NASA 2014 Budget Request Summary
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The document is NASA's FY 2014 President's Budget Request Summary. It provides budget figures for NASA from FY 2012 to FY 2018. Some key details: - NASA's total budget request for FY 2014 is $17.715 billion, nearly equal to the estimated FY 2013 budget. - The largest budget line items are Space Operations ($3.882 billion), Exploration ($3.915 billion), and Science ($5.017 billion), which includes missions like the James Webb Space Telescope. - The budget proposes increases for certain programs like Space Technology from $577 million in FY 2013 to $742 million in FY 2014. - It provides multi-year budget projections that
![National Aeronautics and Space Administration
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OVERVIEW
Agency Summary
MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR ..................................................... SUM-2
BUDGET OVERVIEW ............................................................................... SUM-4
BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................. SUM-8
EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES ................................ SUM-12
SCIENCE
Science ............................................................................................ SCI-4
Earth Science
EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH ….…..………………….………..……............ ES-2
EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS …………..……..……………….…... ......... ES-9
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11
Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17
Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22
GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..…..……………………...… ......... ES-44
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46
Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-57
EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS …………………….. .......... ES-62
EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ……………………...……………… .......... ES-67
APPLIED SCIENCES ………………………………………………..… ........... ES-71
TOC-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-14-320.jpg)
![National Aeronautics and Space Administration
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planetary Science
PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ……………………………………. .......... PS-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7
LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ……………………………………..……… .......... PS-9
Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12
DISCOVERY ………………………………………………………...….. ......... PS-17
Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport
(InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23
NEW FRONTIERS ………………………………………………………. ........ PS-27
Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer
(OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33
MARS EXPLORATION …………………………………………..……… ......... PS-36
2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43
OUTER PLANETS ………………………………………..……………. .......... PS-50
TECHNOLOGY ………………………………………….……………… ......... PS-54
Astrophysics
ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH …………………………………………........ . ASTRO-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7
COSMIC ORIGINS …………………………………………………….. ....... ASTRO-10
Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
[Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24
PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS …………………………………………… ......... ASTRO-27
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29
EXOPLANET EXPLORATION …………………………………………... ........ ASTRO-32
ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER …………………………………...……............ ASTRO-37
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38
James Webb Space Telescope
JAMES W EBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ……………………..…............. JWST-2
TOC-2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-15-320.jpg)
![National Aeronautics and Space Administration
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Heliophysics
HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH ……………………………………..…… ........... HELIO-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-7
LIVING WITH A STAR ………………………………………………….. .......... HELIO-13
Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-14
Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-19
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-24
SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ……………………………………… ........... HELIO-28
Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-29
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-35
HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-39
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-41
AERONAUTICS
Aeronautics ..................................................................................... AERO-2
AVIATION SAFETY .................................................................................. AERO-8
AIRSPACE SYSTEMS .............................................................................. AERO-14
FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS ................................................................ AERO-20
AERONAUTICS TEST .............................................................................. AERO-27
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH ......................................................... AERO-32
AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT ......................................... AERO-39
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Space Technology .......................................................................... TECH-2
PARTNERSHIPS AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION ........................................ TECH-7
SBIR AND STTR ................................................................................... TECH-13
CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ............................. TECH-19
EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................... TECH-33
TOC-3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-16-320.jpg)
![National Aeronautics and Space Administration
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS
Human Exploration and Operations .............................................. HEO-2
Exploration
EXPLORATION ........................................................................................ EXP-2
Exploration Systems and Development
Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ........................................................ EXP-6
Crew Vehicle [Formulation] ....................................................................... EXP-8
Space Launch System .......................................................................... EXP-15
Launch Vehicles [Formulation] .................................................................. EXP-17
Exploration Ground Systems ................................................................ EXP-25
Commercial Spaceflight
Commercial Crew .................................................................................. EXP-31
Exploration Research and Development
Human Research Program ................................................................... EXP-38
Advanced Exploration Systems ............................................................ EXP-45
Space Operations
SPACE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. SO-2
International Space Station (ISS) ............................................................... SO-5
ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance ......................................... SO-7
ISS Research ....................................................................................... SO-13
ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation .................................................... SO-21
SPACE AND FLIGHT SUPPORT (SFS)
21st Century Space Launch Complex ........................................................ SO-27
Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) ....................................... SO-34
Space Communications Networks ....................................................... SO-36
Space Networks Ground Segment Sustainment [Formulation] ............ SO-42
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) [Development] .................. SO-47
Space Communication Support ........................................................... SO-52
Human Space Flight Operations ................................................................ SO-56
Launch Services ......................................................................................... SO-61
Rocket Propulsion Test (RPT) .................................................................... SO-67
TOC-4](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-17-320.jpg)
![FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary
BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS
SCIENCE IS ANSWERING ENDURING QUESTIONS IN, FROM, AND ABOUT SPACE
NASA’s Science account funds the development of innovative satellite missions and instruments to
enable scientists to conduct research to understand Earth, the Sun, and planetary bodies in the solar
system, and to unravel the mysteries of the universe. These discoveries will continue to inspire the next
generation of scientists, engineers and explorers. The FY 2014 budget request for Science is $5,017.8
million.
The James Webb Space Telescope, a successor to the Hubble telescope, is fully funded within the FY
2014 budget request and is progressing well toward its launch in October 2018 within the cost baseline
established in 2011. NASA is enhancing the asteroid detection capabilities of ground and space-based
assets through a doubling of the resources in the Near Earth Object Observation program. In addition,
development continues on the OSIRIS-REx mission, which will return and analyze asteroid material and
pave the way for human exploration of an asteroid.
NASA continues to learn more about Earth. The Global Precipitation Mission will provide global
precipitation observations every two to four hours. Astronauts will install the Stratospheric Aerosol and
Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) on the International Space Station and it will begin measurements of
ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. The IRIS
mission will enable scientists to better understand how the solar atmosphere is energized. NASA
continues its successful partnership on the Landsat program with the United States Geological Survey and
will begin to explore strategies for how to continue this valuable series of land observations for many
years to come. NASA will also assume the responsibility for key observations of the Earth’s climate from
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
The next step in the exploration of Mars is the launch of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution
Mission (MAVEN) mission. MAVEN will explore the planet’s upper atmosphere and interactions with
solar wind. As noted above, a restructured Mars exploration program will utilize the data gained from
Curiosity and other Mars assets and begin development of the next Mars rover, which will be launched in
2020. Advances in our understanding of the Moon continue with the launch of Lunar Atmosphere and
Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) in October 2013, which will provide detailed information about the
lunar atmosphere, conditions near the surface and environmental influences on lunar dust during its five-
month primary mission. A variety of other missions will provide new capabilities for observations in
astrophysics(Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy [SOFIA], Astro-H Soft X-Ray
Spectrometer [SXS]); and advance our understanding of the Sun and its impact on the Earth
(Magnetospheric Multiscale [MMS], Solar Probe Plus, Solar Orbiter Collaboration). Other missions will
advance the Nation’s capability to predict changes in climate, weather and natural hazards and inform
decision-making to enhance our economic and environmental security (Soil Moisture Active-Passive
[SMAP], Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-II [ICESat-II], Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
[GRACE-FO], and Surface Water and Ocean Topography [SWOT]).
AIR TRANSPORTATION FOR A CHANGING WORLD
NASA conducts aeronautics research to bring transformational advances in the safety, capacity, and
efficiency of the air transportation system while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The
FY 2014 budget request for the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate is $565.7 million.
SUM-8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-27-320.jpg)
![FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary
EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES
Programs and projects follow their appropriate life cycle, which includes lifecycle phases; lifecycle gates
and major events (including key decision points [KDPs]); and major lifecycle reviews. The lifecycle
phases are segmented into three categories; pre-formulation, formulation and implementation.
• Pre-Phase A Concept Studies
Preformulation
• Phase A: concept and technology development; and
• Phase B, preliminary design and technology completion.
Formulation
• Phase C: final design and fabrication;
• Phase D: system assembly, integration, test, launch and checkout;
• Phase E: operations and sustainment; and
Implementation
• Phase F: closeout.
Approval to proceed through the lifecycle gate is based on progress and performance, as assessed against
an expected maturity level at each major lifecycle review. The key decision point is the event where the
manager with decision authority determines the readiness of a project to progress to the next phase of the
life cycle and establishes the content, cost, and schedule commitments for the ensuing phase(s).
For reference, a description of schedule commitments and milestones is listed below for projects in
formulation and implementation. A list of common terms used in mission planning is also included.
Formulation
Formulation is NASA’s period of initial planning for a new project and determination of how the
proposed project will support the Agency’s strategic goals. During formulation, a project is assessed for
feasibility, completes development of concepts, and establishes high-level requirements and success
criteria.
Formulation
Milestone Explanation
The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to
transition into Phase A and authorizes formulation of the project. Phase A is the first phase of
formulation and means that:
The project addresses a critical NASA need;
KDP A
The proposed mission concept(s) is feasible;
The associated planning is sufficiently mature to begin activities defined for formulation;
and
The mission can likely be achieved as conceived.
SUM-16](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-35-320.jpg)
![SCIENCE
Actual Notional
Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018
FY 2014 President's Budget Request 5073.7 5115.9 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8
Earth Science 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1
Planetary Science 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0
Astrophysics 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1
James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 -- 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9
Heliophysics 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6
SCIENCE
Science ............................................................................................ SCI-4
Earth Science
EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH ….…..………………….………..……............ ES-2
EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS …………..……..……………….…... ......... ES-9
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11
Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17
Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22
GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..…..……………………...… ......... ES-44
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46
Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-57
EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS …………………….. .......... ES-62
EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ……………………...……………… .......... ES-67
APPLIED SCIENCES ………………………………………………..… ........... ES-71
SCI-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-38-320.jpg)
![SCIENCE
Planetary Science
PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ……………………………………. .......... PS-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7
LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ……………………………………..……… .......... PS-9
Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12
DISCOVERY ………………………………………………………...….. ......... PS-17
Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport
(InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23
NEW FRONTIERS ………………………………………………………. ........ PS-27
Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer
(OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33
MARS EXPLORATION …………………………………………..……… ......... PS-36
2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43
OUTER PLANETS ………………………………………..……………. .......... PS-50
TECHNOLOGY ………………………………………….……………… ......... PS-54
Astrophysics
ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH …………………………………………........ . ASTRO-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7
COSMIC ORIGINS …………………………………………………….. ....... ASTRO-10
Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
[Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24
PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS …………………………………………… ......... ASTRO-27
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29
EXOPLANET EXPLORATION …………………………………………... ........ ASTRO-32
ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER …………………………………...……............ ASTRO-37
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38
James Webb Space Telescope
JAMES W EBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ……………………..…............. JWST-2
SCI-2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-39-320.jpg)
![SCIENCE
Heliophysics
HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH ……………………………………..…… ........... HELIO-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-7
LIVING WITH A STAR ………………………………………………….. .......... HELIO-13
Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-14
Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-19
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-24
SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ……………………………………… ........... HELIO-28
Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-29
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-35
HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-39
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-41
SCI-3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-40-320.jpg)
![Science: Earth Science
EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH
Actual Notional
Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018
FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1
Earth Science Research 441.1 -- 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5
Earth Systematic Missions 879.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3
Earth System Science Pathfinder 183.3 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0
Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 -- 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0
Earth Science Technology 51.2 -- 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1
Applied Sciences 36.4 -- 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1
Earth Science
EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH ….…..………………….………..……............ ES-2
EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS …………..……..……………….…... ......... ES-9
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11
Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17
Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22
GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32
EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..…..……………………...… ......... ES-44
Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46
Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-58
EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS …………………….. .......... ES-63
EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ……………………...……………… .......... ES-68
APPLIED SCIENCES ………………………………………………..… ........... ES-72
ES-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-51-320.jpg)
![Science: Earth Science
EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS
Program Schedule
MMO solicits research opportunities every two years for ACCESS and every five years for MEaSUREs.
The new Sea-Level Rise solicitation will be released in coordination with the Earth Science Research
Program.
Program Management & Commitments
The EOSDIS Project Office at GSFC has primary responsibility for day-to-day operations. DAACs are
also co-located with other agencies [USGS-EDC Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS)
EDCEROS Data Center (EDC), DOE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)] and at the following
universities: University of Alaska at Fairbanks, University of Colorado, and Columbia University.
Program Element Provider
Provider: GSFC
EOSDIS core system, and Evolution Lead Center: GSFC
of EOSDIS upgrades Performing Center: GSFC
Cost Share Partners: N/A
Provider: Various
Distributed Active Archive Centers Lead Center: GSFC
(DAACs) Performing Center: GSFC, LaRC, MSFC, JPL
Cost Share Partners: N/A
ES-65](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-115-320.jpg)
![Science
PLANETARY SCIENCE
Actual Notional
Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018
FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0
Planetary Science Research 174.1 -- 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2
Lunar Quest Program 139.9 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Discovery 172.6 -- 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0
New Frontiers 143.7 -- 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2
Mars Exploration 587.1 -- 234.0 227.8 318.4 504.7 513.2
Outer Planets 122.1 -- 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4
Technology 161.9 -- 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0
Planetary Science
PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ……………………………………. .......... PS-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7
LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ……………………………………..……… .......... PS-9
Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12
DISCOVERY ………………………………………………………...….. ......... PS-17
Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport
(InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23
NEW FRONTIERS ………………………………………………………. ........ PS-27
Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer
(OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33
MARS EXPLORATION …………………………………………..……… ......... PS-36
2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43
OUTER PLANETS ………………………………………..……………. .......... PS-50
TECHNOLOGY ………………………………………….……………… ......... PS-54
PS-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-124-320.jpg)
![Science
ASTROPHYSICS
Actual Notional
Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018
FY 2014 President's Budget Request 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1
Astrophysics Research 165.5 -- 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5
Cosmic Origins 239.9 -- 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1
Physics of the Cosmos 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4
Exoplanet Exploration 50.8 -- 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7
Astrophysics Explorer 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4
Astrophysics
ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH …………………………………………........ . ASTRO-2
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7
COSMIC ORIGINS …………………………………………………….. ....... ASTRO-10
Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)
[Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24
PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS …………………………………………… ......... ASTRO-27
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29
EXOPLANET EXPLORATION …………………………………………... ........ ASTRO-32
ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER …………………………………...……............ ASTRO-37
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38
ASTRO-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-182-320.jpg)
![Science
HELIOPHYSICS
Actual Notional
Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018
FY 2014 President's Budget Request 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6
Heliophysics Research 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1
Living with a Star 196.3 -- 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4
Solar Terrestrial Probes 216.0 -- 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9
Heliophysics Explorer Program 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2
Heliophysics
HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH ……………………………………..…… ........... HELIO-3
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-8
LIVING WITH A STAR ………………………………………………….. .......... HELIO-14
Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-15
Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-20
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-25
SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ……………………………………… ........... HELIO-29
Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-30
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-36
HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-40
Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-42
HELIO-1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/740512mainfy2014cjforonline-130411100716-phpapp01/85/NASA-2014-Budget-Request-Summary-233-320.jpg)
NASA 2014 Budget Request Summary
- 1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional 1 2 Budget Authority ($ in millions) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 Science 5,073.7 5,115.9 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 Earth Science 1,765.7 1,846.1 1,854.6 1,848.9 1,836.9 1,838.1 Planetary Science 1,501.4 1,217.5 1,214.8 1,225.3 1,254.5 1,253.0 Astrophysics 648.4 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 Heliophysics 644.9 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 Subtotal, Science 5,079.0 5,121.1 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 Less Rescissions (5.3) (5.3) Aeronautics 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Subtotal, Aeronautics 569.9 573.4 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Less Rescissions (0.5) (0.5) Space Technology 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Subtotal, Space Technology 575.0 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Less Rescissions (1.3) (1.3) Exploration 3,707.3 3,790.1 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 Exploration Systems Dev 3,002.0 2,730.0 2,789.8 2,801.5 2,818.3 2,819.5 Commercial Spaceflight 406.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 Exploration Research & Dev 303.0 364.2 340.8 347.8 390.7 398.7 Subtotal, Exploration 3,711.0 3,793.9 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 Less Rescissions (3.7) (3.7) Space Operations 4,184.0 4,249.1 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 Space Shuttle 599.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 International Space Station 2,789.9 3,049.1 3,169.8 3,182.4 3,389.6 3,598.3 Space & Flight Support 805.2 833.8 845.1 813.8 778.3 779.3 Subtotal, Space Operations 4,194.4 4,259.4 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 Less Rescissions (10.4) (10.4) Education 136.1 136.9 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 Subtotal, Education 138.4 139.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 Less Rescissions (2.3) (2.3) Cross Agency Support 2,993.9 3,012.2 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 Center Management & Ops 2,204.1 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 Agency Management & Ops 789.9 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 Subtotal, Cross Agency Support 2,994.0 3,012.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 Less Rescissions (0.1) (0.1) BUD-1
- 2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Construction & Environmental 494.5 401.9 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 Compliance & Restoration3 Construction of Facilities 455.0 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 Environmental Compliance & 45.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 Restoration Subtotal, Construction & Environmental Compliance & 500.0 407.4 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 Restoration Less Rescissions (5.5) (5.5) Office of Inspector General4 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Subtotal, Inspector General 38.3 38.5 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Less Rescissions 0.0 (0.3) Less Rescission from Prior (1.0) (1.0) Appropriation Accounts NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 1 FY 2012 rescissions are pursuant to PL 112-55, Division B, sec 528(f). 2 The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). The FY 2012 and 2013 column also include rescissions to prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 3 Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration includes $15 million provided by the Disaster Relief Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2) for Sandy storm recovery. 4 Rescission of unobligated American Recovery and Reinvestments Act balances in the Office of Inspector General account pursuant to P.L. 111-203, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. BUD-2
- 3. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 Science 5,073.7 5,115.9 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 Earth Science 1,760.5 5,115.9 1,846.1 1,854.6 1,848.9 1,836.9 1,838.1 Earth Science Research 441.1 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5 Earth Science Research & Analysis 333.3 328.7 337.8 339.2 342.7 327.7 Computing & Management 107.7 114.6 145.3 144.2 142.4 148.9 Earth Systematic Missions 880.9 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3 Global Precipitation Measurement 87.9 60.3 18.7 19.6 14.2 15.3 Ice, Cloud, & land Elevation Satellite-II 130.5 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 Soil Moisture Active & Passive 214.2 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 11.3 Other Missions & Data Analysis 406.0 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6 GRACE FO 42.3 83.4 75.3 74.3 71.7 20.0 Earth System Science Pathfinder 187.5 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0 OCO-2 93.4 81.2 21.0 12.5 7.9 12.0 Venture Class Missions 53.6 212.7 208.5 166.9 190.0 201.7 Other Missions & Data Analysis 40.5 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3 Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0 Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0 Earth Science Technology 51.2 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1 Earth Science Technology 51.2 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1 Applied Sciences 36.4 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1 Pathways 36.4 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1 Subtotal, Earth Science 1,765.7 Less Rescissions (5.2) BUD-3
- 4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Planetary Science 1,501.4 (0.0) 1,217.5 1,214.8 1,225.3 1,254.5 1,253.0 Planetary Science Research 174.1 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2 Planetary Science Research & Analysis 122.3 130.1 131.0 131.3 132.2 132.5 Other Missions & Data Analysis 27.4 46.0 74.5 70.2 70.3 71.8 Directorate Management 4.0 4.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 Near Earth Object Observations 20.4 40.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 Lunar Quest Program 140.0 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lunar Science 66.8 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lunar Atmosphere & Dust Environment Explorer 70.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Surface Science Lander Technology 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Discovery 172.6 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0 InSight 42.1 193.3 175.2 116.5 15.2 10.6 Other Missions & Data Analysis 130.6 64.6 93.0 125.8 172.3 204.4 New Frontiers 143.7 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2 OSIRIS-REx 99.8 218.7 244.1 204.4 30.9 21.1 Other Missions & Data Analysis 43.9 38.8 53.1 62.1 120.1 105.1 Mars Exploration 587.0 234.0 227.7 318.4 504.7 513.2 MAVEN 245.7 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 Other Missions & Data Analysis 341.4 183.9 207.6 311.8 504.7 513.2 Outer Planets 122.1 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4 Outer Planets 122.1 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4 Technology 161.9 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0 Technology 161.9 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0 Subtotal, Planetary Science 1,501.4 Less Rescissions5 (0.0) BUD-4
- 5. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Astrophysics 648.4 0.0 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 Astrophysics Research 165.5 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5 Astrophysics Research & Analysis 68.6 65.7 68.3 70.2 71.5 71.5 Balloon Project 31.6 32.9 32.8 34.2 34.3 34.3 Other Missions & Data Analysis 65.3 49.1 69.4 87.9 101.3 112.7 Cosmic Origins 239.9 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1 Hubble Space Telescope 98.3 96.3 92.3 88.2 88.2 83.9 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy 84.2 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 (SOFIA) Other Missions & Data Analysis 57.4 44.3 36.9 19.7 23.4 24.0 Physics of the Cosmos 108.3 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 Other Missions & Data Analysis 108.3 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 Exoplanet Exploration 50.8 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7 Other Missions & Data Analysis 50.8 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7 Astrophysics Explorer 83.9 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 Other Missions & Data Analysis 83.9 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 0.0 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 BUD-5
- 6. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Heliophysics 644.8 (0.0) 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 Heliophysics Research 166.7 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1 Heliophysics Research & Analysis 32.9 33.5 33.9 34.0 33.9 33.9 Sounding Rockets 52.4 51.6 53.7 53.0 53.0 53.0 Research Range 20.1 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.7 21.7 Other Missions & Data Analysis 61.3 89.6 54.2 58.8 63.5 65.5 Living with a Star 196.3 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4 Solar Probe Plus 52.6 104.8 137.1 229.3 213.5 329.7 Solar Orbiter Collaboration 19.7 55.5 97.3 68.2 100.0 6.7 Other Missions & Data Analysis 124.0 55.8 43.3 35.1 40.5 38.0 Solar Terrestrial Probes 216.0 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9 Magnetospheric Multiscale 194.6 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 Other Missions & Data Analysis 21.4 25.8 29.2 28.7 37.8 25.2 Heliophysics Explorer Program 65.8 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 Other Missions & Data Analysis 65.8 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 Subtotal, Heliophysics 644.9 Less Rescissions5 (0.0) Subtotal, Science 5,079.0 5,121.1 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 Less Rescissions (5.3) (5.3) BUD-6
- 7. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Aeronautics 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Aeronautics 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Aviation Safety 80.1 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5 Aviation Safety 80.1 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5 Airspace Systems 92.7 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 Airspace Systems 92.7 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 Aeronautics Test 79.4 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 Aeronautics Test 79.4 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 Integrated Systems Research 104.2 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 Integrated Systems Research 104.2 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 Aeronautics Strategy & Management 27.2 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 Aeronautics Strategy & Management 27.2 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 Subtotal, Aeronautics 569.9 573.4 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Less Rescissions (0.5) (0.5) Space Technology 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Space Technology 573.7 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Partnerships Development & Strategic Integration 29.5 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Partnership Development & Strategic Integration 29.5 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 SBIR & STTR 171.6 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 SBIR & STTR 171.6 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 Crosscutting Space Technology Development 183.9 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 Crosscutting Space Technology Development 183.9 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 Exploration Technology Development 190.0 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 Exploration Technology Development 190.0 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 Subtotal, Space Technology 575.0 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Less Rescissions (1.3) (1.3) BUD-7
- 8. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Exploration 3,707.3 3,790.1 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 Exploration Systems Development 3,001.6 0.0 2,730.0 2,789.8 2,801.5 2,818.3 2,819.5 Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 1,200.0 1,026.8 1,024.9 1,027.1 1,027.1 1,028.3 Crew Vehicle Development 1,159.8 993.5 997.8 1,001.8 1,001.3 1,002.6 MPCV Program Integration & Support 40.2 33.4 27.1 25.3 25.8 25.8 Space Launch System 1,497.5 1,384.9 1,356.5 1,360.2 1,354.4 1,345.4 Launch Vehicle Development 1,450.5 1,339.8 1,312.9 1,312.5 1,277.6 1,268.7 SLS Program Integration & Support 47.0 45.1 43.6 47.7 76.7 76.7 Exploration Ground Systems 304.5 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8 Exploration Ground Systems 304.5 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8 Subtotal, Exploration Systems Development 3,002.0 Less Rescissions (0.4) Commercial Spaceflight 406.0 0.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 Commercial Cargo 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Commercial Crew 392.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 Commercial Crew 392.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 Exploration Research & Development 299.7 0.0 364.2 340.8 347.8 390.7 398.7 Human Research Program 157.7 165.1 164.6 169.5 175.4 180.0 Human Research Program 157.7 165.1 164.6 169.5 175.4 180.0 Advanced Exploration Systems 145.3 199.0 176.2 178.3 215.3 218.7 Advanced Exploration Systems 145.3 199.0 176.2 178.3 215.3 218.7 Subtotal, Exploration Research & Development 303.0 Less Rescissions (3.3) Subtotal, Exploration 3,711.0 3,793.9 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 Less Rescissions (3.7) (3.7) BUD-8
- 9. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Space Operations 4,184.0 4,249.1 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 Space Shuttle 596.2 (3.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Space Shuttle Program 599.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SPOC Pension Liability 515.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Program Integration 60.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Flight & Ground Operations 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Flight Hardware 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal, Space Shuttle 599.3 Less Rescissions (3.1) International Space Station 2,789.9 0.0 3,049.1 3,169.8 3,182.4 3,389.6 3,598.3 International Space Station Program 2,789.9 3,049.1 3,169.8 3,182.4 3,389.6 3,598.3 ISS Systems Operations & Maintenance 1,378.7 1,318.9 1,258.7 1,259.2 1,330.3 1,329.1 ISS Research 225.5 226.4 229.3 236.4 239.6 249.6 ISS Crew & Cargo Transportation 1,185.7 1,503.8 1,681.9 1,686.7 1,819.7 2,019.6 BUD-9
- 10. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Space & Flight Support 797.9 4,250.8 833.8 845.1 813.8 778.3 779.3 21st Century Space Launch Complex 130.0 39.6 31.0 36.2 11.8 11.8 21st Century Space Launch Complex 130.0 39.6 31.0 36.2 11.8 11.8 Space Communications & Navigation 443.4 554.5 562.7 521.4 506.5 507.5 Space Communications Networks 355.6 435.9 412.0 415.5 416.3 416.5 TDRS Replenishment 15.4 41.2 71.2 28.6 0.0 0.0 Space Communications Support 72.3 77.4 79.5 77.4 90.2 91.0 Human Space Flight Operations 107.2 111.4 119.2 120.9 121.9 121.9 Human Space Flight Operations 107.2 111.4 119.2 120.9 121.9 121.9 Launch Services 81.0 80.5 84.9 87.6 90.0 90.0 Launch Services 81.0 80.5 84.9 87.6 90.0 90.0 Rocket Propulsion Test 43.6 47.8 47.3 47.7 48.0 48.0 Rocket Propulsion Testing 43.6 47.8 47.3 47.7 48.0 48.0 Subtotal, Space & Flight Support 805.2 Less Rescissions (7.3) Subtotal, Space Operations 4,194.4 4,259.4 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 Less Rescissions (10.4) (10.4) Education 136.1 136.9 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 Education 136.1 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 Aerospace Research. & Career Development 58.4 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 NASA Space Grant 40.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 EPSCoR 18.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 STEM Education & Accountability 80.0 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 Minority University Research Education Program 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 STEM Education & Accountability Projects 50.0 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 Subtotal, Education 138.4 139.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 Less Rescissions (2.3) (2.3) BUD-10
- 11. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Cross Agency Support 2,993.9 3,012.2 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 Center Management & Operations 2,204.1 0.0 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 Center Management & Operations 2,204.1 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 Center Institutional Capabilities 1,707.2 1,622.4 1,622.4 1,622.4 1,622.4 1,622.4 Center Programmatic Capabilities 496.9 467.3 467.3 467.3 467.3 467.3 Agency Management & Operations 789.8 3,012.2 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 Agency Management 403.7 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 Agency Management 403.7 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 Safety & Mission Success 198.4 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 Safety & Mission Assurance 49.4 49.9 49.9 49.9 49.9 49.9 Chief Engineer 105.2 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 Chief Health & Medical Officer 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 Independent Verification & Validation 39.1 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 Agency IT Services 158.5 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 IT Management 14.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 Applications 67.8 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 Infrastructure 76.0 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 Strategic Capabilities Assets Program 29.3 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 Strategic Capabilities Assets Program 29.3 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 Subtotal, Agency Management & Operations 789.9 Less Rescissions (0.1) Subtotal, Cross Agency Support 2,994.0 3,012.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 Less Rescissions (0.1) (0.1) BUD-11
- 12. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 3 Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 494.5 401.9 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 Construction of Facilities 449.7 402.1 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 Institutional CoF 315.1 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 Institutional CoF 315.1 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 Science CoF 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Science CoF 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exploration CoF 71.0 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Exploration CoF 71.0 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Space Operations CoF 56.9 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Space Operations CoF 56.9 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal, Construction & Environmental Compliance & 455.0 Restoration Less Rescissions (5.3) Environmental Compliance & Restoration 44.8 (0.2) 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 Environmental Compliance & Restoration 45.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 Environmental Compliance & Restoration 45.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 Subtotal, Environmental Compliance & Restoration 45.0 Less Rescissions (0.2) Subtotal, Construction & Environmental Compliance & 500.0 407.4 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 Restoration Less Rescissions (5.5) (5.5) BUD-12
- 13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 4 Inspector General 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Inspector General 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 IG Program 38.3 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Inspector General 38.3 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Subtotal, Inspector General 38.3 38.5 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 Less Rescissions 0.0 (0.3) Less Rescission from Prior Appropriation Accounts (1.0) (1.0) NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 Memorandum: NASA Pre- & Post-Rescission Totals Fiscal Year Actual Estimate Request Notional Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Pre-Rescission Subtotal, NASA 17,800.0 17,923.8 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 Less Rescissions (30.0) (30.3) Post-Rescission Total 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 1 FY 2012 rescissions are pursuant to PL 112-55, Division B, sec 528(f). 2 The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). The FY 2012 and 2013 column also include rescissions to prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 3 Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration includes $15 million provided by the Disaster Relief Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2) for Sandy storm recovery. 4 Rescission of unobligated American Recovery and Reinvestments Act balances in the Office of Inspector General account pursuant to P.L. 111-203, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. 5 Rescission amount for Planetary Science is $0.032M and Heliophysics is $0.026M. Amounts round to $0.0 million in table above. BUD-13
- 14. National Aeronautics and Space Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS OVERVIEW Agency Summary MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR ..................................................... SUM-2 BUDGET OVERVIEW ............................................................................... SUM-4 BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................. SUM-8 EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES ................................ SUM-12 SCIENCE Science ............................................................................................ SCI-4 Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH ….…..………………….………..……............ ES-2 EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS …………..……..……………….…... ......... ES-9 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11 Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17 Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22 GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32 EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..…..……………………...… ......... ES-44 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46 Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-57 EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS …………………….. .......... ES-62 EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ……………………...……………… .......... ES-67 APPLIED SCIENCES ………………………………………………..… ........... ES-71 TOC-1
- 15. National Aeronautics and Space Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ……………………………………. .......... PS-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7 LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ……………………………………..……… .......... PS-9 Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12 DISCOVERY ………………………………………………………...….. ......... PS-17 Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23 NEW FRONTIERS ………………………………………………………. ........ PS-27 Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33 MARS EXPLORATION …………………………………………..……… ......... PS-36 2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43 OUTER PLANETS ………………………………………..……………. .......... PS-50 TECHNOLOGY ………………………………………….……………… ......... PS-54 Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH …………………………………………........ . ASTRO-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7 COSMIC ORIGINS …………………………………………………….. ....... ASTRO-10 Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) [Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24 PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS …………………………………………… ......... ASTRO-27 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29 EXOPLANET EXPLORATION …………………………………………... ........ ASTRO-32 ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER …………………………………...……............ ASTRO-37 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38 James Webb Space Telescope JAMES W EBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ……………………..…............. JWST-2 TOC-2
