the coast got 27 inches of rain.
440. Which city is in the desert?
a. Last Stand
b. Mile City
c. New Town
d. Olliopolis
e. Polberg
441. Which city got the most rain?
a. Last Stand
b. Mile City
c. New Town
d. Olliopolis
e. Polberg
442. How much rain did Mile City get?
a. 12 inches
b. 27 inches
c. 32 inches
d. 44 inches
e. 65 inches
443. Where is Olliopolis located?
a. the mountains
b. the coast
c. in a valley
d. the desert
e. the forest
–QUESTIONS–
80

Here’s one more set of logic games. Remember, map-
ping out the game using all the given information is the
most efﬁcient way to attack this type of question.
information below.
Eleanor is in charge of seating the speakers at a
table. In addition to the moderator, there will be
a pilot, a writer, an attorney, and an explorer. The
speakers’ names are Gary, Heloise, Jarrod, Kate,
and Lane.
■ The moderator must sit in the middle, in
seat #3.
■ The attorney cannot sit next to the explorer.
■ Lane is the pilot.
■ The writer and the attorney sit on either side of
the moderator.
■ Heloise, who is not the moderator, sits between
Kate and Jarrod.
■ The moderator does not sit next to Jarrod or
Lane.
■ Gary, who is the attorney, sits in seat #4.
444. Who is the moderator?
a. Lane
b. Gary
c. Heloise
d. Kate
e. Jarrod
445. Where does Jarrod sit?
a. seat #1
b. seat #2
c. seat #3
d. seat #4
e. seat #5
446. What occupation does Jarrod hold?
a. a moderator
b. a pilot
c. a writer
d. an attorney
e. an explorer
447. Who is the writer?
a. Gary
b. Heloise
c. Jarrod
d. Kate
e. Lane
Answer question 448 on the basis of the information
below.
Zinnia has a small container garden on her bal-
cony. Each spring, she only has room to plant
three vegetables. Because ﬁve vegetables are her
favorites, she has worked out a schedule to plant
each at least once every two years. The vegeta-
bles are: beans, cabbage, carrots, peppers, and
tomatoes.
■ Tomatoes are her favorites and she plants them
every year.
■ Each year, she plants only one vegetable that
begins with the letter “C.”
■ She never plants carrots and peppers in the
same year.
■ She will plant cabbage in the second year.
–QUESTIONS–
81

448. In what order does she plant the vegetables in
the next two years?
a. first year: tomatoes, carrots, cabbage
second year: tomatoes, peppers, beans
b. first year: tomatoes, peppers, beans
second year: cabbage, carrots, tomatoes
c. first year: tomatoes, carrots, peppers
second year: tomatoes, cabbage, beans
d. first year: tomatoes, carrots, beans
second year: tomatoes, cabbage, peppers
e. first year: tomatoes, cabbage, peppers
second year: carrots, cabbage, beans
information below.
Five roommates—Randy, Sally, Terry, Uma, and
Vernon—each do one housekeeping task—
mopping, sweeping, laundry, vacuuming, or
dusting—one day a week, Monday through
Friday.
■ Vernon does not vacuum and does not do his
task on Tuesday.
■ Sally does the dusting, and does not do it on
Monday or Friday.
■ The mopping is done on Thursday.
■ Terry does his task, which is not vacuuming,
on Wednesday.
■ The laundry is done on Friday, and not by
Uma.
■ Randy does his task on Monday.
449. When does Sally do the dusting?
a. Friday
b. Monday
c. Tuesday
d. Wednesday
e. Thursday
450. What task does Terry do on Wednesday?
a. vacuuming
b. dusting
c. mopping
d. sweeping
e. laundry
451. What day is the vacuuming done?
a. Friday
b. Monday
c. Tuesday
d. Wednesday
e. Thursday
452. What task does Vernon do?
a. vacuuming
b. dusting
c. mopping
d. sweeping
e. laundry
453. What day does Uma do her task?
a. Monday
b. Tuesday
c. Wednesday
d. Thursday
e. Friday
–QUESTIONS–
82

Each of the questions in this set contains a short para-
graph, and each paragraph presents an argument. Your
task is to read the paragraph carefully and determine
the main point the author is trying to make. What
conclusion can be drawn from the argument? Each
paragraph is followed by five statements. One statement
supports the author’s argument better than the others
do. The best way to approach these questions is to first
read the paragraph and then restate the author’s main
argument, or conclusion, in your own words.
454. If you’re a fitness walker, there is no need for
a commute to a health club. Your neighbor-
hood can be your health club. You don’t need
a lot of fancy equipment to get a good work-
out either. All you need is a well-designed
pair of athletic shoes.
This paragraph best supports the statement
that
a. fitness walking is a better form of exercise
than weight lifting.
b. a membership in a health club is a poor
investment.
c. walking outdoors provides a better workout
than walking indoors.
d. fitness walking is a convenient and valuable
form of exercise.
e. poorly designed athletic shoes can cause
major foot injuries.
455. It is well known that the world urgently
needs adequate distribution of food, so that
everyone gets enough. Adequate distribution
of medicine is just as urgent. Medical expert-
ise and medical supplies need to be redistrib-
uted throughout the world so that people in
emerging nations will have proper medical
care.
that
a. the majority of the people in the world have
never been seen by a doctor.
b. food production in emerging nations has
slowed during the past several years.
c. most of the world’s doctors are selfish
about giving time and money to the poor.
d. the medical-supply industry should step up
production of its products.
e. many people who live in emerging nations
are not receiving proper medical care.
456. The criminal justice system needs to change.
The system could be more just if it allowed
victims the opportunity to confront the per-
son who has harmed them. Also, mediation
between victims and their offenders would
give the offenders a chance to apologize for
the harm they have done.
that victims of a crime should
a. learn to forgive their offenders.
b. have the right to confront their offenders.
c. learn the art of mediation.
d. insist that their offenders be punished.
e. have the right to impose a sentence on their
offenders.
–QUESTIONS–
83

457. In the past, consumers would rarely walk into
an ice cream store and order low-fat ice
cream. But that isn’t the case today. An
increasing health consciousness combined
with a much bigger selection of tasty low-fat
foods in all categories has made low-fat ice
cream a very profitable item for ice cream
store owners.
that
a. low-fat ice cream produces more revenue
than other low-fat foods.
b. ice cream store owners would be better off
carrying only low-fat ice cream.
c. ice cream store owners no longer think that
low-fat ice cream is an unpopular item.
d. low-fat ice cream is more popular than
other kinds of ice cream.
e. consumers are fickle and it is impossible to
please them.
458. A few states in this country are considering
legislation that would prohibit schools from
using calculators before the sixth grade.
Other states take a different position. Some
states are insisting on the purchase of graph-
ing calculators for every student in middle
school.
that in this country
a. there are at least two opinions about the use
of calculators in schools.
b. calculators are frequently a detriment to
learning math.
c. state legislators are more involved in educa-
tion than ever before.
d. the price of graphing calculators is less
when schools buy in bulk.
e. the argument against calculators in schools
is unfounded.
459. One of the warmest winters on record has
put consumers in the mood to spend money.
Spending is likely to be the strongest in thir-
teen years. During the month of February,
sales of existing single-family homes hit an
annual record rate of 4.75 million.
that
a. consumer spending will be higher thirteen
years from now than it is today.
b. more people buy houses in the month of
February than in any other month.
c. during the winter months, the prices of
single-family homes are the lowest.
d. there were about 4 million homes for sale
during the month of February.
e. warm winter weather is likely to affect the
rate of home sales.
460. One New York publisher has estimated that
50,000 to 60,000 people in the United States
want an anthology that includes the complete
works of William Shakespeare. And what
accounts for this renewed interest in Shake-
speare? As scholars point out, his psychologi-
cal insights into both male and female
characters are amazing even today.
that
a. Shakespeare’s characters are more interest-
ing than fictional characters today.
b. people today are interested in Shakespeare’s
work because of the characters.
c. academic scholars are putting together an
anthology of Shakespeare’s work.
d. New Yorkers have a renewed interested in
the work of Shakespeare.
e. Shakespeare was a psychiatrist as well as a
playwright.
–QUESTIONS–
84

461. Today’s workforce has a new set of social val-
ues. Ten years ago, a manager who was
offered a promotion in a distant city would
not have questioned the move. Today, a man-
ager in that same situation might choose
family happiness instead of career advance-
ment.
that
a. most managers are not loyal to the corpora-
tions for which they work.
b. businesses today do not understand their
employees’ needs.
c. employees’ social values have changed over
the past ten years.
d. career advancement is not important to
today’s business managers.
e. companies should require their employees
to accept promotions.
462. Generation Xers are those people born
roughly between 1965 and 1981. As employ-
ees, Generation Xers tend to be more chal-
lenged when they can carry out tasks
independently. This makes Generation Xers
the most entrepreneurial generation in
history.
that Generation Xers
a. work harder than people from other
generations.
b. have a tendency to be self-directed workers.
c. have an interest in making history.
d. tend to work in jobs that require risk-taking
behavior.
e. like to challenge their bosses’ work
attitudes.
463. Today’s high school students spend too much
time thinking about trivial and distracting
matters such as fashion. Additionally, they
often dress inappropriately on school
grounds. Rather than spending time writing
another detailed dress policy, we should
make school uniforms mandatory. If students
were required to wear uniforms, it would
increase a sense of community and harmony
in our schools and it would instill a sense of
discipline in our students. Another positive
effect would be that teachers and administra-
tors would no longer have to act as clothing
police, freeing them up to focus on more
important issues.
that
a. inappropriate clothing leads to failing
grades.
b. students who wear school uniforms get into
better colleges.
c. teachers and administrators spend at least
25% of their time enforcing the dress code.
d. students are not interested in being part of
a community.
e. school uniforms should be compulsory for
high school students.
–QUESTIONS–
85

For more practice with logical reasoning, try another
set of questions that contain short paragraphs that
make a specific argument. Remember, you are looking
for the statement that is best supported by the infor-
mation given in the passage.
464. Critical reading is a demanding process. To
read critically, you must slow down your
reading and, with pencil in hand, perform
specific operations on the text. Mark up the
text with your reactions, conclusions, and
questions. When you read, become an active
participant.
that
a. critical reading is a slow, dull, but essential
process.
b. the best critical reading happens at critical
times in a person’s life.
c. readers should get in the habit of question-
ing the truth of what they read.
d. critical reading requires thoughtful and
careful attention.
e. critical reading should take place at the
same time each day.
465. There are no effective boundaries when it
comes to pollutants. Studies have shown that
toxic insecticides that have been banned in
many countries are riding the wind from
countries where they remain legal. Com-
pounds such as DDT and toxaphene have
been found in remote places like the Yukon
and other Arctic regions.
that
a. toxic insecticides such as DDT have not
been banned throughout the world.
b. more pollutants find their way into polar
climates than they do into warmer areas.
c. studies have proven that many countries
have ignored their own antipollution laws.
d. DDT and toxaphene are the two most toxic
insecticides in the world.
e. even a worldwide ban on toxic insecticides
would not stop the spread of DDT pollution.
466. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution
protects citizens against unreasonable
searches and seizures. No search of a person’s
home or personal effects may be conducted
without a written search warrant issued on
probable cause. This means that a neutral
judge must approve the factual basis justify-
ing a search before it can be conducted.
that the police cannot search a person’s home
or private papers unless they have
a. legal authorization.
b. direct evidence of a crime.
c. read the person his or her constitutional
rights.
d. a reasonable belief that a crime has occurred.
e. requested that a judge be present.
–QUESTIONS–
86

467. During colonial times in America, juries were
encouraged to ask questions of the parties in
the courtroom. The jurors were, in fact,
expected to investigate the facts of the case
themselves. If jurors conducted an investi-
gation today, we would throw out the case.
that
a. juries are less important today than they
were in colonial times.
b. jurors today are less interested in court
cases than they were in colonial times.
c. courtrooms today are more efficient than
they were in colonial times.
d. jurors in colonial times were more
informed than jurors today.
e. the jury system in America has changed
since colonial times.
468. Mathematics allows us to expand our con-
sciousness. Mathematics tells us about eco-
nomic trends, patterns of disease, and the
growth of populations. Math is good at
exposing the truth, but it can also perpetuate
misunderstandings and untruths. Figures
have the power to mislead people.
that
a. the study of mathematics is dangerous.
b. words are more truthful than figures.
c. the study of mathematics is more impor-
tant than other disciplines.
d. the power of numbers is that they
cannot lie.
e. figures are sometimes used to deceive
people.
469. Human technology developed from the first
stone tools about two and a half million years
ago. At the beginning, the rate of develop-
ment was slow. Hundreds of thousands of
years passed without much change. Today,
new technologies are reported daily on televi-
sion and in newspapers.
that
a. stone tools were not really technology.
b. stone tools were in use for two and a half
million years.
c. there is no way to know when stone tools
first came into use.
d. In today’s world, new technologies are con-
stantly being developed.
e. none of the latest technologies is as signifi-
cant as the development of stone tools.
–QUESTIONS–
87

470. Obesity is a serious problem in this country.
Research suggests that obesity can lead to a
number of health problems including dia-
betes, asthma, and heart disease. Recent
research has even indicated that there may be
a relationship between obesity and some
types of cancer. Major public health cam-
paigns that increase awareness and propose
simple lifestyle changes that will, with dili-
gence and desire, eliminate or least mitigate
the incidence of obesity are a crucial ﬁrst step
in battling this critical problem.
that
a. public health campaigns that raise con-
sciousness and propose lifestyle changes are
a productive way to ﬁght obesity.
b. obesity is the leading cause of diabetes in
our country.
c. people in our country watch too much tele-
vision and do not exercise enough.
d. a decline in obesity would radically
decrease the incidence of asthma.
e. fast-food restaurants and unhealthy school
lunches contribute greatly to obesity.
471. In the 1966 Supreme Court decision Miranda
v. Arizona, the court held that before the
police can obtain statements from a person
subjected to an interrogation, the person
must be given a Miranda warning. This
warning means that a person must be told
that he or she has the right to remain silent
during the police interrogation. Violation of
this right means that any statement that the
person makes is not admissible in a court
hearing.
that
a. police who do not warn persons of their
Miranda rights are guilty of a crime.
b. a Miranda warning must be given before a
police interrogation can begin.
c. the police may no longer interrogate per-
sons suspected of a crime unless a lawyer is
present.
d. the 1966 Supreme Court decision in
Miranda should be reversed.
e. persons who are interrogated by police
should always remain silent until their
lawyer comes.
–QUESTIONS–
88

472. Walk into any supermarket or pharmacy and
you will find several shelves of products
designed to protect adults and children from
the sun. Additionally, a host of public health
campaigns have been created, including
National Skin Cancer Awareness Month, that
warn us about the sun’s damaging UV rays
and provide guidelines about protecting our-
selves. While warnings about the sun’s dan-
gers are frequent, a recent survey found that
fewer than half of all adults adequately pro-
tect themselves from the sun.
that
a. children are better protected from the sun’s
dangerous rays than adults.
b. sales of sun protection products are at an
all-time high.
c. adults are not heeding the warnings about
the dangers of sun exposure seriously
enough.
d. more adults have skin cancer now than ever
before.
e. there is not enough information dissemi-
nated about the dangers of sun exposure.
473. Yoga has become a very popular type of exer-
cise, but it may not be for everyone. Before
you sign yourself up for a yoga class, you
need to examine what it is you want from
your fitness routine. If you’re looking for a
high-energy, fast-paced aerobic workout, a
yoga class might not be your best choice.
that
a. yoga is more popular than high-impact
aerobics.
b. before embarking on a new exercise regi-
men, you should think about your needs
and desires.
c. yoga is changing the world of fitness in
major ways.
d. yoga benefits your body and mind.
e. most people think that yoga isn’t a rigorous
form of exercise.
–QUESTIONS–
89

