524717128-Lecture-8-Spectrum-Management.ppt

Future of Spectrum
Future of Spectrum
- This inlcudes a number of slides
- This inlcudes a number of slides
Slides from Anton O’ Gara -
Slides from Anton O’ Gara -

spectrum allocation
spectrum allocation
 Radio spectrum is a
Radio spectrum is a finite public resource
finite public resource
 Regulated using a command and control
Regulated using a command and control
structure
structure
 Traditionally when you get spectrum you
Traditionally when you get spectrum you
keep it forever.
keep it forever.
 3G licenses (of course in some of these cases
3G licenses (of course in some of these cases
you can’t get rid of it fast enough)
you can’t get rid of it fast enough)
 TV broadcasters etc.
TV broadcasters etc.

wireless everywhere ..
wireless everywhere ..
an enormous growth in wireless communications
an enormous growth in wireless communications
over the past two decades and we now live in a
over the past two decades and we now live in a
world where there are ever-increasing numbers
world where there are ever-increasing numbers
of wireless communication devices in operation.
of wireless communication devices in operation.
=>
=> an increase in demand for spectrum.
an increase in demand for spectrum.

The Radio Spectrum
The Radio Spectrum
 As technology has progressed, the range
As technology has progressed, the range
of usable bands has increased
of usable bands has increased
 However, the range of applications and
However, the range of applications and
number of users has increased at a much
number of users has increased at a much
higher rate
higher rate
 This has led to an artificial scarcity of
This has led to an artificial scarcity of
spectrum
spectrum

The Radio Spectrum
The Radio Spectrum
“…
“…there have been four core assumptions underlying
there have been four core assumptions underlying
spectrum policy:
spectrum policy:
1.
1. unregulated radio interference will lead to chaos;
unregulated radio interference will lead to chaos;
2.
2. spectrum is scarce;
spectrum is scarce;
3.
3. government command and control of the scarce
government command and control of the scarce
spectrum resource is the only way chaos can be
spectrum resource is the only way chaos can be
avoided; and
avoided; and
4.
4. the public interest centers on government choosing
the public interest centers on government choosing
the highest and best use of the spectrum.
the highest and best use of the spectrum.
Todays environment has strained these assumptions to
Todays environment has strained these assumptions to
the breaking point.”
the breaking point.”
- FCC Chairman, Michael Powell, 2002
- FCC Chairman, Michael Powell, 2002

The Radio Spectrum
The Radio Spectrum
 The main driving force behind research into
The main driving force behind research into
spectrum management is the alleviation of the
spectrum management is the alleviation of the
man made spectrum scarcity.
man made spectrum scarcity.
 Most of the spectrum has been allocated.
Most of the spectrum has been allocated.
 Even in the licensed bands that are busy, the level of
Even in the licensed bands that are busy, the level of
activity often varies wildly with time and location.
activity often varies wildly with time and location.
 Large amounts of spectrum allocated to emergency
Large amounts of spectrum allocated to emergency
services.
services.

Good Example - Unlicensed Activity
Good Example - Unlicensed Activity
 Licenced bands stagnate quickly, when
Licenced bands stagnate quickly, when
the spectrum is awarded people are
the spectrum is awarded people are
secure and have no incentive to change.
secure and have no incentive to change.
 In the few unlicensed bands, necessity
In the few unlicensed bands, necessity
has driven
has driven groundbreaking research
groundbreaking research.
.
 Lower cost of entry into the unlicensed
Lower cost of entry into the unlicensed
bands
bands encourages research
encourages research.
.
 New technologies are
New technologies are breaking the
breaking the
‘rules’
‘rules’

so we can see that ..
so we can see that ..
 static allocation does not help
static allocation does not help
 looking at other technologies all innovation in
looking at other technologies all innovation in
the ISM bands (license free band)
the ISM bands (license free band)
 ideas stunted / experimentation limited
ideas stunted / experimentation limited

so therefore …..
so therefore …..
the traditional ideas of network infrastructure and
the traditional ideas of network infrastructure and
ownership and the centralist model of a public carrier
ownership and the centralist model of a public carrier
network and licensed spectrum must be challenged in an
network and licensed spectrum must be challenged in an
attempt to go beyond present systems and to design for the
attempt to go beyond present systems and to design for the
future in an innovative manner
future in an innovative manner
we need to think differently about spectrum
we need to think differently about spectrum
allocation
allocation
note: Regulations in most countries have changed little since the
note: Regulations in most countries have changed little since the
1930’s.
1930’s.