- 16. National Aeronautics and Space Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH ……………………………………..…… ........... HELIO-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-7 LIVING WITH A STAR ………………………………………………….. .......... HELIO-13 Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-14 Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-19 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-24 SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ……………………………………… ........... HELIO-28 Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-29 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-35 HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-39 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-41 AERONAUTICS Aeronautics ..................................................................................... AERO-2 AVIATION SAFETY .................................................................................. AERO-8 AIRSPACE SYSTEMS .............................................................................. AERO-14 FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS ................................................................ AERO-20 AERONAUTICS TEST .............................................................................. AERO-27 INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH ......................................................... AERO-32 AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT ......................................... AERO-39 SPACE TECHNOLOGY Space Technology .......................................................................... TECH-2 PARTNERSHIPS AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION ........................................ TECH-7 SBIR AND STTR ................................................................................... TECH-13 CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ............................. TECH-19 EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................... TECH-33 TOC-3
- 17. National Aeronautics and Space Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS Human Exploration and Operations .............................................. HEO-2 Exploration EXPLORATION ........................................................................................ EXP-2 Exploration Systems and Development Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ........................................................ EXP-6 Crew Vehicle [Formulation] ....................................................................... EXP-8 Space Launch System .......................................................................... EXP-15 Launch Vehicles [Formulation] .................................................................. EXP-17 Exploration Ground Systems ................................................................ EXP-25 Commercial Spaceflight Commercial Crew .................................................................................. EXP-31 Exploration Research and Development Human Research Program ................................................................... EXP-38 Advanced Exploration Systems ............................................................ EXP-45 Space Operations SPACE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. SO-2 International Space Station (ISS) ............................................................... SO-5 ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance ......................................... SO-7 ISS Research ....................................................................................... SO-13 ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation .................................................... SO-21 SPACE AND FLIGHT SUPPORT (SFS) 21st Century Space Launch Complex ........................................................ SO-27 Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) ....................................... SO-34 Space Communications Networks ....................................................... SO-36 Space Networks Ground Segment Sustainment [Formulation] ............ SO-42 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) [Development] .................. SO-47 Space Communication Support ........................................................... SO-52 Human Space Flight Operations ................................................................ SO-56 Launch Services ......................................................................................... SO-61 Rocket Propulsion Test (RPT) .................................................................... SO-67 TOC-4
- 18. National Aeronautics and Space Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS EDUCATION Education ........................................................................................ EDUC-2 AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT (ARCD) ................ EDUC-8 National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (Space Grant) .... EDUC-10 Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) ..... EDUC-16 STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY ............................................... EDUC-20 Minority University Research and Education Program (MUREP) .............. EDUC-21 STEM Education and Accountability Projects ............................................ EDUC-27 CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT Cross Agency Support ................................................................... CAS-2 CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ............................................... CAS-5 AGENCY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ............................................... CAS-12 Agency Management .................................................................................. CAS-14 Safety and Missions Success (SMS) ......................................................... CAS-18 Agency IT Services (AITS) ......................................................................... CAS-23 Strategic Capabilities Assets Program (SCAP) .......................................... CAS-28 HEADQUARTERS BUDGET BY OFFICE ...................................................... CAS-32 HEADQUARTERS TRAVEL BUDGET BY OFFICE .......................................... CAS-33 HEADQUARTERS W ORKFORCE BY OFFICE ............................................... CAS-34 CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration . CECR-2 CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES ............................................................... CECR-5 Institutional Construction of Facilities ......................................................... CECR-8 Exploration Construction of Facilities ......................................................... CECR-20 Space Operations Construction of Facilities .............................................. CECR-26 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION .................................. CECR-30 TOC-5
- 19. National Aeronautics and Space Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS INSPECTOR GENERAL Inspector General ........................................................................... IG-2 SUPPORTING DATA Funds Distribution by Installation ................................................. SD-2 Civil Service Full-Time Equivalent Distribution ............................ SD-5 Working Capital Fund ..................................................................... SD-7 Budget by Object Class .................................................................. SD-10 Status of Unobligated Funds ......................................................... SD-11 Reimbursable Estimates ................................................................ SD-12 Enhanced Use Leasing ................................................................... SD-13 Budget for Microgravity Science ................................................... SD-16 Budget for Safety Oversight .......................................................... SD-18 Physicians’ Comparability Allowance ........................................... SD-20 Budget for Public Relations ........................................................... SD-22 Consulting Services ....................................................................... SD-23 E-Gov Initiatives and Benefits ....................................................... SD-25 COMPARABILITY TABLES Comparability Tables Explanation ................................................ COMP-1 Comparability Adjustment Tables ................................................. COMP-2 FY 13 Comparability Tables ........................................................... COMP-5 PROPOSED APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE Proposed Appropriations Language ............................................. PAL-1 REFERENCE References and Acronyms ............................................................. REF-1 TOC-6
- 20. National Aeronautics and Space Administration FY 2014 BUDGET REQUEST EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OVERVIEW Agency Summary MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR ..................................................... SUM-2 BUDGET OVERVIEW ............................................................................... SUM-4 BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................. SUM-8 EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES ................................ SUM-12 SUM-1
- 21. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR NASA is proud to play a leading role in ensuring America's preeminence in space exploration, technology, innovation, and scientific discovery. We are pleased to submit a budget request for 2014 that supports our goals to explore, discover, innovate, and inspire our Nation to reach greater heights while improving the lives of those on Earth. This budget focuses on expanding America’s capabilities in air and space through steady progress on new space and aeronautics technologies, continued success with commercial space partnerships, and far- reaching science programs to help us understand Earth and the universe in which we live. The budget keeps us competitive, opens the door to new destinations, and vastly increases our knowledge. With American commercial partners now successfully and affordably resupplying the International Space Station with cargo launched from our shores by American companies, this budget ensures U.S. industry will soon begin cost-effectively flying astronauts to low Earth orbit, ending our reliance on other nations and opening up new commercial markets in space. The budget request for the Commercial Crew program provides resources at a level that will keep us on target to restore America’s human space launch capability. It will ensure that we are flying missions by 2017, and that our astronauts are launching from U.S. soil on affordable spacecraft built by American companies. The International Space Station remains the centerpiece of human exploration, and continues to help us understand how to live and work in space for the long term. It allows us to perform technology demonstrations and scientific research only possible in microgravity, all helping to improve life on Earth and plan for missions into deep space. This budget enables significant progress toward the ambitious exploration objective that President Obama laid out in 2010: Send humans to an asteroid in 2025 and to Mars in the 2030s. Using critical national capabilities advanced by the Administration, such as game-changing technologies, detection of potentially hazardous asteroids, and the Space Launch System and Orion vehicles for human exploration beyond low Earth orbit, NASA will begin work on a first-of-its-kind asteroid retrieval mission. This mission to identify, capture, redirect, and sample a small asteroid would mark an unprecedented technological feat that will raise the bar of what humans can do in space. And it would provide invaluable new data on the threats asteroids pose to our home planet and how they could be mitigated. Capturing and moving an asteroid integrates the best of our science, technology and human exploration operations and draws on the innovation of America's brightest scientists and engineers. It takes advantage of our hard work on the Space Launch System and Orion crew capsule and helps keep us on target to reach the President’s goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s. NASA will plan and begin design of this mission in 2013. Progress will continue conditional on its feasibility and affordability. Space Technology remains critical to our efforts, and this budget bolsters that priority. We are focusing on new capabilities such as solar sails and solar electric propulsion, green rocket propellants, laser communications and many others to make possible tomorrow's exploration. NASA's ground-breaking science missions are reaching farther into the solar system, revealing unknown aspects of the universe and providing critical data about our home planet and threats to it. Spacecraft are speeding to Jupiter, Pluto, and the dwarf planet Ceres, while satellites peer into other galaxies, spot planets around other stars, and work to uncover the origins of the universe. The budget funds an amazing fleet of scientific spacecraft. The budget request will also support our study of Earth and its response to SUM-2
- 22. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR natural or human-induced changes. On the heels of the most daring mission to Mars in history last year, this budget will provide funding to launch another mission to the Red Planet. We also will continue making steady progress to develop and conduct critical tests on the James Webb Space Telescope, leading to its planned launch in 2018. The telescope will revolutionize our understanding of the universe, just as its predecessor the Hubble Space Telescope did. NASA’s innovative aeronautics research supports the U.S. aviation industry’s efforts to maintain competiveness in the global market. Our research provides the flying public with flights with fewer delays, while also maintaining an outstanding safety level. NASA’s breakthrough research into more efficient air traffic management and environmentally friendly aircraft helps U.S. air carriers operate their fleets more efficiently while reducing operating costs. These critical efforts will contribute to a bright future for our Nation by stimulating the economy and creating more jobs, especially for the next generation of American scientists and engineers. The funding of cutting-edge aeronautics and space technology innovations, research, and development, will help fuel the Nation’s economy for years to come and allow us to chart the next great era of space exploration. NASA makes every effort to ensure that performance data are subject to the same attention to detail as is devoted to our scientific and technical research. With this in mind, I can provide reasonable assurance that the performance data included in the Annual Performance Report are reliable and complete. Any data limitations are documented explicitly in the performance report sections of this budget. Charles F. Bolden, Jr. NASA Administrator SUM-3
- 23. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET OVERVIEW NASA has long been known for its willingness to take on big challenges and its “can-do” attitude. NASA put men on the moon and roving explorers on the surface of Mars. The Agency pursues fundamental research to reveal the mysteries of the universe and explain its origin. NASA, in collaboration with international partners, keeps astronaut crews safe and productive in a spacecraft laboratory more than 200 miles above Earth. Technology programs seek imaginative solutions to challenges of space flight, and help apply these findings to benefit life on Earth. With challenges and successes like these, NASA’s ability to achieve is clear. In FY 2014, NASA continues to apply this same confidence and resourcefulness to its current set of challenges. The Agency is ensuring that preliminary research, planning, prioritization, benefits analysis, and fiscal responsibility remain among core management considerations for each investment it makes. This rigor enables the Agency to continue work on its priority programs and accomplish core mission objectives despite uncertainties in current and future funding levels. Maintaining milestones while facing funding uncertainty requires thoughtful planning, in-depth analysis, trade-off considerations, and data-driven decision making from management. NASA fully supports the Administration’s commitment to transparency and “open” government, so NASA is improving the way it presents performance information. This year, the performance plan is presented in the context of longer- term as well as annual goals. The performance plan also includes several years of historical performance data and analyses of NASA’s performance trends with increased emphasis on cost and schedule reporting. In FY 2014, NASA begins development of a first-of-its-kind mission to encounter and move an asteroid. Across the Agency, scientists, mission managers, technologists, and operations specialists are developing a multi-segment mission that begins with accelerating our detection of near-Earth asteroids and the selection of a target for this mission. NASA will advance the Nation’s ability to track and characterize these objects and then assess other factors that affect their movement. By doing so, NASA can better model their trajectories and develop various methods for mitigating threats, which ultimately improves the ability of our Nation and others to protect the planet from potential asteroid impacts. Still in early design, the second segment of the mission is the detailed reconnaissance and capture of a small, non-threatening asteroid and redirecting it to a stable, non-Earth threatening orbit in the Earth- moon system. This mission segment would also demonstrate new advanced solar electric propulsion technologies, capable of generating the higher levels of thrust and power necessary to capture and redirect a large object. Instruments would enable close-up examination of the asteroid, validation of the target selection, and determine the best angle of approach to capture and manage the asteroid spin rate. The mission will benefit from the development of sensors and techniques from Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-Rex) mission. The requirement for this mission to attach to the entire asteroid will require unique and challenging adaptation of these instruments and techniques. NASA will also refine and adopt in its spacecraft designs new advances in a variety of areas, including lightweight materials, communication, data storage and transfer, and space navigation. The final segment of the mission will focus on human exploration of the asteroid using the Orion Multi- Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion MPCV). In this early mission for the Space Launch System and Orion MPCV, the crew will travel deeper into space than ever before to conduct advanced exploration and research with the target asteroid, and return samples of the asteroid to Earth. SUM-4
- 24. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET OVERVIEW In designing this mission, NASA will leverage programs now in development, create innovative new capabilities, and assure affordability via an overall management strategy that draws deeply from the Agency’s skilled workforce and applies varied acquisition and technology maturation processes from around the Agency. During 2013, NASA will plan and begin design of the mission, and progress is conditional on its feasibility and affordability. More information about the technical aspects of the missions can be found in the Science, Space Technology, and Exploration account sections of this document. The FY 2014 budget request fully implements the deep space exploration program. This program makes possible future exploration—a drive that is so much a part of the human spirit. The program is on track for an uncrewed flight test of an early variant of the Orion MPCV in 2014, an uncrewed SLS/Orion MPCV test flight in 2017, and a first crewed flight by 2021. A crewed mission of Orion and SLS to rendezvous with the redirected asteroid would be an early use of this system in a journey beyond low Earth orbit. The Space Launch System development process leverages proven rocket components in order to build a better next-generation vehicle. Through step-by-step design and demonstration, the rocket will be capable of lifting heavier and heavier loads. When complete, this new launch system will be capable of bringing an unprecedented 130 metric tons of payload to orbit. NASA is able to focus its human exploration resources on these goals because our commercial space partners are making into reality the vision of a competitive space industry. In 2012 (and again in 2013), Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) docked its Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, delivering supplies and then returning unneeded equipment to Earth. These historic missions proved the capability of commercial companies in providing ISS support services. NASA expects the Orbital Sciences Corporation (Orbital) developed Cygnus spacecraft to accomplish the same feat this spring, and still other companies are steadily progressing through readiness milestones. A strong U.S. commercial marketplace will provide safe, reliable, and cost-effective access to low Earth orbit for crew and cargo and lessen American reliance on foreign services. Step by step, this commercial space industry is becoming a reality. FY 2014 will bring numerous advances in the Agency’s study of Earth, sun, solar system, and deep space. Advances in remote sensing and data analysis are built into soon-to-be-deployed Earth Science missions that will allow unprecedented study of climate change and weather modeling and prediction. The James Webb Space Telescope remains on track for launch in 2018. Once operational, scientists will be able to look farther out into space than ever before, gaining new insights to the formation and evolution of stars and galaxies. A restructured Mars exploration program utilizes the data gained from Curiosity and other Mars assets and begins work on the next Mars rover that will be launched in 2020. The proposed FY 2014 budget fully supports operations, safety, and scientific research on our unique laboratory in space, the International Space Station. The International Space Station continues to provide opportunities for conducting cutting-edge research in many areas, including biologic processes and technologic capabilities. The Agency is preparing for a yearlong human-crewed mission. Scientists will study the astronauts and how they adapt to the space environment over the duration of their mission. Insights gained from this mission will be essential for planning missions to Mars and to other points deeper in space. This knowledge will also inform Earth-based studies of bone density concerns, like osteoporosis. In FY 2014, the International Space Station will also host two Earth Science instruments that will provide important observations of wind speed and direction over the oceans, and atmospheric movement of pollution, dust, and smoke. The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), the research management organization for the ISS National Laboratory, continues to enable federal, SUM-5
- 25. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET OVERVIEW academic, and commercial research activities. In 2014, CASIS will develop, issue, and manage competitive research solicitations, and develop new partnerships that leverage the unique microgravity environment of the ISS. NASA’s scientists, engineers, and technologists are examining plans for future exploration. They are following a technological “roadmap” to help them solve near and long-term challenges and potential barriers to exploration. To address more “near-term” needs, NASA will demonstrate several maturing technologies in FY 2014, including the flight of a cluster of eight small CubeSat spacecraft. This small network of orbiting instruments will demonstrate inter-unit communications and provide more complete data sets than one instrument operating alone. Demonstration is the final validation step necessary before NASA can incorporate improvements and upgrades into missions currently or soon to be in design and development. Innovators are looking further ahead to the probable needs of missions 10 or 20 years away. They are applying, testing, and reworking cutting-edge research into potentially “game-changing” solutions that can accelerate a timeline, slash projected costs, or multiply science return. This work is not theoretical or highly conceptual. In fact, this practical work is ongoing in laboratories around the Nation. NASA makes progress in essential exploration technologies daily. Those technologies include: solar electric propulsion, learning to store and transfer fuel while in orbit, radiation protection, laser communications, high- reliability life support systems, and human and robotic interfaces. This is extraordinary work, with positive implications not only for exploration, but also for human health, quality of life, and the National economy. The air travel and transportation industry is an important sector of the US economy. It is essential for conducting business and leisure activities throughout the globe. NASA’s aeronautics investments continue to improve the safety and efficiency of air travel and produce technologies and tools that minimize the effect of that travel on the environment. In FY 2014, research continues in development of strong light-weight materials, drag reduction, and other means to reduce fuel burn. NASA supports the President’s goal to utilize existing resources to achieve improvements in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, or STEM, education and instruction. In support of the Administration’s FY 2014 STEM education plan, the Agency’s education efforts will be fundamentally restructured into a consolidated education program funded through the Office of Education, which will coordinate closely with the Department of Education, the National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution. The best NASA education and public engagement programs from throughout the Agency will be awarded funding through a competitive process. The Agency will also make NASA’s education assets available to a wider audience through the new STEM consolidation partners. The budget request for the Education account includes continued funding for the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program, the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), the Minority University Research and Education Program (MUREP), and the Global Learning and Observation to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) project. These education investments link to NASA’s research, engineering, and technology missions. Each of these investments provides unique NASA experiences and resources to students and faculty. Starting in FY 2014, mission-based K-12 education, public outreach, and engagement activities, traditionally funded within programmatic accounts, will be incorporated into the Administration’s new STEM education paradigm in order to reach an even wider range of students and educators. SUM-6
- 26. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET OVERVIEW In FY 2014, NASA takes steps to maintain and protect its resources, including personnel, equipment, and facilities. The Agency is completing transition of its former space shuttle workforce to one more focused on development instead of operations. NASA will increase its effort to defend against and mitigate effects of prevent cyber threats and other IT issues that hinder operations or security. Facilities maintenance will be prioritized. Today’s investments in preventative repairs will reduce future costs of refurbishing or replacing infrastructure, prevent breakdowns and potential adverse impacts on the environment, prevent costly cleanup and resolution of problems, and generally sustain NASA core capabilities during the long term. SUM-7
- 27. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS SCIENCE IS ANSWERING ENDURING QUESTIONS IN, FROM, AND ABOUT SPACE NASA’s Science account funds the development of innovative satellite missions and instruments to enable scientists to conduct research to understand Earth, the Sun, and planetary bodies in the solar system, and to unravel the mysteries of the universe. These discoveries will continue to inspire the next generation of scientists, engineers and explorers. The FY 2014 budget request for Science is $5,017.8 million. The James Webb Space Telescope, a successor to the Hubble telescope, is fully funded within the FY 2014 budget request and is progressing well toward its launch in October 2018 within the cost baseline established in 2011. NASA is enhancing the asteroid detection capabilities of ground and space-based assets through a doubling of the resources in the Near Earth Object Observation program. In addition, development continues on the OSIRIS-REx mission, which will return and analyze asteroid material and pave the way for human exploration of an asteroid. NASA continues to learn more about Earth. The Global Precipitation Mission will provide global precipitation observations every two to four hours. Astronauts will install the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) on the International Space Station and it will begin measurements of ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. The IRIS mission will enable scientists to better understand how the solar atmosphere is energized. NASA continues its successful partnership on the Landsat program with the United States Geological Survey and will begin to explore strategies for how to continue this valuable series of land observations for many years to come. NASA will also assume the responsibility for key observations of the Earth’s climate from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The next step in the exploration of Mars is the launch of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) mission. MAVEN will explore the planet’s upper atmosphere and interactions with solar wind. As noted above, a restructured Mars exploration program will utilize the data gained from Curiosity and other Mars assets and begin development of the next Mars rover, which will be launched in 2020. Advances in our understanding of the Moon continue with the launch of Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) in October 2013, which will provide detailed information about the lunar atmosphere, conditions near the surface and environmental influences on lunar dust during its five- month primary mission. A variety of other missions will provide new capabilities for observations in astrophysics(Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy [SOFIA], Astro-H Soft X-Ray Spectrometer [SXS]); and advance our understanding of the Sun and its impact on the Earth (Magnetospheric Multiscale [MMS], Solar Probe Plus, Solar Orbiter Collaboration). Other missions will advance the Nation’s capability to predict changes in climate, weather and natural hazards and inform decision-making to enhance our economic and environmental security (Soil Moisture Active-Passive [SMAP], Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-II [ICESat-II], Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment [GRACE-FO], and Surface Water and Ocean Topography [SWOT]). AIR TRANSPORTATION FOR A CHANGING WORLD NASA conducts aeronautics research to bring transformational advances in the safety, capacity, and efficiency of the air transportation system while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The FY 2014 budget request for the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate is $565.7 million. SUM-8
- 28. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS Research from a recent Federal Aviation Administration report shows that civil aviation has accounted for $1.3 trillion in U.S. economic activity annually and helped employ over ten million people. In 2011, it provided the Nation with $47 billion toward a positive balance of trade. NASA builds on in this economic success by conducting research that, when transferred to the U.S. aviation industry, can help maintain competiveness in the global market. NASA develops cutting-edge technologies and demonstrates their feasibility to enable revolutionary new vehicle performance, dramatically more efficient operations, and assured safety levels for the nation’s air transportation. These technologies will expand airspace capacity with more fuel-efficient flight planning, diminish delays on the ground and in the sky, reduce fuel consumption, reduce the overall environmental footprint of aviation, and continue to improve safety. In FY 2014, NASA will begin new research to streamline the process for certifying new composite materials for use in advanced aircraft. The goal of this project is to reduce the certification time line by a factor of four. This project will boost American industry and help maintain a U.S. global leadership in the field of composite materials and aircraft manufacturing. NASA will also complete flight tests of a wing equipped with an adaptive trailing edge designed to reduce weight and drag. This wing technology will lead to a reduction in fuel burn. Also in FY 2014, NASA will continue to conduct flight research of low-boom technology that is designed to reduce sonic booms enough to eliminate the barrier to overland civil supersonic flight. SPACE TECHNOLOGY DELIVERS INNOVATION Space Technology enables a new class of NASA missions by drawing on talent from the NASA workforce, academia, small businesses and the broader space enterprise to deliver innovative solutions that dramatically improve technological capabilities for NASA and the Nation. The FY 2014 budget request for Space Technology is $742.6 million to support a broad portfolio of technology development efforts that serve multiple customers. NASA prepares for future technology needs by maturing new technologies and capabilities including: small spacecraft systems; entry technologies; robotics capabilities; optical communications; propulsion components; advanced manufacturing capabilities; radiation protection; and high-powered solar electric propulsion. These technologies are essential for progressing the Agency’s science and human exploration missions. Space Technology successfully fabricated a 2.4-meter composite cryogenic propellant tank in FY 2012, and will scale this design up and test the 5.5-meter diameter tank, to enable lower mass rocket propellant tanks that will meet future needs, including for the Space Launch System. In FY 2014, Space Technology will also accelerate development of solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies. SEP systems have broad applicability to science and human exploration missions, and several of the components (e.g., high-power solar arrays) are of potential benefit to the commercial satellite sector and other government agencies. NASA has identified a near-term infusion opportunity for this technology as propulsion for the robotic segment of a proposed asteroid retrieval mission. In addition, Space Technology will also see a flight demonstration of a cluster of eight CubeSats that will conduct coordinated space science observations, and high altitude tests of new full-scale parachute and drag devices designed to enable precise landing of higher-mass payloads on the surfaces of planets. Space Technology will continue releasing a steady stream of new solicitations, tapping into the Nation’s talent to ensure the availability of advanced technologies, and prioritize the technology gaps identified by the National Research Council in their review of the Space Technology Roadmaps. NASA contributes to the demands of larger national technology goals by investing in Space Technology. SUM-9
- 29. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS EXPANDING HUMAN EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM Exploration ensures that the United States remains the leader in the human exploration of space. Activity within this account supports NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations effort by developing systems and capabilities required for deep space exploration, and ensuring reliable and cost-effective crew access to low Earth orbit by U.S. commercial providers. The FY 2014 budget request for Exploration is $3,915.5 million. The Exploration account invests in crew and cargo transportation to and beyond Earth orbit; research and countermeasures aimed at keeping astronauts healthy and functional during long-term missions; and technologies to advance capabilities, reduce launch mass, and minimize the cost of deep space missions. In FY 2014, NASA will finalize preparations for the first uncrewed exploration test flight of the Orion MPCV. This test will demonstrate the new Space Launch System design’s spacecraft adapter, which connects the crew and launch vehicles. NASA will mature capture mechanisms to redirect uncooperative targets and planning for an asteroid retrieval mission. The Agency will also begin fabrication of a next-generation spacesuit, which includes a more flexible design, is lightweight, and will be powered by an advanced battery system. In the Commercial Crew program, NASA’s commercial partners will continue risk reduction and technical readiness testing. In addition, the Agency will begin to transition industry partners from Space Act Agreements to contracts to support the next phase of commercial crew transportation systems. LIVING AND WORKING IN SPACE Space Operations enables access to low Earth orbit, provides critical communication capabilities, and creates pathways for discovery and human exploration of space. Activity within this account supports NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations effort with a robust collection of programs that ensure seamless execution of the Nation’s human space flight goals. The FY 2014 budget request for Space Operations is $3,882.9 million. As discussed above, a top Agency priority is exploitation of the ISS’s research capability to advance science and technology, and improve our capacity to live and work in space. NASA will also upgrade and replace its aging communications suite to ensure future operational capability, including the launch of Tracking and Data Relay Satellite L, which will support the Agency’s science missions as well as the International Space Station. The Agency plans propulsion testing of critical Space Launch System components, and commercial partners’ engines at the Stennis Space Center. NASA'S UNIQUE ASSETS MADE AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT THE NATION'S STEM EFFORTS NASA Education's vision is to advance high-quality STEM education using NASA’s unique capabilities. NASA’s expertise, passion, and resources play a unique role in the Nation’s STEM education portfolio. In support of the Administration’s FY 2014 STEM education plan, NASA will restructure fundamentally the Agency’s education efforts into a consolidated education program funded through the Office of Education, which will also lead the Agency’s coordination with other Federal agencies in pursuit of the Administration’s STEM education goals. The FY 2014 budget request for Education is $94.2 million. SUM-10
- 30. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS In addition to managing the Space Grant, EPSCoR, MUREP, and GLOBE programs, NASA will consolidate the education functions, assets and efforts of the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, Science Mission Directorate and Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate into a single coordinated STEM Education and Accountability Project. This project will fund, on a competitive basis, the best education and public outreach efforts throughout the agency. NASA will also make its assets available to the National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution and Department of Education as they facilitate federal STEM education activities through the Administration's CoSTEM process for agency coordination, bringing NASA’s inspirational activities to a broader audience. NASA will capitalize on the excitement of the Agency’s mission to stimulate innovative solutions, approaches, and tools that inspire learner and educator interest and proficiency in STEM disciplines. EXCELLENCE IN OPERATIONS FOR MISSION SUCCESS Cross Agency Support and Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration provide the essential day-to-day technical and business operations required to conduct NASA’s aeronautics and space activities. These missions support activities provide the proper services, tools, and equipment to complete essential tasks, protect and maintain the security and integrity of information and assets, and ensure that personnel work under safe and healthy conditions. The FY 2014 budget request for Cross Agency Support is $2,850.3 million. The request for Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration is $609.4 million. In FY 2014, NASA will seek and implement additional operational efficiencies across the Agency. A savings campaign in support of the Administration’s Campaign to Cut Waste enables the Agency to maximize its investments on mission priorities. Centers will increase reliability-centered maintenance and condition-based monitoring activities to provide early detection and correction of facility maintenance issues. NASA will modernize the information technology (IT) security assessment and authorization process, define metrics for measuring risk reduction, create dashboards for visualizing and communicating the Agency’s cyber security posture, and expand security operations to provide early warning of cyber vulnerabilities. NASA has also implemented efficiencies in Center and Headquarters services, including facilities maintenance and repair, and IT services. Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration will continue to manage the Agency’s facilities with a focus on reducing infrastructure, implementing efficiency and high performance upgrades, and prioritizing repairs to achieve the greatest return on investment. In FY 2014, NASA continues to consolidate facilities to achieve greater operational efficiency, replacing old, obsolete, costly facilities with fewer, high performance facilities. Programmatic construction of facilities projects, such as the Modifications to Launch Complex 39-B at Kennedy Space Center, provide the specialized technical facilities required by the missions. NASA will decommission and continue preparations to dispose of property and equipment no longer needed for missions. To protect human health and the environment, and to preserve natural resources for future missions, environmental compliance and restoration projects will clean up pollutants released into the environment during past NASA activities. SUM-11
- 31. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES NASA’S WORKFORCE NASA’s workforce continues to be one of its greatest assets for enabling missions in space and on Earth. The Agency remains committed to applying this asset to benefit society, address contemporary environmental and social issues, lead or participate in emerging technology opportunities, collaborate and strengthen the capabilities of commercial partners, and communicate the challenges and results of Agency programs and activities. The civil service staffing levels proposed in the FY 2014 budget support NASA’s scientists, engineers, researchers, managers, technicians, and business operations workforce. It includes civil service personnel at NASA Centers, Headquarters, and NASA-operated facilities. The mix of skills and distribution of workforce across the Agency is, however, necessarily changing. NASA continues to adjust its workforce size and mix of skills to address changing mission priorities, with an emphasis on industry and academic partnerships, and a leaner fiscal environment. While a civil service workforce is critical for conducting mission-essential work in research and technology, some reduction to workforce levels is necessary. NASA will reduce the size of the civil service workforce by more than 250 full-time equivalents from FY 2013 to FY 2014, stabilizing the workforce at approximately 17,700 full- time equivalents. This decline addresses workforce at several Centers affected by changes in the human space flight portfolio and reflects changes in the Agency’s staffing needs. The Agency will apply the valued civil service workforce to priority mission work, adjusting the mix of skills where appropriate. Centers will explore cross-mission retraining opportunities for employees whenever possible, offer targeted buyouts in selected surplus skill areas, and continue to identify, recruit, and retain a multi-generational workforce of employees who possess skills critical to the Agency. OPERATING EFFICIENTLY AND CUTTING WASTE NASA continues to pursue cost savings throughout its operations. Savings targets comply with Executive Order 13576, Delivering an Efficient, Effective and Accountable Government, Executive Order 13589, Promoting Efficient Spending, and Office of Management and Budget Memorandum M-12-12 Promoting Efficient Spending to Support Agency Operations. Reducing Contracts for Management Support Services The FY 2014 budget request sustains the 15 percent reduction in management support services contracting that started in FY 2012. NASA has actually achieved a reduction of approximately 43 percent or $1.5 billion from FY 2010 levels in management support services contracting through June 2012, and has processes in place to ensure reductions do not go above 15 percent from the FY 2010 levels in FY 2014. Data Center Consolidation The FY 2014 budget request continues savings of approximately $460,000 from data center consolidation. NASA has reduced energy costs through more efficient use of existing conditioned spaces, employing best practices in room design, proper temperature settings, optimal rack and floor space densities, and lifecycle replacement of old and inefficient hardware. SUM-12
- 32. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES Reducing Administrative and Operational Expenses Reducing administrative and operational expenses related to printing, reproduction, supplies and materials, advisory services, and travel will allow NASA to prioritize funding towards its science and engineering missions. The FY 2014 budget request sustains a minimum savings of $200 million in administrative costs, compared to FY 2010 levels. Reducing Utility Costs NASA has been working to reduce costs of energy, water, and other utilities. To reduce the energy burden, NASA is pursuing “green” building designs and renovations that make better use of natural light and temperatures, and replacing old and inefficient equipment with models that require less energy. Reprioritizing Information Technology and Reinvesting to Improve Capabilities The FY 2014 budget request realigns IT spending to increase emphasis on cybersecurity. Saving from reductions in IT services and reduced programmatic requirements will help offset the cost of additional security and cloud computing investments. Minimizing the Risk of Improper Payments The FY 2014 budget request demonstrates NASA’s continued commitment to employ strong internal controls and processes to keep improper payments at extremely low levels. Results from the FY 2012 review of FY 2011 disbursements revealed no improper payments. Identifying Lower Priority Program Activities The main Budget volume of the President’s Budget identifies lower-priority program activities, where applicable, as required under the Government Performance And Results Act-Modernization Act, 31 U.S.C. 1115(b)(10). To access the volume, go to: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget. DELIVERING A 21ST CENTURY GOVERNMENT Strengthening Cybersecurity In FY 2014, NASA will increase investments in cybersecurity. These upgrades and improvements will address the Administration’s priority of cybersecurity capabilities, including continuous monitoring, providing trusted Internet connections, and requiring strong authentication. The Agency will also implement specific improvements as recommended by NASA’s Office of Inspector General. The planned work will correct high-risk deficiencies and vulnerabilities, restore aging and inefficient infrastructure, and promote proactive and preventative practices. SUM-13
- 33. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES Investing to Improve Efficiencies and Sustainability NASA will also improve the operating efficiency of buildings by investing in utility meters and monitoring, HVAC, lighting and plumbing upgrades, and automated systems controllers that are based on occupancy. Right-Sizing Infrastructure and Considering Repairs or Replacement The FY 2014 budget request includes funding to reduce the Agency’s footprint by replacing multiple aging, inefficient facilities with facilities that meet government Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, or LEED, standards. NASA’s proposed infrastructure investments focus on projects that are well- defined, aligned with the Agency’s master plan, and build upon prior successful construction of facilities projects. NASA presents the FY 2014 budget request in full-cost, where all project costs are allocated to the project, including labor funding for the Agency’s civil service workforce. Note that budget figures in tables may not add because of rounding. OUTYEAR FUNDING ASSUMPTIONS At this time, funding lines beyond FY 2014 should be considered notional. In general, NASA accounts are held at the FY 2014 request level, adjusted for the amounts transferred to the construction account in FY 2014. EXPLANATION OF FY 2012 AND FY 2013 BUDGET COLUMNS FY 2012 and FY 2013 Columns The FY 2012 Actual column in budget tables is consistent with the Agency spending plan (e.g. operating plan) control figures at the time of the budget release. Rescission amounts reflect the cancellation of a total of $30 million in prior year appropriations as directed in section 528(f) of P.L. 112-55, Division B, Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2012. The FY 2013 Estimate column in budget tables displays at the account level, for reference, the Continuing Resolution (CR, P.L. 112-175) full-year rate for operations with the appropriation and rescission components reported separately; plus the Agency appropriation provided by the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2); and rescission of remaining unobligated balances of American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds in the Office of Inspector General account pursuant to section 1306 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203). The account level $30.0 million rescission component of the continuing resolution is the same as that for FY 2012 rescission of prior year appropriations except that rescissions applied to prior appropriation accounts in FY 2012 are applied to the Space Operations account in FY 2013. The adjustment was made because it was not clear whether the prior year appropriations account had sufficient balances to cancel. The total effect of the adjustment on the Space Operations account is $1.0 million. SUM-14