Here’s one more set of questions based on short para-
graphs that make a specific argument. You will some-
times have to use inference—reading between the
lines—to see which statement is best supported by the
passage.
474. For too long, school cafeterias, in an effort to
provide food they thought would be appetiz-
ing to young people, mimicked fast-food
restaurants, serving items such as burgers
and fries, pizza, hot dogs, and fried chicken.
School districts nationwide are now address-
ing this trend by incorporating some simple
and inexpensive options that will make cafe-
teria lunches healthier while still appealing to
students.
that
a. school cafeterias have always emphasized
nutritional guidelines over any other
considerations.
b. young people would rather eat in a school
cafeteria than a local fast-food restaurant.
c. school lunch menus are becoming healthier
due to major new initiatives on the part of
school districts.
d. it is possible to make school lunches both
healthier and appealing without spending a
great deal of money and undertaking a rad-
ical transformation.
e. vegetarian lunch options would greatly
improve the nutritional value of the school
lunch program.
475. During the last six years, the number of prac-
ticing physicians has increased by about 20%.
During the same time period, the number of
healthcare managers has increased by more
than 600%. These percentages mean that
many doctors have lost the authority to make
their own schedules, determine the fees that
they charge, and decide on prescribed
treatments.
that doctors
a. resent the interference of healthcare
managers.
b. no longer have adequate training.
c. care a great deal about their patients.
d. are less independent than they used to be.
e. are making a lot less money than they used
to make.
476. By the time they reach adulthood, most peo-
ple can perform many different activities
involving motor skills. Motor skills involve
such diverse tasks as riding a bicycle, thread-
ing a needle, and cooking a dinner. What all
these activities have in common is their
dependence on precision and timing of mus-
cular movement.
that
a. most adults have not refined their motor
skills.
b. all adults know how to ride a bicycle.
c. refined motor skills are specifically limited
to adults.
d. children perform fewer fine motor activities
in a day than adults do.
e. threading a needle is a precise motor skill.
–QUESTIONS–
90

477. Close-up images of Mars by the Mariner 9
probe indicated networks of valleys that
looked like the stream beds on Earth. These
images also implied that Mars once had an
atmosphere that was thick enough to trap the
sun’s heat. If this were true, something hap-
pened to Mars billions of years ago that
stripped away the planet’s atmosphere.
that
a. Mars now has little or no atmosphere.
b. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere than
Earth does.
c. the Mariner 9 probe took the first pictures
of Mars.
d. Mars is closer to the sun than Earth is.
e. Mars is more mountainous than Earth is.
478. Forest fires feed on decades-long accumula-
tions of debris and leap from the tops of young
trees into the branches of mature trees. Fires
that jump from treetop to treetop can be
devastating. In old-growth forests, however,
the shade of mature trees keeps thickets of
small trees from sprouting, and the lower
branches of mature trees are too high to
catch the flames.
that
a. forest fire damage is reduced in old-growth
forests.
b. small trees should be cut down to prevent
forest fires.
c. mature trees should be thinned out to pre-
vent forest fires.
d. forest fires do the most damage in old-
growth forests.
e. old-growth forests have a larger accumula-
tion of forest debris.
479. Originating in the 1920s, the Pyramid
scheme is one of the oldest con games going.
Honest people are often pulled in, thinking
the scheme is a legitimate investment enter-
prise. The first customer to “fall for” the
Pyramid scheme will actually make big
money and will therefore persuade friends
and relatives to join also. The chain then con-
tinues with the con artist who originated the
scheme pocketing, rather than investing, the
money. Finally, the pyramid collapses, but by
that time, the scam artist will usually have
moved out of town, leaving no forwarding
address.
that
a. it is fairly easy to spot a Pyramid scheme in
the making.
b. the first customer of a Pyramid scheme is
the most gullible.
c. the people who set up Pyramid schemes are
able to fool honest people.
d. the Pyramid scheme had its heyday in the
1920s, but it’s making a comeback.
e. the Pyramid scheme got its name from its
structure.
–QUESTIONS–
91

480. Most Reality TV centers on two common
motivators: fame and money. The shows
transform waitresses, hairdressers, invest-
ment bankers, counselors, and teachers, to
name a few, from obscure figures to house-
hold names. A lucky few successfully parlay
their fifteen minutes of fame into celebrity.
The luckiest stars of Reality TV also reap
huge financial rewards for acts including eat-
ing large insects, marrying someone they
barely know, and revealing their innermost
thoughts to millions of people.
that
a. the stars of Reality TV are interested in
being rich and famous.
b. Reality TV is the best thing that has hap-
pened to network television in a long time.
c. for Reality TV stars, fame will last only as
long as their particular television show.
d. traditional dramas and sitcoms are being
replaced by Reality TV programming at an
alarming rate.
e. Reality TV shows represent a new wave of
sensationalistic, low quality programming.
481. The image of a knitter as an older woman sit-
ting in a comfortable, old-fashioned living
room with a basket of yarn at her feet and a
bun in her hair is one of the past. As knitting
continues to become more popular and
increasingly trendy, it is much more difficult
to describe the average knitter. Knitters today
might be 18, 28, 40, or 65. They might live in
a big urban center and take classes in a knit-
ting shop that doubles as a café or they may
gather in suburban coffee shops to support
one another in knitting and other aspects of
life. They could be college roommates knit-
ting in their dorm room or two senior citi-
zens knitting in a church hall. Even men are
getting in the act. It would be incredibly dif-
ficult to come up with an accurate profile of
a contemporary knitter to replace that image
of the old woman with the basket of yarn!
that
a. people are returning to knitting in an
attempt to reconnect with simpler times.
b. knitting is now more of a group activity, as
opposed to an individual hobby.
c. creating an accurate profile of a particular
type of person depends on the people in
this group having traits and characteristics
in common.
d. today’s knitters are much less accomplished
than knitters of the past.
e. young people are turning to knitting in
record numbers.
–QUESTIONS–
92

A typical logical reasoning question presents an argu-
ment and asks you to analyze it. You may be asked to
draw further conclusions from the argument, deter-
mine what strengthens or weakens the argument, find
flaws in the argument, or justify the argument. Success
with these types of questions depends on your being
able to understand the structure of the argument.
Remember that every argument has a point of view.
Every argument draws a conclusion and is generally
supported with evidence. Study each passage to deter-
mine how each sentence contributes to the argument
the speaker is trying to make. Then make sure you
understand the question that is being asked before you
choose from the five answer options.
Answer questions 482 and 483 on the basis of the infor-
mation below.
According to last week’s newspaper, doctors in
large cities make more money than doctors in
small towns or rural areas. It does not seem fair
that just because a doctor’s office is in a fancy
building or at a fancy address, he or she can
charge the patients more. Of course, some med-
ical schools cost more than others, but basically all
doctors spend a lot of money and a long time in
school. There’s no proof that graduates of the
more expensive schools practice in big cities and
graduates of the less expensive schools practice in
small towns. All doctors should charge the same.
Whether a patient goes to a doctor in a big city or
small town, the cost should be the same.
482. A person seeking to refute the argument
might argue that
a. all doctors charge too much money and
should lower their fees.
b. medical practices are more expensive to
maintain in large cities than in small towns
and rural areas.
c. doctors who owe student loans should
charge more than other doctors.
d. medical care from small-town doctors is
better than medical care from large-city
doctors.
e. certain medical specialists should charge
more than others.
483. A major flaw in the argument is that the
speaker assumes that
a. all doctors are specialists.
b. all patients carry health insurance.
c. all doctors have huge student loans.
d. all patients take too much time.
e. all doctors see the same number of patients.
mation below.
English ought to be the official language of the
United States. There is no reason for the govern-
ment to spend money printing documents in sev-
eral different languages, just to cater to people
who cannot speak English. The government has
better ways to spend our money. People who
come to this country should learn to speak Eng-
lish right away.
–QUESTIONS–
93

484. Which of the following, if true, would make
the speaker’s argument stronger?
a. There is currently a law that says the
government must provide people with
documents in their native language.
b. Most people in the United States who do
not speak English were born here.
c. Immigration rates have decreased in recent
years.
d. Many other countries have an official
language.
e. Canada has two official languages.
485. Which of the following, if true, would make
the speaker’s argument weaker?
a. The government currently translates official
documents into more than twenty
languages.
b. English is the most difficult language in the
world to learn.
c. Most people who immigrate to the United
States learn English within two years of
their arrival.
d. Making English the official language is a
politically unpopular idea.
e. People who are bilingual are usually highly
educated.
information below.
Some groups want to outlaw burning the flag.
They say that people have fought and died for the
flag and that citizens of the United States ought to
respect that. But I say that respect cannot be leg-
islated. Also, most citizens who have served in
the military did not fight for the flag, they fought
for what the flag represents. Among the things the
flag represents is freedom of speech, which
includes, I believe, the right for a citizen to express
displeasure with the government by burning the
flag in protest.
486. Which of the following best expresses the
main point of the passage?
a. Only veterans care about the flag-burning
issue.
b. Flag burning almost never happens, so out-
lawing it is a waste of time.
c. Flag burning will be a very important issue
in the next election.
d. To outlaw flag burning is to outlaw what
the flag represents.
e. Burning the flag should only be illegal
when it is done in foreign countries.
487. Which of the following, if true, would
weaken the speaker’s argument?
a. An action is not considered a part of free-
dom of speech.
b. People who burn the flag usually commit
other crimes as well.
c. The flag was not recognized by the govern-
ment until 1812.
d. State flags are almost never burned.
e. Most people are against flag burning.
488. Which of the following is similar to the argu-
ment made by the speaker?
a. The rich should not be allowed to “buy”
politicians, so the Congress should enact
campaign finance reform.
b. The idea of freedom of religion also means
the right not to participate in religion, so
mandated school prayer violates freedom of
religion.
c. The Constitution guarantees freedom to
own property, so taxes should be illegal.
d. Convicted felons should not have their con-
victions overturned on a technicality.
e. In order to understand what may be consti-
tutional today, one needs to look at what
the laws were when the Constitution was
enacted.
–QUESTIONS–
94

Some logical reasoning questions ask you to determine
the method the speaker is using when he or she pres-
ents the argument. Method-of-argument questions ask
you to demonstrate an understanding of how a
speaker’s argument is put together. To determine the
method of argument, again focus on the conclusion
and on the evidence presented. What method does the
speaker use to link the two?
Answer question 489 on the basis of the information
below.
I know that our rules prohibit members from
bringing more than one guest at a time to the
club, but I think there should be an exception to
the rule on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thurs-
days. Members should be allowed to bring mul-
tiple guests on those days, since the majority of
members use the club facilities on the other four
days of the week.
489. The rules restricting the number of guests a
member can bring to the club probably are
intended to
a. assure that members are not crowded by
the presence of guests.
b. provide extra income for the club on
slow days.
c. allow members to bring guests to the club
for special events.
d. restrict guests to public areas of the club.
e. control the exact number of people in the
club at any time.
Answer questions 490 and 491 on the basis of the
information below.
A recent study on professional football players
showed that this new ointment helps relieve
joint pain. My mother has arthritis, and I told
her she should try it, but she says it probably
won’t help her.
490. What argument should the mother use to
point out why the ointment probably will not
help her arthritis?
a. The ointment was just experimental.
b. The ointment is expensive.
c. Football players’ joint pain is not the result
of arthritis.
d. She has already tried another ointment and
it didn’t work.
e. Football players are generally younger than
she is.
strengthen the speaker’s argument?
a. The mother used to be a professional
bowler.
b. Football players’ injuries are rarely painful.
c. The mother’s arthritis only ﬂares up in bad
weather.
d. The mother ﬁnds exercise helps her arthritis.
e. Football players who are injured tend to
develop arthritis.
information below.
Giving children computers in grade school is a
waste of money and teachers’ time. These chil-
dren are too young to learn how to use comput-
ers effectively and need to spend time on learning
the basics, like arithmetic and reading. After all,
a baby has to crawl before she can walk.
–QUESTIONS–
95

492. Which of the following methods of argument
is used in the previous passage?
a. a specific example that illustrates the
speaker’s point
b. attacking the beliefs of those who disagree
with the speaker
c. relying on an analogy to prove the speaker’s
point
d. displaying statistics that back up the
speaker’s point
e. comparing different methods of learning
strengthen the speaker’s argument?
a. studies showing computers are expensive
b. research on the effect of computer games
on children
c. examples of high school students who use
computers improperly
d. proof that the cost of computers is coming
down
e. evidence that using computers makes learn-
ing to read difficult
a. a demonstration that computers can be
used to teach reading and arithmetic
b. analysis of the cost-effectiveness of new
computers versus repairing old computers
c. examples of adults who do not know how
to use computers
d. recent grade reports of students in the com-
puter classes
e. a visit to a classroom where computers are
being used
mation below.
The corner of Elm and Third needs to have a
stoplight. Children cross this intersection on the
way to school, and sometimes, they do not check
for traffic. I’ve seen several children almost get hit
by cars at this corner. I know that stoplights are
not cheap, and I know that children cannot be
protected from every danger, but this is one of the
worst intersections in town. There needs to be a
stoplight here so that traffic will be slowed down
and the children can walk more safely.
495. Which of the following methods of argument
is used in the above passage?
a. analogy—comparing the intersection to
something dangerous
b. emotion—referring to the safety of chil-
dren to get people interested
c. statistical analysis—noting the number of
children almost hit and the cost of a stop
light
d. personalization—telling the story of one
child’s near accident at the intersection
e. attack—pointing out that people who are
against the stoplight do not care about
children
a. Sometimes, cars run red lights.
b. Fewer children are injured at corners that
have stoplights.
c. If parents teach their children basic traffic
safety, then they might remember to look
for cars.
d. Children from this neighborhood used to
take the bus to a school farther away.
e. In the last year, there have only been three
minor accidents at the intersection and
none of them involved children.
–QUESTIONS–
96