It is possible to allocate spectrum on a range of other bases, on a non-
It is possible to allocate spectrum on a range of other bases, on a non-
permanent footing with a result in increased capacity. For example
permanent footing with a result in increased capacity. For example
dynamic allocation on a spatial basis would allow organizations in
dynamic allocation on a spatial basis would allow organizations in
different regions to use the same frequencies. In time, the granularity
different regions to use the same frequencies. In time, the granularity
of space could be reduced and in the extreme examples users would
of space could be reduced and in the extreme examples users would
be permitted to use the same frequencies within much smaller
be permitted to use the same frequencies within much smaller
vicinities (e.g. on different floors of a building). Allocation on a
vicinities (e.g. on different floors of a building). Allocation on a
temporal basis would allow users access to underutilized spectrum,
temporal basis would allow users access to underutilized spectrum,
effectively filling the unused gaps of available spectrum time.
effectively filling the unused gaps of available spectrum time.
Transmit power, although partly regulated today, could be made a
Transmit power, although partly regulated today, could be made a
more effective means of allocation and would go hand in hand with
more effective means of allocation and would go hand in hand with
regulation by space. In summary it is clear that there are many options
regulation by space. In summary it is clear that there are many options
for dynamic allocation of spectrum that greatly improve on the static
for dynamic allocation of spectrum that greatly improve on the static
and permanent allocation of frequency bands that exists at present.
and permanent allocation of frequency bands that exists at present.

Spectrum Usage
Spectrum Usage
This is the measurement taken over a 24 hour period in central London, July
2004. The solid blue represents no activity, while red represents heavy
activity.

freq 1
freq 1
operator 1
operator 2
time

Spectrum Management Today
Spectrum Management Today

Spectrum Management
Spectrum Management
 The aim of spectrum management is to
The aim of spectrum management is to
ensure the optimal use of the radio
ensure the optimal use of the radio
spectrum in civic and economic terms and
spectrum in civic and economic terms and
to ensure reasonable and fair access to
to ensure reasonable and fair access to
those who require it.
those who require it.
 Regulatory bodies recognise the need for
Regulatory bodies recognise the need for
change
change

Spectrum Management
Spectrum Management
 The Ofcom Spectrum Vision
The Ofcom Spectrum Vision
1. Spectrum should be free of technology and usage
1. Spectrum should be free of technology and usage
constraints as far as possible. Policy constraints
constraints as far as possible. Policy constraints
should only be used where they can be justified;
should only be used where they can be justified;
2. It should be simple and transparent for licence
2. It should be simple and transparent for licence
holders to change the ownership and use of
holders to change the ownership and use of
spectrum; and
spectrum; and
3. Rights of spectrum users should be clearly defined
3. Rights of spectrum users should be clearly defined
and users should feel comfortable that they will not be
and users should feel comfortable that they will not be
changed without good cause.
changed without good cause.

Spectrum Management
Spectrum Management
 Ofcom describe the key mechanisms in
Ofcom describe the key mechanisms in
spectrum optimisation as follows:
spectrum optimisation as follows:
Trading of spectrum
Liberalisation of spectrum use

Aims & Advantages
Aims & Advantages
 The introduction of spectrum trading offers
The introduction of spectrum trading offers
the following advantages:
the following advantages:
 Improved spectral efficiency
Improved spectral efficiency
 Greater control and responsibility for the
Greater control and responsibility for the
market
market
 Improved ease of access to the spectrum
Improved ease of access to the spectrum
 A more ‘natural’ pricing mechanism
A more ‘natural’ pricing mechanism
 Increased capacity and rewards for innovation
Increased capacity and rewards for innovation

Aims & Advantages
Aims & Advantages
 The degree to which these advantages
The degree to which these advantages
can be exploited will vary
can be exploited will vary
 Regulators are keen to modernise the
Regulators are keen to modernise the
systems
systems
 Wary of over-liberalisation
Wary of over-liberalisation

Issues
Issues
 Defining the set of rules to govern this
Defining the set of rules to govern this
trading market is a hugely complex issue
trading market is a hugely complex issue
 Standard trading unit
Standard trading unit
 Spectrum division mechanism
Spectrum division mechanism
 Spectrum recall
Spectrum recall
 Usage measurement
Usage measurement
 Licensee freedom
Licensee freedom
 Dissaggregation
Dissaggregation

Proposals for Spectrum Trading
Proposals for Spectrum Trading
 In an attempt at creating a technology neutral regulation
In an attempt at creating a technology neutral regulation
system, Ofcom have proposed a two tier rights system –
system, Ofcom have proposed a two tier rights system –
specific and restrictive
specific and restrictive
 The specific rights may vary across different users of the
The specific rights may vary across different users of the
spectrum
spectrum
 License holders abide by their specific usage rights
License holders abide by their specific usage rights
unless they change the use of the spectrum
unless they change the use of the spectrum
 When a change of use occurs they must abide by the
When a change of use occurs they must abide by the
restrictive usage rights until they generate a new set of
restrictive usage rights until they generate a new set of
specific rights with the agreement of their neighbouring
specific rights with the agreement of their neighbouring
spectrum users
spectrum users
 The restrictive licences should be such that whatever the
The restrictive licences should be such that whatever the
original and new uses are, the neighbours to the
original and new uses are, the neighbours to the
spectrum being traded should not suffer any additional
spectrum being traded should not suffer any additional
interference.
interference.