- 34. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES Overall, the total FY 2013 full-year, direct budget authority provided to the Agency is $17,893.4 million, of which $17,878.8 million was provided by the continuing resolution; $15.0 million was provided by the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, and $0.3 million was rescinded pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act. Comparability Adjustments FY 2012 Actual and FY 2013 Estimate budget amounts have been adjusted to enable consistent programmatic comparisons to the FY 2014 budget request. These so-called comparability adjustments reflect movement of projects or activities and associated funding between programs, themes, or account and align to the structure of the FY 2014 budget request. This approach is essential to enabling year-to- year budget analysis. The Supporting Data section of the budget request includes a detailed crosswalk of non-comparable FY 2012 and FY 2013 budget figures and comparability adjustments to align to the FY 2014 budget structure. Budget tables presented for themes, programs, and projects have been adjusted for comparability. When a rescission is presented, investments are subtotaled and the amount of the rescission to that account, program, or project, is shown. The subtotal minus the rescission amount results in the top column figure. Theme, Program, and Project Tables Budgets for themes, programs, and projects reflect scoring of rescissions, and they are adjusted for comparability. Detailed breakouts in Other Missions and Data projects are presented in the same manner. Superstorm Sandy Supplemental Appropriations On January 29, 2013, Congress enacted P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013. The Act provided $15.0 million dollars to NASA for Superstorm Sandy recovery activities. NASA is managing the appropriation in the Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) account as part of its Institutional Construction of Facilities activity. The funding supplement is not called out specifically on the budget summary tables nor in the CECR account, theme, or program budget tables. NASA has added the supplement to the FY 2013 budget figure and provided a corresponding footnote on each relevant table. EXPLANATION OF PROJECT SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS AND KEY MILESTONES Project budget pages include current and significant planned project schedule commitments and key milestones. The milestone may differ for human-rated and robotic mission projects. SUM-15
- 35. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES Programs and projects follow their appropriate life cycle, which includes lifecycle phases; lifecycle gates and major events (including key decision points [KDPs]); and major lifecycle reviews. The lifecycle phases are segmented into three categories; pre-formulation, formulation and implementation. • Pre-Phase A Concept Studies Preformulation • Phase A: concept and technology development; and • Phase B, preliminary design and technology completion. Formulation • Phase C: final design and fabrication; • Phase D: system assembly, integration, test, launch and checkout; • Phase E: operations and sustainment; and Implementation • Phase F: closeout. Approval to proceed through the lifecycle gate is based on progress and performance, as assessed against an expected maturity level at each major lifecycle review. The key decision point is the event where the manager with decision authority determines the readiness of a project to progress to the next phase of the life cycle and establishes the content, cost, and schedule commitments for the ensuing phase(s). For reference, a description of schedule commitments and milestones is listed below for projects in formulation and implementation. A list of common terms used in mission planning is also included. Formulation Formulation is NASA’s period of initial planning for a new project and determination of how the proposed project will support the Agency’s strategic goals. During formulation, a project is assessed for feasibility, completes development of concepts, and establishes high-level requirements and success criteria. Formulation Milestone Explanation The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to transition into Phase A and authorizes formulation of the project. Phase A is the first phase of formulation and means that: The project addresses a critical NASA need; KDP A The proposed mission concept(s) is feasible; The associated planning is sufficiently mature to begin activities defined for formulation; and The mission can likely be achieved as conceived. SUM-16
- 36. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES System The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates whether the functional and performance Requirements requirements are sufficiently defined for the system and represent achievable capabilities. Review (SRR) The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the credibility and responsiveness of the System Definition proposed mission/system architecture to the program requirements and constraints, including available Review or Mission resources. This review also determines whether the maturity of the project’s mission/system definition Definition Review and associated plans are sufficient to begin the next phase, Phase B. The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to transition from Phase A to Phase B. Phase B is the second phase of formulation and means that: The proposed mission/system architecture is credible and responsive to program KDP B requirements and constraints, including resources; The maturity of the project’s mission/system definition and associated plans is sufficient to begin Phase B; and The mission can likely be achieved within available resources with acceptable risk. The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the completeness/consistency of the Preliminary Design planning, technical, cost, and schedule baselines developed during formulation. This review also Review (PDR) assesses compliance of the preliminary design with applicable requirements and determines if the project is sufficiently mature to begin Phase C. Implementation Implementation occurs when Agency management establishes baseline cost and schedule commitments for projects at KDP C. The projects maintain the baseline commitment through the end of the mission. Projects are baselined for cost, schedule, and programmatic and technical parameters. Under implementation, projects are able to execute approved plans development and operations. Implementation Milestone Explanation The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to begin the first stage of development and transition to Phase C and authorizes the implementation of the project. Phase C is first stage of development and means that: The project’s planning, technical, cost, and schedule baselines developed during formulation KDP C are complete and consistent; The preliminary design complies with mission requirements; The project is sufficiently mature to begin Phase C; and The cost and schedule are adequate to enable mission success with acceptable risk. The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the integrity of the project design and its Critical Design ability to meet mission requirements. This review also determines if the design is appropriately mature Review (CDR) to continue with the final design and fabrication phase. The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project and System Integration associated supporting infrastructure to begin system assembly, integration, and test. The lifecycle Review (SIR) review also evaluates whether the remaining project development can be completed within available resources, and determine if the project is sufficiently mature to begin the next phase. The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a project to continue in implementation and transition from Phase C to Phase D. Phase D is a second phase in implementation; the project continues in development and means that: The project is still on plan; KDP D The project continues to mature as planned; The risk is commensurate with the project’s payload classification; and The project is ready for assembly, integration and test with acceptable risk within its Agency baseline commitment. Launch Readiness The date at which the project and its ground, hardware, and software systems are ready for launch. Date (LRD) SUM-17
- 37. FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES Other Common Terms for Mission Planning Term Definition The individual authorized by the Agency to make important decisions on programs and projects Decision Authority under their authority. Formulation The document that authorizes the formulation of a program whose goals will fulfill part of the Authorization Agency’s Strategic Plan and Mission Directorate strategies. This document establishes the Document expectations and constraints for activity in the formulation phase. The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to Key Decision Point progress to the next phase of the life cycle. The KDP also establishes the content, cost, and schedule (KDP) commitments for the ensuing phase(s). This list that NASA publishes (the “NASA Flight Planning Board launch manifest”) periodically, which includes the expected launch dates for NASA missions. The launch dates in the manifest are the desired launch dates approved by the NASA Flight Planning Board, and are not typically the same as the Agency Baseline Commitment schedule dates. A launch manifest is a dynamic schedule that is affected by real world operational activities conducted by NASA and multiple other entities. It reflects the results of a complex process that requires the coordination and cooperation by multiple Launch Manifest users for the use of launch range and launch contractor assets. Moreover, the launch dates are a mixture of “confirmed” range dates for missions launching within approximately six months, and contractual/planning dates for the missions beyond six months from launch. The NASA Flight Planning Board launch manifest date is typically earlier than the Agency Baseline Commitment schedule date to allow for the operationally driven delays to the launch schedule that may be outside of the project’s control. The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project to operate Operational Readiness the flight system and associated ground system(s), in compliance with defined project requirements Review and constraints during the operations/sustainment phase of the project life cycle. Mission Readiness The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project and Review or Flight supporting systems for a safe and successful launch and flight/mission. Readiness Review (FRR) The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a project to continue in implementation and transition from Phase D to Phase E. Phase E is a third phase in implementation KDP E and means that the project and all supporting systems are ready for safe, successful launch and early operations with acceptable risk. The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project to conduct Decommissioning closeout activities. The review includes final delivery of all remaining project deliverables and safe Review decommissioning of space flight systems and other project assets. The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of the project’s decommissioning. Passage through this gate means the project has met its program objectives and is KDP F ready for safe decommissioning of its assets and closeout of activities. Scientific data analysis may continue after this period. For further details, go to: NASA Procedural Requirement 7102.5E NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management Requirements: http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?t=NPR&c=7120&s=5E NASA Procedural Requirement 7123.69 NASA Interim Directive (NID) to NPR 7123.1A - NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements: http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_7123_001A_&page_name=main NASA Launch Services Web site: http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/launch_services/index.html SUM-18
- 38. SCIENCE Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 5073.7 5115.9 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 Earth Science 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1 Planetary Science 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0 Astrophysics 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 -- 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 Heliophysics 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 SCIENCE Science ............................................................................................ SCI-4 Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH ….…..………………….………..……............ ES-2 EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS …………..……..……………….…... ......... ES-9 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11 Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17 Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22 GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32 EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..…..……………………...… ......... ES-44 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46 Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-57 EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS …………………….. .......... ES-62 EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ……………………...……………… .......... ES-67 APPLIED SCIENCES ………………………………………………..… ........... ES-71 SCI-1
- 39. SCIENCE Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ……………………………………. .......... PS-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7 LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ……………………………………..……… .......... PS-9 Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12 DISCOVERY ………………………………………………………...….. ......... PS-17 Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23 NEW FRONTIERS ………………………………………………………. ........ PS-27 Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33 MARS EXPLORATION …………………………………………..……… ......... PS-36 2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43 OUTER PLANETS ………………………………………..……………. .......... PS-50 TECHNOLOGY ………………………………………….……………… ......... PS-54 Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH …………………………………………........ . ASTRO-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7 COSMIC ORIGINS …………………………………………………….. ....... ASTRO-10 Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) [Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24 PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS …………………………………………… ......... ASTRO-27 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29 EXOPLANET EXPLORATION …………………………………………... ........ ASTRO-32 ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER …………………………………...……............ ASTRO-37 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38 James Webb Space Telescope JAMES W EBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ……………………..…............. JWST-2 SCI-2
- 40. SCIENCE Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH ……………………………………..…… ........... HELIO-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-7 LIVING WITH A STAR ………………………………………………….. .......... HELIO-13 Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-14 Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-19 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-24 SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ……………………………………… ........... HELIO-28 Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-29 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-35 HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-39 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-41 SCI-3
- 41. SCIENCE FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 5073.7 5115.9 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 Earth Science 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1 Planetary Science 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0 Astrophysics 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 -- 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 Heliophysics 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 Subtotal 5079.0 5121.1 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -5.3 -5.3 -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- -55.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.1 % Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). ** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Earth Science, Planetary Science, and Heliophysics pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). NASA’s Science Mission Directorate conducts scientific exploration enabled by the space observatories and space probes that view Earth from space, observe, and visit other bodies in the solar system, and gaze out into the galaxy and beyond. NASA’s science programs seek answers to profound questions: How and why are Earth’s climate and the environment changing? How and why does the Sun vary and affect Earth and the rest of the solar system? How do planets and life originate? How does the universe work, and what are its origin and destiny? Are we alone? NASA uses the recommendations of the From the vantage point of space, NASA captures breath- National Academies’ decadal surveys for taking images of our world and the universe. These images guidance in planning the future of its science advance our scientific understanding in a multitude of programs. For over 30 years, decadal surveys disciplines, but they also have the power to inform policy, have proven indispensable in establishing a influence action, and inspire learning. broad national science community consensus on the state of the science, the highest priority SCI-4
- 42. SCIENCE science questions to be addressed, and actions that could be taken to address those priority science topics. NASA uses these recommendations to prioritize future flight missions, including space observatories and probes, as well as technology development and proposals for theoretical and suborbital supporting research. NASA must adapt science-based decadal survey recommendations to actual budgets, existing technological capabilities, national policy, partnership opportunities, and other programmatic factors. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014 The budget request includes a doubling of NASA’s efforts to identify and characterize potentially hazardous near-Earth objects (NEOs). This increase in the budget reflects the serious approach NASA is taking to understand the risks of asteroid impacts to our home planet. It will also help identify potential targets for the future human mission to an asteroid. The request also transfers responsibility from the Department of Energy to NASA for support of radioisotope power system development infrastructure. Beginning in FY 2014, DOE’s Space and Defense Infrastructure subprogram is transitioning to a full cost recovery funding model. Funding to support this infrastructure is now included in NASA’s budget request within the Planetary Science Technology program. The budget request includes increases in Earth Science to begin work on land imaging capabilities beyond the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (to be renamed LandSat 8) that was successfully launched in February 2012. The request also includes funds for NASA to assume responsibility for several Earth measurements previously held by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NASA will begin study on continuing the long history of measurements of solar irradiance, atmospheric ozone, and Earth’s radiation of energy to space. NASA Science will also steward the two Earth-observing instruments on NOAA’s space weather mission, DSCOVR, or Deep Space Climate Observatory. As part of the Administration’s government-wide consolidation of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education activities, described elsewhere in this document, Science will no longer fund STEM education activities. Instead, NASA’s Office of Education will direct all of NASA’s education funding, and ensure that Science’s unique education skills and assets are effectively leveraged. Building on the success of Curiosity's Red Planet landing, NASA announced plans for a robust multi-year Mars program. The program will include a new robotic science rover set to launch in 2020. The future rover development and design will be based on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) architecture that successfully carried the Curiosity rover to the Martian surface last summer. This will ensure mission costs and risks are as low as possible, and that the program can deliver a highly capable rover with a proven landing system. NASA will openly compete the specific payload and science instruments for the 2020 mission, following the Science Mission Directorate's established processes for instrument selection. The mission will advance the science priorities of the National Academies’ 2011 Planetary Science decadal survey and respond to the findings of the Mars Program Planning Group established in 2012 to assist NASA in restructuring its Mars Exploration Program. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The MSL Curiosity rover launched on November 26, 2011. Over 50 million people worldwide watched the dramatic entry, descent, and landing on Mars on August 6, 2012. Curiosity has begun its mission to SCI-5
- 43. SCIENCE investigate whether conditions on Mars have been favorable for microbial life, and whether the rocks could preserve clues about possible past life. NASA also launched the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP), the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and the Van Allen Probes (formerly Radiation Belt Storm Probes) missions in FY 2012, all of which are meeting their science objectives. In the last one and half years, five Science missions, including Juno, Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, NPP, MSL, and Van Allen Probes, launched. None of these missions experienced cost growth in that timeframe. All except NPP and MSL were launched under their original baseline budget. NPP and MSL were originally baselined prior to many of the current program management improvements; adoption of these management practices as part of their rebaseline stabilized their cost and schedule performance. NuSTAR, the only other science mission launched in the last 1.5 years, experienced cost growth of about 2 percent. Seven space missions that remain in development are holding closely to their cost estimates. Those missions are: Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), Landsat Data Continuity Mission, Lunar Atmospheric Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS), and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST.) The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) is the only mission in development that has experienced significant cost growth, approximately three percent, since the FY 2013 budget request. That cost growth is due to selection of a more reliable and expensive launch vehicle. While significant risks remain in all projects yet to launch, as is always true when building scientific spacecraft, the excellent and unprecedented overall performance has prevented budgetary disruptions to other projects. Recent scientific discoveries and societal applications of NASA-provided data are numerous. In Earth Science, data from NASA satellites helped researchers learn more about hurricanes and increase their predictability. NASA satellites also provided operational forecasters with valuable data on Tropical Storm Isaac, in near-real time. NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite revealed that some areas within Isaac were dropping rainfall at a rate of 2.75 inches per hour. In Planetary Science, observations from the Mars Curiosity rover of rounded pebbles embedded within rocky outcrops in Gale Crater provide concrete evidence that a stream once ran vigorously in this area. This is the first evidence of its kind. In Astrophysics, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission has led to a bonanza of newfound supermassive black holes and extremely dust-obscured galaxies. Images from the telescope have revealed millions of dusty black hole candidates across the universe and about 1,000 even dustier objects than previously thought to be among the brightest galaxies ever found. In Heliophysics, the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) measured the impact of a powerful solar flare on SCI-6
- 44. SCIENCE Earth’s upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere puffed up like a marshmallow over a campfire, temporarily increasing the drag on low-orbiting satellites. Extra drag not only helps clear space junk out of Earth orbit, but it also decreases the lifetime of useful satellites by bringing them closer to re-entry. These and many other scientific achievements are detailed in subsequent sections of this document. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The Mars Curiosity rover is just one of nearly 60 operating science missions. The IRIS and LADEE missions are scheduled to launch in 2013, while work on other missions in development, such as MAVEN, GPM, MMS, and JWST, continues. The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2), Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP), OCO-2, and Solar Orbiter Collaboration missions completed formulation activities and started development. NASA will select new Heliophysics and Astrophysics Explorer missions to begin formulation in the spring of 2013. NASA is establishing a 2020 Mars rover science definition team to further specify the scientific objectives for the mission, prior to the competition for science instruments. NASA Science continues to support a diverse array of competed research activities, primarily selected through the yearly Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences announcements. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The MAVEN, GPM, and OCO-2 missions, and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) ozone-measuring instrument for the International Space Station, are scheduled for launch in FY 2014. Work will accelerate on the 2020 Mars rover after NASA selects its science instruments. NASA science missions, data, and discoveries will continue to rewrite textbooks, excite the public, inspire children to pursue careers in STEM and demonstrate US leadership worldwide. Themes EARTH SCIENCE From space, NASA satellites can view Earth as a planet and enable the study of it as a complex, dynamic system with diverse components: the oceans, atmosphere, continents, ice sheets, and life. The Nation’s scientific community can thereby observe and track global-scale changes, connecting causes to effects. Scientists can study regional changes in their global context, as well as observe the role that human civilization plays as a force of change. Through partnerships with agencies that maintain forecasting and decision support systems, NASA improves national capabilities to predict climate, weather, and natural hazards, manage resources, and support the development of environmental policy. The budget request continues to advance key elements of Earth Science program established in NASA's 2010 Climate Initiative. The first two Tier 1 decadal survey missions, SMAP, and ICESat-2, moved into development during FY 2013. The estimated cost of ICESat-2 has increased approximately $75 million SCI-7
- 45. SCIENCE above the formulation estimates of last year, because a plan to share the cost of a launch vehicle with an Air Force payload did not materialize. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission, to continue measurements of Earth’s gravity field and the movement of water on its surface, has entered into formulation, in collaboration with Germany’s space agency. NASA is responding to the absence of the data that the Glory mission would have provided in two immediate ways. First, NASA has developed and is now deploying multiple aerosol polarimeters on research aircraft. Second, NASA is supporting and funding the Glory Science Team to analyze and use the data from the airborne polarimeters as well as additional work on measurements produced by the French POLDER polarimeter currently on orbit on the PARASOL satellite. These activities are providing data regarding the effect of airborne particles on climate change. NASA is also considering other activities as part of its longer-range planning. The image above represents the flotilla of spacecraft that make continual land surface, biospheric, atmospheric, and oceanic observations of the Earth in order to study how its climate operates as a whole system and how it is changing over time. SCI-8
- 46. SCIENCE PLANETARY SCIENCE To answer questions about the solar system and the origins of life, NASA sends robotic space probes to the Moon, other planets and their moons, asteroids and comets, and the icy bodies beyond Neptune. NASA is in the midst of a sustained investigation of Mars, launching a series of orbiters, landers, and rovers, with the long-term goal of eventual human exploration. NASA is operating spacecraft at Mercury and Saturn; is returning to Jupiter with the Juno mission (currently en route); has left the large asteroid Vesta and started on a journey to the largest asteroid Ceres with the Dawn mission; is completing humankind’s first basic reconnaissance of the solar system by sending a mission (New Horizons) to fly by Pluto; and is preparing to return samples from an asteroid to Earth (OSIRIS-REx). The budget request is consistent with the recommendations of the recent decadal survey, including a robust Mars program that retains the goal of sample return. The budget does not, and cannot at this time, accommodate any mission to orbit or land on Jupiter’s moon Europa. However, NASA is participating in the European Space Agency’s Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, which will provide valuable data on Europa and the other Galilean moons to the U.S. science community. The budget request includes a doubling of NASA’s efforts to identify and characterize potentially hazardous near Earth objects (NEOs). NASA will aggressively pursue an expanded observation program that will increase the detection and characterization of NEOs of all sizes by increasing the observing time on existing ground-based telescopes such as PanSTARRs. To support future planetary missions in the 2020s and beyond, NASA is partnering with the Department of Energy for the production of plutonium-238. Small amounts of plutonium-238 have already been produced, and by optimizing the production process, it is estimated that 1.5 to 2 kilograms per year will be produced by 2018. This amount will be enough to meet NASA’s projected needs for future planetary missions. The Science budget request fully funds this requirement. For the first time, NASA’s request also includes $50 million to support the radioisotope power system development infrastructure through full-cost recovery mechanisms at the Department of Energy. SCI-9
- 47. SCIENCE This legion of spacecraft represents US and International partnerships in pursuit of new discoveries. For real-time exploration of these missions in our Solar System visit: http://eyes.jpl.nasa.gov. ASTROPHYSICS Some of the greatest minds of the last century discovered wondrous things about the physical universe: the Big Bang and black holes, dark matter and dark energy, and the interrelated nature of space and time. Their theories challenge scientists and NASA to use observations from space to test conventional understanding of fundamental physics. Having measured the age of the universe, the scientific community now seeks to explore its ultimate extremes: its birth, the edges of space and time near black holes, and the mysterious dark energy filling the entire universe. Scientists have recently developed astronomical instrumentation sensitive enough to detect planets around other stars. With hundreds of extrasolar planets now known, scientists are using current NASA missions in conjunction with ground-based telescopes to seek Earth-like planets in other solar systems. The budget request supports all current missions, an enhanced Explorer program, and most of the other core program recommendations of the recent decadal survey. NASA will also make a hardware contribution to the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission. This collaboration has been endorsed by the SCI-10
- 48. SCIENCE Astrophysics Subcommittee of the NASA Advisory Council, as well as the National Academies’ Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics. However, no funds will be available to begin development of any major new Astrophysics mission, such as the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST) and the possible use of the telescope assets made available to NASA, until after launch of JWST. For the next few years, activities on such missions will be limited to early mission studies and technology efforts, for a few million dollars annually. The image above represents the flotilla of spacecraft and instruments that provide observations to help us understand how the universe works. SCI-11
- 49. SCIENCE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE JWST is a large, space-based astronomical observatory. The mission is a logical successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, extending beyond Hubble’s discoveries by looking into the infrared spectrum, where the highly red-shifted early universe must be observed, where relatively cool objects like protostars and protoplanetary disks strongly emit infrared light, and where dust obscures shorter wavelengths. JWST is fully funded towards its scheduled launch in October 2018, within the cost and schedule baseline established in 2011. Lessons learned on JWST have led to changes in NASA project management practices that appear to have helped contain costs on other missions. In particular, the JWST Independent Comprehensive Review Panel recommended stronger cost and schedule analysis capabilities at NASA headquarters. The Science Mission Directorate performs monthly reviews of earned value where available and other project performance measures on all flight projects in phases B through D, or from preliminary design through launch. This increased emphasis from Headquarters has helped focus the attention of project managers on cost and schedule issues. HELIOPHYSICS The solar system is governed by the Sun, a typical small star midway through its life. The Sun’s influence is wielded through its gravity, radiation, solar wind, and magnetic fields, all of which interact with the gravity, fields and atmospheres of Earth to produce space weather. Using a fleet of sensors on various spacecraft in Earth orbit and throughout the solar system, NASA seeks to understand how and why the Sun varies, how Earth responds to the Sun, and how human activities are affected. The science of heliophysics enables the predictions necessary to safeguard life and society on Earth and the outward journeys of human and robotic explorers. The budget request supports the recommendations of the recent Heliophysics decadal survey. Following launch of MMS by March 2015, the largest part of the Heliophysics budget will be devoted to the Solar Probe Plus (SPP) project. NASA is strongly committed to SPP, which is expected to enter development in late FY 2014, in preparation for launch in July 2018. The budget also includes a new CubeSat project, which offers a low-cost option for enabling scientific discovery across the various Themes and disciplines in the Science Mission Directorate. SCI-12
- 50. SCIENCE A fleet of Heliophysics spacecraft patrol the environment of our Earth, from its life-sustaining sun out to the edges of our solar system. They reveal a dynamic interconnected system within which our home planet is embedded and through which robotic and human explorers must journey. SCI-13
- 51. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1 Earth Science Research 441.1 -- 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5 Earth Systematic Missions 879.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3 Earth System Science Pathfinder 183.3 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0 Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 -- 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0 Earth Science Technology 51.2 -- 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1 Applied Sciences 36.4 -- 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1 Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH ….…..………………….………..……............ ES-2 EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS …………..……..……………….…... ......... ES-9 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11 Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17 Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22 GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32 EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..…..……………………...… ......... ES-44 Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46 Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-58 EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS …………………….. .......... ES-63 EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ……………………...……………… .......... ES-68 APPLIED SCIENCES ………………………………………………..… ........... ES-72 ES-1
- 52. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 441.1 -- 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5 Earth Science Research and Analysis 333.3 -- 328.7 337.8 339.2 342.7 327.7 Computing and Management 107.7 -- 114.6 145.3 144.2 142.4 148.9 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 0.5 % NASA's Earth Science Research program develops a scientific understanding of Earth and its response to natural or human-induced changes. Earth is a system, like the human body, comprised of diverse components interacting in complex ways. Understanding Earth's atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere as a single connected system is necessary in order to improve our predictions of climate, weather, and natural hazards. The Earth Science Research program addresses complex, interdisciplinary Earth science problems in pursuit of a comprehensive This is a composite image of a dust storm blowing off the understanding of the Earth system. This strategy coast of Morocco in the northwest corner of the African involves six interdisciplinary and interrelated continent. The data was gathered by the MODIS science focus areas, including: (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument aboard the Terra satellite. Such data products Climate Variability and Change: are important tools in the study of land, ocean, and understanding the roles of ocean, atmospheric processes and trends on local and global atmosphere, land, and ice in the climate scales. system and improving predictive capability for future evolution; Atmospheric Composition: understanding and improving predictive capability for changes in the ozone layer, climate forcing, and air quality associated with changes in atmospheric composition; Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems: quantifying, understanding, and predicting changes in Earth's ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, including the global carbon cycle, land cover, and biodiversity; Water and Energy Cycle: quantifying the key reservoirs and fluxes in the global water cycle and assessing water cycle change and water quality; Weather: enabling improved predictive capability for weather and extreme weather events; and Earth Surface and Interior: characterizing the dynamics of the Earth surface and interior and forming the scientific basis for the assessment and mitigation of natural hazards and response to rare and extreme events. ES-2
- 53. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH NASA's Earth Science Research program pioneers the use of both space-borne and aircraft measurements in all of these areas. NASA's Earth Science Research program is critical to the advancement of the interagency US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). NASA's Earth Science Research program also makes extensive contributions to international science programs such as the World Climate Research Programme. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES NASA will use a modest increase in funding for Earth Science Research to support the Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) and to further integrate NASA products and capabilities with those of other US agencies and international entities. NASA seeks scientific and technical experts to shape and contribute to the next phase of development of a CMS. The Earth Science Education and Outreach Project has been discontinued, consistent with the Administration initiative to consolidate STEM education activities across all of the Agencies. NASA transferred the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) activity from Earth Science to NASA’s Office of Education. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA collaborated with other US agencies to conduct the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry Project. This field campaign explored the impact of large thunderstorms on the concentration of ozone and other substances in the upper troposphere. In addition, NASA implemented the first phase of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study campaign aboard the research vessel Knorr. This study is designed to shed new light on the link between ocean salinity and shifts in global precipitation patterns. The suite of ocean instruments will complement data from NASA's salinity-sensing instrument aboard the Aquarius/ Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-D (SAC-D) observatory. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA’s Earth Science Research program will continue funding investigations in competitively selected projects in topics such as global impacts of urbanization and the physics of the ocean-ice interface. A number of funded studies on satellite calibration, which were initiated in FY 2012, constitute the first ever solicitation to compare NASA and non-NASA observing assets. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 In FY 2014, in response to solicitations in Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences 2013 (ROSES-13) and ROSES-12, NASA anticipates awarding over 200 new 3-year investigations. ES-3
- 54. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH Program Elements RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Research and Analysis is the core of the research program and funds the analysis and interpretation of data from NASA's satellites. This project funds the scientific activity needed to establish a rigorous base for the satellites’ data and their use in computational models. AIRBORNE SCIENCE The Airborne Science project is responsible for providing manned and unmanned aircraft systems that further science and advance the use of satellite data. NASA uses these assets worldwide in campaigns to investigate extreme weather events, observe Earth system processes, obtain data for Earth science modeling activities, and calibrate instruments flying aboard Earth science spacecraft. NASA Airborne Science platforms support mission definition and development activities. For example, these activities include: Instrument development flights; Gathering ice sheet observations as gap fillers between missions (e.g., Operation IceBridge); Serve as technology test beds for Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) missions, and; Serve as the observation platforms for research campaigns, such as those that are competitively selected under the Sub-Orbital portion of Earth Venture. The objectives of this project include: Conducting in-situ atmospheric measurement and remote sensing observations in support of scientific investigations; Demonstrating and exploiting the capabilities of autonomous aircraft for science investigations; Testing new sensor technologies in space-like environments; and Calibrating and validating space-based measurements and retrieval algorithms. INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE Interdisciplinary Science includes science investigations, as well as calibration and validation activities, that ensure the utility of space-based measurements. In addition, it supports focused fieldwork (e.g., airborne campaigns) and specific facility instruments upon which fieldwork depends. CARBON CYCLE SCIENCE TEAM Carbon Cycle Science Team funds research on the distribution and cycling of carbon among Earth's active land, ocean, and atmospheric reservoirs. ES-4
- 55. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH CARBON MONITORING SYSTEM Carbon Monitoring System complements NASA’s overall program in carbon cycle science and observations by producing and distributing products to the community regarding the flux of carbon between the surface and atmosphere, as well as the stores of carbon on the surface. GLOBAL MODELING AND ASSIMILATION OFFICE The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office creates global climate and Earth system component models using data from Earth science satellites and aircraft. Investigators can then use these products worldwide to further their research. OZONE TRENDS SCIENCE The Ozone Trends Science project produces a consistent, calibrated ozone record that can be used for trend analyses and other studies. SPACE GEODESY The Space Geodesy project provides global geodetic positioning and support for geodetic reference frames, which are necessary for climate change and geohazards research. Geodesy is the science of measuring Earth’s shape, gravity and rotation, and how these change over time. The Space Geodesy project began in 2011 and is a Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) partnership with participation from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Maryland. FELLOWSHIPS AND NEW INVESTIGATORS Fellowships and New Investigators supports graduate and early career research in the areas of Earth system research and applied science. EARTH SCIENCE DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Earth Science Directed Research and Technology funds the civil service staff that work on emerging Earth Science flight projects, instruments, and research. HIGH END COMPUTING CAPABILITY (HECC) High End Computing Capability focuses on the Columbia and Pleiades supercomputer systems and the associated network connectivity, data storage, data analysis, visualization, and application software support. It serves the supercomputing needs of all NASA mission directorates and NASA-supported principal investigators at universities. The Science funding supports the operation, maintenance, and upgrade of NASA's supercomputing capability, while the Strategic Capabilities Assets Program provides oversight. The two systems, with approximately 117,500 computer processor cores, support NASA's aeronautics, human exploration, and science missions. ES-5
- 56. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING The Scientific Computing project funds NASA's Earth Science Discover computing system, software engineering, and user interface projects at Goddard Space Flight Center, including climate assessment modeling. Scientific Computing supports Earth science modeling activities based on data collected by Earth science spacecraft. The system is separate from HECC, so it can be close to the satellite data archives at the Center. The proximity to the data and the focus on satellite data assimilation makes the Discover cluster unique in the ability to analyze large volumes of satellite data quickly. The system currently has approximately 31,400 computer processor cores. DIRECTORATE SUPPORT The Directorate Support project funds the Science Mission Directorate’s institutional and crosscutting activities including: National Academies’ studies, proposal peer review processes, printing and graphics, information technology, the NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship program, working group support, independent assessment studies, and other administrative tasks. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q2/2014 ROSES-2014 solicitation (planned for solicitation release in spring of 2013) ROSES-2014 selection within six to nine months of receipt of proposals Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy Lead Center: Headquarters (HQ) Research and Analysis Performing Centers: All NASA Centers Cost Share Partners: United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology (SOST) agencies Provider: Various Lead Center: HQ Interdisciplinary Science Performing Centers: HQs, JPL, GSFC, ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC, MSFC, JSC Cost Share Partners: USGCRP and SOST agencies ES-6
- 57. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy Lead Center: HQ Carbon Monitoring System Performing Centers: JPL, GSFC, ARC Cost Share Partners: US Forest Service, Department of Energy (DOE), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy Lead Center: HQ Carbon Cycle Team Performing Centers: HQ, JPL, GSFC Cost Share Partners: USGCRP and SOST agencies Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy Lead Center: HQ Ozone Trends Science Performing Centers: LaRC, GSFC Cost Share Partners: USGCRP and SOST agencies Provider: DFRC Lead Center: HQ Airborne Science Performing Centers: DFRC, ARC, GSFC,WFF Cost Share Partners: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of Defense (DoD), DOE, NOAA, National Science Foundation Provider: ARC Lead Center: HQ High-End Computing Capability Performing Center: ARC Cost Share Partners: DOE Provider: GSFC Lead Center: HQ Scientific Computing Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: DoD, DOE Provider: Various Global Modeling and Assimilation Lead Center: HQ Office Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Various Lead Center: HQ Fellowships and New Investigators Performing Centers: All NASA Centers Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-7