Another type of logical reasoning question presents
you with two different speakers talking about the same
issue. Sometimes, the speakers’ arguments overlap; in
other words, they support each other. Sometimes, the
speakers are presenting opposing viewpoints. For these
items, make sure you understand the conclusion of
both speakers before you attempt to answer the
questions.
mation below.
Frances: Studies show that eating a healthy break-
fast improves young children’s ability to learn.
However, it is not the responsibility of the schools
to provide this meal; it is the responsibility of
each child’s parents.
Lars: Although it would be nice if the schools
could provide each child with a healthy breakfast,
the cost of doing that takes money away from
other, more important learning resources, such as
the purchase of new computers. In the long run,
children learn more when the schools concentrate
on the services they traditionally provide and the
parents do what they are supposed to do.
497. In what way does Lars’s comment relate to
Frances’s?
a. It weakens Frances’s argument by changing
the focus of the discussion.
b. It strengthens Frances’s argument by pro-
viding support for her premise.
c. It states the logical outcome of Frances’s
views.
d. It cannot be true if Frances’s assertion
about parental responsibility is true.
e. It provides an argument that is the opposite
of Frances’s views.
498. What main assumption underlies each
statement?
a. As teachers become more scarce, schools
will have to learn to be more cost-effective
in recruiting new teachers.
b. In the information age, the equipment
schools must purchase for their students is
getting more expensive.
c. The study about students and breakfast is
inconclusive at best, and more studies
should be conducted to ﬁnd out if school
breakfasts are healthy.
d. Schools have never had the responsibility
for supplying students with breakfast;
rather, they spend their money on teachers,
books, and other tangibles of education.
e. Parents are not assuming enough responsi-
bility for their children’s education and
should become more involved in school
issues.
–QUESTIONS–
97

information below.
Quinn: Our state is considering raising the age at
which a person can get a driver’s license to eight-
een. This is unfair because the age has been six-
teen for many years and sixteen-year-olds today
are no less responsible than their parents and
grandparents were at sixteen. Many young people
today who are fourteen and fifteen years old are
preparing to receive their licenses by driving with
a learner’s permit and a licensed driver, usually
one of their parents. It would not be fair to sud-
denly say they have to wait two more years.
Dakota: It is true that people have been allowed
to receive a driver’s license at sixteen for genera-
tions. However, in recent years, the increase in
traffic means drivers face more dangers than ever
and must be ready to respond to a variety of sit-
uations. The fact that schools can no longer afford
to teach drivers’ education results in too many
young drivers who are not prepared to face the
traffic conditions of today.
499. What is the point at issue between Quinn
and Dakota?
a. whether sixteen-year-olds should be
required to take drivers’ education before
being issued a license
b. whether schools ought to provide drivers’
education to fourteen- and fifteen-year-old
students
c. whether the standards for issuing drivers’
licenses should become more stringent
d. whether sixteen-year-olds are prepared to
drive in today’s traffic conditions
e. whether parents are able to do a good job
teaching their children to drive
500. On what does Quinn rely in making her
argument?
a. statistics
b. emotion
c. fairness
d. anecdotes
e. actualities
501. On what does Dakota rely in making her
argument?
a. statistics
b. emotion
c. fairness
d. anecdotes
e. actualities
–QUESTIONS–
98

Set 1 (Page 2)
1. b. This is a simple addition series. Each num-
ber increases by 2.
2. b. This is a simple subtraction series. Each
number is 6 less than the previous number.
3. c. This is an alternation with repetition series
in which each number repeats itself and
then increases by 7.
4. a. This is a simple subtraction series. Each
5. d. In this addition series, 1 is added to the ﬁrst
number; 2 is added to the second number; 3
is added to the third number; and so forth.
6. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran-
dom number, 8, interpolated as every other
number. In the series, 6 is added to each
number except 8, to arrive at the next
number.
7. a. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-
tion series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 10 is sub-
tracted from each number to arrive at the
next. In the second, 5 is added to each num-
ber to arrive at the next.
8. b. This is an alternating number subtraction
series. First, 2 is subtracted, then 4, then 2,
and so on.
9. c. In this simple alternating subtraction and
addition series; 1 is subtracted, then 2 is
added, and so on.
10. d. This alternating addition series begins with
3; then 1 is added to give 4; then 3 is added
to give 7; then 1 is added, and so on.
11. a. This is a simple alternating subtraction
series, which subtracts 2, then 5.
12. c. In this alternating repetition series, the ran-
dom number 21 is interpolated every other
number into an otherwise simple addition
series that increases by 2, beginning with
the number 9.
13. b. In this series, each number is repeated, then
13 issubtracted to arrive at the next number.
14. c. This is a simple multiplication series. Each
number is 3 times more than the previous
number.
15. a. This is a simple division series. Each num-
ber is divided by 5.
Answers
99

16. b. This is a simple alternating addition and
subtraction series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 3 is
added; in the second, 2 is subtracted.
17. b. This is an alternating multiplication and
subtracting series: First, multiply by 2 and
then subtract 8.
18. c. In this simple addition series, each number
increases by 0.8.
19. d. In this simple subtraction series, each num-
ber decreases by 0.4.
20. b. This is a simple division series; each num-
ber is one-half of the previous number.
–ANSWERS–
100

Set 2 (Page 4)
21. b. In this simple subtraction series, each num-
ber is 6 less than the previous number.
22. c. In this simple addition series, each number
is 5 greater than the previous number.
23. e. This is a simple subtraction with repetition
series. It begins with 20, which is repeated,
then 3 is subtracted, resulting in 17, which
is repeated, and so on.
24. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran-
dom number, 18, interpolated as every third
number. In the series, 4 is added to each
number except 18, to arrive at the next
number.
25. a. In this alternating repetition series, a ran-
dom number, 33, is interpolated every third
number into a simple addition series, in
which each number increases by 2.
26. b. This is a simple addition series, which
begins with 2 and adds 6.
27. a. This is an alternating subtraction series with
the interpolation of a random number, 5, as
every third number. In the subtraction series,
3 is subtracted, then 4, then 3, and so on.
28. e. This is a simple alternating addition and
subtraction series. First, 3 is added, then 1 is
subtracted, then 3 is added, 1 subtracted,
and so on.
29. b. This is a simple subtraction series in which a
random number, 85, is interpolated as every
third number. In the subtraction series, 10 is
subtracted from each number to arrive at the
next.
30. c. Here, every other number follows a different
pattern. In the first series, 6 is added to each
number to arrive at the next. In the second
series, 10 is added to each number to arrive at
the next.
31. e. This is an alternating addition series, in
which 10 is added, then 5, then 10, and
so on.
32. a. This is a subtraction series with repetition.
Each number repeats itself and then
decreases by 9.
33. e. This is an alternating subtraction series with
repetition. There are two different patterns
here. In the first, a number repeats itself;
then 3 is added to that number to arrive at
the next number, which also repeats. This
gives the series 17, 17, 20, 20, 23, and so on.
Every third number follows a second pat-
tern, in which 3 is subtracted from each
number to arrive at the next: 34, 31, 28.
34. d. This is an alternating addition series with a
random number, 4, interpolated as every
third number. In the main series, 1 is added,
then 2 is added, then 1, then 2, and so on.
35. e. This is an alternating repetition series, in
which a random number, 61, is interpolated
as every third number into an otherwise
simple subtraction series. Starting with the
second number, 57, each number (except
61) is 7 less than the previous number.
36. d. Here is a simple addition series, which
begins with 9 and adds 7.
37. c. This is an alternating repetition series, with a
third number into an otherwise simple addi-
tion series. In the addition series, 4 is added
to each number to arrive at the next number.
38. d. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-
tion series. In the first pattern, 2 is added to
each number to arrive at the next; in the
alternate pattern, 6 is subtracted from each
number to arrive at the next.
39. d. In this simple addition series, each number
is 5 more than the previous number.
40. b. This is an alternating addition series, with a
third number. The addition series alternates
between adding 3 and adding 4. The num-
ber 21 appears after each number arrived at
by adding 3.
–ANSWERS–
101

Set 3 (Page 6)
41. e. This is a simple subtraction series, in which
3 is subtracted from each number to arrive
at the next.
42. e. This simple addition series adds 4 to each
number to arrive at the next.
43. d. This is a simple subtraction series, in which
4 is subtracted from each number to arrive
at the next.
44. d. Here, there are two alternating patterns, one
addition and one subtraction. The first
starts with 2 and increases by 2; the second
starts with 44 and decreases by 3.
45. a. In this simple subtraction series, the num-
bers decrease by 3.
46. b. In this simple addition with repetition
series, each number in the series repeats
itself, and then increases by 12 to arrive at
the next number.
47. b. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-
tion series, in which the addition of 4 is
alternated with the subtraction of 3.
48. e. Two patterns alternate here, with every
third number following the alternate pat-
tern. In the main series, beginning with 4, 3
is added to each number to arrive at the
next. In the alternating series, beginning
with 26, 6 is subtracted from each number
to arrive at the next.
49. c. This is an alternating addition series that
adds 5, then 2, then 5, and so on.
50. d. In this simple subtraction with repetition
series, each number is repeated, then 3 is
subtracted to give the next number, which is
then repeated, and so on.
51. b. Here, there are two alternating patterns,
with every other number following a differ-
ent pattern. The first pattern begins with 13
and adds 2 to each number to arrive at the
next; the alternating pattern begins with 29
and subtracts 3 each time.
52. c. Here, every third number follows a different
pattern from the main series. In the main
series, beginning with 16, 10 is added to
each number to arrive at the next. In the
alternating series, beginning with 56, 12 is
added to each number to arrive at the next.
53. a. This is an alternating addition series with
repetition, in which a random number, 66,
is interpolated as every third number. The
regular series adds 2, then 3, then 2, and so
on, with 66 repeated after each “add 2” step.
54. c. This is an alternating addition series, with a
third number. The pattern of addition is to
add 2, add 5, add 2, and so on. The number
35 comes after each “add 2” step.
55. e. This is an alternating subtraction series,
which subtracts 5, then 2, then 5, and so on.
56. c. This is an alternating subtraction series in
which 2 is subtracted twice, then 3 is sub-
tracted once, then 2 is subtracted twice, and
so on.
57. a. This is a simple addition series with repeti-
tion. It adds 3 to each number to arrive at
the next, which is repeated before 3 is added
again.
58. c. Here, there are two alternating patterns.
The first begins with 17 and adds 2; the sec-
ond begins with 32 and subtracts 3.
59. a. Two patterns alternate here. The first pat-
tern begins with 10 and adds 2 to each
number to arrive at the next; the alternating
pattern begins with 34 and subtracts 3 each
time.
60. a. This is an alternating repetition series. The
number 32 alternates with a series in which
each number decreases by 2.
–ANSWERS–
102

Set 4 (Page 8)
61. b. This is a simple alternating addition and
subtraction series. The ﬁrst series begins
with 8 and adds 3; the second begins with
43 and subtracts 2.
62. d. In this simple addition with repetition
series, each number in the series repeats
itself, and then increases by 12 to arrive at
the next number.
63. b. This is a simple subtraction series in which
a random number, 93, is interpolated as
every third number. In the subtraction
series, 10 is subtracted from each number to
arrive at the next.
64. a. Two series alternate here, with every third
number following a different pattern. In the
main series, 3 is added to each number to
arrive at the next. In the alternating series, 5
is subtracted from each number to arrive at
the next.
65. d. This series alternates the addition of 4 with
the subtraction of 3.
66. a. In this series, 5 is added to the previous
number; the number 70 is inserted as every
third number.
67. d. This is an alternating division and addition
series: First, divide by 2, and then add 8.
68. c. This is a simple multiplication series. Each
number is 2 times greater than the previous
number.
69. b. This is a multiplication series; each number
is 3 times the previous number.
70. a. In this series, the letters progress by 1; the
numbers decrease by 3.
71. b. In this series, the letters progress by 2, and
the numbers increase by 2.
72. c. The letters decrease by 1; the numbers are
multiplied by 2.
73. d. This is a simple addition series; each num-
ber is 3 more than the previous number.
74. c. This is a simple subtraction series; each
75. b. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-
tion series. Roman numbers alternate with
Arabic numbers. In the Roman numeral
pattern, each number decreases by 1. In the
Arabic numeral pattern, each number
increases by 1.
–ANSWERS–
103

Set 5 (Page 10)
76. a. This series consists of letters in a reverse
alphabetical order.
77. b. This is an alternating series in alphabetical
order. The middle letters follow the order
ABCDE. The first and third letters are
alphabetical beginning with J. The third let-
ter is repeated as a first letter in each subse-
quent three-letter segment.
78. b. Because the letters are the same, concentrate
on the number series, which is a simple 2, 3,
4, 5, 6 series, and follows each letter in
order.
79. d. The second and forth letters in the series,
L and A, are static. The first and third let-
ters consist of an alphabetical order begin-
ning with the letter E.
80. c. The first two letters, PQ, are static. The
third letter is in alphabetical order, begin-
ning with R. The number series is in
descending order beginning with 5.
81. c. The first letters are in alphabetical order
with a letter skipped in between each seg-
ment: C, E, G, I, K. The second and third
letters are repeated; they are also in order
with a skipped letter: M, O, Q, S, U.
82. a. In this series, the third letter is repeated as
the first letter of the next segment. The
middle letter, A, remains static. The third
letters are in alphabetical order, beginning
with R.
83. d. In this series, the letters remain the same:
DEF. The subscript numbers follow this
series: 1,1,1; 1,1,2; 1,2,2; 2,2,2; 2,2,3.
84. c. There are two alphabetical series here. The
first series is with the first letters only:
STUVW. The second series involves the
remaining letters: CD, EF, GH, IJ, KL.
85. a. The middle letters are static, so concentrate
on the first and third letters. The series
involves an alphabetical order with a rever-
sal of the letters. The first letters are in
alphabetical order: F, G, H, I, J. The second
and fourth segments are reversals of the
first and third segments. The missing seg-
ment begins with a new letter.
86. a. This series consists of a simple alphabetical
order with the first two letters of all seg-
ments: B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K. The third
letter of each segment is a repetition of the
first letter.
87. d. There are three series to look for here. The
first letters are alphabetical in reverse: Z, Y,
X, W, V. The second letters are in alphabeti-
cal order, beginning with A. The number
series is as follows: 5, 4, 6, 3, 7.
–ANSWERS–
104

Set 6 (Page 11)
88. b. Look at each segment. In the first segment,
the arrows are both pointing to the right. In
the second segment, the first arrow is up
and the second is down. The third segment
repeats the first segment. In the fourth seg-
ment, the arrows are up and then down.
Because this is an alternating series, the two
arrows pointing right will be repeated, so
option b is the only possible choice.
89. b. Notice that in each segment, the figures are
all the same shape, but the one in the middle
is larger than the two on either side. Also,
notice that one of the figures is shaded and
that this shading alternates first right and
then left. To continue this pattern in the third
segment, you will look for a square. Choice b
is correct because this choice will put the
large square between the two smaller squares,
with the shading on the right.
90. c. This is an alternating series. In the first seg-
ment, the letter “E”faces right, then down,
then right. In the second segment, the letters
all face down. To follow this pattern, in the
fourth segment, the letters must all face up.
91. c. In this series, the shaded part inside the cir-
cle gets larger and then smaller.
92. d. Look for opposites in this series of figures.
The first and second segments are opposites
of each other. The same is true for the third
and fourth segments.
93. a. Look carefully at the number of dots in
each domino. The first segment goes from
five to three to one. The second segment
goes from one to three to five. The third
segment repeats the first segment.
94. c. All four segments use the same figures: two
squares, one circle, and one triangle. In the
first segment, the squares are on the outside
of the circle and triangle. In the second seg-
ment, the squares are below the other two.
In the third segment, the squares on are the
inside. In the fourth segment, the squares
are above the triangle and circle.
95. a. Look at each segment. You will notice that
in each, the figure on the right and the fig-
ure on the left are the same; the figure in
between is different. To continue this pat-
tern in the last segment, the diamond on
the left will be repeated on the right. Choice
a is the only possible answer.
96. b. Each arrow in this continuing series moves
a few degrees in a clockwise direction.
Think of these arrows as the big hand on a
clock. The first arrow is at noon. The last
arrow before the blank would be 12:40.
Choice b, the correct answer, is at 12:45.
97. c. Study the pattern carefully. In the first seg-
ment, two letters face right and the next two
face left. The first letter in the second seg-
ment repeats the last letter of the previous
segment. The same is true for the third seg-
ment. But the forth segment changes again;
it is the opposite of the first segment, so the
last two letters must face right.
98. d. This sequence concerns the number of sides
on each figure. In the first segment, the three
figures have one side, and then two sides, and
then three sides. In the second segment, the
number of sides increases and then decreases.
In the third segment, the number of sides con-
tinues to decrease.
99. a. In this series, the figures increase the amount
of shading by one-fourth and, once a square
is completely shaded, starts over with an
unshaded square. In the second segment, you
will notice that the figure goes from completely
shaded to completely unshaded. This is why
choice a is the correct choice.
100. d. This is an alternating series. The first and third
segments are repeated. The second segment is
simply upside down.
101. d. In each of the segments, the figures alternate
between one-half and one-fourth shaded.
–ANSWERS–
105