Worked Example
Worked Example
 Broadcaster A indicates to a 3G operator that they would be willing
to trade part of their spectrum. Were this to happen, the 3G
operator would only be able to use the restrictive spectrum usage
rights. These would be too restrictive to allow the 3G operator to
provide a viable service;
 Before entering into detailed negotiation with the seller, the 3G
operator consults with the owners of the neighbouring channels,
who are broadcasters. The 3G operator reaches an agreement in
principle with them that were it to buy broadcaster A’s spectrum it
would abide by certain restrictions on siting base stations and make
compensatory payments of an agreed amount to the other
broadcasters. In return, the other broadcasters would agree on a
new specific property right which would be close to the 3GPP
specification;
 The 3G operator builds a business case based on the new specific
spectrum usage rights and compensation payments and decides on
the maximum it will pay broadcaster A for its spectrum. It then re-
enters negotiation with broadcaster A; and
 If the business case is viable, the trade proceeds.

Motivation towards Spectrum Trading
Motivation towards Spectrum Trading
 Worth €9bn annually in the EU
Worth €9bn annually in the EU
 Gives firms a strong incentive to respond
Gives firms a strong incentive to respond
to market signals and put resources to
to market signals and put resources to
their best possible use.
their best possible use.
 Frees the airwaves
Frees the airwaves

Proposed Further Liberalisation
 Amount of spectrum available for license exempt
Amount of spectrum available for license exempt
use be expanded
use be expanded

Below 3GHz
Below 3GHz Above 3GHz
Above 3GHz
Market mechanisms:
Market mechanisms: 27.1%
27.1% 61.3%
61.3%
Licence exempt:
Licence exempt: 4.2%
4.2% 8.2%
8.2%
Command & Control:
Command & Control: 68.6%
68.6% 30.6%
30.6%

 As well as increasing the amount of spectrum
As well as increasing the amount of spectrum
dedicated to license exempt use, it is proposed
dedicated to license exempt use, it is proposed
that licensees be allowed to sell underlay access
that licensees be allowed to sell underlay access
to it’s allocation
to it’s allocation
 This is where the licensee can grant a third party
This is where the licensee can grant a third party
permission to transmit on its block of spectrum,
permission to transmit on its block of spectrum,
as long as the power of the transmission
as long as the power of the transmission
remains so low as to be indistinguishable from
remains so low as to be indistinguishable from
noise to the licensee.
noise to the licensee.

Spectrum Trading In Practice
 Spectrum trading has been introduced to
Spectrum trading has been introduced to
varying degrees in several countries
varying degrees in several countries
including New Zealand, Australia,
including New Zealand, Australia,
Guatemala, the U.S.A. and the U.K.
Guatemala, the U.S.A. and the U.K.

 U.S.A. –
U.S.A. –
 The U.S.A. has a two tier leasing system in place,
The U.S.A. has a two tier leasing system in place,
allowing licensees to lease out some or all of their
allowing licensees to lease out some or all of their
spectrum for a portion of the term of their license
spectrum for a portion of the term of their license
 Spectrum manager leasing allows the licensee to
Spectrum manager leasing allows the licensee to
lease spectrum without consulting the FCC, but they
lease spectrum without consulting the FCC, but they
retain responsibility to ensure the license conditions
retain responsibility to ensure the license conditions
are met
are met
 De Facto transfer leasing transfers requires FCC
De Facto transfer leasing transfers requires FCC
approval, but transfers most of the responsibilities of
approval, but transfers most of the responsibilities of
compliance to the lessee
compliance to the lessee

 Australia –
Australia –
 Australia chose to divide spectrum into blocks
Australia chose to divide spectrum into blocks
of frequency and area called STUs
of frequency and area called STUs
 STUs can be combined vertically (increased
STUs can be combined vertically (increased
bandwidth) or horizontally (increased
bandwidth) or horizontally (increased
coverage)
coverage)
 The country was divided by a spectrum map
The country was divided by a spectrum map
grid, where the cell size varied depending on
grid, where the cell size varied depending on
location and population level with larger cells
location and population level with larger cells
in rural areas.
in rural areas.