- 58. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH Acquisition Strategy The Earth Science Research program is implemented via competitively selected research awards. Research solicitations are released each year in the ROSES NASA Research Announcements. All proposals in response to NASA ROSES are peer reviewed and selected based on defined criteria. Selected proposals are funded with FY 2014 funding and two subsequent years in an effort to initiate research for about one-third of the program. The Earth Science Research program is based on full and open competition, and at least 90 percent of the funds of the program are competitively awarded to investigators from academia, the private sector, and NASA Centers. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review All six science focus areas were NASA Advisory To review progress rated “green” as 2013; Council Earth towards Earth Science documented in Relevance 2012 annually Science objectives in the NASA the FY 2012 thereafter Subcommittee Strategic Plan. Performance and Accountability Report ES-8
- 59. Science: Earth Science EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 879.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3 Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) 87.9 -- 60.3 18.7 19.6 14.2 15.3 Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 130.5 -- 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 (ICESat-II) Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) 214.2 -- 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 11.3 GRACE FO 42.3 -- 83.4 75.3 74.3 71.7 20.0 Other Missions and Data Analysis 406.0 -- 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6 Subtotal 880.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- -92.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -10.5 % Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Other Missions and Data Analysis pursuant to P.L. 112- 55, Division B, sec. 528(f). Earth Systematic Missions (ESM) includes a broad range of multi-disciplinary science investigations aimed at understanding the Earth system and its response to natural and human- induced forces and changes. Understanding these forces will help determine how to predict future changes, and how to mitigate or adapt to these changes. The ESM program develops Earth-observing research satellite missions, manages the operation of these missions once on orbit, and An artist’s conception shows the Surface Water Ocean produces mission data products in support of Topography (SWOT) satellite, which entered the research, applications, and policy communities. formulation phase in November, 2012. SWOT will make Interagency and international partnerships are a high-resolution, wide-swath altimetric measurements of central element throughout the ESM program. the world’s oceans and fresh water bodies to understand Several of the on-orbit missions provide data their circulation, surface topography, and storage. This products in near-real time for use by US and multi-disciplinary, cooperative international mission, will produce science and data products that will allow forinternational meteorological agencies and fundamental advances in the understanding of the global disaster responders. Five of the on-orbit water cycle. missions involve significant international or interagency collaboration in development. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), one of the ESM program’s foundational missions, involves collaboration with the US Geological Survey. GPM is a partnership being developed in cooperation with the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission is a partnership between NASA and the German Space and Earth Science agencies. ES-9
- 60. Science: Earth Science EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The SWOT, GRACE-FO and SAGE III missions entered formulation and are now funded under separate budget lines. The request also includes funds for NASA to assume responsibility for several Earth measurements previously held by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NASA will begin study on continuing the long history of measurements of solar irradiance, atmospheric ozone, and Earth’s radiation of energy to space. A newly created Land Imaging project will ensure continuity of Landsat land imaging data by funding the development of a sustained, space-based, global land imaging capability. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) recently entered operations after its successful launch on February 11, 2013 and is now funded under Earth Systematic Mission, Other Missions and Data Analysis. ES-10
- 61. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 638.4 87.9 91.4 60.3 18.7 19.6 14.2 15.3 0.0 945.8 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 638.4 87.9 91.4 60.3 18.7 19.6 11.8 0.0 0.0 928.1 Formulation 349.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 349.2 Development/Implementation 289.2 87.9 91.4 40.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 509.3 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.4 18.7 19.6 11.8 0.0 0.0 69.6 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -27.6 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -31.4% PROJECT PURPOSE The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will advance the measurement of global precipitation. A joint mission with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, GPM will provide the first opportunity to calibrate measurements of global precipitation (including the distribution, amount, rate, and associated heat release) across tropical, mid-latitude, and Polar Regions. The GPM mission has several scientific objectives: Advance precipitation measurement capability from space through combined use of active and passive remote-sensing techniques; Advance understanding of global water/energy cycle variability and fresh water availability; Improve climate prediction by providing the foundation for GPM data will reveal new information on hurricane better understanding of surface water fluxes, soil moisture eyewall development and storage, cloud/precipitation microphysics and latent heat intensity changes. It will also release in Earth’s atmosphere; measure hazard-triggering Advance numerical weather prediction skills through more rainfall events contributing to accurate and frequent measurements of instantaneous rain flooding and landslides, rates; and providing inputs to climate, Improve high-impact natural hazard event (flood and weather, and land surface drought, landslide, and hurricanes) and fresh water-resource models for improved predictions. prediction capabilities through better temporal sampling and wider spatial coverage of high-resolution precipitation measurements. For more information, go to: http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/earth.html. ES-11
- 62. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) Formulation Development Operations EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES NASA re-phased the GPM budget for all years to better match project funding requirements. PROJECT PARAMETERS The NASA-provided elements of the GPM project include a core observatory spacecraft and a GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument. The GMI instrument is a conically scanning radiometer that will provide significantly improved spatial resolution over the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager. JAXA will supply the second instrument, the Dual frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR), which will provide three-dimensional observation of rain and an accurate estimation of rainfall rate. The Core Observatory will leverage passive microwave measurements from other operating and planned "satellites of opportunity" by calibrating their measurements to its own. Given the prevalence of passive microwave instruments on operational and research satellite systems, the global sampling from this constellation of satellites will be robust providing frequent global mapping of precipitation. The spacecraft will be launched from Tanegashima Space Center, Japan on a JAXA-provided H-IIA launch vehicle in February 2014. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The systems integration review was held in February 2012. NASA approved the GPM mission to begin the integration and test phase (Phase D) in April 2012. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The observatory environmental testing is on track for completion in the fourth quarter of FY 2013 to prepare it for shipment to Japan for launch. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 GPM will hold its operational and flight readiness reviews in advance of the planned launch in FY 2014. ES-12
- 63. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) Formulation Development Operations SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES Development Cost and Schedule Due to the mission's critical international partnership and the desire to maintain continuity of the precipitation record established by the long-lived TRMM, NASA and JAXA will strive to launch GPM in February 2014. The GPM project has been directed to execute all necessary actions to accomplish the February 2014 launch. Consistent with NASA policies regarding commitments to time and schedule, the GPM launch will occur no later than June 2014. Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2010 555.2 70 2013 509.3 -8.3 LRD Jul 2013 Jun 2014 11 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. ES-13
- 64. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) Formulation Development Operations Development Cost Details Reductions in the Ground Systems, Science/Technology, and Other Direct Project Costs lines are due to the elimination of the Low-Inclination Observatory GMI-2 instrument, associated TDRSS communications subsystem, payload accommodation, ground system and operations costs in 2012. Increases in the Aircraft/Spacecraft and Systems Integration and Test (I&T) lines are due to spacecraft development issues and the extension of integration and testing activities supporting the replanned launch readiness date. Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 555.2 509.3 -45.3 Aircraft/Spacecraft 151.2 246.4 95.2 Payloads 91.2 90.9 -.3 Systems I&T 6.8 8.2 1.4 Launch Vehicle 1.5 1.6 .1 Ground Systems 30.5 27.5 -3.0 Science/Technology 28.4 24.2 -4.2 Other Direct Project Costs 245.6 110.4 -134.5 Project Management & Commitments GSFC has project management responsibility. GPM is a constellation mission that will incorporate data from other precipitation missions from a consortium of international space agencies, including Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Indian Space Research Organization, NOAA, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and others. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provider: GSFC Provides platform for the Lead Center: GSFC Core Observatory GMI and JAXA-supplied N/A DPR instruments Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provides 13 microwave Provider: Ball Aerospace channels ranging in frequency from 10 Lead Center: GSFC GMI instrument N/A gigahertz (GHz) to 183 Performing Center: GSFC GHz; 4 high frequency, millimeter-wave, channels Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-14
- 65. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) Formulation Development Operations Provider: JAXA Provides cross-track swath widths of 245 and 120 Lead Center: N/A DPR instrument kilometers, for the Ku N/A precipitation radar (KuPR) Performing Centers: N/A and Ka-band precipitation Cost Share Partners: JAXA Provider: Low Inclination Lead Center: Provides platform for the Observatory Descoped second GMI instrument Performing Centers: (LIO/GMI-2) Cost Share Partners: Provider: JAXA Launch vehicle and Lead Center: N/A H-IIA N/A services Performing Centers: N/A Cost Share Partners: JAXA Provider: GSFC Provides control of Core Observatory operations, Lead Center: GSFC Ground System N/A science data processing, Performing Center: GSFC and distribution Cost Share Partners: JAXA Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: The total schedule reserve drops below the guideline (18 days), The project will optimize the schedule of testing activities to regain Then: The observatory environmental testing schedule reserve. completion and shipment to the launch site could be delayed. Acquisition Strategy The GMI was selected through open competition in FY 2005. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Ball Aerospace and Technologies GMI Boulder, CO Corp GPM Core Spacecraft GSFC Greenbelt, MD ES-15
- 66. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM) Formulation Development Operations INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Project approved to Performance SRB Feb 2012 System integration review begin Oct 2013 integration and test Operations readiness review to determine project Performance SRB Oct 2013 TBD Jun 2014 readiness to operate the flight and ground systems CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010 AUTHORIZATION ACT On February 2, 2012, pursuant to Section 103(c) of P.L 109-155, NASA notified the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of an anticipated schedule delay of more than six months, but that NASA did not expect this delay to cause the project to exceed its development cost baseline. The NASA Associate Administrator approved a replan of the project with a new launch date of June 2014, an eleven-month delay compared to the January 2010 MPAR baseline. Based on the analysis conducted and progress to date against the new plan, the GPM project, barring a major test failure or some other significant unplanned event, has a high likelihood of completing its development on the cost and schedule presented. ES-16
- 67. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions ICESAT-2 Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 124.4 130.5 207.0 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 17.3 857.8 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 124.4 130.5 207.0 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 17.3 857.8 Formulation 124.4 124.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 248.8 Development/Implementation 0.0 6.1 207.0 140.7 106.4 82.9 13.4 0.0 0.0 556.5 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 13.7 14.1 17.3 52.6 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 10.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 7.8% PROJECT PURPOSE The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat- 2) mission will serve as an ICESat follow-on satellite to continue the assessment of polar ice changes. ICESat-2 will also measure vegetation canopy heights, allowing estimates of biomass and carbon in above ground vegetation in conjunction with related missions, and allow measurements of solid earth properties. ICESat-2 will continue to provide an important record of multi-year elevation data needed to determine ice sheet mass balance and cloud property information. It will also provide topography and vegetation data around the globe in addition to the polar-specific coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. ICESat-2 will use a multi-beam micropulse laser The ICESat-2 mission is a Tier 1 mission recommended altimeter to measure the topography of the by the National Academies. It entered formulation in Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets as well as the FY 2010. thickness of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. The satellite LIDAR also will measure vegetation For more information, go to: canopy heights and support other NASA http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat2. environmental monitoring missions. By discovering the anatomy of ice loss, researchers may be able to forecast how the ice sheets will melt in the future and what impact this will have on EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES sea-levels. During FY 2012, the mission lost its opportunity for a co-manifested launch with the US Air Force, thus necessitating the procurement of a dedicated launch vehicle. Based on the cost and schedule analysis of the ICESat-2 design, NASA established a launch readiness date of May 2017 at mission confirmation. ES-17
- 68. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions ICESAT-2 Formulation Development Operations PROJECT PARAMETERS The ICESat-2 observatory employs a dedicated spacecraft with a multi-beam photon-counting surface elevation Lidar. ICESat-2 will continue the measurements begun with the first ICESat mission, which launched in 2003, and will improve upon ICESat by incorporating a micro-pulse multi-beam laser to provide dense cross-track sampling, improving elevation estimates over inclined surfaces and very rough (e.g., crevassed) areas and improving lead detection for above-water sea ice estimates. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 ICESat-2 successfully completed its system requirements review and preliminary design review. The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) instrument successfully completed preliminary design review as well. NASA officially released a request for launch services proposal to potential vendors. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The mission successfully passed the KDP-C milestone and proceeded into the development phase in December 2012. The spacecraft will undergo its critical design review in late FY 2013. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 Mission readiness testing for the ground system commences in June 2014. The Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System instrument will undergo its pre-environmental review in August 2014. SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES ICESat-2 is scheduled to launch in May 2017 for a three-year prime mission. ES-18
- 69. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions ICESAT-2 Formulation Development Operations Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2013 558.9 70 2013 556.5 -0.4% LRD May 2017 May 2017 0 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. Development Cost Details This is the first report of development costs for this mission. Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 558.9 556.5 -2.4 Aircraft/Spacecraft 77.8 77.8 None Payloads 88.6 88.6 None Systems I&T 18.5 18.5 None Launch Vehicle 123.8 123.8 None Ground Systems 35.3 35.3 None Science/Technology 22.9 22.9 None Other Direct Project Costs 192.0 189.6 -2.4 Project Management & Commitments GSFC has project management responsibility for ICESat-2. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provider: GSFC Advanced Topographic Lead Center: GSFC ATLAS Instrument N/A Laser Altimeter System Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-19
- 70. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions ICESAT-2 Formulation Development Operations Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation Provides platform for the Lead Center: GSFC Spacecraft N/A instrument Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation Provides control of observatory operations, Lead Center: GSFC Ground System N/A science data processing and Performing Center: GSFC distribution Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: TBD Lead Center: N/A Launch Vehicle TBD N/A Performing Centers: KSC Cost Share Partners: N/A Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: The launch vehicle development is delayed or mandates spacecraft changes for Launch vehicle procurement was initiated in October 2012. All accommodation, spacecraft interface data were included in the Launch Vehicle Request For Proposal to allow proper accommodation. Then: Mission cost will increase. If: The instrument hardware experiences Risk mitigation tasks have been implemented for the instrument development problems, throughout formulation. All components have achieved required maturity (technology readiness level-6) for this stage of development Then: Instrument completion will be delayed. as a result. Acquisition Strategy The design and testing of the ATLAS instrument has been assigned to GSFC. The spacecraft vendor, Orbital Sciences Corporation, was competitively selected. The ground system element will be provided by the spacecraft vendor via a contract option. The launch services vendor selection is pending with authority to proceed currently anticipated for April 2013. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Ground System Orbital Sciences Corporation Dulles, VA Spacecraft Orbital Sciences Corporation Gilbert, AZ ES-20
- 71. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions ICESAT-2 Formulation Development Operations INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Mission was approved to Performance SRB Dec 2012 KDP-C Sep 2013 enter development Mission Critical Design Performance SRB Sep 2013 TBD Dec 2016 Review Performance SRB Dec 2016 Flight Readiness Review TBD N/A ES-21
- 72. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP) Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 298.1 214.2 210.3 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 11.3 0.0 924.3 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 298.1 214.2 210.3 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 1.7 0.0 914.6 Formulation 298.1 90.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 388.2 Development/Implementation 0.0 124.1 210.3 88.3 58.2 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 484.8 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.6 11.9 11.3 1.7 0.0 41.6 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -125.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -58.8% PROJECT PURPOSE The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission will provide a capability for global mapping of soil moisture with unprecedented accuracy, resolution, and coverage. Future water resources are a critical societal impact of climate change, and scientific understanding of how such change may affect water supply and food production is crucial for policy makers. Uncertainty in current climate models result in disagreement on whether there will be more or less water regionally compared to today. SMAP data will help enable climate models to be brought into SMAP has the potential to enable a diverse range of agreement on future trends in water resource applications involving drought and flood estimation, availability. agricultural productivity estimation, weather forecasting, climate modeling, and other factors SMAP science objectives are to acquire space- affecting human health and security. For example, based hydrosphere state measurements over a SMAP can benefit the emerging field of landscape epidemiology where direct observations of soil three-year period to: moisture can provide valuable information on vector population dynamics, such as identifying and mapping Understand processes that link the habitats for mosquitoes that spread malaria. terrestrial water, energy and carbon cycles; Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface; Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes; Enhance weather and climate forecast skill; and Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capabilities. ES-22
- 73. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP) Formulation Development Operations The SMAP mission is one of four first-tier missions recommended by the National Academies. For more information, go to: http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PROJECT PARAMETERS The SMAP observatory employs a dedicated spacecraft and will be launched into a near-polar, sun- synchronous orbit on an expendable launch vehicle. The SMAP baseline instrument suite includes radiometer and non-imaging synthetic aperture radar. The instruments are designed to make coincident measurements of surface emission and backscatter, with the ability to sense the soil conditions through moderate vegetation cover. Data will be acquired for a period of three years and a comprehensive validation program will be used to assess random errors and regional biases in the soil moisture and freeze/thaw estimates. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 SMAP successfully passed the KDP-C review in June 2012, and is now in the development phase of the mission. NASA completed the launch vehicle selection in July 2012. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, SMAP will continue development activities and conduct the systems integration review to determine its readiness to begin integration activities. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 In FY 2014, SMAP will continue development and integration activities, targeting a launch in March, 2015. ES-23
- 74. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP) Formulation Development Operations SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES SMAP is scheduled to launch in March, 2015 for a three-year prime mission. Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2013 485.7 >70 2013 484.8 -.02 LRD Mar 2015 Mar 2015 None Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. ES-24
- 75. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP) Formulation Development Operations Development Cost Details Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 485.7 484.8 -0.9 Aircraft/Spacecraft 80.1 80.4 0.3 Payloads 59.7 60.9 1.2 Systems I&T 22.3 22.3 None Launch Vehicle 123.6 123.6 None Ground Systems 24.2 24.2 None Science/Technology 8.9 8.9 None Other Direct Project Costs 166.9 164.6 -2.3 Project Management & Commitments JPL has project management responsibility for SMAP. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provider: JPL Provides platform for the Lead Center: JPL Spacecraft N/A instruments Performing Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: N/A Combined with Provider: JPL Radiometer, provides soil moisture measurements in Lead Center: JPL L-Band SAR N/A the top 5 centimeters of soil Performing Center: JPL through moderate vegetation cover Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: GSFC Combined with SAR, provides soil moisture Lead Center: JPL L-Band Radiometer measurements in the top 5 N/A centimeters of soil through Performing Center: GSFC moderate vegetation cover. Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: ULA Delta II 7320-10C Launch Lead Center: N/A Launch Vehicle N/A System Performing Centers: KSC Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-25
- 76. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP) Formulation Development Operations Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: There is a late Launch Vehicle Interface Key interfaces required to support spacecraft design are being Control Documentation (ICD) development, identified and priorities will be established to meet the need dates for Then: It could cause a launch readiness delay. each interface prior to the ICD delivery. If: The accelerated Reflector Boom Assembly RBA vendor has created an accelerated development schedule and development schedule cannot be maintained, plan to recover from delays caused by additional analysis and assessments needed to support multiple launch vehicle options. Then: There is a possibility of a launch readiness SMAP was required to carry these options prior to launch vehicle date delay. selection in July 2012. Additional resources are being added at both the Reflector Boom Assembly vendor and JPL to carry out this plan. Acquisition Strategy The SMAP mission was directed to JPL, where the radar and spacecraft are being produced as an in- house development, with the radiometer directed to GSFC also for in-house development. The key components, which are the deployable antenna/boom and instrument spin assemblies, were procured through open competition. The launch service was procured under the NASA Launch Services II Contract. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Spin Mechanism Assembly The Boeing Company El Segundo, CA Northrop Grumman Aerospace Reflector Boom Assembly (RBA) Carpinteria, CA Systems INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Project Senior Review approved to Performance Jun 2012 KDP-C Milestone Review May 2013 Board enter development Senior Review Performance May 2013 KDP-D Milestone Review TBD Aug 2014 Board Senior Review Performance Aug 2014 Flight readiness review TBD N/A Board ES-26
- 77. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GRACE FOLLOW-ON Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 42.3 -- 83.4 75.3 74.3 71.7 20.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 41.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 97.2% Note: Funding for GRACE-FO in the FY 2013 President’s Budget was provided under the Decadal Survey Missions budget line. This is the first year in which a separate budget profile for this mission has been provided. PROJECT PURPOSE The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on (GRACE-FO) mission will allow scientists to gain new insights into the dynamic processes in Earth's interior, into currents in the oceans, and into variations in the extent of ice coverage. Data from the mission, combined with other existing sources of data, will greatly improve scientific understanding of glaciers, hydrology. GRACE-FO will obtain the same extremely high-resolution global models of Earth's Since 2002, the Grace satellites have been making gravity field, including how it varies over observations of changes in the Earth’s gravity field to gain time, as in the original GRACE mission new insights into the dynamic processes in the planet’s (launched in 2002). The GRACE-FO data is interior. The Grace-Follow On mission will continue with vital to ensuring there is no gap in extremely precise measurements taken by the satellite pair gravitational field measurements between the (artist’s conception shown), which will be used to generate currently operating GRACE mission and the an updated model of the Earth’s gravitational field every 30 higher-capability GRACE-II recommended in days. Along with other climate and geo-research efforts, the decadal survey. GRACE-FO includes a data from Grace satellites will help scientists build an partnership with Germany. understanding of the Earth as an integral system. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES GRACE-FO has entered into the detailed design phase formulation (Phase B) and a lifecycle cost range is now provided as part of the budget submission. PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS The GRACE-FO observatory employs two dedicated spacecraft that will be launched into a near-circular polar orbit. As the two spacecraft orbit eEarth, slight variations in gravity will alter the spacecraft speed ES-27
- 78. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GRACE FOLLOW-ON Formulation Development Operations and distance relative to each other. The speed and distance changes can be used to extrapolate and map Earth's gravitational pull. The GRACE-FO instrument suite includes the Microwave Instrument (MWI), which accurately measures changes in the speed and distance between the two spacecraft. The accelerometer instrument measures all non-gravitational accelerations (e.g., air drag, solar radiation pressure, attitude control, thruster operation) of the GRACE-FO satellite(s). The Laser Ranging Interferometer is a technology demonstration and is a joint partnership between the US and Germany. The science data from GRACE mission will be used to generate an updated model of Earth's gravitational field approximately every 30 days for the 5-year lifetime of the mission. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 During 2012, GRACE-FO received approval to enter the detailed design phase of formulation, after successfully completing its key decision point (KDP) -A and KDP-B milestones in January 2012 and August 2012, respectively. The mission also completed system requirements and mission definition reviews in July 2012. GRACE-FO successfully completed the Interagency Coordination process for the use of a contributed, foreign-provided launch vehicle. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 A memorandum of understanding between NASA and Germany is being developed to codify international contributions (launch vehicle, operations, laser ranging instrument, ground data and science processing). The preliminary design reviews for the LRI and MWI instruments are scheduled for March and April 2013, respectively. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 GRACE-FO will undergo its preliminary design review in January 2014. The confirmation review will occur in February 2014. ES-28
- 79. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GRACE FOLLOW-ON Formulation Development Operations ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule Range Summary Lifecycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary design review. Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary design review. Estimated Life Cycle Cost Key Milestone Estimated KDP-B Date Range ($M) Key Milestone Date Range Aug 2012 $404-$460 LRD Aug 2017 ES-29
- 80. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GRACE FOLLOW-ON Formulation Development Operations Project Management & Commitments GRACE-FO is managed through the Earth Systematic Missions Program at GSFC and implementation is assigned to JPL. Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Provider: Astrium GmbH (Germany) Provides platform for the Lead Center: None Spacecraft N/A instruments. Participating Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: None Provider: JPL Measures the distance Lead Center: JPL Microwave between the spacecraft as a N/A Instrument (MWI) Participating Center: JPL function of time Cost Share Partners: None Provider: French Office National d’Etudes et Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA) Measures all non- Lead Center: None Accelerometers gravitational accelerations of N/A (ACC) the satellite(s) Participating Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: None Provider: JPL and the German Research Heterodyne interferometric Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) laser will measure the Lead Center: None Laser Ranging distance between the two N/A Interferometer (LRI) spacecraft as a function of Participating Center: JPL time Cost Share Partners: GFZ Provider: Germany Delivers observatory into Lead Center: None Launch Vehicle N/A Earth orbit. Participating Center: KSC Cost Share Partners: GFZ Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: The development of a MOU to establish A draft memorandum of understanding is in work. NASA has international contributions is delayed, developed a concept paper to begin discussions with GFZ. After completing the interagency coordination process for the use of a Then: It could have a negative impact on project contributed, foreign-provided launch vehicle in November 2012, deadlines. NASA will begin formal MOU negotiations with GFZ. ES-30
- 81. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions GRACE FOLLOW-ON Formulation Development Operations Acquisition Strategy The acquisition strategy for GRACE-FO leveraged GRACE heritage by using sole source procurement to the same vendors for major components. All other mission components were built in-house or provided by international partners. All major acquisitions have been completed. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Spacecraft Astrium Germany Microwave Instrument Ultra Stable Applied Physics Laboratory-Johns Laurel, MD Oscillator Hopkins University Microwave Assemblies Space Systems/Loral Palo Alto, CA Accelerometers ONERA France INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Project approved Standing Review KDP-B Milestone Performance Aug 2012 to enter Phase B Feb 2014 Board Review of formulation To be Standing Review KDP-C Milestone Performance Feb 2014 determined Aug 2015 Board Review (TBD) Standing Review KDP-D Milestone Performance Aug 2015 TBD Jul 2017 Board Review Standing Review Performance Jul 2017 Flight readiness review TBD N/A Board ES-31
- 82. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 404.9 -- 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6 Earth Systematic Missions Research 11.2 -- 12.1 16.8 19.5 24.6 24.6 Ocean Surface Topography Science Team 6.3 -- 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.4 Earth Observations Systems Research 27.3 -- 24.1 24.5 25.3 25.5 25.5 Sage III 22.7 -- 27.3 12.2 6.1 5.0 5.0 Decadal Survey Missions 43.7 -- 114.7 157.0 237.2 276.2 289.7 Deep Space Climate Observatory 0.0 -- 9.9 1.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 Land Imaging 0.0 -- 30.0 84.0 94.8 117.9 117.9 Earth Science Program Management 34.9 -- 32.1 32.4 29.4 30.3 30.5 Precipitation Science Team 7.2 -- 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.7 Ocean Winds Science Team 4.7 -- 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 Land Cover Science Project Office 1.5 -- 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Surface Water and Ocean Topography 0.0 -- 20.0 66.0 109.9 103.9 154.4 Mission Quick Scatterometer 3.6 -- 3.7 2.2 1.6 0.9 0.0 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 9.4 -- 9.9 10.1 10.7 5.1 5.1 Ocean Surface Topography Mission 1.1 -- 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Suomi NPP 6.0 -- 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 Terra 29.8 -- 30.7 31.2 30.6 31.1 30.1 Aqua 31.0 -- 31.7 32.9 33.0 33.4 32.4 Aura 27.8 -- 25.5 26.5 26.4 26.7 25.7 Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance 1.3 -- 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Monitor Satellite Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment 5.3 -- 5.4 3.3 2.4 1.3 0.0 Jason 4.5 -- 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.1 0.0 Earth Observing-1 2.4 -- 2.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite 0.7 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Landsat Data Continuity Mission 123.5 -- 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 Subtotal 406.0 -- 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- 10.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.5 % Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Decadal Survey Missions pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). ES-32
- 83. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Earth Systematic Missions Other Missions and Data Analysis include operating missions and their science teams. Mission science teams define the scientific requirements for their respective missions and generate the algorithms used to process the data into useful data products. The research projects execute competitively selected investigations related to specific mission measurements. Mission Planning and Other Projects EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS RESEARCH Earth Systematic Missions Research funds various science teams for the Earth Systematic missions. These science teams are composed of competitively selected individual investigators who analyze data from the missions to address the related science questions. EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS (EOS) RESEARCH EOS Research funds science for the EOS missions, currently Terra, Aqua, Aura, Landsat, and ICESat missions. Individual investigators are competitively selected to undertake research projects that analyze data from specific missions. While overall the selected activities focus on science data analyses and the development of Earth system data records including climate data records relevant to NASA’s research program, some funded activities continue algorithm improvement and validation for the EOS instrument data products. Recent Achievements A first measurement-based estimate of aerosol intercontinental transport to North America has been made using NASA mission and model data. It was estimated that about half of continental aerosol mass comes from overseas. Researchers use a variety of NASA data to understand better the climatic impacts of aerosols. Researchers have made progress in quantifying the impact of absorbing aerosol on monsoon circulation and the role of aerosol in convective cloud development. DECADAL SURVEY MISSIONS The Decadal Survey Missions project contains missions recommended by the National Academies’ Earth Science decadal study, as well as a variety of climate change missions. All the missions within this project are either in a pre-Phase A (early formulation phase) or are still conducting mission concept studies. The current portfolio of missions includes Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE), Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS), GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE), Aerosol Cloud Ecosystems (ACE), and Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI). The project also contains funding for a potential Earth Radar Mission. Responsibility has been transferred to NASA for the sustained climate measurements that were to have ES-33
- 84. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations been made from the Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS-2), the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System follow-on (CERES-C), and the limb soundings from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-L), previously planned for NOAA’s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series. NASA will begin studying the best options and approaches for economically conducting these earth observations, which are needed to monitor and study the Earth’s climate system. NASA will study approaches to continue the 30 plus-year solar irradiance data record currently produced by the SORCE and ACRIMSAT missions, and the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Calibration Transfer Experiment (TCTE) instrument, a joint mission with NOAA. NASA will study approaches to continue the more than 25-year record of ozone measurements from the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite. NASA will also study the implementation of the Earth radiation budget measurement currently conducted by the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) series of instruments. The CERES study will evaluate the continued system measurement requirements in combination and coordination with the other pre-formulation missions from the 2007 decadal survey, and will define an implementation approach that best achieve the measurement objectives. Recent Achievements The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) and Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) missions completed pre-formulation activities and were approved to enter Phase A. These mission budgets have now moved out of the Decadal Survey Missions line and have been established as separate projects. OCO-3 has been transferred to the Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) program. DEEP SPACE OBSERVATORY (DSCOVR) The Deep Space Observatory mission is a multi-agency (NOAA, US Air Force, and NASA) mission planned for launch in 2014 with the primary goal of making unique space weather measurements from the Lagrange point L1. Lagrange point L1 is on the direct line between Earth and the Sun. NASA will complete the integration of the two Earth-observing instruments, the Earth Poly-Chromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Advanced Radiometer (NISTAR) to the DSCOVR satellite. NASA will also develop and implement the necessary algorithms to enable the “Earth at noon” images from the satellite once on orbit. SURFACE WATER OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY (SWOT) The Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission will improve our understanding of the world's oceans and terrestrial surface waters. The mission, through broad swath altimetry, will make high-resolution measurements of ocean circulation, its kinetic energy, and its dissipation. These measurements will improve ocean circulation models leading to better prediction of weather and climate. The mission will also revolutionize knowledge of the surface water inventory on the continents by precise measurement of water levels in millions of lakes and water bodies and the discharge of all major rivers. This will allow for deeper understanding of the natural water cycle and the informed control of this resource. The 2007 National Academies’decadal survey of Earth Science and the NASA's 2010 Climate Plan endorsed SWOT. The mission will complement the Jason oceanography missions, as well as other NASA ES-34
- 85. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations mission currently being developed to measure the global water cycle (GPM, SMAP, and GRACE-FO). NASA will partner with the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Canadian Space Agency to accomplish this mission. Recent Achievements The mission concept review was completed in September 2012. The KDP-A was completed in November 2012 and the project began formulation (Phase A). STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS EXPERIMENT III- (SAGE III) SAGE III will provide global, long-term measurements of key components of Earth's atmosphere. The most important of these are the vertical distribution of aerosols and ozone from the upper troposphere through the stratosphere. In addition, SAGE III also provides unique measurements of temperature in the stratosphere and mesosphere and profiles of trace gases such as water vapor and nitrogen dioxide that play significant roles in atmospheric radative and chemical processes. These measurements are vital inputs to the global scientific community for improved understanding of climate, climate change and human-induced ozone trends. To take these measurements, SAGE III relies upon the flight-proven designs used in the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement (SAM I) and SAGE I and II instruments. SAGE III is scheduled to board one of NASA's first commercial SpaceX flights in 2015 for a ride to the International Space Station. Recent Achievements The SAGE III team completed instrument vibration testing in 2012. LAND IMAGING Unprecedented changes in land cover and land use have profound consequences for weather and climate change, crop monitoring and water management, carbon cycling and sequestration, and many other economic, health, and societal issues. The Landsat data series, begun in 1972, has provided the longest continuous record of changes in Earth’s surface as seen from space and is the only satellite system that is designed and operated to repeatedly observe the global land surface at moderate resolution. Landsat data are available at no cost to those who work in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education, mapping, and global climate change research. The successful launch of the NASA-US Geological Study (USGS) Landsat Data Continuity Mission (soon to be Landsat-8) mission in February 2013 enables near-term continuation of the 40-year Landsat record and avoids an immediate gap in land imaging data. In FY14 NASA will initiate the definition of a sustained, space-based, global land imaging capability for the nation, ensuring continuity following LDCM. Near-term activities led by NASA, in cooperation with USGS, will focus on studies to define the scope, measurement approaches, cost, and risk of a viable long-term land imaging system that will ES-35
- 86. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations achieve national objectives. Evaluations and design activities will include consideration of stand-alone new instruments and satellites, as well as potential international partnerships. It is expected that NASA will support the overall system design, flight system implementation, and launch of future missions, while USGS will continue to fund ground system development, post-launch operations, and data processing, archiving, and distribution. EARTH SCIENCE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT The Earth Science Program Management budget supports the ESM Program Office at GSFC, the Earth System Science Pathfinder Program Office at LaRC and the Earth Science Flight Project Office at JPL. This budget also supports: The GSFC conjunction assessment risk analysis function, which determines maneuvers required to avoid potential collisions between spacecraft and to avoid debris; The technical and management support for the international Committee on Earth Observation Satellites, which coordinates civil space-borne observations of Earth. Participating agencies strive to enhance international coordination and data exchange and to optimize societal benefit; NASA’s efforts in support of the Big Data Research and Development Initiative, which will advance state-of-the-art core technologies needed to collect, store, preserve, manage, analyze, and share huge quantities of data; and The Independent Program and Assessment Office, which supports various project reviews for flight projects in Earth Science. OCEAN SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY SCIENCE TEAM Ocean Surface Topography Science Team uses scientific data to measure global sea surface height. The data is collected from the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) and Jason satellites. Recent Achievements The team continues to publish actively using data from the OSTM and Jason satellites, with between 100 and 200 papers per year citing data from satellite altimeters. Recent highlights include papers explaining the temporary decline in global sea level that resulted from the 2011 La Niña event. This had such a dramatic impact on global rainfall patterns that water equivalent to half a centimeter of global sea level was transferred from the oceans to the continents. ES-36
- 87. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations PRECIPITATION SCIENCE TEAM The Precipitation Science Team uses scientific data received from the TRMM satellite to study weather and climate processes. This science team also supports improvements to the TRMM retrieval algorithms and the development of algorithms for the GPM mission. Recent Achievements The team has used TRMM’s observations to greatly increase our understanding of the water cycle and the movement of heat that powers tropical cyclones and hurricanes. The team has also used GPM mission data to make significant progress in improving the estimation accuracy of rainfall rates. OCEAN VECTOR WINDS SCIENCE TEAM Ocean Vector Winds Science Team uses scientific data received from the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite, which measures ocean surface wind vectors by sensing ripples caused by winds near the ocean’s surface. From these data, scientists can compute wind speed and direction thus acquiring hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than is possible from ships or buoys. Recent Achievements Scientists and researchers have used the QuikSCAT climate data set recently to provide an independent evaluation of the ability of climate models to reproduce decadal wind and wind stress observations. Although many features are reproduced by the models, significant differences still exist between models and observation. These studies will be incorporated in upcoming international climate change assessments. LAND COVER PROJECT SCIENCE OFFICE (LCPSO) The Land Cover Project Science Office maintains over 40 years of calibration records for the Landsat-1 through Landsat-7 series of satellites. The office also provides community software tools to make it easier for users to work with this data. In collaboration with USGS, LCPSO supports improvements in the Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan and provision of preprocessed data sets for land-cover change analysis. ES-37