Set 7 (Page 13)
102. c.A leopard, cougar, and lion all belong to the cat
family; an elephant does not.
103. b. The couch, table, and chair are pieces of furni-
ture; the rug is not.
104. a. The yarn, twine, and cord are all used for tying.
The tape is not used in the same way.
105. b. The guitar, violin, and cello are stringed instru-
ments; the flute is a wind instrument.
106. c. Tulip, rose, and daisy are all types of flowers. A
bud is not.
107. d. Tire, steering wheel, and engine are all parts of
a car.
108. d. Parsley, basil, and dill are types of herbs. May-
onnaise is not an herb.
109. b. A branch, leaf, and root are all parts of a tree.
The dirt underneath is not a part of the tree.
110. d.The first three choices are all synonyms.
111. a. An index, glossary, and chapter are all parts of
a book. Choice a does not belong because the
book is the whole, not a part.
112. c. The noun, preposition, and adverb are classes
of words that make up a sentence. Punctua-
tion belongs in a sentence, but punctuation is
not a class of word.
113. d. The cornea, retina, and pupil are all parts of
the eye.
114. d. Rye, sourdough, and pumpernickel are types of
bread. A loaf is not a bread type.
115. b. An ounce measures weight; the other choices
measure length.
116. a. Freeway, interstate, and expressway are all high-
speed highways; a street is for low-speed traffic.
117. b. Dodge, duck, and avoid are all synonyms
meaning evade. Flee means to run away from.
118. c. Heading, body, and closing are all parts of a let-
ter; the letter is the whole, not a part.
–ANSWERS–
106

Set 8 (Page 15)
119.d. The core, seeds, and pulp are all parts of an
apple. A slice would be a piece taken out of an
apple.
120.b. Unique, rare, and exceptional are all synonyms.
Beautiful has a different meaning.
121. c. Biology, chemistry, and zoology are all branches
of science. Theology is the study of religion.
122. a. A circle, oval, and sphere are all circular shapes
with no angles. A triangle is a different kind of
shape with angles and three straight sides.
123. a. Flourish, prosper, and thrive are all synonyms;
excite does not mean the same thing.
124.d. Evaluate, assess, and appraise are all synonyms;
instruct does not mean the same thing.
125. a. The lobster, crab, and shrimp are all types of
crustaceans; an eel is a fish.
126. c. The scythe, knife, and saw are all cutting tools.
Pliers are tools, but they are not used for cutting.
127.b. Two, six, and eight are all even numbers; three
is an odd number.
128. c. A peninsula, island, and cape are all landforms;
a bay is a body of water.
129. c. Seat, rung, and leg are all parts of a chair. Not
all chairs have cushions.
130.d. Fair, just, and equitable are all synonyms mean-
ing impartial. Favorable means expressing
approval.
131. c. Defendant, prosecutor, and judge are all per-
sons involved in a trial. A trial is not a person.
132.b. Area, circumference, and quadrilateral are all
terms used in the study of geometry. Variable is
a term generally used in the study of algebra.
133.b. The mayor, governor, and senator are all per-
sons elected to government offices; the lawyer
is not an elected official.
134.d. Acute, right, and obtuse are geometric terms
describing particular angles. Parallel refers to
two lines that never intersect.
135. c. The wing, fin, and rudder are all parts of an
airplane.
136. a. The heart, liver, and stomach are all organs of
the body. The aorta is an artery, not an organ.
–ANSWERS–
107

Set 9 (Page 17)
137.b. The necessary part of a book is its pages; there
is no book without pages. Not all books are
fiction (choice a), and not all books have pic-
tures (choice c). Learning (choice d) may or
may not take place with a book.
138.d. A guitar does not exist without strings, so
strings are an essential part of a guitar. A band
is not necessary to a guitar (choice a). Guitar
playing can be learned without a teacher
(choice b). Songs are byproducts of a guitar
(choice c).
139. a. All shoes have a sole of some sort. Not all shoes
are made of leather (choice b); nor do they all
have laces (choice c). Walking (choice d) is not
essential to a shoe.
140. c. A person or animal must take in oxygen for
respiration to occur. A mouth (choice a) is not
essential because breathing can occur through
the nose. Choices b and d are clearly not essen-
tial and can be ruled out.
141.b. An election does not exist without voters. The
election of a president (choice a) is a byproduct.
Not all elections are held in November (choice
c), nor are they nationwide (choice d).
142.d. A diploma is awarded at graduation, so gradu-
ation is essential to obtaining a diploma.
Employment may be a byproduct (choice c). A
principal and a curriculum (choices a and b)
may play a role in the awarding of some diplo-
mas, but they are not essential.
143. c. Water is essential for swimming—without
water, there is no swimming. The other choices
are things that may or may not be present.
144. a. Without students, a school cannot exist; there-
fore, students are the essential part of schools.
The other choices may be related, but they are
not essential.
145.d. Words are a necessary part of language. Slang is
not necessary to language (choice b). Not all
languages are written (choice c). Words do not
have to be spoken in order to be part of a lan-
guage (choice a).
146.b. A desert is an arid tract of land. Not all deserts
are flat (choice d). Not all deserts have cacti or
oases (choices a and c).
147. a. Lightning is produced from a discharge of elec-
tricity, so electricity is essential. Thunder and
rain are not essential to the production of light-
ning (choices b and d). Brightness may be a
byproduct of lightning, but it is not essential
(choice c).
148.b. The essential part of a monopoly is that it
involves exclusive ownership or control.
149.d. To harvest something, one must have a crop,
which is the essential element for this item.
Autumn (choice a) is not the only time crops
are harvested. There may not be enough of a
crop to stockpile (choice b), and you can har-
vest crops without a tractor (choice c).
150. a. A gala indicates a celebration, the necessary
element here. A tuxedo (choice b) is not
required garb at a gala, nor is an appetizer
(choice c). A gala may be held without the ben-
efit of anyone speaking (choice d).
151.d. Pain is suffering or hurt, so choice d is the
essential element. Without hurt, there is no
pain. A cut (choice a) or a burn (choice b) may
cause pain, but so do many other types of
injury. A nuisance (choice c) is an annoyance
that may or may not cause pain.
–ANSWERS–
108

Set 10 (Page 19)
152. c. An infirmary is a place that takes care of the
infirm, sick, or injured. Without patients, there
is no infirmary. Surgery (choice a) may not be
required for patients. A disease (choice b) is
not necessary because the infirmary may only
see patients with injuries. A receptionist (choice
d) would be helpful but not essential.
153.b. A facsimile must involve an image of some sort.
The image or facsimile need not, however, be a
picture (choice a). A mimeograph and a copier
machine (choices c and d) are just a two of the
ways that images may be produced, so they do
not qualify as the essential element for this item.
154.b. A domicile is a legal residence, so dwelling is the
essential component for this item. You do not
need a tenant (choice a) in the domicile, nor do
you need a kitchen (choice c). A house (choice
d) is just one form of a domicile (which could
also be a tent, hogan, van, camper, motor
home, apartment, dormitory, etc.).
155.d. A culture is the behavior pattern of a particu-
lar population, so customs are the essential
element. A culture may or may not be civil or
educated (choices a and b). A culture may be an
agricultural society (choice c), but this is not the
essential element.
156. a. A bonus is something given or paid beyond
what is usual or expected, so reward is the
essential element. A bonus may not involve a
raise in pay or cash (choices b and c), and it may
be received from someone other than an
employer (choice d).
157. c. An antique is something that belongs to, or
was made in, an earlier period. It may or may
not be a rarity (choice a), and it does not have
to be an artifact, an object produced or shaped
by human craft (choice b). An antique is old
but does not have to be prehistoric (choice d).
158.b. An itinerary is a proposed route of a journey. A
map (choice a) is not necessary to have a
planned route. Travel (choice c) is usually the
outcome of an itinerary, but not always. A
guidebook (choice d) may be used to plan the
journey but is not essential.
159. c. An orchestra is a large group of musicians, so
musicians are essential. Although many orches-
tras have violin sections, violins aren’t essential
to an orchestra (choice a). Neither a stage
(choice b) nor a soloist (choice d) is necessary.
160.d. Knowledge is understanding gained through
experience or study, so learning is the essential
element. A school (choice a) is not necessary for
learning or knowledge to take place, nor is a
teacher or a textbook (choices b and c).
161.d. A dimension is a measure of spatial content. A
compass (choice a) and ruler (choice b) may
help determine the dimension, but other
instruments may also be used, so these are not
the essential element here. An inch (choice c) is
only one way to determine a dimension.
162. a. Sustenance is something, especially food, that
sustains life or health, so nourishment is the
essential element. Water and grains (choices b
and c) are components of nourishment, but
other things can be taken in as well. A menu
(choice d) may present a list of foods, but it is
not essential to sustenance.
163. c. An ovation is prolonged, enthusiastic applause,
so applause is necessary to an ovation. An out-
burst (choice a) may take place during an ova-
tion; “bravo” (choice b) may or may not be
uttered; and an encore (choice d) would take
place after an ovation.
164. a. All vertebrates have a backbone. Reptiles
(choice b) are vertebrates, but so are many
other animals. Mammals (choice c) are verte-
brates, but so are birds and reptiles. All verte-
brates (choice d) are animals, but not all
animals are vertebrates.
–ANSWERS–
109

165.b. Provisions imply the general supplies needed,
so choice b is the essential element. The other
choices are byproducts, but they are not
essential.
166.d. A purchase is an acquisition of something. A
purchase may be made by trade (choice a) or
with money (choice b), so those are not essen-
tial elements. A bank (choice c) may or may not
be involved in a purchase.
–ANSWERS–
110

Set 11 (Page 21)
167. a. A dome is a large rounded roof or ceiling, so
being rounded is essential to a dome. A geo-
desic dome (choice b) is only one type of dome.
Some, but not all domes, have copper roofs
(choice d). Domes are often found on govern-
ment buildings (choice c), but domes exist in
many other places.
168.b. A recipe is a list of directions to make some-
thing. Recipes may be used to prepare desserts
(choice a), among other things. One does not
need a cookbook (choice c) to have a recipe,
and utensils (choice d) may or may not be used
to make a recipe.
169.d. A hurricane cannot exist without wind. A beach
is not essential to a hurricane (choice a). A hur-
ricane is a type of cyclone, which rules out
choice b. Not all hurricanes cause damage
(choice c).
170. c. Without a signature, there is no autograph.
Athletes and actors (choices a and b) may sign
autographs, but they are not essential. An auto-
graph can be signed with something other than
a pen (choice d).
171. a. Residents must be present in order to have a
town. A town may be too small to have sky-
scrapers (choice b). A town may or may not
have parks (choice c) and libraries (choice d),
so they are not the essential elements.
172.d. A wedding results in a joining, or a marriage, so
choice d is the essential element. Love (choice
a) usually precedes a wedding, but it is not
essential. A wedding may take place anywhere,
so a church (choice b) is not required. A ring
(choice c) is often used in a wedding, but it is
not necessary.
173. c. A faculty consists of a group of teachers and
cannot exist without them. The faculty may
work in buildings (choice a), but the buildings
aren’t essential. They may use textbooks (choice
b) and attend meetings (choice d), but these
aren’t essential either.
174. a. A cage is meant to keep something surrounded,
so enclosure is the essential element. A prisoner
(choice b) or an animal (choice c) are two
things that may be kept in cages, among many
other things. A zoo (choice d) is only one place
that has cages.
175.b. A directory is a listing of names or things, so
choice b is the essential element. A telephone
(choice a) often has a directory associated with
it, but it is not essential. A computer (choice c)
uses a directory format to list ﬁles, but it is not
required. Names (choice d) are often listed in a
directory, but many other things are listed in
directories, so this is not the essential element.
176. a. An agreement is necessary to have a contract. A
contract may appear on a document (choice b),
but it is not required. A contract may be oral as
well as written, so choice c is not essential. A
contract can be made without an attorney
(choice d).
177.b. A saddle is something one uses to sit on an ani-
mal, so it must have a seat (choice b). A saddle
is often used on a horse (choice a), but it may
be used on other animals. Stirrups (choice c)
are often found on a saddle but may not be
used. A horn (choice d) is found on Western
saddles, but not English saddles, so it is not the
essential element here.
178. a. Something cannot vibrate without creating
motion, so motion is essential to vibration.
179.b. The essential part of a cell is its nucleus. Not all
cells produce chlorophyll (choice a). Not all
cells are nerve cells (choice c). All living things,
not just humans (choice d), have cells.
180. c. Without a ﬁrst-place win, there is no cham-
pion, so winning is essential. There may be
champions in running, swimming, or speaking,
but there are also champions in many other
areas.
–ANSWERS–
111

181.d. A glacier is a large mass of ice and cannot exist
without it. A glacier can move down a moun-
tain, but it can also move across a valley or a
plain, which rules out choice a. Glaciers exist in
all seasons, which rules out choice b. There are
many glaciers in the world today, which rules
out choice c.
–ANSWERS–
112