 New Zealand –
New Zealand –
 New Zealand employs a 3 tier rights system
New Zealand employs a 3 tier rights system
 Management rights grant the exclusive right to
Management rights grant the exclusive right to
manage a nationwide band of frequencies for a fixed
manage a nationwide band of frequencies for a fixed
term up to 20 years
term up to 20 years
 License right are then bestowed by these band
License right are then bestowed by these band
managers allowing licensees access to these
managers allowing licensees access to these
frequencies. The licenses are specific in terms of use
frequencies. The licenses are specific in terms of use
and location and the manager can grant licenses to
and location and the manager can grant licenses to
itself if it chooses.
itself if it chooses.
 Apparatus licenses exist in the blocks of spectrum
Apparatus licenses exist in the blocks of spectrum
where management rights have not been created.
where management rights have not been created.

 Guatemala –
Guatemala –
 Spectrum rights in Guatemala are granted in
Spectrum rights in Guatemala are granted in
fully transferable and fragmentable frequency
fully transferable and fragmentable frequency
usage titles
usage titles
 Technical limitations to protect against
Technical limitations to protect against
interference but which have no service
interference but which have no service
limitations
limitations
 All spectrum that is not assigned can be
All spectrum that is not assigned can be
requested
requested

research issues galore
research issues galore
 how do we divide up spectrum?
how do we divide up spectrum?
 what bandwidth granularity?
what bandwidth granularity?
 what time period granularity?
what time period granularity?
 how do we manage the allocation / pooling?
how do we manage the allocation / pooling?
 who gets to be broker?
who gets to be broker?
 what allocation algorithms do we use?
what allocation algorithms do we use?
 how do we pay for it?
how do we pay for it?
 how do we measure what is available?
how do we measure what is available?
 how do we monitor what is going on?
how do we monitor what is going on?
 how do we design technology to be useful at wider ranges of frequencies?
how do we design technology to be useful at wider ranges of frequencies?
 transmitters / receivers??
transmitters / receivers??

Enabling Technologies
Enabling Technologies
Software Radio / Cognitive Radio
Software Radio / Cognitive Radio

software radio
software radio
a
a software defined radio is a radio that includes
software defined radio is a radio that includes
a transmitter in which the operating parameters
a transmitter in which the operating parameters
of the transmitter, including the frequency range,
of the transmitter, including the frequency range,
modulation type or maximum radiated or
modulation type or maximum radiated or
conducted output power can be altered by
conducted output power can be altered by
making a change in software
making a change in software without making
without making
any hardware changes.
any hardware changes.

Original
Signal
Tuning &
Amplificatio
n
RF/IF
Conversion
Demodulation
different hardware for phone, WLAN, bluetooth,
spectrum analyser etc.

Original
Signal
Tuning &
Amplification
RF/IF
Conversion
A/D
Converter
Digital Signal
Processing
FM Receive
Software
OFDM Receive
Software
QPSK Receive
Software
software radio, one hardware platform does it all ……
it all happens in the digital domain ….
in the signal processing / software

cognitive radio … more still
cognitive radio … more still
t
the term ‘cognitive radio’ was coined by
he term ‘cognitive radio’ was coined by
Mitola [Mitola1999] in 1999 to describe
Mitola [Mitola1999] in 1999 to describe a
a
reconfigurable radio capable of choosing a
reconfigurable radio capable of choosing a
course of action based on observations of
course of action based on observations of
not
not only the wireless channel environment,
only the wireless channel environment,
but also based on the device user's
but also based on the device user's
present, past and
present, past and anticipated actions.
anticipated actions.

 a
a cognitive radio may include several sensors
cognitive radio may include several sensors
which continuously monitor many aspects of
which continuously monitor many aspects of the
the
local environment.
local environment.
 e
examples of such conditions include the location
xamples of such conditions include the location
of the device,
of the device, spectrum-usage restrictions in the
spectrum-usage restrictions in the
current location, current power reserves,
current location, current power reserves,
anticipated user
anticipated user actions and other environmental
actions and other environmental
factors including the time of day, current light
factors including the time of day, current light
level and local
level and local temperature.
temperature.

 t
the concept of this cognitive radio system also
he concept of this cognitive radio system also
includes the ability to conform to
includes the ability to conform to spectrum
spectrum
etiquette.
etiquette.
 t
this means that the radio could conceivably vary
his means that the radio could conceivably vary
its transmitted power
its transmitted power output level if it detects that
output level if it detects that
interference is being caused to other legitimate
interference is being caused to other legitimate
users, or if local
users, or if local spectrum regulations that may
spectrum regulations that may
be in service dictate a maximum output power
be in service dictate a maximum output power
level.
level.

524717128-Lecture-8-Spectrum-Management.ppt

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