- 88. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Operating Missions QUICK SCATTEROMETER (QUIKSCAT) The QuikSCAT mission carries the SeaWinds instrument, originally designed to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction under nearly all-weather conditions. Since the antenna stopped rotating in 2009, several years past its design life, the sensor has become the standard for cross-calibration with other ocean wind scatterometers, enabling both the continuation of the high-quality ocean winds dataset and the operational forecasts. QuikSCAT launched in 1999 and is currently in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the QuikSCAT mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the QuikSCAT mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements The QuikSCAT project team completed the full mission reprocessing of the entire 10-year QuikSCAT dataset. The dataset from 1999 to2009 enables scientists beyond the traditional ocean vector wind community to conduct climate studies, such as assessing global carbon loss from Earth’s forested areas. The cross-calibration efforts with the Indian Space Research Organization’s OceanScat mission have been successful in extending the research-quality ocean wind vector dataset. TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION (TRMM) TRMM measures precipitation, clouds, and lightning over tropical and subtropical regions and extends our knowledge about how the energy associated with rainfall interacts with other aspects of the global climate. The TRMM sensor suite provides a three-dimensional map of storm structure, yielding information on rain intensity Most of the energy needed to drive global and distribution. TRMM launched in 1997. It is a joint atmospheric circulation comes from mission with Japan. The 2011 Earth Science senior evaporating water. As water vapor rises, it review endorsed the TRMM mission for continued condenses into cloud clusters, thus releasing operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. heat energy, with rainfall as the product of this The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re- release. To provide better climate modeling, the evaluate the TRMM mission extension in terms of TRMM satellite measures rainfall as shown scientific value, national interest, technical performance, here, which shows data from the first tropical and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science cyclone of 2012 over the Arabia Sea. strategic plans. ES-38
- 89. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements TRMM launched in 1997 and celebrated its 15th anniversary of operations in November 2012. In October 2012, TRMM passed above the first tropical cyclone of the year as it was forming in the Arabian Sea. TRMM data showed that rain at the surface was falling at a rate of up to 41 millimeters per hour (approximately1.6 inches per hour) in the forming tropical cyclone. Bands of thunderstorms were also wrapping tightly into a well-defined, low-level center of circulation. TRMM data was also used to create a 3-D image that showed the vertical structure of convective storms in the area. The image shows some towering convective storms were reaching heights of over 16 kilometers (approximately 9.9 miles). OCEAN SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY MISSION (OSTM) OSTM, or Jason-2, measures sea surface height and enables scientists to assess climate variability and change, and water and energy cycles. This mission is a follow-on mission to Jason, which launched in 2008 and recently completed its prime operations phase. OSTM is a joint mission with NOAA, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the OSTM mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the OSTM mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements OSTM produced important images of sea surface heights in the northeastern Gulf showing Hurricane Isaac's path in August 2012. The storm's track away from the Gulf's warmest waters helped to keep Isaac from intensifying rapidly, as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita did in 2005. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on NASA/NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite captured this night-time SUOMI NATIONAL POLAR ORBITING view of Hurricane Sandy, taken 16 to 18 PARTNERSHIP (SUOMI NPP) hours before the storm's landfall. The VIIRS instrument is one of five advanced Suomi NPP launched in October 2011 to ensure critical instruments aboard Suomi NPP that continuity in the nation’s operational meteorological provide observations to help us measurements from the afternoon orbit. The five understand, monitor, and predict long- instruments on Suomi NPP provide visible and infrared term climate change as well as short-term multi-spectral global imagery, atmospheric temperature and weather conditions. moisture profiles, total ozone and stratospheric ozone ES-39
- 90. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations profiles, and measurements of Earth’s radiation balance. In addition to a wide range of applications studies, the NASA science focus areas served by Suomi NPP include atmospheric composition, climate variability and change, carbon cycle, ecosystems, water and energy cycles, and weather. Recent Achievements The Suomi NPP mission was commissioned to begin operations in March 2012 and immediately began supporting the operational weather forecast system. TERRA Terra is one of the Earth Observing System flagship missions. It enables a wide range of interdisciplinary studies of atmospheric composition, carbon cycle, ecosystems, biogeochemistry, climate variability and change, water and energy cycles, and weather. Terra launched in 1999 and is a joint mission with Japan and Canada. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the Terra mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re- evaluate the Terra mission extension in terms of 39% of the United States suffered severe drought scientific value, national interest, technical conditions through August 2012. The browning and performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA withering of vegetation in the central United States is Earth Science strategic plans. clear in this vegetation anomaly map based on data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Recent Achievements Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites. The map contrasts plant health in The Terra satellite produced important snow maps to August 2012 against the average conditions between help us understand the widespread drought in 2012. 2002 and 2012. Gray areas show where plant growth Snowpack maps help hydrologists and climate was below normal. modelers determine how much water is available for irrigation and drinking. AQUA Aqua, another of the Earth Observing System flagship missions, also operates in the afternoon constellation of satellites, known as the A-Train. Aqua improves our understanding of Earth’s water cycle and the intricacies of the climate system by monitoring atmospheric, land, ocean, and ice variables. Aqua launched in 2002 and is a joint mission with Brazil and Japan. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the Aqua mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Aqua mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth ES-40
- 91. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements In FY 2012, the Aqua team made significant progress towards recovering the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS instrument. Aqua also supported the return of CloudSat into the A-Train constellation. AURA The Aura mission enables study of atmospheric composition, climate variability and weather by measuring atmospheric chemical composition, tropospheric/stratospheric exchange of energy and chemicals, chemistry-climate interactions, and air quality. Aura is also part of the A-Train. Aura launched in 2004. It is a joint mission with the Netherlands, Finland, and the United Kingdom. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the Aura mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Aura mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements In FY 2012, a team of scientists used the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's Aura satellite to confirm major reductions in the levels of a key air pollutant generated by coal power plants in the eastern United States. The pollutant, sulfur dioxide, contributes to the formation of acid rain and can cause serious health problems. The scientists have shown that sulfur dioxide levels in the vicinity of major coal power plants have fallen by nearly half since 2005. The new findings, the first satellite observations of this type, confirm ground-based measurements of declining sulfur dioxide levels. The findings also demonstrate that scientists can potentially measure levels of harmful emissions throughout the world, even in places where ground monitoring is not extensive or does not exist. ACTIVE CAVITY RADIOMETER IRRADIANCE MONITOR SATELLITE (ACRIMSAT) The ACRIMSAT was launched in December 1999 to monitor total solar irradiance, which contributes to assessments of climate variability. ACRIMSAT data will be correlated with possible global warming data, ice cap shrinkage data, and ozone layer depletion data. It is theorized that as much as 25 percent of Earth's total global warming may be solar in origin, due to small increases in the Sun's total energy output since the last century. By measuring incoming solar radiation and correlating the radiation with measurements of ocean and atmosphere currents and temperatures, as well as surface temperatures, climatologists will be able to improve their predictions of climate and global warming over the next century. ES-41
- 92. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations SOLAR RADIATION AND CLIMATE EXPERIMENT (SORCE) The SORCE mission measures the total and spectral solar irradiance incident at the top of Earth’s atmosphere. SORCE will provide state-of-the-art measurements of incoming X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and total solar radiation in order to address long-term climate change, natural variability and enhanced climate prediction, and atmospheric ozone and Ultraviolet-B radiation. These measurements are critical to studies of the Sun, its effect on the Earth system, and its influence on humankind. SORCE launched in 2003 and is in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the SORCE mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the SORCE mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements The SORCE mission successfully managed its degrading battery to maintain the Total Solar Irradiance record through 2012. JASON The Jason mission makes precise measurements of ocean height to support the study of ocean circulation and sea level rise. Jason enables oceanographers to monitor global ocean circulation, improve global climate predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño conditions and ocean eddies. Jason launched in 2001 and is a collaboration between NASA and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES). The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the Jason mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Jason mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements The Jason satellite experienced an error in computer memory in March 2012. The mission is still collecting valid oceanographic measurements, but the possibility of on-orbit failure increased. In accordance with international orbit debris standards, NASA and its partner CNES chose to move Jason to an alternate orbit that is also its eventual ‘graveyard’ orbit. A valuable new geodetic dataset will be collected in the new orbit, although temporal resolution of the oceanographic dataset will be reduced since Jason no longer flies with the OSTM mission. The new geodetic mission commenced May 2012. EARTH OBSERVING-1 (EO-1) The Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite is an advanced land-imaging mission with relevance to various areas of Earth Science, including carbon cycle, ecosystems, biogeochemistry, and Earth surface and interior. EO-1 launched in 2000 and is in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review ES-42
- 93. Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations endorsed the EO-1 mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the EO-1 mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements Data from instruments and sensors aboard EO-1 has enabled scientists and the international research community to observe evolving trends in Earth’s physical phenomena. EO-1 has identified located and imaged phenomena such as wildfires, volcanoes, floods and ice breakup with high-resolution instruments. LANDSAT DATA CONTINUITY MISSION (LDCM) The Landsat Data Continuity Mission is the eighth in the Landsat series of satellites that have been continuously observing Earth's land surfaces by recording data since 1972. This data is a key tool for monitoring climate change and has led to the improvement of human and biodiversity health, energy and water management, urban planning, disaster recovery and agriculture monitoring. This results in incalculable benefits to the US and global economies. Recent Achievements The LDCM satellite successfully launched into orbit on February 11, 2013. It will now go through a three-month on-orbit check-out phase. Afterwards, operational control will be transferred to NASA's mission partner, the Department of the Interior's USGS, and the satellite will be renamed Landsat 8. Data will be archived and distributed free over the internet from the Earth Resources and Science (EROS) center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Distribution of Landsat 8 data from the USGS archive is expected to begin within 100 days of launch. ES-43
- 94. Science: Earth Science EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 183.3 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0 OCO-2 93.4 -- 81.2 21.0 12.5 7.9 12.0 Venture Class Missions 53.6 -- 212.7 208.5 166.9 190.0 201.7 Other Missions and Data Analysis 40.5 -- 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3 Subtotal 187.5 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -4.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- 170.3 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 92.9 % Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Other Missions and Data Analysis pursuant to P.L. 112- 55, Division B, sec. 528(f). The Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) program provides an innovative approach to Earth science research by providing frequent regular, competitively selected opportunities that accommodate new and emerging scientific priorities and measurement capabilities. This results in a series of relatively low-cost, small-sized investigations and missions. These missions are led by principal investigators whose scientific objectives support a variety of studies, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, polar ice regions, or solid Earth. ESSP projects include space missions, space-based remote sensing instruments for missions of opportunity, and extended duration airborne science NASA’s newly selected Earth Venture Class project, missions. The ESSP program also supports the the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution conduct of science research utilizing data from (TEMPO) mission, will be led by a team that includes these missions. ESSP projects often involve partnerships with NASA Centers, the Environmental partnerships with other US agencies and/or Protection Agency, industry, academia and research international organizations. This portfolio of organizations. TEMPO is aimed at tracking ozone, missions and investigations provides opportunity aerosols and other trace gases over North America to for investment in innovative Earth science that gauge how pollution affects climate change and air enhances NASA’s capability for better quality. understanding the current state of the Earth system. ES-44
- 95. Science: Earth Science EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The increase in the ESSP program line has been driven by the expected increase in the launch vehicle cost for the OCO-2 mission. ES-45
- 96. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OCO-2 Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 180.1 93.4 80.3 81.2 21.0 12.5 7.9 12.0 488.4 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 180.1 93.4 80.3 81.2 21.0 11.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 467.5 Formulation 60.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 60.9 Development/Implementation 119.3 93.4 80.3 74.1 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 371.6 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 16.4 11.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 35.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -12.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -13.1% PROJECT PURPOSE The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) mission will monitor the concentration levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a critical component of Earth's atmosphere. Since the beginning of the industrial age, the concentration of CO2 has increased by about 38 percent. Scientific studies indicate that CO2 is one of several greenhouse gases that trap heat near Earth's surface. Most scientists have concluded that substantial increases in CO2 This is an artist’s concept of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. will generate an increase in the overall Earth's OCO-2 is designed to make space-based measurements of surface temperature, referred to as global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) that will provide a warming. Historical records provide evidence bigger, clearer, more complete picture of global CO2. This of this trend. enhanced understanding of CO2, an important greenhouse gas emitted by natural and man-made sources, is essential The OCO-2 mission will play a significant role for improving predictions of future atmospheric CO2 in understanding Earth's climate change. increases and its impact on Earth's climate. Through global coverage, spatial resolution, and accuracy of measurements, OCO-2 will provide a basis to characterize and monitor the geographic distribution of where CO2 is emitted (sources) and absorbed (sinks), and quantify associated variability. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The planned launch vehicle for the OCO-2 satellite was the Taurus XL. However, due to the failure of an identical launch vehicle carrying the Glory mission, NASA terminated the Taurus XL contract. NASA has since awarded a launch services contract to United Launch Alliance for a Delta II launch vehicle. The ES-46
- 97. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OCO-2 Formulation Development Operations OCO-2 budget has been rephased to account for the procurement of the new launch vehicle, and the LCC has been decreased to $467.5 million. The launch date has been delayed to February 2015. PROJECT PARAMETERS The OCO-2 spacecraft will carry three high-resolution grating spectrometers and fly in the A-train of Earth-observing satellites. The Observatory will acquire data in three different measurement modes. In "nadir mode", the instrument views the ground directly below the spacecraft. In "glint mode", the instrument tracks near the location where sunlight is directly reflected on Earth's surface. Glint mode enhances the instrument's ability to acquire highly accurate measurements, particularly over the ocean. In "target mode", the instrument views a specified surface target continuously as the satellite passes overhead. Target mode provides the capability to collect a large number of measurements over sites where ground based and airborne instruments also measure atmospheric CO2. The Observatory has a planned operational life of two years. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 JPL completed and tested the OCO-2 instrument, and subsequently shipped it to the prime contractor. NASA approved the project to begin integration (KDP-D). The instrument and spacecraft were safely integrated to form the OCO-2 spacecraft. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA completed a re-baseline of the project budget and schedule in January 2013 to incorporate the new Delta-II launch vehicle costs and associated technical changes. The first observatory-level tests will be completed during 2013. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The project will complete the flight readiness review in 2014 in preparation for launch. ES-47
- 98. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OCO-2 Formulation Development Operations SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2011 $249 70 2013 371.6M 49.2 LRD Feb 2013 Feb 2015 24 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. Development Cost Details Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 249.0 371.6 122.6 Aircraft/Spacecraft 42.0 68.3 26.3 Payloads 39.4 51.7 12.3 ES-48
- 99. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OCO-2 Formulation Development Operations Systems I&T 2.4 5.6 3.2 Launch Vehicle 67.6 136.8 69.2 Ground Systems 7.5 8.8 1.3 Science/Technology 10 17.0 7.0 Other Direct Project Costs 80.1 83.4 3.3 Project Management & Commitments JPL has project management responsibility for OCO-2. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Three high-resolution Provider: JPL grating spectrometers will Lead Center: JPL OCO-2 instrument acquire precise N/A measurements of Performing Center: JPL atmospheric CO2. Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation Provides platform for the Lead Center: JPL Spacecraft N/A instrument. Performing Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation Provides mission Lead Center: JPL Ground System N/A operations for satellite. Performing Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: United Launch Alliance Delta II launches Lead Center: KSC Original launch Launch Vehicle observatory into Earth vehicle was orbit. Performing Center: KSC Taurus XL Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-49
- 100. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OCO-2 Formulation Development Operations Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: The launch vehicle development is delayed or The Project is monitoring launch vehicle development progress on a mandates spacecraft changes for bi-weekly basis. The launch vehicle provider has subcontracted with accommodation, a vibration isolation system design and fabrication company to Then: Mission cost will increase. possibly reduce dynamic loads to levels acceptable to the spacecraft. If: Delivery of alternate Reaction Wheel The alternate RWA supplier has been incentivized to deliver the Assemblies (RWAs) is delayed assemblies on an expedited schedule and progress is being monitored on a bi-weekly basis. The Project will be implementing two-shift Then: Launch date could be delayed as much as operations during Observatory I&T to absorb a delayed RWA 30 days delivery to the extent possible. Acquisition Strategy OCO-2 was procured as a single source selection from Jet Propulsion Laboratory in order to maintain the same configuration as the previous OCO mission. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Spacecraft Orbital Sciences Corporation Gilbert, AZ Launch Vehicle United Launch Alliance Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review New plan Replan review of project approved; plans to accommodate cost Performance SRB Jan 2013 project will Apr 2014 and schedule impacts of continue new launch vehicle. development Flight readiness review to Performance SRB Apr 2014 determine project readiness TBD N/A to launch ES-50
- 101. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OCO-2 Formulation Development Operations CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010 AUTHORIZATION ACT Pursuant to Section 103(c) of the NASA Authorization Act of 2005, NASA notified the Committees of an anticipated schedule delay of more than six months and development cost exceeding 15 percent of the baseline on July 25, 2012 as a result of replacing the planned launch vehicle, the Taurus XL. NASA terminated the Taurus XL contract due to the failure of an identical launch vehicle carrying the Glory mission. NASA has since awarded a launch services contract to United Launch Alliance for a Delta II launch vehicle. NASA completed an independent replan review in November 2012 of the OCO-2 Project to incorporate losses from the terminated Taurus-XL launch vehicle contract, new costs for the Delta-II launch vehicle, modifications to adapt the spacecraft and other systems to the new launch vehicle, and the associated delays for this launch service vendor change. The proposed replanned cost and schedule commitment are compliant with the 70% confidence level consistent with NASA policies. The proposed new mission plan has been presented to and approved by the NASA SMD Associate Administrator (AA) and Directorate Program Management Council (DPMC) on January 16, 2013, and the final mission cost and schedule will be included in the FY 2014 President’s Budget Request. The current projected OCO-2 launch readiness date is February 2015, the development cost estimate is $371.6 and the lifecycle cost estimate (excluding extended operations) is $467.5 million. ES-51
- 102. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 53.6 -- 212.7 208.5 166.9 190.0 201.7 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 159.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 296.8 % PROJECT PURPOSE NASA’s Earth Venture Class projects provide frequent flight opportunities for high-quality Earth science investigations that are low cost and that can be developed and flown in five years or less. The investigations will be selected through open competitions to ensure broad community involvement and encourage innovative approaches. Successful investigations will enhance our capability to understand better the current state of the Earth system and to enable continual improvement in the prediction of future changes. Solicitations will alternate between space-borne and airborne/suborbital opportunities. NASA established the Venture Class project in response to recommendations in the National Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Academies’ report, Earth Science and Applications Experiment (CARVE) airborne observations over from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Alaska will be integrated with data from strategically Decade and Beyond. located ground-based sites, as depicted in the artist concept. CARVE science fills a critical gap in Earth The current Venture Class missions include: science knowledge on the fundamental elements of the complex Arctic biological-climatologic-hydrologic Earth Venture Suborbital -1 (EVS-1, selected in system. 2010) investigations include: Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) addresses the uncertainties in existing estimates by measuring soil moisture in the root zone of representative regions of major North American ecosystems; Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) studies chemical and physical processes at different times of year from bases in California, Guam, Hawaii, and Australia; Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) collects an integrated set of data that will provide experimental insights into Arctic carbon cycling, especially the release of the important greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane; ES-52
- 103. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS Formulation Development Operations Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) improves the interpretation of satellite observations to diagnose near-surface conditions relating to air quality; and Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel studies hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean basin using two NASA Global Hawks flying high above the storms for up to 30 hours. Earth Venture Mission -1 (EVM-1, selected in 2012) The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) will make accurate measurements of ocean surface winds throughout the life cycle of tropical storms and hurricanes, which could lead to better weather forecasting. CYGNSS data will enable scientists to probe from space key air-sea interaction processes that take place near the inner core of the storms, which are rapidly changing and play large roles in the genesis and intensification of hurricanes. The CYGNSS measurements also will provide information to the hurricane forecast community, potentially enabling better modeling to predict the strength of hurricanes as they develop. CYGNSS is currently in formulation and will launch in 2017. CYGNSS's eight micro-satellite observatories will receive both direct and reflected signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The direct signals pinpoint CYGNSS observatory positions, while the reflected signals respond to ocean surface roughness, from which wind speed is retrieved. Earth Venture Instrument-1 (EVI-1) The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument was selected in November, 2012. The instrument will be mounted on a commercial communications satellite in geostationary orbit and will monitor air pollutants over North America beginning in 2017. This is a first step toward what researchers hope will be a global network of pollution monitors in space. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES CYGNSS and TEMPO were competitively selected from the EVM-1 and EVI-1competitions respectively, and their budgets have been moved into a separate project line within ESSP. PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS The Earth Venture Class project consists of three different types of activities: Earth Venture Suborbital (EVS) are sustained suborbital science investigations. Each solicitation is capped at $150 million, and NASA will select multiple investigations within each call, individually cost capped at $30 million. The EVS solicitations will be made at four-year intervals; Earth Venture small Missions (EVM) are small space-based missions. Each solicitation is cost capped at $150 million. The EVM solicitations will be made at four-year intervals; and Earth Venture Instruments (EVI) are instruments to be flown on missions or platforms to be selected by NASA. Each solicitation is cost capped at $90 million. The EVI solicitations will be made at no more than 18-month intervals. ES-53
- 104. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS Formulation Development Operations ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The EVM-1 Announcement of Opportunity proposals were reviewed and the winning proposal, CYGNSS, was selected in summer 2012. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, NASA will produce results from all three types of the Earth Venture Class mission lines of competitive opportunities: Continue with the second year of science data from the EVS-1 investigations; Initiate the contracts and continue the formulation phase of the CYGNSS EVM-1 small mission; Evaluate and select the winning proposal from the EVI-1 call; Develop and release the next sub-orbital Venture call, EVS-2; and Develop the EVI-2 instrument call for release. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The five EVS-1 airborne science investigations will continue with their third year of field campaigns. The CYGNSS mission will complete formulation and move into implementation. The TEMPO selection will also make the transition from formulation into implementation. The second instrument call, EVI-2 will be completed with a selection, and the second suborbital call, EVS-2, will be completed and the investigations selected. ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE ES-54
- 105. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS Formulation Development Operations Project Management & Commitments The Venture Class missions and investigations are managed within the ESSP program. Program management responsibility for implementation has been assigned to the ESSP Program Manager at LaRC. Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Provider: University of Michigan, JPL Lead Center: LaRC EVS-1: AirMOSS Soil Moisture N/A Participating Center: LaRC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: ARC Temporal changes in Lead Center: ARC EVS-1: ATTREX chemical and physical N/A processes Participating Center: ARC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: JPL Lead Center: JPL EVS-1: CARVE Arctic carbon cycling N/A Participating Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: LaRC EVS-1: DISCOVER- Lead Center: LaRC Air quality monitoring N/A AQ Participating Center: LaRC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: GSFC, ARC Lead Center: GSFC, ARC EVS-1: HS3 Hurricane and severe storms N/A Participating Centers: GSFC, ARC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: University of Michigan Ocean surface wind Lead Center: LaRC EVM-1: CYGNSS N/A measurements Participating Centers: LaRC, ARC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Lead Center: None EVI-1: TEMPO Air pollution monitoring N/A Participating Centers: LaRC, GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-55
- 106. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS Formulation Development Operations Acquisition Strategy NASA anticipates issuing a solicitation for a Venture Class element at least once a year. NASA will award all Venture Class funds through full and open competition. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) CYGNSS - project management, development, integration and mission Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, TX operations INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Determine readiness of Performance SRB N/A CYGNSS to enter Phase TBD B CYGNSS preliminary Performance SRB Jun 2013 TBD design review CYGNSS critical design Performance SRB Q1 FY14 TBD review ES-56
- 107. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 36.3 -- 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3 Earth System Science Pathfinder Missions 14.0 -- 13.9 14.2 14.6 14.8 14.8 Research Aquarius 4.2 -- 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment 5.2 -- 5.0 3.1 2.2 1.2 0.0 Cloudsat 10.5 -- 8.1 4.9 3.5 2.0 0.0 Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared 6.5 -- 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.2 Pathfinder Satellite Observations Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 0.0 -- 20.8 29.3 20.0 9.0 9.0 Subtotal 40.5 -- 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -4.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- 23.3 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 64.2 % Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Aquarius pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Other Missions and Data Analysis includes operating missions and mission-specific research. These innovative missions will provide Earth science to enhance understanding of the current state of the Earth system and to enable continual improvement in the prediction of future changes. Mission Planning and Other Projects ESSP MISSIONS RESEARCH ESSP Missions Research provides funds for the science teams supporting ESSP operating missions. The science teams are comprised of competitively selected individual investigators who analyze data from the missions to address relevant science questions. OCO-3 The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3, or OCO-3, is a space instrument that will investigate important questions about the distribution of carbon dioxide on Earth as it relates to growing urban populations and changing patterns of fossil fuel combustion. NASA will develop and assemble the instrument using spare ES-57
- 108. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations materials from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 and host the instrument on the International Space Station or another space-based platform. OCO-3 is currently in formulation. Operating Missions AQUARIUS The Aquarius spacecraft observes and models seasonal and year-to-year variations of sea-surface salinity and how these variations relate to changes in the water cycle and ocean circulation. The mission provides the first global observations of sea surface salinity, scanning the surface of Earth once every seven days. In its three-year mission life, Aquarius will collect as many sea surface salinity measurements as the entire 125-year historical record obtained from ships and buoys. The NASA-provided The color shading in the panels in the figure above Aquarius instrument is flying on the Satellite for shows sea surface salinity on December 18, 2011. Scientific Applications-D (SAC-D) spacecraft, which Derived from Aquarius measurements, this data shows the peaks and valleys of tropical instability is operated by the Argentine space agency, Comisión waves in the eastern to central equatorial Pacific Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE). Ocean. Sea surface salinity is part of the many Aquarius launched in June 2011 and is currently in variables that contribute to a complete set of prime mission operations. surface observations to study how global ocean circulation responds to climate change. Recent Achievements New research using salinity data from NASA's Aquarius instrument on the SAC-D observatory has given scientists an unprecedented look at a key factor involved in the formation of ocean waves in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Salinity was found to play an important role in the physics of these waves, and observations of their salinity are important to understanding them and their impacts on climate variability and prediction, and biogeochemistry. ES-58
- 109. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations GRAVITY RECOVERY AND CLIMATE EXPERIMENT (GRACE) GRACE measures minute changes in Earth’s gravity field by measuring micron-scale variations in the separation between the two spacecraft that fly in formation 220 kilometers apart in low Earth orbit. Local changes in Earth’s mass cause the variations in gravitational pull. GRACE has demonstrated a new paradigm of observations that utilizes ultra-small variations of Earth’s gravity field (as small as one-billionth the surface force of gravity). With this capability, GRACE was the first mission to provide a comprehensive measurement of the monthly change in the ice sheets and major glaciers. GRACE has provided significant new information on The Earth as seen by the Gravity changes in water resources within river basins and Recovery And Climate Experiment aquifers worldwide, and has measured the effects of major (GRACE) satellites. Color variations earthquakes around the world. NASA developed the twin represent strong or weak gravitational GRACE satellites in collaboration with German Aero- fields. The data gives scientists a way to Space Center, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und visualize global processes and geological Raumfahrt (DLR), and launched in 2002. changes over time, providing early warning of floods, crop failures, and The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the aquifer depletion in remote corners of the GRACE mission for continued operations through 2013 globe. and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the GRACE mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. Recent Achievements In 2012, a deep and persistent drought struck vast portions of the continental United States. Though there was some relief in the late summer, GRACE was able to show that the drought lingered in the underground water supplies that are often required for drinking and farming. ES-59
- 110. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations CLOUDSAT CloudSat measures cloud characteristics to increase understanding of the role of clouds in Earth’s radiation budget. This mission specifically provides estimates of the percentage of Earth’s clouds that produce rain, provides vertically-resolved estimates of how much water and ice are in Earth’s clouds, and estimates how efficiently the atmosphere produces rain from condensates. CloudSat is collecting information about the vertical structure of clouds and aerosols that other Earth-observing satellites do not collect. This data is improving models and providing a better understanding of the human impact on the atmosphere. Cloudsat launched in 2006. It is currently in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed CloudSat made a nighttime overpass the Cloudsat mission for continued operations through 2013 (approximately 0630 UTC) of the and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will thunderstorms responsible for the occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Cloudsat mission tornadic outbreak over Kentucky, extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, Tennessee, and Mississippi on Tuesday, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to February 5, 2008. This extensive tornado NASA Earth Science strategic plans. outbreak, which is responsible for more than 50 fatalities and billions of dollars in damage, occurred in the late evening and Recent Achievements throughout the night of the 5th into the 6th of February. In October 2012, CloudSat’s orbital path crossed over Hurricane Sandy, an estimated 137 miles to the west of the center of the storm. At the time, the hurricane was still over the Atlantic Ocean. The satellite sampled the vertical structure of the storm along a band of moderate precipitation stretching across New York to coastal North Carolina. The instrument measured maximum cloud top heights of up to 8 miles. The cloud top height data, combined with measurements of ice crystals, water droplets, and precipitation, will improve our understanding of the convective processes operating within this important storm system. CLOUD-AEROSOL LIDAR AND INFRARED PATHFINDER SATELLITE OBSERVATION (CALIPSO) CALIPSO provides data on the vertical structure of clouds, the geographic and vertical distribution of aerosols and detects sub visible clouds in the upper troposphere. CALIPSO also provides an indirect estimate of how much clouds and aerosols contribute to atmospheric warming. CALIPSO launched in 2006. It is in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the CALIPSO mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the CALIPSO mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. ES-60
- 111. Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements In FY 2012, a NASA-led study documented an unprecedented depletion of Earth's protective ozone layer above the Arctic the prior winter and spring, caused by an unusually prolonged period of extremely low temperatures in the stratosphere. To investigate the 2011 Arctic ozone loss, a team of international scientists analyzed several different measurements and data, including recent data from NASA's CALIPSO spacecraft. CALIPSO data helped scientists understand the ozone depletion they had observed the prior winter, and enabled them to predict future Arctic ozone loss. ES-61
- 112. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 168.6 -- 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 3.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 1.8 % The Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations (MMO) program acquires, preserves, and distributes observational data from operating spacecraft to support Earth Science focus areas. This is accomplished primarily by the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), which has been in operations since 1994. EOSDIS acquires, processes, archives, and distributes Earth Science data and information products. These products are created from satellite data and arrive at the rate of more than four terabytes per day. NASA Earth Science information is archived at eight Distributed Active Archive Centers EOSDIS ingests, processes, archives and distributes (DAACs) and four disciplinary data centers data from a large number of Earth observing satellites. located across the United States. The DAACs It consists of a set of processing facilities and Earth specialize by topic area, and make their data Science Data Centers distributed across the United available to researchers around the world. States and serves hundreds of thousands of users around the world, providing hundreds of millions of The MMO budget supports the science data data files each year. Segment for Suomi NPP, and data archive and distribution for upcoming missions including OCO-2, SMAP, GPM and ICESAT-2. EOSDIS data centers also support Earth Science suborbital campaigns. A system plan for 2015 and beyond will take into account evolutionary needs for new missions being developed in response to the National Academies decadal survey. These investments will enable the system to keep technologically current, and incorporate new research data and services. For more information, go to: http://www.science.nasa.gov/earth-science/earth-science-data/. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The budget request for FY 2014 includes increased support for Suomi NPP activities, and support for ICESAT-2. EOSDIS project management is working with decadal survey mission teams to understand their mission data characteristics and guide further improvements and system evolution. Support is also included for the Administration’s Big Earth Data Initiative, a multi-agency effort to increase the discovery and utilization of earth science data for the Nation’s societal and economic benefit. ES-62
- 113. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA successfully completed the Evolution of EOSDIS Elements effort, which has increased efficiency and operability and increased data usability. EOSDIS expanded its capabilities to support the increasing suborbital campaign data, including IceBridge and the Earth Venture-1 campaigns. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In response to the decadal survey, EOSDIS managers are building in more capabilities focused on the societal benefit use of our research data and information. In FY 2013, EOSDIS will provide data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instruments in near real time (less than 3 hours from observation) to various applications users. NASA will also ensure interoperability with other national and international earth science data systems, and recover data records from historical missions to extend the availability of key earth science parameters. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will continue to operate and maintain the EOSDIS, and all the accompanying infrastructure and functions. NASA also anticipates providing increased support for Suomi NPP activities, as well as ICESAT-2. Program Elements EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM (EOSDIS) The EOSDIS project provides science data to a wide community of users, including NASA, Federal agencies, international partners, academia, and the public. EOSDIS provides users with the services and tools they need in order to use NASA’s Earth science data in research and creation of models. EOSDIS archives and distributes data through standardized science data products, using algorithms and software developed by Earth Science investigators. The EOSDIS project also funds research opportunities related to EOSDIS. Current programs include Advanced Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) and Making Earth System data records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs). ACCESS projects increase the interconnectedness and reuse of key information-technology software and services in use across the spectrum of Earth science investigations. ACCESS also supports the deployment of data and information systems and services that enable the freer movement of data and information. ACCESS researchers develop needed tools and services to aid in measurable improvements to Earth science data access and usability. Through the MEaSUREs activity, researchers investigate new types of sensors to provide three- dimensional profiles of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Emphasis is placed on linking data from multiple ES-63
- 114. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS satellites, and then facilitating the use of this data in the development of comprehensive Earth system models. EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS This project funds the Elements of EOSDIS Evolution, aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of EOSDIS while reducing the cost. It also supports the eight nationwide DAAC installations that collect, disseminate, and archive Earth science data. Each DAAC focuses on a specific Earth system science discipline and provides users with data products, services, and data-handling tools unique to that specialty: The Alaska Synthetic Aperture Radar Facility, which collects data and information on sea ice, polar processes, and geophysics; The Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center, which collects information on atmospheric composition, atmospheric dynamics, global precipitation, ocean biology, ocean dynamics, and solar irradiance; The Langley Research Center DAAC, which collects data on Earth’s radiation budget, clouds, aerosols, and tropospheric chemistry; The Land Processes DAAC, which collects land processes data; The National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collects snow and ice data, as well as information about the cryosphere and climate; The Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC, which collects data on biogeochemical dynamics and ecological data for studying environmental processes; The Physical Oceanography DAAC, which collects information on oceanic processes and air-sea interactions; and The Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, covering population, sustainability, multilateral environmental agreements, natural hazards, and poverty. ES-64