Set 12 (Page 23)
182.b. Coffee goes into a cup and soup goes into a
bowl. Choices a and c are incorrect because
they are other utensils. The answer is not choice
d because the word food is too general.
183.d. A gym is a place where people exercise. A
restaurant is a place where people eat. Food
(choice a) is not the answer because it is some-
thing people eat, not a place or location where
they eat. The answer is not choice b or c because
neither represents a place where people eat.
184. c. An oar puts a rowboat into motion. A foot puts
a skateboard into motion. The answer is not
choice a because running is not an object that
is put into motion by a foot. Sneaker (choice b)
is incorrect because it is something worn on a
foot. Jumping (choice d) is incorrect because
although you do need feet to jump, jumping is
not an object that is put into motion by means
of a foot.
185.d. A window is made up of panes, and a book is
made up of pages. The answer is not choice a
because a novel is a type of book. The answer is
not choice b because glass has no relationship
to a book. Choice c is incorrect because a cover
is only one part of a book; a book is not made
up of covers.
186. c. Secretly is the opposite of openly, and silently is
the opposite of noisily. Choices a and b are
clearly not the opposites of silently. Choice d
means the same thing as silently.
187.b. An artist makes paintings; a senator makes laws.
The answer is not choice a because an attorney
does not make laws and a senator is not an
attorney. Choice c is incorrect because a sena-
tor is a politician. Constituents (choice d) is
also incorrect because a senator serves his or her
constituents.
188.b. An actor performs in a play. A musician per-
forms at a concert. Choices a, c, and d are incor-
rect because none is people who perform.
189. a. Careful and cautious are synonyms (they mean
the same thing). Boastful and arrogant are also
synonyms. The answer is not choice b because
humble means the opposite of boastful. The
answer is not choice c or d because neither
means the same as boastful.
190.d. A group of lions is called a pride. A group of
fish swim in a school. Teacher (choice a) and
student (choice b) refer to another meaning of
the word school. The answer is not choice c
because self-respect has no obvious relationship
to this particular meaning of school.
191. a. Guide and direct are synonyms, and reduce
and decrease are synonyms. The answer is not
choice b or d because neither means the same
as reduce. Choice c is incorrect because increase
is the opposite of reduce.
192.b. A yard is a larger measure than an inch (a yard
contains 36 inches). A quart is a larger measure
than an ounce (a quart contains 32 ounces).
Gallon (choice a) is incorrect because it is larger
than a quart. Choices c and d are incorrect
because they are not units of measurement.
193. c. A lizard is a type of reptile; a daisy is a type of
flower. Choices a and b are incorrect because a
petal and a stem are parts of a flower, not types
of flowers. Choice d is incorrect because an
alligator is another type of reptile, not a type of
flower.
194.b. Elated is the opposite of despondent; enlight-
ened is the opposite of ignorant.
195.d. A marathon is a long race and hibernation is a
lengthy period of sleep. The answer is not
choice a or b because even though a bear and
winter are related to hibernation, neither com-
pletes the analogy. Choice c is incorrect because
sleep and dream are not synonymous.
–ANSWERS–
113

196. a. If someone has been humiliated, they have been
greatly embarrassed. If someone is terriﬁed,
they are extremely frightened. The answer is
not choice b because an agitated person is not
necessarily frightened. Choices c and d are
incorrect because neither word expresses a state
of being frightened.
197.d. An odometer is an instrument used to measure
mileage. A compass is an instrument used to
determine direction. Choices a, b, and c are
incorrect because none is an instrument.
198. a. An optimist is a person whose outlook is cheer-
ful. A pessimist is a person whose outlook is
gloomy. The answer is not choice b because a
pessimist does not have to be mean. Choices c
and d are incorrect because neither adjective
describes the outlook of a pessimist.
199. c. A sponge is a porous material. Rubber is an
elastic material. Choice a is incorrect because
rubber would not generally be referred to as
massive. The answer is not choice b because
even though rubber is a solid, its most notice-
able characteristic is its elasticity. Choice d is
incorrect because rubber has ﬂexibility.
200.d. Candid and indirect refer to opposing traits.
Honest and untruthful refer to opposing traits.
The answer is not choice a because frank means
the same thing as candid. Wicked (choice b) is
incorrect because even though it refers to a
negative trait, it does not mean the opposite of
honest. Choice c is incorrect because truthful
and honest mean the same thing.
201.d. A pen is a tool used by a poet. A needle is a tool
used by a tailor. The answer is not choice a, b,
or c because none is a person and therefore
cannot complete the analogy.
–ANSWERS–
114

Set 13 (Page 25)
202.d. A can of paint is to a paintbrush as a spool of
thread is to a sewing needle. This is a relation-
ship of function. Both show the tool needed to
perform a task.
203. a. Grapes are to a pear as cheese is to butter. This
relationship shows the grouping or category to
which something belongs. Grapes and pears
are fruit; cheese and butter are both dairy
products.
204.d. An oar is to a canoe as a steering wheel is to a
car. This is a functional relationship. The oar
helps steer the canoe in the way that the steer-
ing wheel steers the car.
205. a. Cup is to bowl as vacuum cleaner is to broom.
This is another relationship about function.
The cup and bowl are both used for eating.
The vacuum cleaner and broom are both used
for cleaning.
206.d. Sheep are to sweater as pine trees are to log
cabin. Wool comes from the sheep to make a
sweater; wood comes from the trees to make the
log cabin.
207. a. Hand is to ring as head is to cap. A ring is worn
on a person’s hand; a cap is worn on a person’s
head.
208.b. A palm tree is to a pine tree as a bathing suit is to
a parka. This relationship shows an opposite—
warm to cold. Palm trees grow in warm
climates and pine trees grow in cold climates.
Bathing suits are worn in warm weather;
parkas are worn in cold weather.
209.d. Batteries are to a flashlight as telephone wires
are to a telephone. The batteries provide power
to the flashlight; the wires send power to the
telephone.
210.d. A fish is to a dragonfly as a chicken is to corn.
Fish eat insects; chickens eat corn.
211. a. A telephone is to a stamped letter as an air-
plane is to a bus. A telephone and letter are
both forms of communication. An airplane
and bus are both forms of transportation.
212. c. A trapeze performer is to a clown as swings are
to a sliding board. This relationship shows a
classification. Trapeze performers and clowns
are found at circuses; swings and sliding boards
are found on playgrounds.
213. c. Camera is to photograph as teakettle is to a cup
of tea. The camera is used to make the photo;
the teakettle is used to make the tea.
214.b. Hat and mittens are to desert as snorkel and
flippers are to snow. This relationship shows an
opposition. The hat and mittens are NOT worn
in the desert; the snorkel and flippers are NOT
worn in the snow.
215.d. Car is to horse and buggy as computer is to
pen and ink. This relationship shows the dif-
ference between modern times and times past.
216. c. Leather boots are to cow as pearl necklace is to
oyster. The leather to make the boots comes
from a cow; the pearls to make the necklace
come from oysters.
217.b. A toddler is to an adult as a caterpillar is to a
butterfly. This relationship shows the young
and the adult. The caterpillar is an early stage of
the adult butterfly.
218.b. Towel is to bathtub as chest of drawers is to
bed. The towel and bathtub are both found in
a bathroom; the chest and the bed are both
found in a bedroom.
219. a. A snow-capped mountain is to a crocodile as a
cactus is to a starfish. This relationship shows
an opposition. The crocodile does NOT belong
on the mountain; the starfish does NOT belong
in the desert.
220. c. A shirt is to a button as a belt is to a belt buckle.
A button is used to close a shirt; a belt buckle is
used to close a belt.
221. c. A penny is to a dollar as a small house is to a
skyscraper. This relationship shows smaller to
larger. A penny is much smaller than a dollar;
a house is much smaller than a skyscraper.
–ANSWERS–
115

Set 14 (Page 31)
222.b. Guitar is to horn as hammer is to saw. This
relationship is about grouping. The guitar and
horn are musical instruments. The hammer
and saw are carpentry tools.
223.d. Tree is to leaf as bird is to feather. This rela-
tionship shows part to whole. The leaf is a part
of the tree; the feather is a part of the bird.
224. c. House is to tent as truck is to wagon. The house
is a more sophisticated form of shelter than the
tent; the truck is a more sophisticated mode of
transportation than the wagon.
225. c. Scissors is to knife as pitcher is to watering can.
This relationship is about function. The scissors
and knife are both used for cutting. The pitcher
and watering can are both used for watering.
226.b. A T-shirt is to a pair of shoes as a chest of draw-
ers is to a couch. The relationship shows to
which group something belongs. The T-shirt
and shoes are both articles of clothing; the chest
and couch are both pieces of furniture.
227.d. A bookshelf is to a book as a refrigerator is to a
carton of milk. The book is placed on a book-
shelf; the milk is placed in a refrigerator.
228.d. A squirrel is to an acorn as a bird is to a worm.
A squirrel eats acorns; a bird eats worms.
229.b. An eye is to a pair of binoculars as a mouth is
to a microphone. This relationship shows mag-
nification. The binoculars help one see farther.
The microphone helps one speak louder.
230. a. Knitting needles are to sweater as a computer is
to a report. This relationship shows the tool
needed to make a product. The knitting needles
are used to create the sweater; the computer is
used to write a report.
231.b. Bread is to knife as log is to ax. This relationship
shows function. The knife cuts the bread; the ax
chops the log.
232.b. Closet is to shirt as kitchen cabinets are to cans
of food. The shirt is stored in the closet; the
food is stored in the cabinets.
233. a. Pyramid is to triangle as cube is to square. This
relationship shows dimension. The triangle
shows one dimension of the pyramid; the
square is one dimension of the cube.
234. c. Toothbrush is to toothpaste as butter knife is to
butter. This relationship shows function. The
toothbrush is used to apply the toothpaste to
teeth; the knife is used to apply butter to bread.
235. c. Fly is to ant as snake is to lizard. The fly and ant
are both insects; the snake and lizard are both
reptiles.
236. a. Sail is to sailboat as pedal is to bicycle. The sail
makes the sailboat move; the pedal makes the
bicycle move.
237.d. Hose is to firefighter as needle is to nurse. This
relationship shows the tools of the trade. A
hose is a tool used by a firefighter; a needle is a
tool used by a nurse.
238. c. A U.S. flag is to a fireworks display as a Hal-
loween mask is to a pumpkin. This relationship
shows symbols. The flag and fireworks are sym-
bols of the Fourth of July. The mask and pump-
kin are symbols of Halloween.
239.d. Newspaper is to book as trumpet is to banjo.
The newspaper and book are to read; the trum-
pet and banjo are musical instruments to play.
240.b. Dishes are to kitchen sink as car is to hose.
Dishes are cleaned in the sink; the car is cleaned
with the hose.
241. a. The United States is to the world as a brick is to
a brick house. This relationship shows part to
whole. The United States is one part of the
world; the brick is one part of the house.
–ANSWERS–
116

Set 15 (Page 37)
242.b. The three above the line are all insects. The
hamster and squirrel are rodents, so the correct
choice is b because the mouse is also a rodent.
The other three choices are not rodents.
243. a. In the relationship above the line, the saw and
the nails are tools a carpenter uses. In the rela-
tionship below the line, the stethoscope and
thermometer are tools a pediatrician uses.
244. c. A table made of wood could come from an oak
tree. A shirt made of cloth could come from a
cotton plant. Choice a looks like a reasonable
answer if you apply the same sentence: “A shirt
made of cloth could come from sewing.” But
this is not the same relationship as the one
above the line. The oak and the cotton are both
materials used to make the table and the shirt.
245.d. The words above the line show a continuum:
Command is more extreme than rule, and dic-
tate is more extreme than command. Below the
line, the continuum is as follows: Sleep is more
than doze, and hibernate is more than sleep.
The other choices are not related in the
same way.
246. a. A banquet and a feast are both large meals; a
palace and a mansion are both large places of
shelter.
247.b. A fence and a wall mark a boundary. A path and
an alley mark a passageway.
248. c. The objects above the line are all things used by
an artist. The objects below the line are all
things used by a teacher.
249.b. The relationship above the line is that snow on
a mountain creates conditions for skiing. Below
the line, the relationship is that warmth at a lake
creates conditions for swimming.
250.d. Above the line, the relationship shows a pro-
gression of sources of light. The relationship
below the line shows a progression of types of
housing, from smallest to largest. Choice a is
incorrect because a tent is smaller than a house.
Choices b and c are wrong because they are
not part of the progression.
251. a. The relationship above the line is as follows;
apples are a kind of fruit; fruit is sold in a super-
market. Below the line, the relationship is: a
novel is a kind of book; books are sold in a
bookstore.
252.d. The tadpole is a young frog; frogs are amphib-
ians. The lamb is a young sheep; sheep are
mammals. Animal (choice a) is incorrect
because it is too large a grouping: Animals
include insects, birds, mammals, reptiles, and
amphibians. Choices b and c are incorrect
because they are not part of the progression.
253.b. Walk, skip, and run represent a continuum of
movement: Skipping is faster than walking;
running is faster than skipping. Below the line,
the continuum is about throwing: Pitch is faster
than toss; hurl is faster than pitch.
254. c. The honeybee, angel, and bat all have wings;
they are capable of flying. The kangaroo, rabbit,
and grasshopper are all capable of hopping.
255. a. Above the line, the relationship is as follows: A
daisy is a type of flower, and a flower is a type
of plant. Below the line, the relationship is as
follows: A bungalow is a type of house, and a
house is a type of building.
–ANSWERS–
117

Set 16 (Page 39)
256.b. A petal is a part of a flower; a tire is a part of a
bicycle.
257.d. A bristle is a part of a brush; a key is a part of a
piano.
258. a. A group of fish is a school; a group of wolves is
a pack.
259. a. An odometer measures distance; a scale meas-
ures weight.
260.d. Siamese is a kind of cat; romaine is a kind of
lettuce.
261. e. A pedal propels a bicycle; an oar propels a
canoe.
262. c. Pulsate and throb are synonyms, as are exam-
ine and scrutinize.
263. c. An elephant is a pachyderm; a kangaroo is a
marsupial.
264. e. Depressed is an intensification of sad; ex-
hausted is an intensification of tired.
265. a. A psychologist treats a neurosis; an ophthal-
mologist treats a cataract.
266. e. A binding surrounds a book; a frame surrounds
a picture.
267.b. One explores to discover; one researches to
learn.
268. c. Upon harvesting, cotton is gathered into bales;
grain is gathered into shocks.
269. a. Division and section are synonyms; layer and
tier are synonyms.
270. a. Pastoral describes rural areas; metropolitan
describes urban areas.
271.d. A waitress works in a restaurant; a teacher
works in a school.
272. c. A finch is a type of bird; a Dalmatian is a type
of dog.
273. e. To drizzle is to rain slowly; to jog is to run
slowly.
274. c. A skein is a quantity of yarn; a ream is a quan-
tity of paper.
275.b. To tailor a suit is to alter it; to edit a manuscript
is to alter it.
–ANSWERS–
118

Set 17 (Page 41)
276.d. A conductor leads an orchestra; a skipper leads
a crew.
277. a. Jaundice is an indication of a liver problem;
rash is an indication of a skin problem.
278.b. A cobbler makes and repairs shoes; a contrac-
tor builds and repairs buildings.
279. e. To be phobic is to be extremely fearful; to be asi-
nine is to be extremely silly.
280. c. Obsession is a greater degree of interest; fantasy
is a greater degree of dream.
281.d. Devotion is characteristic of a monk; wander-
lust is characteristic of a rover.
282. e. Slapstick results in laughter; horror results in
fear.
283.b. Verve and enthusiasm are synonyms; devotion
and reverence are synonyms.
284. c. A cacophony is an unpleasant sound; a stench
is an unpleasant smell.
285. a. A conviction results in incarceration; a reduc-
tion results in diminution.
286. a. The deltoid is a muscle; the radius is a bone.
287.d. Umbrage and offense are synonyms; elation
and jubilance are synonyms.
288.b. Being erudite is a trait of a professor; being
imaginative is a trait of an inventor.
289.d. Dependable and capricious are antonyms;
capable and inept are antonyms.
290. a. A palm (tree) has fronds; a porcupine has quills.
291. e. A metaphor is a symbol; an analogy is a
comparison.
292.d. A dirge is a song used at a funeral; a jingle is a
song used in a commercial.
293. e. Feral and tame are antonyms; ephemeral and
immortal are antonyms.
294. a. A spy acts in a clandestine manner; an account-
ant acts in a meticulous manner.
295. c. Hegemony means dominance; autonomy
means independence.
296. e. An aerie is where an eagle lives; a house is where
a person lives.
–ANSWERS–
119