- 115. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS Program Schedule MMO solicits research opportunities every two years for ACCESS and every five years for MEaSUREs. The new Sea-Level Rise solicitation will be released in coordination with the Earth Science Research Program. Program Management & Commitments The EOSDIS Project Office at GSFC has primary responsibility for day-to-day operations. DAACs are also co-located with other agencies [USGS-EDC Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) EDCEROS Data Center (EDC), DOE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)] and at the following universities: University of Alaska at Fairbanks, University of Colorado, and Columbia University. Program Element Provider Provider: GSFC EOSDIS core system, and Evolution Lead Center: GSFC of EOSDIS upgrades Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Various Distributed Active Archive Centers Lead Center: GSFC (DAACs) Performing Center: GSFC, LaRC, MSFC, JPL Cost Share Partners: N/A ES-65
- 116. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS Acquisition Strategy Research opportunities related to EOSDIS are available through NASA’s ROSES announcements. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) EOSDIS Evolution & Development Raytheon Riverdale, MD INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review EOSDIS scored 77 out of 100, and has improved in all areas of usability and user Survey current EOSDIS satisfaction. As 2013, American Customer users to assess current recommended by Quality 2012 annually Satisfaction Index status and improve future the 2011 report, thereafter services the top priority drivers (product search, selection and order, and documentation) were the most improved. ES-66
- 117. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 51.2 -- 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 3.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 7.6 % Advanced technology plays a major role in enabling Earth research and applications. The Earth Science Technology Program (ESTP) enables previously infeasible science investigations; improves existing measurement capabilities; and reduces the cost, risk, and/or development times for Earth science instruments. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES An Advanced Component Technology project designed, NASA has been increased funding for the developed and built the multi-frequency antenna horn Advanced Technology Initiatives project to shown here and integrated it into a radiometer system support more robust technology space flight prototype for use on the Surface Water Ocean validation. This will help to reduce the cost and Topography (SWOT) mission. This three-frequency risk of new flight missions by providing more microwave radiometer will improve measurement mature instruments. accuracy through the troposphere, the lower-most layer of the atmosphere where all meteorological phenomena (such as rain, hail, snow, clouds, etc.) occur. The capability to ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 account for the high variability of water vapor distribution is the key factor in this technology. In FY 2012, NASA added 18 new investments to the ESTP program through the Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) project solicitation, and progress continued on tasks awarded in FY 2011 through the Advanced Component Technology (ACT) and the Instrument Incubator Project solicitations. During FY 2012, 40 percent of active technology projects advanced at least one technology readiness level, and many technologies were incorporated into science measurements, system demonstrations, or other applications. Overall, of the more than 600 activities completed in the portfolio, NASA has incorporated 37 into other missions, and has identified a path for future incorporation for an additional 43 percent. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, ESTP will develop new remote-sensing and information systems technologies for infusion into future science missions and airborne campaigns. These technologies will enable or enhance measurements and data system capabilities. Instrument, component, and information technology activities awarded in prior solicitations will advance toward incorporation into decadal survey missions and NASA ES-67
- 118. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY Earth science deployments. Technology space flight validation awards made in FY 2013 will be in their first full year of development. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The program anticipates the release of both ACT and AIST solicitations during FY 2014, which will focus on technologies to enable future missions and help improve science data analysis. Program Elements INSTRUMENT INCUBATOR This project develops instrument and measurement techniques at the system level, including laboratory breadboards and operational prototypes for airborne validation. Currently, 35 Instrument Incubator efforts are funded. For example, several instrument prototypes for measuring carbon dioxide are under development. Another effort is developing technologies that enable light measurement in across the spectrum from ultraviolet to visible to infrared. Instrument Incubator also supports the development of a unique type of Lidar that could one day be used to make 3-D wind measurements. ADVANCED INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY (AIST) This project develops end-to-end information technologies that enable new Earth observation measurements and information products. The technologies help process, archive, access, visualize, communicate, and understand science data. Currently, AIST activities focus on three areas needed to support future Earth science measurements: Sensor System Support, which nurtures autonomy and rapid response in the sensing process to improve the science value of data; Advanced Data Processing, designed to enhance the information extracted from the data stream; and Data Services Management, whose investments manage the growing body of Earth science data. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVES (ATI) This project enables development of critical component and subsystem technologies for instruments and platforms, mostly in support of the Earth science decadal survey. Current awards focus on areas such as space-qualified laser transmitters, passive optical technologies, and microwave and calibration technologies. Other awards support measurements of solar radiance, ozone, aerosols, and atmospheric gas columns for air quality and ocean color for coastal ecosystem health and climate emissions. ES-68
- 119. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q2/2014 ROSES-2014 solicitation ROSES-2014 selection no earlier than 6 months of receipt of proposals Program Management & Commitments The Earth Science Technology Program is implemented by the Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), located at GSFC. Program Element Provider Provider: Various Lead Center: Instrument Incubator Performing Centers: GSFC, JPL, LaRC, GRC, DFRC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Various Lead Center: Advanced Information Systems Performing Centers: GSFC, JPL, LaRC, ARC, GRC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Various Lead Center: Advanced Technology Initiatives Performing Centers: GSFC, JPL, LaRC Cost Share Partners: N/A Acquisition Strategy NASA procures tasks primarily through full and open competition, such as through the ROSES announcements. Technology investments are competitively solicited from NASA Centers, industry, and academia. ES-69
- 120. Science: Earth Science EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review The committee was pleased with the technology Review for success in program; it infusion of new recommended NASA Advisory technologies and focusing on Council Earth 2014, 2016, Performance 2012 participation of reducing cost in Science 2018 universities in developing missions and Subcommittee the new generation of enabling specific technologists. measurements. Reports are available at esto.nasa.gov ES-70
- 121. Science: Earth Science APPLIED SCIENCES FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 36.4 -- 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.8 % The NASA Applied Sciences program leverages NASA Earth Science satellite measurements and new scientific knowledge to provide innovative and practical uses for public and private sector organizations. It also enables near-term uses of Earth science knowledge, discovers and demonstrates new applications, and facilitates adoption of applications by non-NASA stakeholder organizations. Applied Sciences projects improve decision-making activities to help the Nation better manage its resources, improve quality of life, and strengthen the economy. NASA develops Earth science applications in collaboration with end-users in public, private, and The program supports applied research and academic organizations. decision-support projects in areas of national priority, such as Disasters, Health & Air Quality, Examples of these applications include: Ecological Forecasting, and Water Resources. The Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System Improved assessment of flooding and landslide (TOPS) above, enables combinations of Earth conditions with the International Red Cross to satellite observations and Earth science model plan mitigation and response activities; outputs to support analysis and improved Improved wildfire smoke predictions with the decision-making. US Forest Service to reduce downwind public exposure; and Advances in accuracy of volcanic ash advisories for airplane pilots with the National Weather Service and the Federal Aviation Administration. The program ensures sustained use of these products in the decision-making process of user organizations. The program also encourages potential users to envision and anticipate possible applications from upcoming satellite missions and to provide input to mission development teams to increase the societal benefits of NASA missions. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. ES-71
- 122. Science: Earth Science APPLIED SCIENCES ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The program initiated a new, phased approach to developing applications projects. Initially, numerous feasibility studies are supported for a year, and then a subset are selected to continue development. The program awarded 58 new activities under this approach in the areas of disasters, water resources, and wildfires. The Applied Sciences program also led the Earth Science Division’s support of disaster response in 2012, by providing data on wildfires and Hurricane Isaac. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, the program will increase its involvement in satellite mission planning by anticipating potential applications and supporting mission designs. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The program will get results from a set of applications feasibility studies in the areas of ecological forecasting and health. To increase focus on high-impact projects, the program will down select the studies and fund a subset in each area that will proceed to three-year implementation projects. The program will issue new project solicitations in FY 2014, particularly to enable use of data from LDCM, GPM and SMAP satellites and to prepare applications for ICESat-2 missions. Initial results from decision-support projects in the areas of disasters, water resources, and wildfires will become available in FY 2014. Program Elements PATHWAYS The Pathways project has two primary lines of business: Applications and Capacity Building. The Applications themes are Health and Air Quality, Disasters, Ecological Forecasting, and Water Resources. The Capacity Building elements focus on foreign and domestic activities to build skills and capabilities in uses of Earth observations, including international and economic development. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q2/2014 ROSES-2014 solicitation ROSES-2014 selection no earlier than 6 months of receipt of proposals ES-72
- 123. Science: Earth Science APPLIED SCIENCES Program Management & Commitments The Applied Sciences Program is managed at NASA Headquarters. Program Element Provider Provider: Various Lead Center: HQ Performing Centers: GSFC, LaRC, SSC, JPL, MSFC, ARC Pathways Cost Share Partners: EPA, NOAA, US Department of Agriculture, USGS, National Park Service (NPS), US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS,) Centers for Disease Control (CDC), US Agency for International Development (USAID) Acquisition Strategy NASA bases the Earth Science Applied Science acquisitions on full and open competition. Grants are peer reviewed and selected based on NASA research announcements and other related announcements. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Review strategy and implementation. Annual TBD; report will Oct 2013; Applied Sciences reports to NASA Relevance Nov 2012 be released Nov annually Analysis Group Advisory Council from 2012 thereafter Earth Science Subcommittee. ES-73
- 124. Science PLANETARY SCIENCE Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0 Planetary Science Research 174.1 -- 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2 Lunar Quest Program 139.9 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Discovery 172.6 -- 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0 New Frontiers 143.7 -- 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2 Mars Exploration 587.1 -- 234.0 227.8 318.4 504.7 513.2 Outer Planets 122.1 -- 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4 Technology 161.9 -- 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0 Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ……………………………………. .......... PS-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7 LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ……………………………………..……… .......... PS-9 Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12 DISCOVERY ………………………………………………………...….. ......... PS-17 Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23 NEW FRONTIERS ………………………………………………………. ........ PS-27 Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33 MARS EXPLORATION …………………………………………..……… ......... PS-36 2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43 OUTER PLANETS ………………………………………..……………. .......... PS-50 TECHNOLOGY ………………………………………….……………… ......... PS-54 PS-1
- 125. Science: Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 174.1 -- 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2 Planetary Science Research and Analysis 122.3 -- 130.1 131.0 131.3 132.2 132.5 Directorate Management 4.0 -- 4.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 Near Earth Object Observations 20.4 -- 40.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 Other Missions and Data Analysis 27.4 -- 46.0 74.5 70.2 70.3 71.8 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 46.5 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 26.7 % Planetary Science Research program provides the scientific foundation for the Nation’s use of the unique data sets returned from NASA missions exploring the solar system. It is also NASA’s primary interface with university faculty and graduate students in this field and the research community in general. The program develops analytical and theoretical tools, as well as laboratory data to support analysis of flight mission data. These capabilities allow Planetary Science to answer specific questions about, and increase the understanding of, the origin and evolution of the solar system. The research program achieves this by supporting research grants solicited annually and subjected to a competitive peer review before selection and award. The image to the left is a solar system montage of the eight planets and four large moons of Jupiter, set against a false- This solar-system montage of the eight planets color view of the Rosette Nebula. Credit: NASA Planetary and four large moons of Jupiter in our solar Photo Collection. system are set against a false-color view of the Rosette Nebula. Credit: NASA Planetary Photo Collection EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The budget request includes a doubling of NASA’s efforts to identify and characterize potentially hazardous near-Earth objects (NEOs). NASA will prioritize partnerships and incentives that can enhance detection, characterization, and follow-up in the next few years. In addition to increasing understanding of the asteroid population, information gathered in this effort will support the proposed mission to retrieve an asteroid. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The research program continued to curate and distribute solar system samples, or astromaterials, returned by NASA planetary missions such as Stardust, Genesis, and Hayabusa. The program also provided PS-2
- 126. Science: Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH continued support for the Rosetta mission’s arrival at comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. The Robotics Alliance Project (RAP) selected 241 teams for receipt of the For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (FIRST) Robotics Student Competition 2012 Grant award. Near Earth Object Observations (NEOO) surveyed about 95 percent of the known population of 1- kilometer and larger objects and has increased efforts for finding and characterizing smaller asteroids down to 140 meters in size. In FY 2012, the NEOO program found 919 more near-Earth asteroids, of which 82 are considered potentially hazardous to Earth. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The research program is archiving and analyzing data from all active planetary missions. The NEOO program supports a network of search and characterization observatories and the data processing and analysis required to understand the near-Earth population of small bodies. In accordance with the findings and recommendations of the January 2010 National Academies study on the NEO hazard, NASA continues to: Analyze the small body data collected by NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission, and support increased follow-up and analysis of this data; Enable collection of NEO detection and characterization data by the United States Air Force’s (USAF) Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Reporting System (Pan-STARRS) and the newly commissioned Space Surveillance Telescope; Support the continued operation of planetary radar capabilities at NSF’s Arecibo and NASA’s Goldstone facilities; and Investigate both ground and space-based concepts for increasing capacity to detect, track and characterize NEOs of all sizes. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The Rosetta mission will arrive and orbit the Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Samples of asteroid Itokawa, collected by the Hayabusa mission, were allocated to researchers in the spring of 2012. The first samples were delivered to NASA in late 2011, and were available for research starting in spring 2012. The first results of their analysis, including study of space weathering and the search for organic matter, are expected in FY 2014. In FY 2014 NASA will aggressively pursue an expanded NEO observation program that will increase the detection and characterization of NEOs of all sizes by increasing the observing time on ground-based telescopes such as PanSTARRs. In support of the future human mission to an asteroid, the Science Mission Directorate and the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate will release a joint Announcement of Opportunity for a space-based NEO infrared telescope, to be flown as a hosted payload on a non-NASA geosynchronous spacecraft. This telescope would observe NEOs that either fly by or impact the Earth, prior to their encounter. PS-3
- 127. Science: Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH Program Elements RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS (R&A) Planetary Science Research & Analysis provides the foundation for the formulation of new scientific questions and strategies for answering those questions. R&A develops new theories and instrumentation concepts that enable the next generation of flight missions. R&A supports research tasks in areas such as astrobiology and cosmochemistry; the origins and evolution of planetary systems; and the atmospheres, geology, and chemistry of the solar system’s planets other than Earth. DIRECTORATE MANAGEMENT The Directorate Management project supports SMD-wide administrative and programmatic requirements. The Robotics Alliance Project is dedicated to increasing interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines among youth in the United States. Annual activities and events expose students to challenging applications of engineering and science. The Robotics Alliance Project supports national robotic competitions in which high school students team with engineering and technical professionals from government, industry, and universities to gain hands-on experience and mentoring. NEAR EARTH OBJECT OBSERVATIONS (NEOO) The NEOO project was charged with detecting and tracking at least 90 percent of the near-Earth objects (NEOs), asteroids and comets that come within 1.3 astronomical units of the Sun. The NEOO project looks for NEOs that have any potential to collide with Earth and do significant damage to the planet. NEOs that could be viable targets for robotic and crewed exploration will also be discovered and characterized where possible. For more information on the NEOO program, go to: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov. PS-4
- 128. Science: Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH Program Schedule Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: NASA Lead Center: HQ R&A Performing Centers: ARC, GRC, GSFC, JPL, JSC, LaRC, MSFC, HQ Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: NASA Lead Center: HQ NEOO Performing Center: HQ, GSFC, JPL, ARC Cost Share Partners: NSF, USAF, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) PS-5
- 129. Science: Planetary Science PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH Acquisition Strategy The Research and Analysis budget will fund competitively selected activities from the Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) omnibus research announcement. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Next Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Review Recommendation was to maintain a Review to assess goals To be Planetary Science strong program Quality 2011 and objectives of determined Subcommittee consistent with program. (TBD) the decadal survey. PS-6
- 130. Science: Planetary Science: Planetary Science Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 27.4 -- 46.0 74.5 70.2 70.3 71.8 Joint Robotics Program for Exploration 0.0 -- 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Planetary Science Directed Research & 0.0 -- 0.0 32.1 32.9 40.1 42.1 Technology Planetary Data System 13.6 -- 13.7 13.8 13.8 13.9 13.9 Astromaterial Curation 5.8 -- 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 Rosetta 8.0 -- 16.5 12.8 7.6 0.5 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 18.6 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 67.9 % Other Missions and Data Analysis includes supporting mission functions such as the Planetary Data Systems and the Astromaterials Curation as well as supporting the NASA portion of the European Space Agency (ESA) Rosetta mission. Mission Planning and Other Projects JOINT ROBOTICS PRECURSOR ACTIVITY This activity funds research and analysis efforts in support of human spaceflight planning and robotic systems development. These precursor activities will characterize exploration environments, identify hazards, and assess resources, which will provide knowledge to inform the selection of future destinations, support the development of exploration systems, and reduce the risk associated with human exploration. NASA’s Science Mission Directorate will jointly conduct many of these research and analysis activities with the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate to maximize the benefit to both science and exploration objectives, as was done with the highly successful Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission. PLANETARY SCIENCE DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY This project funds the civil service staff that will work on emerging Planetary Science flight projects, instruments, and research. The workforce and funding will transfer to projects by the beginning of FY 2014. PS-7
- 131. Science: Planetary Science: Planetary Science Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations PLANETARY DATA SYSTEM The Planetary Data System is the active data archive for NASA’s Planetary Science theme. The Planetary Data System furthers NASA’s Planetary Science goals by efficiently collecting, archiving, and making accessible digital data produced by, or relevant to, NASA’s planetary missions, research programs, and data analysis. The archives include data products derived from a wide range of measurements, including imaging experiments, magnetic and gravity field measurements, orbit data, and various spectroscopic observations. All space-borne data from over 50 years of NASA-funded exploration of comets, asteroids, moons, and planets is publically available through the Planetary Data Systems archive. ASTROMATERIAL CURATION The Astromaterials Curation Facility at JSC is responsible for the curation of all extraterrestrial material under NASA control. Curation is an integral part of any sample return mission. It comprises initial characterization of new samples, preparation and allocation of samples for research and clean and secure storage for the benefit of current and future generations. Samples currently include Apollo lunar samples, Antarctic meteorites, and solar wind, comet, asteroid, and interplanetary dust particles, soil, and rocks. Operating Missions ROSETTA Rosetta, an ESA/NASA comet rendezvous mission in operations phase that launched in March 2004, will enable scientists to look at some of the most primitive material from the formation of the solar system 4,600 million years ago. Rosetta will enable study of the nature and origin of comets, the relationship between cometary and interstellar material, and the implications of comets with regard to the origin of the solar system. The Rosetta spacecraft will be the first to undertake long-term exploration of a comet at close quarters. It comprises a large orbiter designed to operate for a decade at large distances from the Sun, and a small lander. Each of these elements carries a large number of scientific experiments and examinations designed to complete the most detailed study of a comet ever attempted. Rosetta will arrive at comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko in FY 2014. PS-8
- 132. Science: Planetary Science LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 139.9 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lunar Science 66.8 -- 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment 70.4 -- 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Explorer Surface Science Lander Technology 2.8 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Subtotal 140.0 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- -122.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -87.3 % Note: * Rescission of $0.032million of prior-year unobligated balances from Lunar Science pursuant to P.L. 112- 55, Division B, sec. 528(f).Amounts rounds to $0.0 million in table above. Lunar Quest conducts scientific exploration of the Moon through research and analysis and through the development of small-to-medium satellites. Lunar Quest addresses the science priorities identified in the National Academies report, The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The Lunar Quest program is being closed out as a separate program within Planetary Science after FY 2014. The "Mighty Eagle,” powered by hydrogen peroxide and guided by autonomous rendezvous and capture software, ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 is shown descending gently from an altitude of 100 feet to In summer of 2012, the Surface Science Lander a successful controlled landing. The Mighty Eagle will be used to mature the technologies needed to achieve Technology project conducted its second series scientific and exploration goals on the surface of the moon, of free-flight tests of a robotic lander. This asteroids, or other airless bodies with a new generation of series of flight tests successfully demonstrated small, smart, versatile robotic landers. The Mighty Eagle that the autonomous guidance system could was developed for NASA by Marshall Space Flight Center identify a target from a 30-meter altitude and and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics guide a lander to a soft landing on a target 10 Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. meters downrange. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter continued to acquire data about Earth’s nearest celestial neighbor. Among other accomplishments, LRO results published in FY 2012: PS-9
- 133. Science: Planetary Science LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM Quantified the abundance and distribution of surface ice at the lunar south pole, showing that surface frost may cover significant portions of some craters; Improved the age dating of lunar landforms by using crater counts from the new high-resolution LRO images; Identified widespread distribution of lunar pits and caverns, sites that are potential targets for future exploration; and Produced the first cosmic ray proton brightness map of the lunar surface. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) is continuing through the integration and testing phase. LRO operations are ongoing. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 LADEE is scheduled for launch and will complete operations in FY 2014. Program Elements LUNAR SCIENCE RESEARCH The Lunar Science Research project enhances participation and collaboration within the lunar science community. It is composed of competed research and analysis opportunities that include: The NASA Lunar Science Institute, a virtual institute of geographically dispersed researchers and institutions; The Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research program, a lunar-only element in the annual ROSES competitive research announcement; and Lunar Data, which supports lunar data archives and distribution to the science community. LUNAR MANAGEMENT The Lunar Management Office, located at the Marshall Space Flight Center, provides the management oversight for all the missions in the Lunar Quest program. PS-10
- 134. Science: Planetary Science LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM Program Schedule The Lunar Quest program will end shortly after the LADEE mission is complete, currently scheduled for FY 2014. Date Significant Event 11/13 LADEE Launch Readiness Date Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: HQ Lead Center: HQ Lunar Science Performing Centers: ARC, GSFC, MSFC, JPL, JSC Cost Share Partners: N/A Acquisition Strategy All major procurements are in place. No new awards are expected in FY 2014. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Delta SIR completed in LADEE passed LADEE Aug 2012. The purpose SIR and was Systems Standing Review was to evaluate the Late FY Aug-12 approved to Integration Board (SRB) readiness of the overall 2013 continue in Review (SIR) system to commence Phase D integration and test. PS-11
- 135. Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 148.6 70.4 41.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 262.9 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 148.6 70.4 41.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 262.9 Formulation 79.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 79.5 Development/Implementation 69.1 70.4 36.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 176.1 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 4.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -70.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -99.4% PROJECT PURPOSE LADEE will determine the global density, composition, and time variability of the lunar atmosphere. LADEE will measure lunar dust and characterize the lunar atmosphere. Analysis of LADEE’s data will broaden the scientific understanding of other planetary bodies with thin atmospheres. Additionally, LADEE will carry an optical laser communications demonstrator, provided by the Space Communications and Navigation program within Human Exploration and Operations, that will test laser communication from lunar orbit. The National Academies report The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon lists studies of the pristine state of the lunar atmosphere and dust environment EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES as two of eight major priorities for future lunar science missions. LADEE was developed to address None. these two priorities. PROJECT PARAMETERS LADEE will deliver its science using three instrument packages. The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) will measure variations in the lunar atmosphere over multiple lunar orbits with the Moon in different space environments. The UV/Visible Spectrometer will determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere by analyzing light signatures of materials it finds. The Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) will collect and analyze samples of any lunar dust particles in the tenuous atmosphere. The mission will test a first-of-its-kind spacecraft architecture called the “Modular Common Bus,” developed by NASA as a flexible, low-cost, rapid-turnaround spacecraft for both orbiting and landing on the Moon and other deep space targets. PS-12
- 136. Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER Formulation Development Operations In addition to three science instruments, LADEE will carry the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration (LLCD), sponsored by the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. LLCD will demonstrate high-bandwidth optical communications from lunar orbit for the first time. NASA will launch LADEE on a Minotaur V, procured by the Air Force, from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility. LADEE is an in-house development project, the first spacecraft to be built internally at Ames Research Center, and the first deep space planetary mission to be launched from Wallops Flight Facility. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 LADEE completed its System Integration Review in August 2012. All three science instruments were delivered and integrated on the spacecraft. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration was delivered and integrated on the spacecraft. NASA continues to work on spacecraft environmental testing, mission operations planning and staff training, and launch vehicle design and building. Ames Research Center will conduct the Electromagnetic Interference/Capability EMI/EMC testing, and a contractor in Southern California will perform the Acoustic and Vibration testing. Mission operations reviews are underway, as are launch vehicle development reviews. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 LADEE is scheduled to launch no later than November 2013. Data returned from the mission will be formatted and entered into the Planetary Data System. Scientists will use the data system to begin analysis. SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date Key Decision Point C (KDP-C) Aug 2010 Aug 2010 Critical Design Review (CDR) May 2011 May 2011 System Integration Review (SIR) Nov 2012 Aug 2012 Launch Nov 2013 Nov 2013 End of Prime Mission Apr 2014 Mar 2014 PS-13
- 137. Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER Formulation Development Operations Project Schedule Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2011 168.2 70 2013 176.1 4.5 LRD Nov 2013 Nov 2013 0 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. Development Cost Details Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 168.2 176.1 7.9 Aircraft/Spacecraft 34.8 52.2 17.4 Payloads 15 22.4 7.4 PS-14
- 138. Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER Formulation Development Operations Systems I&T 6.7 8.6 1.9 Launch Vehicle 45.7 57.8 12.1 Ground Systems 3.5 6.7 3.2 Science/Technology 0.8 .8 0.0 Other Direct Project Costs 61.7 27.5 -34.2 Project Management & Commitments Ames Research Center (ARC) has project management responsibility. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provider: ARC The LADEE spacecraft bus design, derived from the Lead Center: ARC Spacecraft None Modular Common Performing Centers: ARC Spacecraft Bus architecture Cost Share Partners: N/A Will measure variations in Provider: GSFC Neutral mass the lunar atmosphere over Lead Center: GSFC Spectrometer multiple lunar orbits with None (NMS) Instrument the Moon in different space Performing Centers: GSFC environments Cost Share Partners: N/A Will determine the Provider: ARC composition of the lunar Lead Center: ARC UV Spectrometer atmosphere by analyzing None Instrument Performing Centers: ARC light signatures of materials it finds Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) Will collect and analyze Lunar Dust Lead Center: GSFC samples of any lunar dust Experiment (LDEX) None particles in the tenuous Instrument Performing Centers: GSFC atmosphere Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: USAF Lead Center: AF Launch Vehicle Minotaur V carrier rocket None Performing Centers: Wallops Flight Facility Cost Share Partners: N/A PS-15
- 139. Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER Formulation Development Operations Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: There are schedule delays in the LLCD, Then: The launch readiness date could slip past Determine when the decision will be made to fly without the LLCD, the last launch window prior to the eclipse if need be. (October 21, 2013). Acquisition Strategy All major acquisitions are in place. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Delta SIR completed in LADEE passed August 2012. The purpose System SIR and was Standing Review was to evaluate the Late FY Integration Aug 2012 approved to Board (SRB) readiness of the overall 2013 Review continue in system to commence Phase D. integration and test. PS-16
- 140. Science: Planetary Science DISCOVERY FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 172.6 -- 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0 InSight 42.1 -- 193.3 175.2 116.5 15.2 10.6 Other Missions and Data Analysis 130.6 -- 64.6 93.0 125.8 172.3 204.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 85.3 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 49.4 % NASA’s Discovery program provides scientists the opportunity to dig deep into their imaginations and find innovative ways to unlock the mysteries of the solar system through missions to explore the planets, their moons, and small bodies such as comets and asteroids. The Discovery program currently has four operational spacecraft: the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER), Deep Impact (in hibernation), Dawn, and the Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory (GRAIL). The program also has one instrument in operations: the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms All completed Discovery missions have achieved ground-breaking science, each taking (ASPERA-3) on the ESA Mars Express mission; one a unique approach to space exploration, doing flight mission in formulation: the Interior Exploration what’s never been done before, and driving using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat new technology innovations. Transport (InSight); and one instrument in spacecraft integration: Strofio on the ESA BepiColombo mission to Mercury. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PS-17
- 141. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery INSIGHT Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 42.1 -- 193.3 175.2 116.5 15.2 10.6 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 151.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 359.1% PROJECT PURPOSE Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) is a Mars lander mission planned for launch in spring 2016. InSight is an investigation of the terrestrial planets that will address fundamental issues of planet formation and evolution with a study of the deep interior of Mars. This mission will seek to understand the evolutionary formation of rocky planets, including Earth, by investigating the crust and core of Mars. InSight will also investigate the dynamics of any Martian tectonic activity and meteorite impacts and compare this with like phenomena on Earth. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES InSight was selected in August 2012 from the Discovery 2010 Announcement of Opportunity. Scientists have determined the deep structure of only one planet — Earth. To obtain vital clues to how Mars formed, InSight will deploy a German-built drill nicknamed “The PROJECT PRELIMINARY Mole” to pound 16 feet into the Martian crust for thermal measurements, as well as a sensitive French-built PARAMETERS seismometer to detect “Marsquakes,” and a US led InSight is planned to launch in March 2016, experiment that will provide precise measurements of the landing on Mars in September 2016. The planets rotation. Through these and other instruments, InSight lander will be equipped with two scientists will be able to deduce the deep structure of science instruments that will conduct the first Mars, which is currently a mystery. “check-up” of Mars in its more than 4.5 billion years, measuring its “pulse,” or internal activity; its temperature; and its “reflexes” (the way the planet wobbles when it is pulled by the Sun and its moons). The science payload comprises two major instruments: the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS), which will take precise measurements of quakes and other internal activity on Mars to PS-18
- 142. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery INSIGHT Formulation Development Operations better understand the planet’s history and structure, and the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), a self-penetrating heat flow probe that burrows up to 5 meters below the surface to measure how much heat is coming from Mars’ core. In addition, the Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE) will use the spacecraft communication system to provide precise measurements of planetary rotation. InSight will spend roughly two years (720 Earth days or 700 “sols” Martian days) investigating the deep interior of Mars. The first science return is expected in October 2016. End of mission is planned for September 2018. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 Final down-select of the Discovery 2010 Announcement of Opportunity occurred in August 2012, allowing InSight to proceed into definition and preliminary design. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 During FY 2013, InSight will complete preliminary design and begin development. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 InSight will enter detailed design at the beginning of FY 2014 and expects to pass the critical design review before the end of FY 2014. ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE Formulation Authorization Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request Discovery 2010 Announcement of Formulation Authorization N/A Opportunity KDP-B Aug 2012 Aug 2012 KDP-C Sep 2013 Sep 2013 Launch Mar 2016 Mar 2016 PS-19
- 143. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery INSIGHT Formulation Development Operations Project Schedule Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule Range Summary Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary design review. Estimated Life Cycle Cost Key Milestone Estimated KDP-B Date Range ($M) Key Milestone Date Range Aug 2012 678-760 Launch Mar 2016 – Apr 2016 Project Management & Commitments JPL will manage InSight and will provide systems engineering, safety and mission assurance, project scientists, flight dynamics, payload management, and mission system management. Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Provider: Lockheed Martin Similar in design to the Mars lander that the Phoenix Lead Center: JPL Spacecraft N/A mission used successfully in Participating Centers: N/A 2007 Cost Share Partners: N/A PS-20
- 144. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery INSIGHT Formulation Development Operations Provider: Centre National d’Etudes Will take precise Spatiales (CNES) Seismic Experiment Lead Center: JPL measurements of quakes and for Interior Structure N/A other internal activity on (SEIS) Participating Centers: N/A Mars Cost Share Partners: A heat flow probe that will Provider: German Aerospace Center (DLR) hammer 5m into the Martian Heat Flow and Lead Center: JPL subsurface (deeper than all Physical Properties N/A previous arms, scoops, drills Package (HP3) Participating Centers: N/A and probes) to measure heat emanating from the core Cost Share Partners: Provider: JPL Uses the spacecraft’s Rotation and Interior communication system to Lead Center: JPL Structure Experiment provide precise N/A (RISE) measurements of planetary Participating Centers: N/A rotation Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: TBD Lead Center: KSC Launch Vehicle To be determined (TBD) N/A Participating Centers: JPL Cost Share Partners: N/A Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: Growth of lander avionics and payload electronics continues to strain volume of thermal Instrument teams are working to close trade studies that will establish enclosure, the baseline for payload electronics configuration, and spacecraft Then: The heritage design of the thermal team members are working closely with instrument teams to identify enclosure and aeroshell is at risk. The project and analyze overall configuration options. cannot grow the size of the thermal enclosure. If: If Mars environment, entry conditions, or Project will build comprehensive simulations of landing scenarios spacecraft behavior is not as anticipated, and test entry descent and landing systems, including independent verification of analysis. The project will be staffed with personnel who conducted previous successful Mars landings. Potential landing ellipses will be certified for elevation, slopes, and rock abundance. Then: Landing may not be successful. The project will use validated environmental models informed by atmospheric measurements from the previous three decades of observations at Mars. If: Deployment of SEIS is not successful, Extensive testing of deployments will be conducted in testbeds, including fault scenarios. Testbeds will also be available during mission operations to verify actual deployment moves, and ground Then: The science objectives will be verification will be deployed at each step during operations. Potential compromised. landing ellipses will be certified for elevation, slopes, and rock abundance. PS-21
- 145. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery INSIGHT Formulation Development Operations Acquisition Strategy NASA selected the mission through a competitive Announcement of Opportunity. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS A contract with Lockheed Martin is in place for the flight system. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Performance SRB N/A N/A TBD Aug 2013 PS-22
- 146. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 130.6 -- 64.6 93.0 125.8 172.3 204.4 Discovery Future 19.2 -- 22.3 55.0 92.2 138.9 176.2 Discovery Management 10.5 -- 11.8 12.3 17.5 12.2 12.2 Discovery Research 15.4 -- 13.9 14.1 15.2 15.6 15.6 Strofio 1.6 -- 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory 29.8 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dawn 14.3 -- 9.8 11.0 0.1 4.8 0.0 MESSENGER 34.9 -- 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ASPERA-3 0.9 -- 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deep Impact 4.0 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -66.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -50.5 % Other Missions and Data Analysis funds research and analysis, management activities, operations of active missions, and development of several minor missions. It includes missions of opportunity (e.g., the instruments Strofio and Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)) with lifecycle costs to NASA of less than $35 million); operating missions (Dawn, MESSENGER, Deep Impact); missions whose operations have ceased but data analysis continues (GRAIL); competed research; funding for future mission selections; and program management activities. Mission Planning and Other Projects DISCOVERY RESEARCH Discovery Research includes funding for the Discovery Missions Data Analysis program, which supports analysis of archived data from Discovery missions; Laboratory Analysis of Returned Samples, which supports analysis of material returned from sample collection missions and builds new instruments for use in terrestrial laboratories; and participating scientists for the MESSENGER, Dawn, and GRAIL missions. Discovery Research gives the research community access to samples and data and allows research to continue for many years after a mission has been completed. Scientists in the US planetary science community make research proposals that are competitively selected through peer review. PS-23
- 147. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements Recent analysis of particles collected by the Stardust mission revealed material very similar to what is found in asteroids, which can only be explained if Jupiter formed as late as 3 million years after the solar system’s birth. DISCOVERY FUTURE MISSIONS Discovery Future Missions provides funds for future Discovery flight missions to be selected via a competitive Announcement of Opportunity process. NASA recently selected InSight, the 12th mission of the Discovery program, as a result of the Discovery 2010 Announcement of Opportunity. NASA will release the next Announcement of Opportunity by early FY 2014. DISCOVERY MANAGEMENT Discovery Management provides for the management oversight of flight missions selected for the program, including support to standing review boards and external technical support as needed for the projects. It also supports the mission selection process through the development of Announcements of Opportunity and the establishment of independent panel reviews to evaluate mission proposals. STROFIO Strofio is a unique mass spectrometer that is part of the SERENA (Search for Esospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances) suite of instruments that will fly onboard the European Space Agency’s BepiColombo spacecraft. Strofio will determine the chemical composition of Mercury’s surface, providing a powerful tool to study the planet’s geological history. Strofio is scheduled for launch in 2015. Recent Achievements The Strofio Proto-Flight Model has been delivered to the University of Bern, where it has undergone instrument calibration with better than expected performance. The Strofio Proto-Flight Model will be assembled into the flight configuration in January for delivery to the Search for Esospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances (SERENA) instrument suite before mid-March 2013. GRAVITY RECOVERY AND INTERIOR LABORATORY (GRAIL) Launched in September 2011, the GRAIL mission was composed of two functionally identical spacecraft (called Ebb and Flow) that flew in tandem around the Moon to precisely measure and map variations in the Moon’s gravitational field. The mission provided the most accurate global gravity field to date for any planet, including Earth. This detailed information will reveal differences in the density of the Moon’s crust and mantle and will help answer fundamental questions about the Moon’s internal structure, thermal evolution, and history of collisions with asteroids. This mission terminated in December 2012. PS-24
- 148. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Operating Missions DAWN Dawn is on a journey to the two oldest and most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. By closely orbiting asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres with the same set of instruments, Dawn has the unique capability to compare and contrast theses bodies, enabling scientists to answer questions about the formation and evolution of the solar system. Their surfaces are believed to preserve clues to the solar system’s first 10 million years, along with alterations since that time, allowing Dawn to investigate both the origin and the current state of the main asteroid belt. Launched in September 2007, Dawn reached Vesta in July 2011, left in August 2012, and will arrive at Ceres in February 2015. In the image above, Dawn mission data has revealed the rugged topography and complex textures of the asteroid Vesta’s surface. Soon other pieces of data, such as the chemical composition, interior structure, and geologic age, will help scientists understand the history of this remnant protoplanet and its place in the early solar system. After a year orbiting Vesta, the Dawn spacecraft departed in August 2012 for the dwarf planet Ceres, where it will arrive in 2015. Recent Achievements The spacecraft completed its year-long orbital mission around Vesta in August 2012, and became the first spacecraft to break orbit from one object in the main asteroid belt and move on to a second, the dwarf planet Ceres. MERCURY SURFACE, SPACE ENVIRONMENT, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND RANGING (MESSENGER) The MESSENGER mission is a scientific investigation of the planet Mercury, the smallest and least explored of the terrestrial planets. It is the only rocky planet, besides Earth, to possess a global magnetic field. Understanding Mercury and the forces that have shaped it is fundamental to understanding the origin and evolution of the four rocky inner planets in our solar system. Launched in August 2004, MESSENGER entered Mercury’s orbit in March 2011 for a one-year prime mission. The science return and health of the spacecraft PS-25
- 149. Science: Planetary Science: Discovery OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations allowed approval of a one-year mission operations extension to March 2013. A second mission extension is now under consideration. Recent Achievements The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) has awarded the 2012 Laurels for Team Achievement Award to the MESSENGER team. The award was presented September 30 at the opening ceremony of the 63rd International Astronautical Congress. The citation for MESSENGER’s award reads, “To the team of scientists and engineers whose creativity and expertise made possible the development and operation of the MESSENGER Mission, the first to orbit Mercury, as a breakthrough in scientific solar system exploration. During its unprecedented one-year primary mission, this robotic explorer has provided an extraordinary, comprehensive scientific overview of the planet, its makeup, its exosphere and its magnetosphere, providing the text for a new and overdue chapter of humankind’s knowledge of the smallest of the terrestrial planets. This unique achievement of technology was conducted by the JHU APL and accomplished with the collaboration of NASA.” ANALYZER OF SPACE PLASMA AND ENERGETIC ATOMS (ASPERA-3) ASPERA-3 is one of seven scientific instruments aboard the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft launched in June 2003 that are performing remote sensing measurements designed to answer questions about the Martian atmosphere, structure, and geology. ASPERA-3 is measuring ions, electrons, and energetic neutral atoms in the outer atmosphere to reveal the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, (the constituents of water, interacting with solar wind and the regions where such interaction occurs. Mars Express is now on its third mission extension. DEEP IMPACT The Deep Impact mission was the first experiment to probe beneath the surface of a comet, attempting to reveal never-before-seen materials that would provide clues about the internal composition and structure of a comet. Deep Impact successfully completed its repurposed science missions, referred to as EPOXI, which has two components: Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization (EPOCh) and the Deep Impact Extended Investigation (DIXI). The spacecraft is still healthy and capable of remote observations. It will be put in hibernation to be available for opportunities such as the approaching Comet ISON. PS-26
- 150. Science: Planetary Science NEW FRONTIERS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 143.7 -- 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2 Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource 99.8 -- 218.7 244.1 204.4 30.9 21.1 Other Missions and Data Analysis 43.9 -- 38.8 53.1 62.1 120.1 105.1 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 113.8 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 79.2 % The New Frontiers program explores our solar system with frequent, medium-class spacecraft missions. Within the New Frontiers program, possible mission destinations and the science goals for each competitive opportunity are limited to those identified by the National Academies as recommended science targets. These currently include: Venus In Situ Explorer, Saturn Probe, Trojan Tour and Rendezvous, the Comet Surface Sample Return, and Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return. New Horizons will help us understand worlds at the edge of the solar system by making the first reconnaissance of Pluto and Charon, then visiting one or more Kuiper Belt Objects. The New Frontiers program seeks to contain total mission cost and development Juno is a mission to Jupiter that will significantly improve time and improve performance through the our understanding of the origin and evolution of the gas use of validated new technologies, efficient giant planet. This will help us better understand our entire management, and control of design, solar system. development and operations costs while maintaining a strong commitment to flight OSIRIS-REx will be the first mission to bring pristine safety. The program objective is to launch samples from an asteroid to study and analyze on Earth. high-science-return planetary science This will increase our understanding of planet formation investigations twice per decade. and the origin of life. In addition to its science objectives OSIRIS-REx will improve our knowledge of: How to safely operate human and robotic missions in close proximity to a large NEO; and How the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will alter the trajectory of a NEO through thruster exhaust impingement, gravitational attraction, and touch-and-go sample collection. This knowledge will provide significant insight for both the future human mission to an asteroid, and for potential planetary defense strategies. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PS-27
- 151. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 99.8 -- 218.7 244.1 204.4 30.9 21.1 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 118.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 119.1% PROJECT PURPOSE The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will travel to a near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36, study it in detail, and bring back a sample (at least 60 grams or 2.1 ounces) to Earth. This sample will help with investigating planet formation and the origin of life, and the data collected at the asteroid will also aid in understanding asteroids that can impact Earth. This mission will measure the “Yarkovsky effect” on a potentially hazardous asteroid and measure the asteroid properties that contribute to this effect. By describing the integrated global properties of a primitive carbonaceous asteroid, this mission will allow for direct comparison Asteroids are leftovers formed from the cloud of with ground-based telescopic data of the entire asteroid gas and dust and the solar nebula that collapsed population. to form the Sun and the planets about 4.5 billion years ago. As such, they contain the original The Yarkovsky effect is a small force caused by the Sun material from the solar nebula, which can tell on an asteroid, as it absorbs sunlight and re-emits that scientists about the conditions of the solar energy as heat. The small force adds up over time, but it system’s birth. In sampling the near Earth asteroid designated 1999 RQ36 in 2019, OSIRIS- is uneven due to an asteroid’s shape, wobble, surface REx will be opening a time capsule from the composition, and rotation. For scientists to predict an birth of the solar system. Earth-approaching asteroid’s path, they must understand how the effect will change its orbit. In addition to its science objectives OSIRIS-REx will improve our knowledge of: 1) how to safely operate human and robotic missions in close proximity to a large NEO and 2) how the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will alter the trajectory of a NEO through thruster exhaust impingement, gravitational attraction, and touch-and-go sample collection. This knowledge will provide significant insight for both the future human mission to an asteroid, and for potential planetary defense strategies. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PS-28
- 152. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE Formulation Development Operations PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS OSIRIS-REx will launch in September 2016, encountering the primitive, near-Earth asteroid designated (101955) 1999 RQ36 in October 2018. The mission will study the asteroid for about two years, globally mapping the surface from distances of 5 kilometers to 0.7 kilometers. The spacecraft cameras and instruments will photograph the asteroid and measure its surface topography, composition, and thermal emissions. Radio science will provide mass and gravity field maps. This information will help the mission team select the most promising sample site, from which it will collect and return to Earth at least 60 grams of pristine material from the target asteroid. The sample return will use a capsule similar to that which returned the samples of comet 81P/Wild on the Stardust spacecraft. This will allow the sample to return and land at the Utah Test and Training Range in 2023. The capsule will then be transported to Johnson Space Center (JSC) for processing by a dedicated research facility. Subsamples will be made available for research to the worldwide science community. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 OSIRIS-REx completed award of the industry and university contracts for the preliminary design and technology completion phase. WORK IN PROGRESS In March 2013, OSIRIS-REx will complete its preliminary design review (PDR) and begin mission development, entering its final design and fabrication phase (Phase C) by June 2013. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The project will complete its critical design review. ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE Formulation Authorization Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request Formulation Authorization May 2011 May 2011 KDP-C May 2013 May 2013 Launch Sep 2016 Sep 2016 Encounter Asteroid Aug 2018 Aug 2018 Asteroid Departure Mar 2021 Mar 2021 Sample Earth Return Sep 2023 Sep 2023 PS-29
- 153. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE Formulation Development Operations Project Schedule Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule Range Summary Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary design review. Estimated Life Cycle Cost Key Milestone Estimated KDP-B Date Range ($M) Key Milestone Date Range May 2011 1085-1210 LRD Mar 2016-Sep 2016 Project Management & Commitments GSFC manages the OSIRIS-REx project and will provide systems engineering, safety and mission assurance, project scientists, flight dynamics, and the OSIRIS-REx Visible-Infrared Spectrometer (OVIRS) instrument. JSC will curate and manage the returned sample, and MSFC will manage the project under its New Frontiers Program Office. The University of Arizona will provide the principal investigator, science team coordination, Planetary Data Systems archiving, and the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) instrument. PS-30
- 154. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE Formulation Development Operations Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Solar energy charges lithium- Provider: Lockheed Martin ion batteries, which power the spacecraft. The Sample Lead Center: GSFC Spacecraft N/A Return Capsule (SRC) is the Performing Centers: GSFC same as used in the Stardust mission Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: KinetX Radio science provides Lead Center: GSFC Spacecraft RQ36 mass and gravity field N/A Navigation Performing Centers: GSFC maps Cost Share Partners: N/A Provides long-range Provider: University of Arizona acquisition of RQ36, along with global mapping, Lead Center: GSFC OSIRIS-REx Camera sample-site characterization, N/A Suite (OCAMS) Performing Centers: GSFC sample acquisition documentation, and sub-mm Cost Share Partners: N/A imaging Provider: CSA Provides ranging data; global OSIRIS-REx Laser topographic mapping; and Lead Center: GSFC N/A Altimeter (OLA) local topographic maps of Performing Centers: GSFC candidate sample sites Cost Share Partners: CSA Provider: GSFC Provides mineral and organic OSIRIS-REx Visible Lead Center: GSFC spectral maps and local and IR Spectrometer N/A spectral information of Performing Centers: GSFC (OVIRS) candidate sample sites Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Arizona State University Provides mineral and thermal OSIRIS-REx Lead Center: GSFC emission spectral maps and Thermal Emission N/A local spectral information of Performing Centers: GSFC Spectrometer (OTES) candidate sample sites Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: TBD Lead Center: KSC Launch Vehicle Launch Vehicle N/A Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A PS-31
- 155. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE Formulation Development Operations Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: Ground performance and life testing of the guidance, navigation, and control lidar is insufficient to uncover latent defects in design or manufacturing, Close monitoring of subcontractor performance. Then: There may be technical impacts related to reliability on orbit, affecting touch and go sampling success. If: Maneuver design and/or execution uncertainties exceed requirements for a Refine preliminary design (e.g., ultrafine thrusters, onboard successful sampling touch and go, autonomy to adjust the checkpoint and matchpoint maneuvers to Then: The mission will not achieve the goal of improve accuracy, additional camera head) to improve TAG collecting more than 60 grams of bulk regolith accuracy. sample. Acquisition Strategy MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Principal investigator/science team leadership, science operations, data University of Arizona Tucson, AZ archiving, and the OCAMS instrument Spacecraft, sample acquisition mechanism, sample return capsule Lockheed Martin Space Systems Denver, CO (SRC), integration/test, mission Company operations, and SRC To be completed through NASA Launch Vehicle & Services To be determined through competition Launch Services Program INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Preliminary Design Performance SRB N/A TBD Mar 2013 Review Critical SRB N/A Design TBD Apr 2014 Review PS-32
- 156. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 43.9 -- 38.8 53.1 62.1 120.1 105.1 New Frontiers Management 2.7 -- 4.7 4.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 New Horizons 26.5 -- 16.4 26.8 18.5 4.6 0.0 Juno 14.4 -- 17.7 21.4 29.5 33.4 19.5 New Frontiers Future Missions 0.0 -- 0.0 0.0 8.2 76.3 79.7 New Frontiers Research 0.3 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -5.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.6 % New Frontiers Other Missions and Data Analysis supports operating New Frontiers missions (New Horizons, Juno), funding for future mission selections, and program management activities. Mission Planning and Other Projects NEW FRONTIERS FUTURE MISSIONS The New Frontiers Future Missions project provides funds for future space missions to be selected via a competitive Announcement of Opportunity process. The fourth announcement (NF-4) release for competition is currently planned for 2016. NEW FRONTIERS MANAGEMENT The New Frontiers Management Office, located at the Marshall Space Flight Center, provides the management oversight for all New Frontiers missions selected for the program. It also supports the mission selection process, through the development of Announcements of Opportunity and the establishment of independent panel reviews to evaluate mission proposals. PS-33
- 157. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Operating Missions NEW HORIZONS New Horizons is the first scientific investigation to obtain a close look at Pluto and its moons Charon, Nix, Hydra, P4 and P5. Scientists hope to find answers to basic questions about the surface properties, geology, interior makeup and atmospheres on these bodies, the last in the solar system to be visited by a spacecraft. New Horizons launched on January 19, 2006. It will reach Pluto in July 2015. As part of an extended mission, the spacecraft will then venture deeper into the Kuiper Belt to study one or more of the icy mini-worlds in this region approximately two billion miles beyond Pluto’s orbit. To get to Pluto, which is three billion miles from Earth, in just 9.5 years, the spacecraft will fly by the dwarf planet and its five moons in 2015 at a velocity of about 27,000 miles per hour. The instruments on New Horizons will start taking data on Pluto and Charon months before it arrives. About three months from the closest approach, when Pluto and its moons are about 65 million miles away, the instruments will take images and spectra measurements and begin to make the first maps ever made of these intriguing bodies. The New Horizons spacecraft will get as close as about 6,000 miles from Pluto and about 17,000 miles from Charon. During the half-hour when the spacecraft is closest to Pluto, it will take a variety of scientific observations, including close-up pictures in both visible and near-infrared wavelengths. These first images should depict surface features as small as 200 feet across and bring a plethora of new discoveries. Recent Achievements The New Horizons spacecraft has recently passed the halfway point between the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, zooming past another milepost on its historic trek to the planetary frontier. New Horizons has traveled more than 2.3 billion miles since launch. Pluto itself is 711 million miles (1.14 billion kilometers) away from the spacecraft, nearly eight times the distance between Earth and the Sun and closer to New Horizons than any other planet. The mission remains healthy and on course toward Pluto and the Kuiper Belt beyond. The image above depicts the New Horizons spacecraft as it captured on Io the most detailed volcanic plume image ever seen. Io, with over 400 active volcanoes, is the innermost of the four largest moons around Jupiter and the most volcanically active object in the solar system. PS-34
- 158. Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations JUNO Juno will conduct an in-depth study of Jupiter, the most massive planet in the solar system. Juno’s instruments will seek information from deep in Jupiter’s atmosphere, enabling scientists to understand the fundamental processes of the formation and early evolution of the solar system. Juno was successfully launched on August 5, 2011 as scheduled and within the budget allocated for development of this mission. During its approximately one-year mission, Juno, with its first-ever polar orbit, will complete 33 eleven- day-long orbits and will sample Jupiter’s full range of latitudes and longitudes. From its polar perspective, Juno combines remote sensing observations to explore the polar magnetosphere and determine what drives Jupiter’s remarkable auroras. Juno has an onboard camera to produce images to and it will provide unique opportunities to engage the next generation of scientists. Recent Achievement In February 2012, Juno successfully refined its flight path with the mission’s first trajectory correction maneuver. It is the first of a dozen planned rocket firings that, over the next five years, will keep Juno on course for its rendezvous with Jupiter. The Juno spacecraft’s thrusters fired for 25 minutes, consumed about 6.9 pounds (3.11 kilograms) of fuel and changed the spacecraft’s speed by 3.9 feet, or 1.2 meters, per second. PS-35
- 159. Science: Planetary Science MARS EXPLORATION FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 587.1 -- 234.0 227.8 318.4 504.7 513.2 Mars Atmosphere & Volatile EvolutioN 245.7 -- 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 Other Missions and Data Analysis 341.4 -- 183.9 207.6 311.8 504.7 513.2 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -353.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -60.1% The Mars Exploration program seeks to understand whether Mars was, is, or can be, a habitable world and whether it ever supported life. As the most Earth-like planet in the solar system, Mars has a landmass approximately equivalent to the Earth’s as well as many of the same geological features, such as riverbeds, past river deltas, and volcanoes. Mars also has many of the same “systems” that characterize Earth, such as air, water, ice, and geology that all interact to produce the Martian environment. The four broad, overarching goals for Mars Exploration are to: Determine whether life ever arose on Mars; Characterize the climate of Mars; Characterize the geology of Mars; and A mosaic of three Mastcam-100 images taken on Prepare for human exploration. sol 50 facing northeast. There is no sky visible in this view; occupying the distance is Gale's crater rim. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES Building on the success of Curiosity’s Mars landing, NASA announced plans for a robust multi-year Mars program, including a new robotic science rover set to launch in 2020. The future rover development and design will be based on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) architecture that successfully carried the Curiosity rover to the Martian surface in August 2012. This will ensure mission costs and risks are as low as possible, while still delivering a highly capable rover with a proven landing system. NASA will openly compete the specific payload and science instruments for the 2020 mission, following the Science Mission Directorate’s established processes for instrument selection. The mission will advance the science priorities of the National Academies’ 2011 Planetary Science decadal survey and respond to the findings of the Mars Program Planning Group, established in 2012, to assist NASA in restructuring its Mars Exploration program. PS-36
- 160. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 218.9 245.7 127.4 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 668.8 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 218.9 245.7 127.4 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 668.8 Formulation 63.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.9 Development/Implementation 155.0 245.7 127.4 22.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 550.5 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.8 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 54.5 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -195.6 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -79.6% PROJECT PURPOSE MAVEN will provide a comprehensive picture of the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, solar energetic drivers, and atmospheric losses, to determine how the Mars atmosphere evolved through time. The mission will help answer long-standing questions regarding the loss of the Mars atmosphere, climate history, liquid water, and habitability. MAVEN will provide the first direct measurements ever taken to address key scientific questions about Mars’ evolution. The MAVEN mission is part of NASA’s Mars Scout After arriving at Mars in the fall of 2014, MAVEN program. Set to launch in 2013, the mission will will use its propulsion system to enter an elliptical explore the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and orbit ranging 90 to 3,870 miles above the planet. interactions with the Sun and solar wind. Scientists The spacecraft’s eight science instruments will take will use MAVEN data to determine the role that loss measurements for a full Earth year, obtaining of volatile compounds (such as carbon dioxide, critical measurements that the National Academy of nitrogen dioxide, and water) from the Mars Science listed high priority in their 2003 decadal atmosphere to space has played through time, giving survey on planetary exploration. insight into the history of Mars’ atmosphere and climate, liquid water, and planetary habitability. As with all Mars Exploration program orbiters, MAVEN will also carry an Electra radio for communications with rovers on the Mars surface. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PS-37
- 161. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION Formulation Development Operations PROJECT PARAMETERS The MAVEN project will deliver science using three instrument packages: a standalone neutral gas and ion mass spectrometer, capable of measuring thermal neutrals and ions; a standalone imaging ultraviolet spectrometer; and the Particles and Fields package, consisting of six instruments measuring ionospheric properties, energetic ions, solar wind and solar energetic particles, magnetic fields, and solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 MAVEN completed the Systems Integration Review (SIR) in June 2012, and NASA approved it to enter Phase D in September 2012. In August 2012, a few weeks ahead of schedule, the MAVEN observatory began assembly, test, and launch operations. The Electra UHF radio was delivered to the observatory on time in August 2012. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 MAVEN is currently in the assembly, test, and launch operations phase, as it readies for shipment to Kennedy Space Center. This will be followed by integration with the launch vehicle in advance of launch in November 2013. The scientific instruments are in final testing, calibration, and preparation to ship to the spacecraft in Denver. The observatory, the spacecraft with the Electra radio and science instruments integrated, is on schedule to ship to Kennedy in August 2013. The Mission Operations Review was held in November 2012, and Operational and Flight Readiness Reviews are on schedule for the end of FY 2013. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 MAVEN is currently scheduled to launch in November 2013 after being shipped to the Kennedy Space Center late in FY 2013. MAVEN is expected to enter Mars orbit in FY 2015. SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date KDP-C Oct 2010 Oct 2010 CDR Jul 2011 Jul 2011 SIR Jun 2012 Jun 2012 Launch Nov 2013 Nov 2013 End of Prime Mission Oct 2015 Oct 2015 PS-38
- 162. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION Formulation Development Operations Project Schedule Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2011 567.2 70 2013 550.5 -2.9% LRD Nov 2013 Nov 2013 0 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. Development Cost Details Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 567.2 550.5 -16.7 Aircraft/Spacecraft 146.0 167.3 21.3 Payloads 51.1 59.9 8.8 PS-39
- 163. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION Formulation Development Operations Systems I&T 23.0 26.9 3.9 Launch Vehicle 187.0 168.7 -18.3 Ground Systems 5.2 16.2 11.0 Science/Technology 2.2 2.9 0.7 Other Direct Project Costs 152.7 108.5 -44.2 Project Management & Commitments The MAVEN project is part of the Mars Exploration program managed for NASA by the Mars Program Office at JPL. The principal investigator for MAVEN is from the University of Colorado and has delegated the day-to-day management of the MAVEN project to NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provider: Lockheed Martin MRO heritage spacecraft bus and avionic suite, with Lead Center: GSFC Spacecraft N/A cross strapping and Performing Centers: GSFC monopropellant propulsion Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: ULA Atlas V launch vehicle and Lead Center: KSC Launch Vehicle N/A related launch services Performing Centers: KSC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: GSFC Neutral gas and ion Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC N/A mass spectrometer the instrument Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: GSFC Design, build, and deliver (part of the MAVEN Lead Center: GSFC Magnetometer N/A Particle and Fields Performing Centers: GSFC Instrument package) Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: University of Colorado, LASP Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC Imaging Ultraviolet remote sensing instrument N/A Spectrometer Performing Centers: GSFC package. Cost Share Partners: N/A PS-40
- 164. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION Formulation Development Operations Provider: JPL Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC Electra N/A UHF Data Relay payload Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: SSL Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC Supra Thermal Ion (part of Particle and Fields N/A Composition Performing Centers: GSFC Instrument package) Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: SSL Solar Energetic Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC N/A Particles UHF Data Relay payload Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: SSL Solar Wind Electron Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC N/A Analyzer UHF Data Relay payload Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: GSFC Solar Wind Ion Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC N/A Analyzer the NGIMS instrument Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: SSL Lanamuir Probe and Design, build, and deliver Lead Center: GSFC N/A Waves and EUV UHF Data Relay payload Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: Single point failures on the input of the HEPS The project and GSFC Mission Assurance Office are identifying and card occur, understanding HEPS-specific manufacturing techniques; identifying all point failures to inspect during assembly to mitigate against Then: Permanent loss of spacecraft electrical shorts; developing a plan for insight/oversight of the 2013 MAVEN- power will result. specific HEPS card build; reviewing board requirements with an eye towards design robustness and remaining design requirements. PS-41
- 165. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION Formulation Development Operations Acquisition Strategy MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Spacecraft, flight system, integration Lockheed Martin Space Systems Denver, CO and test, mission operations Company Launch vehicle and services United Launch Alliance Cape Canaveral, FL INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review MAVEN passed CDR Standing Review and was Late FY Performance Jul 2011 Critical Design Review Board (SRB) approved to 2013 continue to the next phase MAVEN passed SIR and Late FY Performance SRB Jun 2012 SIR Review was approved 2013 to continue to the next phase PS-42
- 166. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 341.4 -- 183.9 207.6 311.8 504.7 513.2 Mars Research and Analysis 19.3 -- 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 Mars Technology 5.0 -- 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Mars Mission Operations 1.8 -- 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Mars Extended Operations 0.0 -- 0.0 82.3 91.3 97.3 93.3 Mars Future Missions 8.0 -- 10.7 54.7 166.1 360.0 376.4 Mars Program Management 23.4 -- 15.5 16.1 16.4 15.7 15.6 2011 Mars Science Lab 174.0 -- 47.1 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mars Odyssey 2001 13.3 -- 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mars Exploration Rover 2003 15.0 -- 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mars Express 2.1 -- 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2005 39.9 -- 30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer 12.6 -- 20.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 1.0 2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 27.1 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ExoMars 0.0 -- 5.1 3.4 2.6 1.3 1.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -157.5 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -46.1 % Mars Exploration Other Missions and Data Analysis currently includes five operating missions: 2001 Mars Odyssey, 2003 Mars Exploration Rover/Opportunity, Mars Express, 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) that successfully launched on November 26, 2011, and landed on August 6, 2012. Six non-mission components are also included: Mars Research and Analysis, Mars Technology, Mars Mission Operations, Mars Extended Operations, Mars Future Missions, and Mars Program Management. Also included are the Mars Organics Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument to fly on ESA’s 2018 ExoMars rover, and Electra radios flying on ESA’s 2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (EMTGO). PS-43
- 167. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Mission Planning and Other Projects MARS RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Mars Research and Analysis (R&A) provides funding for research and analysis of Mars mission data in order to understand how geologic, climatic, and other processes have worked to shape Mars and its environment over time, as well as how they interact today. Specific investments include: Mars Fundamental Research program, which funds fundamental research in laboratory studies, field studies, or theoretical studies that inform researchers about Mars; Mars Data Analysis, which analyzes archived data collected on Mars missions; Critical Data Products, which provides data for the safe arrival, aero-maneuver, entry, descent, and landing at Mars; and MRO and MSL Participating Scientists programs for the MRO and MSL missions. Data analysis through Mars R&A allows a much broader and objective analysis of the data and samples. It also allows research to continue for many years after the mission has been completed. Fundamental measurements and discoveries and testable hypotheses about the Martian environment are made through these programs. Recent Achievements The Mars R&A programs provided funding for more than 200 research projects, with more than 45 new awards in FY 2012, which included 3 new graduate student research fellowships. These projects increase our scientific understanding of Mars’ geology and environment, and the results are disseminated through publication in the scientific literature. Mars R&A funded work to identify potential hazards and landing sites for future missions, including human missions. MARS TECHNOLOGY Mars Technology focuses on technological investments that lay the groundwork for successful future Mars missions, such as sample handling and processing technologies; entry, descent, and landing capabilities; and surface-to-orbit communications improvements (e.g. Electra). PS-44
- 168. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements Mars Technology completed three industry studies in FY 2012. These defined options for acquiring core samples and transferring them to a cache. The studies focused on their adaptability to various sizes and configurations of potential future missions. MARS MISSION OPERATIONS Mars Mission Operations provides management and leadership for the development and operation of Mars multi-mission systems for operations. Mars Mission Operations supports and provides common operational systems and capabilities at a lower cost and risk than having each Mars project produce systems individually. MARS EXTENDED OPERATIONS Mars Extended Operations provides funding to Mars Exploration program missions that have concluded their primary mission phase, thereby allowing for continued science operations and discoveries as long as the spacecraft and its instruments are healthy. Funding for mission extensions is allocated based on the findings of an annual, competitive Senior Review Board process. The review of each mission enables the Board to make recommendations for the allocation of the extended operations budget based on scientific merit and communications relay infrastructure needs. MARS FUTURE MISSIONS Mars Future Missions provides funds for the planning of future missions to Mars that build on scientific discoveries from past missions and incorporate the lessons learned from previous missions. The Mars Exploration program is working with the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) to define future robotic missions that support science and exploration requirements in an integrated strategy. MARS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Mars Program Management provides for the broad-based implementation and programmatic management of the Mars Exploration program. Mars Program Management also supports independent panel reviews, studies regarding planetary protection, advanced mission studies and program architecture, program science, and telecommunications coordination and integration. PS-45
- 169. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Operating Missions 2001 MARS ODYSSEY 2001 Mars Odyssey, currently in its fifth extended mission operations phase, is still in orbit around Mars. It continues to send information to Earth about Martian geology, climate, and mineralogy. Measurements by Odyssey have enabled scientists to create maps of minerals and chemical elements and identify regions with buried water ice. Images that measure the surface temperature have provided spectacular views of Martian topography. Mars Odyssey will continue critical long-term longitudinal studies of the Martian climate. Odyssey has served as the primary means of communications for NASA Mars surface explorers over the past decade and will continue that role for the Curiosity rover. The Odyssey orbiter continues to provide a communications relay for the Mars Exploration Rover “Opportunity.” Transmitting over 95 percent of the data from the rover to Earth, Odyssey will support the rover throughout its extended mission. Just as they did for the 2003 rovers, scientists and engineers used the Mars Odyssey Spacecraft, as shown in the above image, to identify potential landing sites for the Curiosity rover. Recent Achievements 2001 Mars Odyssey has become the longest lived Martian spacecraft in history (more than 11 years). Odyssey’s longevity enables continued science, including the monitoring of seasonal changes on Mars from year to year and the most detailed global maps ever made of the planet. Odyssey served as the primary communication relay for the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and continues to be a key communications link for Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity. 2003 MARS EXPLORATION ROVER 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, which is currently on its eighth extended operations phase, continues to explore geological settings on the surface of Mars. It continues to expand understanding of the history and the geological processes that shaped Mars, particularly those involving water. Opportunity has trekked for 35 kilometers, or 21 miles, across the Martian surface, conducting field geology, making atmospheric observations, finding evidence of ancient Martian environments where intermittently wet and habitable conditions existed, and sending back to Earth nearly 175,000 spectacular, high-resolution images. PS-46
- 170. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements Study of sulfate-rich sands at Eagle and Endurance Craters revealed evidence of playa lakes that repeatedly formed and evaporated. The sands within the lakes were subsequently reworked by water and wind, solidified into rock, and soaked by groundwater. In August 2012, Opportunity achieved a significant milestone by arriving at Endeavour Crater, where the compositions of rocks vary in age from recent to ancient. MARS EXPRESS In the depiction to the left, the Mars Express mission is shown exploring the atmosphere and surface of Mars from polar orbit. Mars Express, currently in its third extended mission operations phase, is a European Space Agency mission that provides an understanding of Mars as a “coupled” system—from the ionosphere and atmosphere down to the surface and sub-surface. This mission addresses the climatic and geological evolution of Mars as well as the potential for life on the planet. NASA contributed components for the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) and ASPERA instruments aboard Mars Express and participates in the scientific analysis of mission data. Mars Express provides valuable context for the MAVEN mission by providing measurements of the upper Martian atmosphere and ionosphere during the solar maximum that occurs in FY 2013 to FY 2014. Recent Achievements This past year, the MARSIS instrument successfully observed the Northern Polar cap. These observations provided improved water estimates of water and enhanced understanding of the Martian ionosphere. This will provide valuable context for NASA’s MAVEN mission, which will be launched in a year and arrive at Mars in September 2014. These measurements provide more insights into how the Martian atmosphere and ionosphere interact with the solar wind and how Mars may have lost its atmosphere. 2005 MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), currently in its second extended operations phase, carries the most powerful camera ever PS-47
- 171. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations flown on a planetary exploration mission. While previous cameras on other Mars orbiters were able to identify objects no smaller than a table, this camera is able to spot something as small as a chair. This capability provides not only a more detailed view of the geology and structure of Mars, but helps identify obstacles that could jeopardize the safety of future landers and rovers. MRO also carries a sounder to find subsurface water, an important consideration in selecting scientifically worthy landing sites for future exploration. Other science instruments on this spacecraft identify surface minerals and study how dust and water are transported in the Martian atmosphere. A second camera acquires medium-resolution images that provide a broader geological and meteorological context for more detailed observations from higher-resolution instruments. MRO will follow up on recent discoveries to determine the extent of ancient aqueous environments, reveal the 3-D structure and content of the polar ice deposits, characterize the episodic nature of great dust storms, and detect seasonal flows of liquid (probably briny) water on Mars today. As depicted in the image on the previous page, MRO is capturing unique views of Mars with the most powerful telescopic camera ever to orbit another planet. MRO also serves as a major installment of an “interplanetary Internet,” a crucial service for future spacecraft to communicate back to Earth. Recent Achievements 2005 MRO data reveals a growing collection of evidence indicating that the present surface of Mars is still geologically active. One of the most exciting discoveries is dark markings or streaks, 0.5 to 5 meters in width on steep slopes (greater than 25 degrees) that form and incrementally grow in late spring to summer, then fade or disappear in fall. They reform at nearly the same locations in multiple Mars years, extending down-slope from bedrock outcrops or rocky areas, and are often associated with small channels on equator-facing slopes in the southern hemisphere. The streaks grow in temperatures at which brines (waters that have high concentrations of dissolved minerals, largely salts) would be liquid. MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY/CURIOSITY (MSL) Mars Science Laboratory and its Curiosity rover, which successfully landed in August 2012, take a major step forward in Mars exploration, using a new entry, descent, and landing system; a long-duration rover; and ten payload instruments for definitive mineralogical and organics measurements. MSL is exploring and quantitatively assessing a local region on Mars as a potential habitat for life. MSL is twice as long and three times as heavy as the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. The Curiosity rover is collecting Martian soil and rock samples and analyzing them for organic compounds and environmental conditions that could have supported microbial life in the past or even now. MSL is the first planetary mission to use precision landing techniques, steering itself toward the Martian surface. This landing method enabled the rover to land in an area less than 20 kilometers in diameter, about one-sixth the size of previous landing zones on Mars. This international partnership mission uses components provided by the space agencies of Russia, Spain, and Canada. PS-48
- 172. Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements Upon landing, Curiosity completed a series of automated sequences to validate that all systems are operating as expected. The rover made its first drive into the scientifically rich landing zone prior to heading off towards the base of Mount Sharp in the middle of Gale Crater. It has already made incredible discoveries that have changed our understanding of Mars, such as evidence of vigorous, flowing streambed deposits on Mars and evidence of atmospheric loss. PS-49
- 173. Science: Planetary Science OUTER PLANETS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 122.1 -- 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -43.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -35.3 % The Outer Planets program enables science investigations spanning the diverse geography and disciplines of the outer solar system. The strategic missions in this portfolio investigate a broad array of science disciplines with more depth than is possible for smaller, tightly focused missions in the Discovery and New Frontiers programs. The science discoveries made by these strategic missions provide answers to long-held questions and theories about the origin and evolution of outer planets. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES NASA added Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer While the Cassini spacecraft was in Saturn's shadow, the (JUICE; an ESA-led mission to Ganymede and cameras were turned toward Saturn and the sun so that the Jupiter system) as a program element, as the planet and rings are backlit. In addition to the visual identified in the FY 2012 Operating Plan. splendor, this special, very-high-phase viewing geometry lets scientists study ring and atmosphere phenomena not easily seen at a lower phase. Taken when Cassini was closer to Saturn than a similar image in 2006, it shows ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 more detail in the rings. The Europa Study Team submitted its final report in response to the recommendation by the decadal survey to immediately examine ways to reduce the cost of the mission. The report outlined three mission concepts covering the diversity of possible mission types, including a lander, an orbiter, and a fly-by mission. The budget, however, does not, and cannot, accommodate any of these mission concepts at this time. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, NASA and ESA are collaborating on JUICE payload recommendations. On February 21, 2013, following consultation with ESA, NASA announced the selection of one U.S.-led science instrument, plus hardware contributions for two European instruments. The selected teams are already beginning to work with ESA. PS-50
- 174. Science: Planetary Science OUTER PLANETS KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 JUICE instruments development will continue based on the approved schedule. Cassini will observe seasonal and temporal change in the Saturn system to understand: (1) hemispherically asymmetric behavior on Titan, (2) the role of sunlight in Enceladus plume activity, and (3) the origin of surprising asymmetry in Saturnian polar circulation. Mission Planning and Other Projects JUPITER ICY MOONS EXPLORER (JUICE) NASA has committed to supporting US investigators and instruments on an ESA-led mission to Ganymede and the Jupiter system. Planned for launch in 2022, the mission has a tentative model payload of 11 scientific instruments, and will arrive at Jupiter in 2030. OUTER PLANETS FLAGSHIP The Outer Planets Flagship project is not funded in FY 2014. NASA is not able to support development of an Outer Planets Flagship mission in the foreseeable future. Instead, as described in the Mars Exploration Program section, available funding supports a future Mars program that is consistent with the first priority of the National Academies' decadal survey for planetary research. OUTER PLANETS RESEARCH Outer Planets Research increases the scientific return of current and past NASA outer planets missions, guides current mission operations (e.g., selecting Cassini imaging targets), and paves the way for future missions (e.g., refining landing sites on Titan, reconsidering the ice shell thickness on Europa). The competitive programs within the Outer Planets Research effort increase understanding of the origin and evolution of the outer solar system and broaden the science community’s participation in the analysis of data returned by Cassini, Galileo, New Horizons, and other missions. Operating Missions CASSINI Cassini, in its extended operations phase, is a flagship mission in orbit around Saturn that has altered our understanding of the planet, its famous rings, magnetosphere, icy satellites, and particularly the moons Titan and Enceladus. It is exploring the Saturn system in detail, including its rings and moons. A major focus is Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, with its dense atmosphere, methane-based meteorology, and geologically active surface. The Solstice mission will observe seasonal and temporal change in the Saturn system, especially at Titan, to understand underlying processes and prepare for future missions. The PS-51