Set 18 (Page 42)
297. a. Grana means big; melke means tree; pini means
little; hoon means house. Therefore, granahoon
means big house.
298.b. Leli means yellow; broon means hat; pleka
means flower; froti means garden; mix means
salad. Therefore, lelipleka means yellow flower.
299.d. From wilkospadi, you can determine that wilko
means bicicyle and spadi means race. Therefore,
the first part of the word that means racecar
should begin with spadi. That limits your
choices to b and d. Choice b, spadiwilko, is
incorrect because we have already determined
that wilko means bicycle. Therefore, the answer
must be choice d, spadivolo.
300. a. Dafta means advise; foni is the same as the
suffix –ment; imo is the same as the prefix
mis–; lokti means conduct. Since the only
word in the answer choices that hasn’t been
defined is krata, it is reasonable to assume
that krata means state. Therefore, kratafoni is
the only choice that could mean statement.
301. c. In this language, the adjective follows the noun.
From dionot and blyonot, you can determine
that onot means oak. From blyonot and blycrin,
you can determine that bly means leaf. There-
fore, crin means maple. Because the adjective
maple comes after the noun, patricrin is the
only possible choice.
302. c. In this language, the noun appears first and the
adjectives follow. Since agnos means spider and
should appear first, choices a and dcan be ruled
out. Choice b can be ruled out because delano
means snake.
303. a. Myn means saddle; cabel means horse; cono
means trail; and wir means ride. Therefore,
cabelwir is the correct answer.
304. c. In this language, the adjective follows the noun.
From godabim and romzbim, you can deter-
mine that bim means kidney. From romzbim
and romzbako, you can determine that romz
means beans. Therefore, bako means wax.
Because the adjective wax must come after the
noun in this language, wasibako is the only
choice.
305.b. Tam means sky; ceno means blue; rax means
cheese; apl means star; and mitl means bright.
So, mitltam means bright sky.
306.d. Gorbl means fan; flur means belt; pixn means
ceiling; arth means tile; and tusl means roof.
Therefore, pixnarth is the correct choice.
307.d. Hapl means cloud; lesh means burst; srench
means pin; och means ball; and resbo means
nine. Leshsrench (choice a) doesn’t contain any
of the words needed for cloud nine. We know
that och means ball, so that rules out choices b
and c. When you combine hapl (cloud) with
resbo (nine), you get the correct answer.
308.d. Migen means cup; lasan means board; poen
means walk; cuop means pull; and dansa means
man. The only possible choices, then, are
choices a and d. Choice a can be ruled out
because migen means cup.
–ANSWERS–
120

Set 19 (Page 46)
309. c. Morpir means bird; quat means house; beel
means blue; clak means bell. Choice c, which
begins with quat, is the only possible option.
310.b. According to this language, slar means jump.
The suffix –ing is represented by –y. Since
choice b is the only one that ends in the letter
y, this is the only possible option.
311.b. Brift means the root word mili–; the suffix
amint means the same as the English suffix
–tant; the root word ufton– means occupy; el
means the suffix –ied of occupied; and alene
means the suffix –tion. (Because ufton means
occupy, choices a, c, and d can be easily
ruled out.)
312. a. Krekin means work; blaf means force; drita
means ground; and alti means place. Drita
means ground, so that rules out choices b and
d. Choice c isn’t correct because blaf means
force. That leaves choice a as the only possible
answer.
313.d. Pleka means fruit; paki means cake; shillen
means walk; treft means butter; and alan means
cup. Therefore, alanpaki means cupcake.
314.b. Pesl means basketball; ligen means court; strisi
means room; olta means placement; and ganti
means test. Because strisi means room, it must
be present in the answer, so that rules out
choice c. Choices a and d are incorrect because
pesl means basketball and olta means place-
ment. That leaves choice b as the only possible
answer.
315. a. Jalka means happy; mofti means birthday; hoze
means party; mento means good; and gunn
means the suffix –ness. We know the answer
must include the suffix –ness. The only choice
that uses that suffix is choice a.
316.d. Mallon means blue; piml means light; tifl means
berry; and arpan means “rasp” in raspberry.
The word piml, which means light, is required
for the word lighthouse. That rules out choices
a and c. Arpan in choice b means “rasp,”so that
rules out choice b. That leaves choice d the only
possible answer.
317. a. Gemo means fair; linea means warning; geri
means report; mitu means card; and gila means
weather. Thus, gemogila is the correct choice.
318.d. Apta means first; ose means base; epta means
second; larta means ball; and buk means park.
Thus, oselarta means baseball.
319. c. In this language, the root word taga, which
means care, follows the affix (relf, o–, or fer–).
Therefore, in the word aftercare, the root word
and the affix would be reversed in the artificial
language. The only choice, then, is tagazen,
because tagafer would mean less care.
320. a. Malga means peach; uper means cobbler; port
means juice; mogga means apple; and grop
means jelly. Therefore, moggaport means apple
juice.
–ANSWERS–
121

Set 20 (Page 48)
321.b. Valerie signed a legally binding document that
requires her to pay a monthly rent for her apart-
ment and she has failed to do this for the last
three months. Therefore, she has violated her
apartment lease.
322. a. Jake damaged Leslie’s camera while it was in his
possession and he has agreed to compensate
Leslie for the cost of the repair.
323.d. This is the only situation in which someone
makes an assumption that is not based on con-
clusive evidence. Choices a and c reflect situa-
tions in which assumptions are made based on
evidence. In choice b, Mary is not assuming
anything to be true. She is simply wishing that
she’d made a different decision.
324.d. Choices a, b, and c do not describe situations
in which a product is guaranteed. Only choice
d reflects a situation in which a seller attests to
the quality of a product by giving the buyer a
promise or assurance about its quality.
325. c. Malcolm is the only person returning to a social
system that he has been away from for an
extended period of time.
326.b. The realtor is using a clear exaggeration when
she states that a house which is eleven blocks
away from the ocean is prime waterfront
property.
327. c. Although the ski instructors at Top of the Peak
Ski School do work seasonally, choice a does
not describe anyone applying for seasonal
employment. In choice b, the statement that
Matthew likes to work outdoors tells us noth-
ing about seasonal employment or someone
applying for it. And although choice d describes
a business with seasonal hours, it does not
describe a person applying for seasonal work.
Choice c, on the other hand, very specifically
depicts a person, Lucinda, who is applying for
a job as a summer waitress at a beach resort,
which is dependent upon a particular season of
the year.
328.b. After getting some good news, Jeremy and a
few friends casually get together for a drink
after work, thereby having an informal gather-
ing. Choices a and c describe more formal types
of gatherings. Choice d describes a chance or
coincidental kind of meeting.
329. a. The fact that Jared is in scoring position due to
his blooper indicates that he has hit the ball
and is now a base runner; therefore, he has
legally completed his time at bat. Choices b
and c both describe situations in which a strike
is called, but they do not state that the batter has
been put out or that he is now a base runner.
Choice d describes a situation in which the bat-
ter, Mario, is still at the plate waiting for the
next pitch.
330. c. Although choices a and c both describe sus-
pensions, only choice c describes a suspension
that is the result of one of the two scenarios
given in the definition of a five-day suspension
(physical assault or destructing or defacing
school property). Therefore, we can assume
that Franny’s suspension, which is the result of
spray painting school property, will be a five-
day suspension. Since the definition doesn’t
provide any information about suspensions for
cheating, we can assume that Lillian’s suspen-
sion does not fall into the five-day suspension
category.
331.d. This is the only choice that indicates that an
additional period of play is taking place to
determine the winner of a game that ended in
a tie.
332.b. Simone’s mother has taken legal steps to allow
another person to act on her behalf. Therefore,
this is the only choice that indicates that a
power of attorney has been established.
333.d. Jeffrey’s recent behavior is clearly inconsistent
and irregular.
–ANSWERS–
122

334. a. Although choice d also mentions a writer who
has died, it does not state that one of the writer’s
books was published after her death, only that
she received an award. Choice a states that
Richard wasn’t around to see the early reviews
of his novel, therefore implying that Richard
died before the book was published. The other
two options depict living writers.
–ANSWERS–
123

Set 21 (Page 52)
335.b. Seeing four girls surrounding another girl,
while in possession of her backpack, is the most
suspicious of the incidents described.
336.b. The situation described indicates that Dr.
Miller’s practice presents some specific chal-
lenges, namely that it is a busy environment
with a child clientele. There is also some indi-
cation that even highly recommended, experi-
enced hygienists might not be cut out for Dr.
Miller’s office. There is nothing to suggest that
Marilyn (choice a) or James (choice c) would be
a good fit for Dr. Miller’s practice. Kathy (choice
d) has experience and she is also interested in
working with children. However, the fact that
she hopes to become a preschool teacher in the
not-too-distant future indicates that she might
not be the kind of committed, long-term
employee that Dr. Miller needs. Lindy (choice
b), with her hands-on experience working with
children as well as a degree from a prestigious
dental hygiene program, is the most attractive
candidate for the position based on the situa-
tion described.
337. c. The Treehouse Collection is the only package
that can thrive in shady locations. Choice a
requires a Northeastern climate. Choices b and
d require bright sunlight.
338.d. Since Eileen’s husband does not enjoy fancy
restaurants, choices a and c can be ruled out.
Choice b, although casual, doesn’t sound as
though it would be the kind of special and
memorable evening that Eileen is looking for.
Choice d, which is owned by a former baseball
star and is described as “charming” and “rem-
iniscent of a baseball clubhouse,”sounds perfect
for Eileen’s husband, who is described as a base-
ball fan and a man with simple tastes.
339.b. This option is both near the center of town and
in a location (near a school and an ice cream
store) where children and their parents are sure
to be around. This is the only option that meets
both of Mark’s requirements.
340. c. This is the only option that would encourage
people to think of the bakery as a shop they
would visit regularly and not just on special
occasions.
341. a. The four women seem to agree that the plate
starts out with the letter J. Three of them agree
that the plate ends with 12L. Three of them
think that the second letter is X, and a different
three think that the third letter is K. The plate
description that has all of these common ele-
ments is a.
342. a. All of the men agree that the first three numbers
are 995. Three of them agree that the fourth
number is 9. Three agree that the fifth number
is 2. Three agree that the sixth number is 6;
three others agree that the seventh number is
also 6. Choice a is the best choice because it is
made up of the numbers that most of the men
agree they saw.
343.d. Step 4 clearly states that the human resources
representative should issue the new employee a
temporary identification card.
344. c. Step 2 of the guidelines states that the realtor
should get background information about the
client’s current living circumstances. Ms. Russo
failed to do this.
345.b. Actresses #2 and #3 possess most of the
required traits. They both have red hair and
brown eyes, are average-sized, and are in their
forties. Actress #1 is very tall and is only in her
mid-twenties. She also has an olive complexion.
Actress #4 is of very slight build and is in her
early thirties. She also has blue eyes.
346. c. The solicitor described as #2 has a shaved head
and is much taller and heavier than the solici-
tors described as #1 and #3. Therefore, choices
a and d, which include #2, can be ruled out.
Solicitors #1, #3, and #4 have such similar
descriptions that the correct answer is clearly
choice c.
–ANSWERS–
124

Set 22 (Page 57)
347. c. Since Erin’s parents think a dog would not be
happy in an apartment, we can reasonably con-
clude that the family lives in an apartment. We
do not know if Erin’s parents dislike dogs
(choice a) or if Erin dislikes birds (choice b).
There is no support for choice d.
348.d. It is reasonable to conclude that Mike likes
singing and dancing because he looks forward
to doing these things at music camp. There is
no information that supports any of the other
three choices.
349. c. Given the information presented, the only
statement that could be considered true is that
the fruit should not be eaten because it is poi-
sonous. There is no support that taxol is poi-
sonous or that taxol has cured anyone (choices
a and b). There is no support for choice d.
350. a. Because Mr. Sanchez spends many hours dur-
ing the weekend working in his vegetable gar-
den, it is reasonable to suggest that he enjoys
this work. There is no information to suggest
that he does not like classical music. Although
Mrs. Sanchez likes to cook, there is nothing
that indicates she cooks vegetables (choice c).
Mrs. Sanchez likes to read, but there is no infor-
mation regarding the types of books she reads
(choice d).
351.b. The passage tells us that Tim’s commute didn't
bother him because he was always able to sit
down and comfortably read or do paperwork.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Tim’s
commute has become less comfortable since
the schedule change, because it is very crowded
and he can no longer find a seat. There is no
information given that supports choices a, c,
and d.
352.d. The first sentence makes this statement true.
There is no support for choice a. The passage
tells us that the spa vacation is more expensive
than the island beach resort vacation, but that
doesn’t necessarily mean that the spa is over-
priced; therefore, choice b cannot be supported.
And even though the paragraph says that the
couple was relieved to find a room on short
notice, there is no information to support
choice c, which says that it is usually necessary
to book at the spa at least six months in
advance.
353.b. Since the seahorse populations have declined as
a result of fishing, their populations will
increase if seahorse fishing is banned. There is
no support for any of the other choices.
354. a. The fact that Vincent and Thomas live on the
same street indicates that they live in the same
neighborhood. There is no support for any of
the other choices.
355.d. If Georgia is older than Marsha and Bart is
older than Georgia, then Marsha has to be the
youngest of the three. Choice b is clearly wrong
because Bart is the oldest. There is no infor-
mation in the paragraph to support either
choice a or choice c.
356. c. If there were seven shows left and five were
sitcoms, this means that only two of the shows
could possibly be dramas. Choices a and b may
be true, but there is no evidence to indicate
this as fact. The fact that all of the sitcoms
remained does not necessarily mean that view-
ers prefer sitcoms (choice d).
357. c. Since the paragraph states that Marlee is the
younger cousin, Sara must be older than
Marlee. There is no information to support the
other choices.
–ANSWERS–
125

Set 23 (Page 60)
358.b. Because the first two statements are true, Eric is
the youngest of the three, so the third statement
must be false.
359. c. Because the first two sentences are true, both
Josh and Darren saw more movies than
Stephen. However, it is uncertain as to whether
Darren saw more movies than Josh.
360. c. The first two statements give information
about Zoe’s tulips and pansies. Information
about any other kinds of flowers cannot be
determined.
361. a. Because the first two statements are true, rasp-
berries are the most expensive of the three.
362. a. If no wall-to-wall carpeting is pink and all the
offices have wall-to-wall carpeting, none of the
offices has pink wall-to-wall carpeting.
363.b. From the first two statements, we know that of
the three classes, Class A has the highest enroll-
ment, so the third statement must be false.
364. a. According to the first two statements, Fido
weighs the most and Boomer weighs the least.
365. c. Although all of the trees in the park are flow-
ering trees, it cannot be determined by the
information given whether all dogwoods are
flowering trees.
366. a. Since the Gaslight Commons costs more than
the Riverdale Manor and the Livingston Gate
costs more than the Gaslight Commons, it is
true that the Livingston Gate costs the most.
367. a. From the first two statements, you know that
the Kingston Mall has the most stores, so the
Kingston Mall would have more stores than
the Four Corners Mall.
368.b. We know from the first two statements that
Lily runs fastest. Therefore, the third statement
must be false.
–ANSWERS–
126

Set 24 (Page 62)
369. a. From the first statement, we know that bran
cereal has more fiber than both oat cereal and
corn cereal. From the second statement, we
know that rice cereal has less fiber than both
corn and wheat cereals. Therefore, rice cereal
has the least amount of fiber.
370. c. We only know that Jasmine weighs more than
Jason. There is no way to tell whether Jasmine
also weighs more than Jenna.
371. c. We know from the first two statements that
Tuesday had the highest temperature, but we
cannot know whether Monday’s temperature
was higher than Tuesday’s.
372.b. Spot is bigger than King, and Ralph is bigger
than Spot. Therefore, King must be smaller
than Ralph.
373. a. There are fewer oranges than either apples or
lemons, so the statement is true.
374.b. Because the first two statements are true,
Rebecca’s house is also northeast of the Shop
and Save Grocery, which means that the third
statement is false.
375. a. Joe is younger than Kathy and older than Mark,
so Mark must be younger than Kathy.
376. c. We know only that long-tailed Gangles have
spots. We cannot know for certain if long-tailed
Gangles also have short hair.
377. c. The first two statements indicate that Battery
Y lasts the least amount of time, but it cannot
be determined if Battery Z lasts longer than
Battery X.
378.b. Given the information in the first two state-
ments, Bryant is sitting in front of both Jerome
and Martina, so the third statement must be
false.
379.b. Because the first two statements are true, Pen-
field is west of Centerville and southwest of
Middletown. Therefore, the third statement is
false.
–ANSWERS–
127

Set 25 (Page 64)
380. c. Both the car and the train are quicker than the
bus, but there is no way to make a comparison
between the train and the car.
381. a. We know that there are Signots with buttons, or
Lamels, and that there are yellow Signots, which
have no buttons. Therefore, Lamels do not have
buttons and cannot be yellow.
382. a. The market is one block west of the hotel. The
drugstore is two blocks west of the hotel, so
the drugstore is west of the market.
383. c. There is not enough information to verify the
third statement.
384.b. Rulers are the most expensive item.
385.b. The ﬁrst two statements indicate there are more
yellow jelly beans than red and green.
386. c. Cloudy days are the most windy, but there is
not enough information to compare the wind
on the foggy days with the wind on the sunny
days.
387. a. Of the three, the drugstore has the best selection
of postcards.
388.b. This is the order of the cars from left to right:
minivan, pickup, sedan, sport utility vehicle.
389. a. To the extent that a toothpick is useful, it has
value.
–ANSWERS–
128

Set 26 (Page 66)
390. a. Since one-half of the four children are girls,
two must be boys. It is not clear which children
have blue or brown eyes.
391.d. All baseball caps have brims, since baseball caps
are hats (Fact 3) and all hats have brims
(Fact 1). This rules out statement III—but it
doesn’t follow that all caps, a category that may
include caps that are not baseball caps, have
brims (statement I). Statement II cannot be
conﬁrmed, either, since it is possible, given the
information, that all baseball caps are black.
392.b. The ﬁrst statement cannot be true because only
female birds lay eggs. Statement II is true
because hens are chickens and chickens are
birds. Statement III is also true because if only
some chickens are hens, then some must not
be hens.
393.d. None of the three statements is supported by
the known facts.
394. c. Statements I and II are not supported by the
facts. Statement III is true because if all story-
books have pictures and only some have words,
then some storybooks have both words and
pictures.
395.d. There is not enough information to support any
of the statements. Robert is known to have a
minvan, but it is not known which of his vehi-
cles is red. Robert may have a pickup or sport
utility vehicle, so the second statement cannot
be supported. There is no way to know if
Robert’s favorite color is red (statement III).
396. a. Since Maui is an island and islands are sur-
rounded by water, Maui must be surrounded by
water. There is not enough information to sup-
port statements II and III.
397. c. If all drink mixes are beverages and some bev-
erages are red, then some drink mixes are red
(statement I). Since all beverages are drinkable
and all drink mixes are beverages, then all red
drink mixes must be drinkable (statement III).
Statement II can be ruled out.
398.d. There is no information in the facts to support
statements I or II. Statement III is clearly wrong
because, according to Fact 1, no frames cost
less than $35.
399.b. Since some pens don’t write, some writing
utensils don’t write (statement I). Since there
are blue pens and since pens are writing uten-
sils, some writing utensils are blue (statement
II). There is not enough information to support
statement III.
400. c. If Mary always tells the truth, then both Ann
and Mary have cats (statements I and II), and
Ann is lying (statement III).
401.b. Statement II is the only true statement. Since all
dogs like to run, then the ones who like to swim
also like to run. There is no support for state-
ment I or statement III.
–ANSWERS–
129

Set 27 (Page 69)
402.d. After all the switches were made, Max is directly
behind the dog, James is alongside the dog on
the left, Ruby is alongside the dog on the right,
and Rachel is behind Max.
403.b. Nurse Kemp has worked more shifts in a row
than Nurse Calvin; therefore, Kemp has worked
more than eight shifts. The number of Kemp’s
shifts plus the number of Rogers’s shifts (five)
cannot equal fifteen or more, the number of
Miller’s shifts. Therefore, Kemp has worked
nine shifts in a row (5 + 9 = 14).
404. c. If Randy is two months older than Greg, then
Ned is three months older than Greg and one
month older than Randy. Kent is younger than
both Randy and Ned. Ned is the oldest.
405. c. After all the switches were made, Shawn is in
front of the house. Ross is in the alley behind
the house, Michael is on the north side, and Jed
is on the south.
406.d. After all the switches were made, Mr. Kirk
worked on Tuesday. Mr. Carter worked on
Monday, Ms. Johnson on Wednesday, and Ms.
Falk on Thursday.
407. a. Mr. Temple has the most seniority, but he does
not want the job. Next in line is Mr. Rhodes,
who has more seniority than Ms. West or Ms.
Brody.
408.b. Tall, thin, and middle-aged are the elements of
the description repeated most often and are
therefore the most likely to be accurate.
409.b. Beth won the biggest prize, described as a
higher medal than Jamie’s, which we’ve been
told was a silver medal. Roberta and Michele
both won bronze medals, which are lower rank-
ing medals than silver. Beth is also described as
having competed more times than Roberta—
who has competed seven times. Jamie is
described as having competed fewer times than
Roberta, and Michele has competed three
times. Therefore, Beth has competed more
times than the others and has won the biggest
prize to date.
410. c. After all the switching was done, Jenkins was
directly behind the receiver. Calvin and Burton
had fallen. Zeller remained in the rear.
411.d. Alexis is farther away than Frances, who is five
miles away, and closer than Samantha, who is
seven miles away.
412. a. Baxter should be assigned to study with Carter.
Baxter cannot be assigned with Adam, because
they have already been together for seven class
periods. If Baxter is assigned to work with Den-
nis, that would leave Adam with Carter, but
Carter does not want to work with Adam.
413. a. If George is sitting at Henry’s left, George’s seat
is 252. The next seat to the left, then, is 251.
–ANSWERS–
130

Set 28 (Page 72)
414.d. The total of the three programs (2 million + 0.5
million + 3 million) is 5.5 million. That leaves
1.5 million (7 million – 5.5 million), and the
only single program needing that amount is
the senate office building remodeling.
415.b. The only two programs that total 1.5 million
dollars are the harbor improvements and
school music program.
416. a. The total cost of the school music program and
national radio is $1 million, the amount left
after the international airport and agricultural
subsidies are funded.
417. c. J will only work in episodes in which M is work-
ing and there are no restrictions on O’s sched-
ule. However, N will not work with K, so M
must appear and O may appear.
418.d. K will not work with N, so choices c and e are
incorrect. M can only work every other week, so
choice a is incorrect. Since M is not working,
J will not work, so choice b is incorrect.
419.b. Only choice b contains no more than two
R-rated movies (Shout and Mist), at least one G
and one PG (Fly, Abra Cadabra, and Jealousy),
and only one foreign film (Mist).
420. c. The first showing of Trek will be over at 10:00.
Then, the employees will need 20 minutes to
clean the theater, which is 10:20. Since the
movies always start on the quarter hour, the
second showing of Trek will be 10:30.
421. e. Since Shout is doing the most business and Trek
the second most, they should remain in the
two largest theaters. Also, the theater never
shows a foreign film in the largest theater. The-
aters 3 and 4 must show the movies that are
rated G and PG, so the movies that are there
must stay there. The most logical choice is to
put Mist in theater 5 and Fly in theater 6.
422. a. “Honey” and “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
are either 3 and 4 or 4 and 3. The Rascals appear
on the list right after Otis Redding, who cannot
be #3 (or he would be followed by Bobby
Goldsboro), so “Honey” is #3 and “Sittin’ on
the Dock of the Bay” is #4; therefore, choices c
and e are incorrect. The Rascals are #5 (because
they are right after Otis Redding), and Cream
appears right after them, so choice d is incor-
rect. Since Cream has song #6, it cannot be
“Hey Jude,” so choice b is incorrect.
423.d. In the previous question, it was determined
that #3 is “Honey,”#4 is “Sittin’ on the Dock of
the Bay,” #5 is “People Got to Be Free,” and #6
is “Sunshine of Your Love.”Since the #1 song is
not “Love Is Blue,” #1 is “Hey Jude,” and #2 is
“Love Is Blue.”
–ANSWERS–
131

Set 29 (Page 76)
Here’s a quick illustration of how to work “logic game”
puzzles, using the situation in questions 424 and 425 as
an example.
First, read the paragraph. Then, construct a dia-
gram or table like the one below. Write down the letters
that represent the names of the people at the party.
Next, add any other information that is given. You
know that Quentin is an accountant and Sarah is a
florist; you know which objects represent their type of
work. You also know that Thomas is dressed as a cam-
era, so he must be the photographer.
Q accountant pencil
R
S florist flower
T photographer camera
U
Since none of the men is a doctor, Rachel must be
the doctor. That leaves Ulysses, who must be the chef.
Once you’ve filled in your diagram and made the
deductions, answering the questions is the easy part.
Q accountant pencil
R doctor thermometer
S florist flower
T photographer camera
U chef spoon
424.b. See the table above. The thermometer cos-
tume logically would be worn by the doctor.
According to the information, none of the
men is a doctor. Also, Sarah is a florist, so
Rachel must be the doctor wearing the ther-
mometer costume.
425. e. Ulysses cannot be a doctor, because that is
Rachel. Quentin is an accountant, Thomas
must be a photographer, and Sarah is a florist.
That leaves chef for Ulysses. We also know the
chef must be a man, because neither of the
women is dressed as a spoon.
426.d. The person who ordered the vegetable burger
cannot be sitting in chairs 1 or 6, because she is
sitting between two people. She also cannot be
sitting in chairs 3 or 4, because those customers
did not order sandwiches. Since she is not sit-
ting in chair 2, she must be in chair 5.
427. c. The customer who ordered soup must be in
chair 3 or 4, where the non-sandwich orders go.
The other non-sandwich order is fried eggs,
and that person is sitting next to the customer
in chair 5 (who ordered the vegetable burger),
so the fried eggs go to chair 4 and the soup to
chair 3.
428.b. The orders that go to chairs 3, 4, 5, and 6 are
already determined, so the ham sandwich must
go to chair 1 or 2. The customer who ordered
the hamburger is not sitting next to the person
who ordered the soup in chair 3, so the ham-
burger must go to chair 1 and the ham sand-
wich to chair 2.
429. a. The person who ordered potato salad cannot be
in chair 1 or 6, since he is sitting between two
people. The person who ordered fried eggs
ordered hash browns and is sitting in chair 4.
The person who ordered potato salad is on one
side of chair 4, either 3 or 5. He cannot be in
chair 5 and still be next to both the hash browns
and the cole slaw, so he must be in chair 3,
which is where the soup was ordered.
430. c. If the potato salad is with the soup and the
hash browns are with the fried eggs, then the
cole slaw must be with the ham sandwich, in
chairs 2, 3, and 4. The lettuce salad is with the
vegetable burger in chair 5. The onion rings
belong to the cheeseburger in chair 6, leaving
the french fries for the hamburger in chair 1.
–ANSWERS–
132

431. a. The vice president’s car cannot be red, because
that is the CEO’s car, which is in the first space.
Nor can it be purple, because that is the trea-
surer’s car, which is in the last space, or yellow,
because that is the secretary’s. The president’s
car must be blue, because it is parked between
a red car (in the first space) and a green car,
which must be the vice president’s.
432. c. The CEO drives a red car and parks in the first
space. Enid drives a green car; Bert’s car is not
in the first space; David’s is not in the first space,
but the last. Alice’s car is parked next to David’s,
so Cheryl is the CEO.
433. e. Cheryl cannot be the secretary, since she’s the
CEO, nor can Enid, because she drives a green
car, and the secretary drives a yellow car.
David’s, the purple car, is in the last space. Alice
is the secretary, because her car is parked next
to David’s, which is where the secretary’s car is
parked.
–ANSWERS–
133

Set 30 (Page 79)
434.d. The Whippets cannot be in Jersey, Hudson, or
Fulton, since they have beaten those teams. The
Antelopes are in Groton, so the Whippets are
in Ivy.
435. e. The Panthers cannot be in Ivy or Groton,
because the Whippets and Antelopes are there.
Fulton has beaten the Panthers, so they cannot
be in Fulton. Fulton has also beaten the Kan-
garoos, so the only town left for the Kangaroos
is Jersey. That leaves Hudson for the Panthers.
436.b. Every team and town is matched up, except
Fulton and the Gazelles, so the Gazelles must be
in Fulton.
437. a. Kevin is allergic to daisies and iris; he’s not get-
ting gladioli because it’s not his housewarming.
The roses are going to Jenny, leaving the car-
nations for Kevin.
438.d. Jenny is getting roses and Kevin is getting car-
nations. Neither Liz nor Inez would be getting
a housewarming present. Michael is getting
gladioli.
439. e. The only ﬂowers unassigned are iris and daisies.
Liz is allergic to daisies, so she is getting the iris.
440. e. The city that got the least rain is in the desert.
New Town is in the mountains. Last Stand got
more rain than Olliopolis, so it cannot be the
city with the least rain; also, Mile City cannot be
the city with the least rain. Olliopolis got 44
inches of rain. Therefore, Polberg is in the
desert and got 12 inches of rain.
441. a. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain. Last Stand got
more rain than that, so it got 65 inches, which
is the most.
442.b. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain, Last Stand got
65, and Polberg got 12. New Town is in the
mountains, and the city in the mountains got
32 inches of rain. Therefore, Mile City got 27.
443. c. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain, so it is not in
the desert or the forest. The city in the moun-
tains got 32 inches of rain; the coast 27. There-
fore, Olliopolis is in a valley.
–ANSWERS–
134

Set 31 (Page 81)
444.d. The moderator sits in seat #3. It cannot, then,
be Gary or Jarrod or Lane, who sit next to the
moderator. Heloise is not the moderator; there-
fore, the moderator is Kate.
445. a. Jarrod cannot sit in seat #3 because he is not the
moderator. Nor can he sit in seat #2 or #4,
because he does not sit next to the moderator.
Heloise cannot sit on an end, nor in seat #3 or
#4, so she is in seat #2, between the moderator
(Kate) and Jarrod, who must be in seat #1.
446. e. Jarrod sits in seat #1 and is not the moderator;
nor is he the pilot or the attorney. The attorney
sits in seat #4 and cannot sit next to the explorer.
Therefore, the pilot, Lane, is in seat #5, and the
explorer must be in seat #1, Jarrod’s seat.
447.b. Jarrod is the explorer, Lane is the pilot, Kate is
the moderator, and Gary is the attorney.
Heloise must be the writer.
448.d. Zinnia plants tomatoes each year, so choice e is
incorrect. Each year, she plants either carrots or
cabbage, but not both. She will plant cabbage in
the second year, so she will plant carrots in the
first. She never plants carrots and peppers
together, so the ﬁrst year is tomatoes, carrots,
beans and the second is tomatoes, cabbage,
peppers.
449. c. Dusting must be done on Tuesday, Wednes-
day, or Thursday. However, the mopping is
done on Thursday, and Terry does his task on
Wednesday. Therefore, Sally does the dusting
on Tuesday.
450.d. Terry does not dust, mop, do laundry, or vac-
uum. Therefore, Terry does the sweeping on
Wednesday.
451.b. Dusting is on Tuesday, sweeping is on Wednes-
day, mopping is on Thursday, and laundry is on
Friday. Therefore, the vacuuming is done on
Monday.
452. e. Vernon does not vacuum, dust, or sweep.
Randy does the vacuuming, Sally does the dust-
ing, Terry does the sweeping—leaving laundry
and mopping for Uma and Vernon. Uma does
not do laundry; therefore, she must mop, and
Vernon does the laundry.
453.d. Uma does the mopping, which is done on
Thursday.
–ANSWERS–
135

Set 32 (Page 83)
454.d. By stating that fitness walking does not require
a commute to a health club, the author stresses
the convenience of this form of exercise. The
paragraph also states that fitness walking will
result in a good workout. Choice a is incorrect
because no comparison to weight lifting is
made. Choice b may seem like a logical answer,
but the paragraph only refers to people who are
fitness walkers, so for others, a health club
might be a good investment. Choice c is not in
the passage. Although choice e seems logical,
the paragraph does not indicate that the wrong
shoes will produce major injuries.
455. e. This answer is implied by the statement that
redistribution is needed so that people in
emerging nations can have proper medical care.
Choices a, b, and c are not mentioned in the
passage. Choice d is also incorrect—the passage
indicates that the distribution of medicine, not
its production, is inadequate.
456.b. This answer is clearly stated in the first sen-
tence of the paragraph. There is no support in
the passage for choices a, d, or e. As for choice
c, although mediation is mentioned, the state-
ment does not indicate that victims should be
the mediators.
457. c. This choice is supported as the best answer
because the paragraph indicates that low-fat
ice cream was once an unpopular item, but
now, because consumers are more health con-
scious and because there is a wider array of
tasty low-fat foods, low-fat ice cream is a prof-
itable item for ice cream store owners. There is
no indication that choices a, b, d, or e are true
based on the information given.
458. a. The paragraph clearly states that there are two
differing opinions with regard to the use of cal-
culators in the classroom. Although some peo-
ple may believe that choice b is true, the
paragraph does not indicate this. Choice c has
no relation to the paragraph. Choice d makes
logical sense, but the paragraph says nothing
about cost. Choice e is an opinion that is not
given in the paragraph.
459. e. This is clearly the best answer because the para-
graph directly states that warm weather affects
consumers’ inclination to spend. It furthers
states that the sales of single-family homes was
at an all-time high. There is no support for
choice a or c. Choice b is wrong because even
though there were high sales for a particular
February, this does not mean that sales are not
higher in other months. Choice d presents a
misleading figure of 4 million. The paragraph
states that the record of 4.75 million was at an
annual, not a monthly, rate.
460.b. The last sentence in the paragraph clearly gives
support for the idea that the interest in Shake-
speare is due to the development of his charac-
ters. Choice a is incorrect because the writer
never makes this type of comparison. Choice c
is wrong because even though scholars are
mentioned in the paragraph, there is no indi-
cation that the scholars are compiling the
anthology. Choice d is wrong because there is
no support to show that most New Yorkers are
interested in this work. There is no support for
choice e either.
–ANSWERS–
136

461. c. A change in employee social values over the
past ten years is implied in the whole para-
graph, but particularly in the ﬁrst sentence.
Choice a is incorrect because the loyalty of the
managers to their corporations is never dis-
cussed. There is no support for choice b. In
choice d, perhaps career advancement is less
important than it once was, but the paragraph
does not indicate that advancement is unim-
portant to managers. Choice e is an opinion
that is not supported.
462.b. The support for choice b is given in the second
sentence of the paragraph. Generation Xers like
to work independently, which means they are
self-directed. No support is given for either
choice a or choice c. Choice d is not related to
the paragraph. Although the paragraph men-
tions that Generation Xers like to be challenged,
it does not say they like to challenge their
bosses’ attitudes; therefore, choice e can be
ruled out.
463. e. The support for choice e is in the third sentence
“. . . we should make school uniforms manda-
tory.” There is no evidence provided to sup-
port choices a, b, and d. And although we know
that teachers and administrators are spending
some of their time enforcing dress code, the
paragraph does not quantify how much of their
time is spent that way, so there is no support for
choice c.
–ANSWERS–
137

Set 33 (Page 86)
464.d. This answer is implied by the whole paragraph.
The author stresses the need to read critically by
performing thoughtful and careful operations
on the text. Choice a is incorrect because the
author never says that reading is dull. Choices
b, c, and e are not supported by the paragraph.
465. a. The support for this choice is in the second
sentence, which states that in some countries,
toxic insecticides are still legal. Choice b is
incorrect because even though polar regions
are mentioned in the paragraph, there is no
support for the idea that warmer regions are
not just as affected. There is no support for
choice c. Choice d can be ruled out because
there is nothing to indicate that DDT and
toxaphene are the most toxic. Choice e is
illogical.
466. a. The second and third sentence combine to give
support to choice a. The statement stresses that
there must be a judge’s approval (i.e., legal
authorization) before a search can be con-
ducted. Choices b and d are wrong because it is
not enough for the police to have direct evi-
dence or a reasonable belief—a judge must
authorize the search for it to be legal. Choices
c and e are not mentioned in the passage.
467. e. The paragraph focuses on the idea that the jury
system is different from what it was in colonial
times. There is no support given for choices a,
b, and c. Choice d is incorrect because, even
though jurors in colonial times were expected
to investigate and ask questions, this does not
necessarily mean that they were more informed
than today’s jurors.
468. e. This answer is clearly stated in the last sentence
of the paragraph. Choice a can be ruled out
because there is no support to show that study-
ing math is dangerous. Words are not men-
tioned in the passage, which rules out choice b.
Choice d is a contradiction to the information
in the passage. There is no support for choice c.
469.d. The last sentence states that new technologies
are reported daily, and this implies that new
technologies are being constantly developed.
There is no support for choice a. With regard to
choice b, stone tools were first used two and a
half million years ago, but they were not nec-
essarily in use all that time. Choice c is clearly
wrong since the paragraph states when stone
tools first came into use. Although some may
agree that choice e is true, the author of the
paragraph does not give support for this
opinion.
470. a. The support for this choice is in the last sen-
tence, which states that major public health
campaigns that increase awareness and pro-
pose lifestyle changes are important in our fight
against obesity. Choice b can be ruled out
because although the paragraph states that obe-
sity can lead to diabetes, it doesn’t tell us that it
is the leading cause of this disease. Choices c
and e might sound reasonable and true, but
they are not supported in the paragraph. And
although we are told that obesity has been con-
nected to asthma, this fact is not quantified in
any way, so choice d is also not supported by the
information given.
471.b. This answer is clearly supported in the second
sentence. Nothing in the paragraph suggests
that it is a crime not to give a Miranda warning,
so choice a is incorrect. Choice c is also wrong
because police may interrogate as long as a
warning is given. There is no support given for
either choice d or e.
–ANSWERS–
138

472. c. The last sentence gives direct support for this
response. Although children might be better
protected from the sun than adults, the para-
graph does not speciﬁcally cite statistics about
children, so we can’t know for sure, ruling out
choice a. There is no evidence provided in the
paragraph to support choices b and d. Choice
e is incorrect since the last sentence tells us that
warnings about the sun’s dangers are frequent.
473.b. The second sentence points out that people
should examine what they want from a ﬁtness
routine before signing up for a new exercise
class. There is no evidence to support choice a.
Choice c might sound reasonable due to the fact
that the paragraph tells us that yoga has become
very popular, but this statement is not sup-
ported by the information provided in the
paragraph. Choices d and e are also not sup-
ported since the paragraph doesn’t tell us
whether yoga is good for both body and mind
or what people think about it.
–ANSWERS–
139

Set 34 (Page 90)
474.d. The final sentence of the paragraph supports
choice d. The other choices are not supported
by the passage. Choice c may seem correct at
first, but the paragraph states that the new ini-
tiatives are simple and inexpensive, not major.
Choice e might seem to represent a truth, but
vegetarian options are not discussed in this
paragraph.
475.d. The author of this statement suggests that doc-
tors are less independent. The author stresses
that many doctors have lost authority. There is
no support for the opinion that doctors resent
the healthcare managers, however—which
rules out choice a. The doctors’ training is never
mentioned (choice b). Doctors may care about
their patients (choice c), but this information is
not part of the paragraph. Choice e is not
mentioned.
476. e. The second sentence states that threading a
needle involves motor skill. The other choices
are not in the paragraph.
477. a. The paragraph states that Mars once had a thick
atmosphere, but that it was stripped away. The
other choices, true or not, cannot be found in
the passage.
478. a. The last sentence provides direct support for
choice a. The author never suggests that any
trees should be cut down or thinned out, which
eliminates choices b and c. Choice d contradicts
the author’s opinion. The author suggests that
old growth forests have less debris, which rules
out choice e.
479. c. The fact that the Pyramid scheme is set up by
a con artist suggests that the honest people who
invest have been fooled. Choices a and b are
contradicted in the passage. The paragraph says
that the Pyramid scheme originated in the
1920s, but does not say it had its heyday then;
thus, choice d is incorrect. Choice e is a fact, but
it is not mentioned in the passage.
480. a. This is expressed in the first sentence. Choices
b, d, and e are not supported by the passage.
Choice c is incorrect because the paragraph
states that some Reality TV stars manage to
parlay their fifteen minutes of fame into
celebrity.
481. c. The statement that it is difficult to create an
accurate profile of a contemporary knitter
comes immediately after a discussion about
how different today’s knitters are from one
another and from knitters of the past. Choices
a and d are not supported by the paragraph.
Although the paragraph does discuss knitting
done in group settings, it does not specifically
say that more of today’s knitting is done in
groups; therefore, choice b is incorrect. Young
people may be turning to knitting in record
numbers, but again, that statement is not ver-
ified by the information provided in the para-
graph, so choice e must be ruled out as well.
–ANSWERS–
140

Set 35 (Page 93)
482.b. If it is more expensive to run a medical practice
in a large city than a small town, it would make
sense for doctors to charge more in large cities.
Choices a, c, and e are incorrect because the
information in these statements is extraneous
to the author’s argument. Choice d is wrong
because it supports, rather than refutes, the
author’s argument.
483. e. The passage states that “doctors in large cities
make more money than doctors in small towns
or rural areas.” The speaker then assumes that
if doctors all charge the same, they will all earn
the same, but if doctors in large cities see more
patients, they will still earn more money.
484. a. The argument is based on the idea that the gov-
ernment spends a great deal of money trans-
lating documents into different languages.
Choices b and e make the argument somewhat
weaker. Choice c offers no support for the argu-
ment. Choice d may offer some support, but
choice a makes the argument much stronger.
485. c. If most people learn English within a short
period of time, making English the official lan-
guage is unnecessary.
486.d. The speaker maintains that to burn a flag is an
act of freedom of speech, which is among the
things the flag represents.
487. a. If an action is not included under freedom
of speech, the speaker’s main argument is
incorrect.
488.b. This is the best choice because it relates to a sit-
uation where a proposed law would actually
violate the part of the Constitution it is
intended to protect.
–ANSWERS–
141

Set 36 (Page 95)
489. a. Because the speaker is arguing that multiple
guests should be allowed when fewer members
are present, the purpose of the rule is to make
sure members are not crowded by the presence
of guests. There is no support for choices b, c,
or d. Choice e is attractive, but it is not the best
choice because there is no way the club could
control which members would be at the club at
any one time.
490. c. Joint pain caused by physical activity and that
caused by arthritis may not respond the same
way to medication.
491. e. This would indicate that the conditions of the
football players and the speaker’s mother are
similar.
492. c. The speaker uses analogies to compare crawling
with learning arithmetic and reading and to
compare walking with using a computer. The
speaker is making the point that, in both cases,
a child needs to learn one before learning the
other.
493. e. This evidence would back up the speaker’s con-
tention that young students should learn the
basics before learning computers. Choices a
and d, which are both about cost, would have
no effect on the argument. Choices b and c are
too vague.
494. a. If computers enhance the learning of arith-
metic and reading, the speaker’s argument is
not as strong.
495.b. The speaker refers to the safety of children
because most people are concerned about that.
The speaker does not make a comparison
(choice a). Choice c can be ruled out because
the speaker does not give a speciﬁc number.
Choices d and e are incorrect because the
speaker doesn’t give an account of any speciﬁc
child, nor does he or she use any method of
attack.
496. e. Since the speaker is basing the argument on
the safety of children, if there were only a few
accidents and none involved children, the
argument is weaker.
–ANSWERS–
142

Set 37 (Page 97)
497.b. Lars provides information that supports
Frances’s more general statements. Both agree
that schools should spend money on educating
children, not on providing breakfast. Choices a,
d, and e are incorrect because they all imply
that Frances and Lars are arguing in opposition
to each other. Choice c can be ruled out because
Lars’s position does not give any outcomes.
498.d. Both speakers rely on the fact that schools do
not traditionally have the responsibility for pro-
viding students with breakfast.
499.d. The speakers support their arguments in dif-
ferent ways, but both are concerned with
whether sixteen-year-olds should continue to
be allowed to receive drivers’ licenses.
500. c. Quinn discusses the fairness of changing the
law and raising the age at which one can receive
a driver’s license. Emotion (choice b) may be
involved, but the argument relies on the fairness
issue.
501. e. Dakota discusses the actualities of increased
traffic and the decline in the teaching of driv-
ers’ education. She doesn’t use statistics (choice
a). Her argument is not emotion-filled, which
rules out choice b. She doesn’t mention fairness
(choice c) and doesn’t tell stories about specific
situations (choice d).
–ANSWERS–
143

501 challenging and logic and reasining problems

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