- 175. Science: Planetary Science OUTER PLANETS Solstice mission will continue to operate and conduct data analysis through September 2015, at which time it will undergo competitive Senior Review with all other PSD operating missions. Pending successful Senior Review in 2015, the mission will conclude in 2018, after another 155 revolutions around the planet, 54 flybys of Titan, and 11 flybys of Enceladus. In 2017, an encounter with Titan will change its orbit in such a way that, at closest approach to Saturn, it will be only 3,000 kilometers above the planet’s cloud tops, and below the inner edge of the D ring. This sequence of approximately 15 “proximal orbits” will provide an opportunity for an entirely different mission for the Cassini spacecraft, investigating science questions never anticipated at the time Cassini was launched. Cassini completed its prime mission in July 2008, completed its Equinox extended mission in July 2010, and began the Solstice extended mission in October 2010. The Cassini mission will end when another encounter with Titan will send the Cassini probe into Saturn’s atmosphere. Program Schedule PS-52
- 176. Science: Planetary Science OUTER PLANETS Program Management & Commitments Management responsibility for Cassini resides at JPL. Scientific mission priorities for the program and the research efforts reside within the Science Mission Directorate’s Planetary Science Division. The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the ESA, and the Italian Space Agency. Cassini is committed to continue delivery of science data until 2018, contingent upon health and status of the spacecraft. Program Element Provider Provider: HQ Lead Center: Outer Planets Research Performing Centers: Multiple Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: JPL Lead Center: JPL Cassini Performing Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: The Italian Space Agency provided Cassini’s high-gain communication antenna and the Huygens probe was built by ESA. Acquisition Strategy Outer Planets Research is included in the annual Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) NASA Research Announcement (NRA). All major acquisitions and contracts for Cassini are in place. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Review of the three Outer Planet (Europa) The Europa Flagship Mission Lander was concepts were found to found to have have valuable science, excessive cost Independent acceptable Quality Mar 2012 and technical Feb 2013 Review Board implementation risks, risks and not and the costs were recommended reduced in accordance for with the Decadal development. survey recommendation. PS-53
- 177. Science: Planetary Science TECHNOLOGY FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 161.9 -- 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -6.8 % Planetary Science missions demand advances in both power and propulsion systems to enable successful trips to harsh environments, far distances from the Sun that cannot be easily solar powered, and missions with highly challenging trajectories and operations. To meet these needs, Planetary Science supports multi-mission capabilities and technology developments in key spacecraft systems, such as propulsion and power, and mission operations. The Planetary Science Technology program includes the In-Space Propulsion (ISP), Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS), Curiosity took this self-portrait which shows its Multi- Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator or (AMMOS), and Plutonium projects. MMRTG, essentially a nuclear battery that reliably converts heat from the natural decay of the radioisotope into electricity. Instead of the solar panels used on Spirit and EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES Opportunity, this power source was selected to provide To sustain the necessary capacity to meet greater mission flexibility in accessing difficult or remote future missions’ power needs, the FY 2014 terrain and enable continuous operation in the dusty Martian environment and throughout its winter season. The NASA budget request includes an additional heat is also distributed internally to maintain effective $50 million to support radioisotope power operating temperatures for its instruments and systems. system production infrastructure at the Department of Energy (DOE). ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) program continued to advance the development of the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG), completing the Delta Final Design Review process late in 2012. RPS made significant advances in alternate power sources for future missions. For example, the RPS program funded significant technology advances in advanced Stirling control systems and thermoelectric power conversion. The program also supported the first test of a heat-pipe cooled reactor for potential space applications, performed by Los Alamos National Lab with Stirling power converters supplied by NASA Glenn Research Center. PS-54
- 178. Science: Planetary Science TECHNOLOGY WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The ASRG project team continues to solve design challenges and will complete two flight units for a mission to be launched in 2016 or later. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 In FY 2014, RPS will complete an extended performance testing of the ASRG engineering unit and complete the development of a flight qualification unit to enable delivery of two ASRG flight units for a future flight opportunity. RPS will continue the development of advanced radioisotope thermoelectric generator couples by validating lifetime and four-couple module power. RPS will also fund DOE safety testing to verify safety models for solid upper stages. The Technology program will assume responsibility for the funding of DOE’s program, including its base infrastructure (see Program Elements below). Program Elements IN-SPACE PROPULSION (ISP) ISP invests in high-priority technology areas such as the electric propulsion and aerocapture/Earth entry, descent, and landing technologies identified in the Planetary Science secadal survey. Main areas of emphasis include completing Earth Entry Vehicle heat shield micrometeoroid/orbital debris characteristics studies, preliminary design of a Multi-Mission Earth Entry Vehicle concept, and related technology developments; initiating thruster short-duration wear testing; and continuing other subsystem technology developments for the High Voltage Hall Accelerator thruster technology applicable to Earth Return Vehicles, transfer stages, and low-cost electric propulsion systems for Discovery-class missions. RADIOISOTOPE POWER SYSTEMS (RPS) The RPS program was chartered for implementation on March 24, 2011. The RPS program also funds crosscutting multi-mission activities to ensure that development, implementation, and approval of radioisotope power systems are ready when needed by the missions. This work includes the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process development, multi-mission launch vehicle data book development, safety analysis, and testing. The program also assumes responsibility for performing RPS mission studies, sustaining needed RPS capabilities, and providing crosscutting launch approval activities. However, funds are not included within the RPS budget for the procurement of nuclear material required to support missions in formulation. RPS is structured to manage both the technology investments and systems development, such as the development and testing of the ASRG. The program transitions acquisition of flight units to a mission-specific user. PS-55
- 179. Science: Planetary Science TECHNOLOGY DOE RADIOISOTOPE POWER SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE A new project has been established to ensure that NASA supports the DOE radioisotope power system production infrastructure. Beginning in FY 2014, the DOE Space and Defense Infrastructure subprogram is transitioning to a full cost recovery funding model. Funding to support this infrastructure is now included in NASA’s budget request. NASA is currently the only user of radioisotope power systems. If additional users for radioisotope power systems emerge in future years, NASA will work with DOE to determine an equitable funding arrangement. NASA will review the currently available infrastructure at DOE, identify the capabilities needed, and provide those requirements to DOE. ADVANCED MULTI-MISSION OPERATION SYSTEM (AMMOS) AMMOS provides multi-mission operations, navigation, design, and training tools for Planetary Science flight missions and invests in improved communications and navigation technologies. The AMMOS project will continue to provide and develop multi-mission software tools for spacecraft navigation and mission planning throughout FY 2014. In addition, AMMOS will pursue complementary collaborations with the Agency’s crosscutting Space Technology program. PLUTONIUM NASA and DOE have begun implementing a Plutonium (Pu-238) Supply Project to restart domestic production under a DOE Pu-238 production program. NASA continues to work with DOE to assess the need and schedule for plutonium supplies to respond to the diminishing inventory of Pu-238 available to NASA missions from past US production and material purchased from Russia. Based on the studies of the Planetary decadal survey mission set, NASA revalidated the need for Pu-238 production to support NASA missions, as current inventory will be exhausted by scheduled missions within the next decade. Program Schedule PS-56
- 180. Science: Planetary Science TECHNOLOGY Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: GRC Lead Center: GRC ISP Performing Centers: GRC, MSFC, JPL, LaRC, ARC, GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: GRC Lead Center: GRC RPS Performing Center: GRC, JPL, KSC Cost Share Partners: Department of Energy Provider: JPL Lead Center: JPL AMMOS Performing Center: JPL Cost Share Partners: None Provider: Department of Energy Lead Center: HQ Plutonium Performing Center: GRC Cost Share Partners: None Provider: Department of Energy Lead Center: HQ DOE RPS Infrastructure Performing Center: HQ Cost Share Partners: None Acquisition Strategy Technology activities are solicited using the ROSES NASA Research Announcement, and selections are made using a competitive, peer-reviewed process. DOE completed an acquisition for ASRG flight system development: Lockheed Martin for RPS. Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides management and the navigation and space communication software tools. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Idaho National Laboratory, Los Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Department of Energy Alamos National Lab, Oak Ridge Generator (ASRG) Lockheed Martin National Lab, Denver CO ATK Elkton, MD Mars Ascent Vehicle Lockheed Martin Denver, CO Northrop Grumman Los Angeles, CA PS-57
- 181. Science: Planetary Science TECHNOLOGY INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Assessing the restart and sustainment of domestic production of radioisotope heat source material for deep space and other exploration Relevance National Academies Dec 2010 TBD missions. Assessing the development of and standards for flight certification of ASRG for flagship and other missions. Based on the program readiness and SRB recommendation, subsequent Program Implementation Agency approval Performance SRB/IPAO Sep 2010 Sep 2012 Review. was granted to the RPS program on Dec 9, 2010, by the Agency Program Management Council. PS-58
- 182. Science ASTROPHYSICS Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 Astrophysics Research 165.5 -- 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5 Cosmic Origins 239.9 -- 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1 Physics of the Cosmos 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 Exoplanet Exploration 50.8 -- 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7 Astrophysics Explorer 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH …………………………………………........ . ASTRO-2 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7 COSMIC ORIGINS …………………………………………………….. ....... ASTRO-10 Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) [Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24 PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS …………………………………………… ......... ASTRO-27 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29 EXOPLANET EXPLORATION …………………………………………... ........ ASTRO-32 ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER …………………………………...……............ ASTRO-37 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38 ASTRO-1
- 183. Science: Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 165.5 -- 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5 Astrophysics Research and Analysis 68.6 -- 65.7 68.3 70.2 71.5 71.5 Balloon Project 31.6 -- 32.9 32.8 34.2 34.3 34.3 Other Missions and Data Analysis 65.3 -- 49.1 69.4 87.9 101.3 112.7 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -17.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -10.8 % The Astrophysics Research program analyzes the data from NASA missions to understand astronomical events such as the explosion of a star, the birth of a distant galaxy, or the nature of planets circling other stars. The program also enables the early development of new technologies for future missions, and suborbital flights of experimental payloads on balloons and sounding rockets. The program facilitates basic research for scientists to test their theories, and to understand how they can best use data from NASA missions to develop new knowledge about the cosmos. A research balloon is inflated for launching a science payload in Antarctica. Large unpiloted helium balloons provide NASA with an inexpensive means to place EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES payloads into a space environment. Scientific ballooning has contributed significantly to NASA’s science program,The reduction from the FY 2013 request reflects both directly with science coming from measurements the consolidation of STEM education funds made by balloon-borne instruments, and indirectly by within the Department of Education, the National Science Foundation, and the serving as a test platform on which instruments have been developed that were subsequently flown on NASA space Smithsonian Institution as part of an missions. Administration initiative. It also reflects the transfer of funding for Keck Single Aperture observations to the Keck Operations project in the Exoplanet Exploration program, to consolidate funding for Keck, without any reduction in content. Funding has also been allocated to other programs for the extension of nine selected operating missions, consistent with the 2012 Senior Review. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA chose a first cohort of fellows of the Nancy Grace Roman Technology Fellowship in FY 2012; proposals for a second cohort are now pending. This fellowship was created in 2011 in Astrophysics to ASTRO-2
- 184. Science: Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH develop early career researchers, who could lead future astrophysics flight instruments, projects, and missions. Consistent with Decadal Survey recommendations, total funding for the competed research programs was increased roughly nine percent from the level in FY 2011. The program maintained its emphasis on suborbital payloads and on enhancing development of key technologies for use in future missions. The Balloon project offers inexpensive, high-altitude flight opportunities for scientists to conduct research and test new technologies prior to space flight application. NASA conducted nine scientific balloon launches during four campaigns from the United States, Sweden, and Antarctica. A successful test of an 18.8 million cubic foot super-pressure balloon was carried out in Sweden; when fully developed this capability will allow months-long flights. Tests of an advanced pointing system and a high altitude student mission flew successfully. The student mission carried 11 payloads while involving 62 students from 11 institutions in 10 States and Puerto Rico. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 A robust competed research program is ongoing. NASA is introducing a new competed research program, the Theory and Computational Astrophysics Networks, as a joint program with the Astronomical Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation. The joint program will offer three-year awards for networked teams distributed across multiple distinct institutions, which address key challenges in theoretical astrophysics that are of a scale and complexity that require sustained, multi-institutional collaborations. This new program is in response to a recommendation in the 2010 Astrophysics Decadal Survey, which identified these key challenges: Why is the cosmic expansion accelerating? What were the first objects to light up the cosmos, and when did they do it? How do black holes grow? How do planets form? How does a star explode as a supernova? NASA launched three long-duration balloons from Antarctica in December 2012. The goal was to measure the cosmic rays that fill the Milky Way, to understand the origin of these, the most energetic particles in the universe, and to map the tiny fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background that give clues to how matter and energy were distributed at the earliest times, forming the seeds of the largest cosmic structures that we observe today. Data analysis from these missions is ongoing. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will continue a robust competed astrophysics research program, with emphasis on suborbital payloads and on development of key technologies for use in future missions. NASA will also pursue new work to confirm the nature of Kepler exoplanet candidates and explore the nature of planets circling other stars. The Balloon project plans to support one domestic and two foreign campaigns, including the Long Duration Balloon Antarctic Campaign and many conventional flights from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. ASTRO-3
- 185. Science: Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH Program Elements RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS This project supports basic research, solicited through NASA’s annual Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) announcements. NASA solicits investigations relevant to Astrophysics over the entire range of photon energies, gravitational waves, and particles of cosmic origin. Scientists and technologists from a mix of disciplines review proposals and provide findings that underlie NASA’s merit-based selections. Astrophysics Research and Analysis solicits detector and technology development for instruments that may be candidates for future space flight opportunities and science and technology investigations using sounding rockets, high-altitude balloons, and similar platforms. The first step in developing a novel technology for future NASA missions is to show that it can work in the laboratory. A new type of scientific instrument is often flown first on a stratospheric balloon mission or on a sounding rocket flight that takes it briefly outside Earth’s atmosphere. Instruments for balloons and sounding rockets are not as costly as those for an orbital mission, and experimenters can build them quickly to respond to unexpected opportunities. The experimenter usually retrieves the equipment after the flight, so that novel instruments can be tested, improved, and flown again. These suborbital flights are important for training the next generation of scientists and engineers to better compete and to maintain US leadership in science, engineering, and technology. The project also supports small experiments to be flown on the International Space Station, laboratory astrophysics, and limited ground-based observations. The Astrophysics Theory Program solicits basic theory investigations needed to interpret data from NASA’s space astrophysics missions and to develop the scientific basis for future missions. Astrophysics Theory topics include formation of stars and planets; supernova explosions and gamma-ray bursts; the birth of galaxies; dark matter, dark energy and the cosmic microwave background. BALLOON PROJECT The Balloon project offers inexpensive, high-altitude flight opportunities for scientists to conduct research and test new technologies prior to space flight application. Balloon experiments cover a wide range of disciplines in astrophysics, solar, and heliospheric physics, as well as Earth upper-atmosphere chemistry. Observations from balloons have even detected echoes of the Big Bang and probed the earliest galaxies. The Balloon project continues to work to increase balloon size and enhance capabilities, including an accurate pointing system to allow high quality astronomical imaging and a super-pressure balloon that maintains the balloon’s integrity at a high altitude to allow much longer flights. ASTRO-4
- 186. Science: Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH Program Schedule Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: All NASA Centers Lead Center: HQ (SMD) Research and Analysis Project Performing Centers: All Cost Share Partners: None Provider: WFF Lead Center: GSFC and WFF Balloon Project Performing Center: WFF, HQ, MSFC Cost Share Partners: None Acquisition Strategy NASA issues solicitations for competed research awards each February through ROSES. Panels of scientists conduct peer reviews on all proposals. A Senior Review process reviews all missions in extended operations phase every two years, and all data archives every three years. ASTRO-5
- 187. Science: Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Physical Science Laboratory, New Mexico State University (managing Columbia Scientific Palestine, TX and other balloon Balloon Management Balloon Facility, which is a launch sites government owned, contractor operated facility) INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review A comparative evaluation Recommended Archives Senior Quality 2011 of Astrophysics data improvements in 2014 Review Panel archives. archives Astrophysics panel praised Review of competed Quality Research Program 2011 scope and impact TBD research projects. Review Panel of programs ranking of A comparative evaluation Mission Senior missions, citing 2014, 2016, Quality 2012 of Astrophysics operating Review Panel strengths and 2018 missions. weaknesses ASTRO-6
- 188. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 65.3 -- 49.1 69.4 87.9 101.3 112.7 Astrophysics Directed Research & 0.0 -- 0.0 5.4 12.3 14.3 20.5 Technology Keck Single Aperture 2.3 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Contract Administration, Audit, and 13.7 -- 13.9 14.0 14.5 14.5 14.5 Quality Assurance Services Education and Public Outreach 12.9 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astrophysics Senior Review 0.0 -- 0.0 13.9 24.5 35.8 41.0 Astrophysics Data Program 16.4 -- 17.0 17.0 17.6 17.6 17.6 Astrophysics Data Curation and Archival 20.0 -- 18.2 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 Research Change from FY 2012 -- -- -16.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -24.8 % The Astrophysics Research program prepares for the next generation of missions through both theoretical research and applied technology investigations. This program uses data from current missions and suborbital science investigations to advance NASA’s science goals. One of these is to create new knowledge as explorers of the universe, and to use that knowledge for the benefit of all humankind. Mission Planning and Other Projects DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY This project funds the civil service staff that will work on emerging Astrophysics projects, instruments and research. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION, AUDIT AND QUALITY ASSURANCE SERVICES This project provides critical safety and mission product inspections and contract audit services from the Defense Contract Management Agency and Defense Contract Audit Agency, respectively. It also provides for supplier contract assurance audits, assessments, and surveillance by the NASA Contract Assurance Services Program. ASTRO-7
- 189. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations ASTROPHYSICS SENIOR REVIEW The Astrophysics Senior Review project enables extension of the life of current operating missions. Every other year, the Astrophysics division conducts a senior review to do comparative evaluations of all operating missions that have successfully completed or are about to complete their prime mission operation phase. The senior review ratings help NASA determine which missions will receive funding for extended operations. Consistent with the 2012 Senior Review, NASA transferred funds previously held in this project to Spitzer, Planck, Chandra, Fermi, XMM, Kepler, Hubble Space Telescope, Swift, and Suzaku. The next senior review will take place in the spring of 2014. ASTROPHYSICS DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM The Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (ADAP) solicits research that emphasizes the analysis of NASA space astrophysics data archived in the public domain at one of NASA’s Astrophysics Data Centers. The size and scope of the archival astronomical data available to ADAP researchers grew dramatically, including data from such major strategic missions as Spitzer and Kepler. As these data are already bought and paid for, every dollar invested in archival research using this data brings additional value to the Nation’s investment in the NASA Mission. The steady increase in the program budget in coming years is designed to ensure continued, effective use of this scientific resource as data holdings continue to grow from current operating missions such as Kepler, Fermi, Hubble Space Telescope, and Chandra. Recent Achievements The number of proposals submitted to ADAP has tripled over the last several years, reflecting a dramatic increase in demand for the data from NASA’s space astrophysics missions. The increased utilization of these data supported by ADAP plays a crucial role in realizing the full scientific potential of NASA's missions. In 2012, the program received nearly 300 proposals in response to its annual solicitation. Of those, 90 proposals spanning the field of Astrophysics and exploiting the full range of NASA’s archival data holdings were ultimately selected for funding. Topics include: Continued analysis of the data from Kepler and Spitzer to study planets around other stars and around pairs of stars; Mining the data from the WISE infrared survey to search for variable stars and to explore the structure of our own Milky Way and of other galaxies; Combining Hubble Space Telescope images and X-ray observations to measure the dark matter content in massive clusters of galaxies; Using X-ray observations to study how one star in a close binary can pour gas onto another; and How material is "swallowed" by massive black holes at the centers of galaxies. ASTROPHYSICS DATA CURATION AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH (ADCAR) The Astrophysics Data Centers constitute an ensemble of archives that receives processed data from individual missions and makes them accessible to the scientific community. After the completion of a ASTRO-8
- 190. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations mission, the relevant, active, multi-mission archive takes over all data archiving activities. ADCAR covers the activities of the Astrophysics Data Centers and NASA’s participation in the Virtual Astronomical Observatory. Priorities from the FY 2011 Archival Senior Review have been implemented in FY 2012 and beyond. For example, the NASA Exoplanet Archive will provide value-added science to the Kepler mission by disseminating the Kepler data and serve as a clearinghouse for the follow-up ground-based observations required to confirm the nature of the Kepler exoplanet candidates. Recent Achievements The Astrophysics Data Centers are tackling challenges and opportunities presented by a tremendous growth of content. New analysis tools have been developed to support NASA's participation in Planck, the European Space Agency (ESA) mission that will make the most sensitive measurements yet of the cosmic microwave background. New tools for Spitzer have allowed observers to measure the light from planets around other stars and to infer their atmospheric composition and thermal profiles. Queries and data retrieval from the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) grew by 10 to 25 percent over FY 2012, with server hits exceeding 6 million per month. The Astrophysics Data System project doubled its full- text coverage of both the current and historical astronomy literature (now over 2.5 million papers). In summary, over one thousand refereed publications used data from all the Astrophysics archives in 2012. ASTRO-9
- 191. Science: Astrophysics COSMIC ORIGINS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 239.9 -- 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 98.3 -- 96.3 92.3 88.2 88.2 83.9 Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared 84.2 -- 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 Astronomy (SOFIA) Other Missions And Data Analysis 57.4 -- 44.3 36.9 19.7 23.4 24.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -5.0 % Other Missions and Data Analysis supports the Spitzer Space Telescope, the scientific applications of which continue to expand, as well as NASA’s partnership with ESA on the groundbreaking Herschel mission. Spitzer was used to confirm the Hubble Constant, which relates a distant galaxy’s apparent velocity to its distance from Earth to within four percent. Herschel revealed the presence of large quantities of water in the proto-stellar disks from which new stars and planetary systems form. Many more discoveries are expected over the next several years as data from both This Spitzer image of Messier 78 shows two nebulae observatories are analyzed. carved out of dark dust clouds in Orion. Spitzer's infrared eyes penetrate the dust, revealing the glowing interiors of the two nebulae. A string of baby stars that have yet to burn their way through their natal shells can be seen as pinpoints on the outside of the nebula. Mission Planning and Other Projects COSMIC ORIGINS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Cosmic Origins program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as well as program science leadership and coordination for education and public outreach products and services. COSMIC ORIGINS STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (SR&T) Cosmic Origins SR&T supports Hubble fellowships, program-specific research and advanced technology development efforts such as the Strategic Astrophysics Technology solicitation issued in FY 2012. In addition, funding supports the study of a future ultraviolet/optical space capability, and Hubble disposal mission planning. ASTRO-10
- 192. Science: Astrophysics COSMIC ORIGINS COSMIC ORIGINS FUTURE MISSIONS This funds early concept studies (pre-Phase A) for future Cosmic Origins missions, in accordance with the NASA strategic plan. Operating Missions SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE The Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 as the final element of NASA’s series of Great Observatories, is now in extended operations. Spitzer is an infrared telescope using two channels of the Infrared Array Camera instrument to study exoplanet atmospheres, early clusters of galaxies, near-Earth asteroids, and a broad range of other phenomena. Spitzer completed its cryogenic mission in FY 2009, and warm operations have been extended through FY 2014. The 2014 Senior Review may recommend extending the mission beyond 2014. Recent Achievements During FY 2012, a team led by an astronomer from the Carnegie Observatories used Spitzer to confirm the expansion rate of the universe to within four percent. A team led by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology scientist reported the first measurement of the temperature of a rocky, Earth-like planet orbiting another star. Another team, led by an astronomer from Johns Hopkins University, used data from both Spitzer and Hubble to discover the most distant known galaxy, observed as it existed when the universe was only four percent of its current age. HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORY The Herschel Space Observatory is a collaborative mission with ESA that launched on May 14, 2009. Herschel can detect the coldest and dustiest objects in space, such as cool cocoons where stars form and dusty galaxies bulking up with new stars. It has the largest single mirror ever built for a space telescope and it collects long wavelength radiation from some of the coldest and most distant objects in the universe. NASA has contributed key technologies to two instruments onboard Herschel, and also hosts US astronomer access to data through the NASA Herschel Science Center. Herschel’s on-board supply of helium will expire in the middle of FY 2013, after which the focus of the mission will turn to analysis of the vast stores of data already obtained. Recent Achievements During FY 2012, the Herschel Space Observatory continued to have a major impact on a wide range of critical astronomical questions. Herschel provided data on filament-like structures in the interstellar medium, highlighting the role that these structures play in the formation of new stars and the evolution of galaxies. Spectroscopic data revealed the presence of large quantities of water in proto-stellar disks from which new stars and planetary systems form. Herschel data also supported the theory that the Earth's oceans may have originated from comets impacting Earth, early in the history of the solar system. ASTRO-11
- 193. Science: Astrophysics COSMIC ORIGINS EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The FY 2014 budget request includes a $5.4 million increase from the FY 2013 estimate to extend Spitzer operations through 2015. ASTRO-12
- 194. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 98.3 -- 96.3 92.3 88.2 88.2 83.9 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -2.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -2.0% One of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions, the Hubble Space Telescope, has beamed hundreds of thousands of images back to Earth, shedding light on many of the great mysteries of astronomy. It has helped scientists determine the age of the universe, the identity of quasars, and the existence of dark energy. Hubble launched in 1990 and is currently in an extended operations phase. The fourth servicing mission, completed in 2009, added new batteries, gyros, and instruments to extend its life even further into the future. The Cosmic Origins program is studying concepts to dispose of Hubble safely after its mission has concluded. The timing for the disposal mission will be determined by the status of the observatory and the orbital conditions that would lead to orbital decay and Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 recently captured reentry. this image of the interacting pair of galaxies Arp 273 in the constellation Andromeda, roughly 300 million light-years away from Earth. The shapes EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES suggest that the smaller galaxy actually dived deep, but off-center, through the larger galaxy None. whose mass is about five times greater. Hubble discoveries have revolutionized nearly all areas of current astronomical research from planetary ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 science to the origins of the universe. Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 observed a new class of extra-solar planet, dubbed a "water world,” as spectral analysis showed that planet GJ1214b is enshrouded by a thick, steamy atmosphere. High precision observations of the motion of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) revealed that our own Milky Way galaxy and Andromeda are destined for a head-on collision in about four billion years. Three physicists, including one from the Space Telescope Science Institute, were presented with the Nobel Prize in December 2011 for the discovery of the recent acceleration in the expansion of the universe, a discovery to which Hubble made a key contribution. And finally, Hubble passed an exceptional milestone in December 2011 with the publication of the 10,000th peer-reviewed publication based on Hubble data. ASTRO-13
- 195. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS Formulation Development Operations WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013 and beyond, NASA will support mission operations, systems engineering, software maintenance, ground systems support, and guest observer science grants. Work continues on mission life extension initiatives, such as optimizing the use of the gyroscopes. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 Cycle 22 science observations will be selected. Similar to other recent competitions for Hubble observing time, NASA expects requested observational orbits to outnumber the available orbits by a factor of six to one, indicating that Hubble remains one of the world's preeminent astronomical observatories. Project Management & Commitments Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Provides safe and efficient Provider: Lockheed Martin control and utilization of Hubble, maintenance and Lead Center: GSFC operation of its facilities and Observatory Participating Centers: GSFC equipment, as well as Operation creation, maintenance, and utilization of Hubble Cost Share Partners: None operations processes and procedures Provider: STScI/AURA Evaluates proposals for Lead Center: GSFC Science management telescope time and manages the science program. Participating Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: ESA Acquisition Strategy All new grant and research selections are made competitively. ASTRO-14
- 196. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS Formulation Development Operations MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Observatory Operation Lockheed Martin Littleton, CO Space Telescope Science Science management Baltimore, MD Institute/AURA INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Determine if mission operations should be Approved to 2014, 2016, Performance Senior Review 2012 extended, and if continue 2018 approved, extend science operations operations ASTRO-15
- 197. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 892.2 84.2 85.5 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 1506.1 2999.3 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 892.2 84.2 85.5 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 1506.1 2999.3 Formulation 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 Development/Implementation 857.2 84.2 85.5 87.4 13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1127.8 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 73.8 85.2 85.1 86.2 1506.1 1836.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 3.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 3.8% PROJECT PURPOSE SOFIA is a unique airborne astronomical observatory, capable of observing a wide variety of astronomical objects and phenomena. SOFIA will investigate star birth and death and the formation of new planetary systems; it will identify complex molecules in space; and it will observe planets, comets, and asteroids in our solar system, as well as nebulae and dust in galaxies. The infrared light of these objects is only partially visible from the ground due to water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, at high altitudes, the telescope is above most of the water vapor allowing NASA is developing SOFIA as a world-class better observation of these astronomical objects. airborne observatory that will complement the During its 20-year expected lifetime, SOFIA will be Hubble, Spitzer, Herschel and the James Webb capable of enabling "Great Observatory" class Space Telescope. SOFIA's ability to return to astronomical science. SOFIA’s reconfigurability and earth after each flight also makes it an flexibility ensures the integration of cutting edge outstanding laboratory for developing and testing new astronomical instrumentation and detector technology and the ability to address emerging technology throughout its lifetime. scientific questions. SOFIA will soon be NASA’s only far-infrared mission, as Spitzer's cryogens have been depleted and Herschel’s cryogens will be exhausted by mid-FY 2013. It is the only mid-infrared mission until JWST becomes operational. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. ASTRO-16
- 198. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations PROJECT PARAMETERS SOFIA is designed as a highly modified Boeing 747SP aircraft with a large open-port cavity aft of the wings, housing a 2.5 meter telescope optimized for infrared/sub-millimeter wavelength astronomy. SOFIA will operate in flight at 41,000 feet, and at full operational capability will have four instruments, with additional instruments available later. At its peak operational tempo, SOFIA will conduct 960 research hours per year. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 SOFIA's early science led directly to the publication of more than 30 scientific papers. The project made significant progress toward completion of comprehensive upgrades to the observatory, including improved telescope performance. The comprehensive upgrades included modernization of the cockpit avionics (including navigation systems, visual displays, and other systems), upgrades to the Mission Control and Communications System (power distribution system, data distribution and archiving systems, audio systems, etc.), improvements to the Cavity Environmental Control System, and modification of other critical platform elements. NASA selected the upgraded High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC+) as SOFIA’s second-generation instrument. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 SOFIA is implementing the final phases of observatory upgrades. In parallel, it is commissioning first generation instruments, while also performing observations in support of Cycle 1 science investigations, and initiating the development of a second generation instrument. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 SOFIA will continue to work toward demonstration of full operational capability, defined as full science operational capability with four instruments, which NASA has committed to achieve by December 2014. Cycle 1 science will be completed by December 2013; Cycle 2 science will begin soon thereafter; and Cycle 3 selections will occur late in FY 2014. In addition, NASA will initiate a series of maintenance tasks required to maintain the aircraft in safe and reliable operating condition. ASTRO-17
- 199. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES SOFIA began Early Science flights in 2011 and will reach full operational capability by December 2014. Project Schedule Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2007 919.5 70 2013 1127.8 22.7 FOC Dec 2013 Dec 2014 12 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. ASTRO-18
- 200. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations Development Cost Details Additional funds were added to the development budget to preserve the new instrument selection schedule and science hours and to fund risk reduction activities. Risk reduction activities previously planned for operations were moved into development. The SOFIA milestone Full Operational Capability (FOC) has been redefined as the capability to provide full science operational capability with four available instruments. Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 919.5 1,127.8 208.3 Aircraft/Spacecraft 657.7 775.4 117.7 Science/Technology 199.6 227.4 27.8 Other Direct Project Costs 62.2 125.0 62.8 Project Management & Commitments The overall SOFIA project and SOFIA airborne system is managed by DFRC. SOFIA science is managed by ARC. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provider: DFRC/L3 Refurbished Boeing 747SP Lead Center: DFRC Platform modified to accommodate No telescope Performing Centers: DFRC Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI Provider: ARC/USRA Science operations center Science Operations will schedule observations, Lead Center: ARC No Center and manage data Performing Centers: ARC acquisition and processing Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI Provider: Germany-DLR/DSI 2.5 meter diameter, dual Lead Center: DFRC Telescope No mirror Performing Centers: DFRC Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI ASTRO-19
- 201. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations Provider: DFRC/CSC DynCorp Flight crew, maintenance, Lead Center: DFRC Flight Operations No and fuel Performing Centers: DFRC Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI Provider: Lowell Observatory Simultaneous high-speed High-speed Lead Center: ARC time-resolved imaging Photometer for No photometry at two optical Performing Centers: ARC Occulations (HIPO) wavelengths Cost Share Partners: N/A Large field-of-view, Provider: UCLA First Light Infrared narrow-and broad-band Test Experiment photometric imaging and Lead Center: ARC No Camera low-resolution Performing Centers: ARC (FLITECAM) spectroscopy from 1 to 5.5 micrometers Cost Share Partners: N/A Large field-of-view, Provider: Cornell University narrow-and broad-band photometric imaging and Lead Center: ARC FORCAST No low-resolution Performing Centers: ARC spectroscopy from 1 to 5.5 micrometer Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: ARC Echellon-Cross- Echelon spectrometer,5-28 Lead Center: ARC Echelle microns R=105,104, or No Spectrograph Performing Centers: ARC 3000 (EXES) Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: University of Chicago Yes (HAWC will be upgraded High-resolution Lead Center: ARC Far-infrared bolometer to HAWC+ Airborne Wideband camera, 50-240 microns Performing Centers: ARC before being Camera (HAWC) delivered to Cost Share Partners: N/A SOFIA) Provider: Germany - DLR/DSI German Receiver for Astronomy at Infrared heterodyne Lead Center: ARC Terahertz spectrometer 60 to 200 No Frequencies microns Performing Centers: ARC (GREAT) Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI, Max-Plank- Institute Provider: Germany - DLR/DSI Field Imaging Far- Lead Center: ARC Infrared Line Imaging spectrometer 42 to No Spectrometer (FIFI- 210 microns Performing Centers: ARC LS) Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI, University of Stuttgart ASTRO-20
- 202. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations Provider: JPL, GSFC HAWC far-infrared camera Upgraded High- to be upgraded with the Lead Center: ARC resolution Airborne Yes (new addition of polarimetry Wideband Camera Performing Centers: JPL, GSFC selection) capability and new state-of- (HAWC+) the-art detectors Cost Share Partners: N/A Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: Telescope image quality goals cannot be met, Appointed the joint US- German SOFIA Pointing Optimization Team to study telescope pointing performance and make recommendations Then: Some planned science observations will for improvements. Installed active mass dampers on telescope to not be possible. reduce image jitter. Upgraded the Focal Plane Imager (guide camera) with new and significantly more sensitive detectors. If: Primary mirror is damaged due to handling Completed the move of the Mirror Coating Facility from the Science mishaps, Operations Center (Moffett Field, CA) to Aircraft Operations Facility (Palmdale, CA). This will allow coating to take place at home base of Then: Observatory will be inoperable during Observatory. Also developed water and snow cleaning techniques to mirror repair and/or replacement. preserve telescope optical characteristics as long as possible without recoating. Implementing a contamination control program. Acquisition Strategy All major contracts have been awarded. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Platform L3 Communications Waco, TX Cavity Door Drive System MPC Products Corporation Skokie, IL Aircraft Maintenance Support CSC DynCorp El Segundo, CA University Space Research Science Operations Columbia, MD Association ASTRO-21
- 203. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Program has implemented Operations Evaluate plans and recommendations Optimization Operations processes for the to improve Review Team Optimization Nov 2011 operational phase and scientific N/A (OORT) Review Team identify any means of productivity, Evaluation improving efficiency crew safety, and operational efficiency. Assess program Program performance and review Implementatio SRB N/A progress against Full N/A May 2013 n Review Operational Capability (PIR) milestone Evaluate Observatory performance against Program Level 1 requirements Implementatio and instrument SRB May 2013 N/A May 2015 n Review interfaces. Review (PIR) overall operational efficiency of observatory CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010 AUTHORIZATION ACT SOFIA is an airborne observatory that will study the universe in the infrared spectrum. These infrared observations allow scientists to study the dust between stars, the formation of stars and new solar systems, the chemistry of the universe, and the deep universe where the most distance galaxies are seen in infrared light. SOFIA will host a complement of scientists, computer engineers, graduate students, and educators on nightlong research missions. SOFIA will be a major factor in the development of observational techniques and of new instrumentation and in the education of young scientists and teachers in the discipline of infrared astronomy. NASA and DLR, Germany’s Aerospace Research Center and Space Agency, are working together to construct SOFIA, a Boeing 747SP aircraft which was modified by L3 Communications Integrated Systems to accommodate a 2.5 meter reflecting telescope. SOFIA will be the largest airborne observatory in the world and will make observations that are impossible for even the largest and highest of ground- based telescopes. SOFIA will operate at 41,000 feet using U.S. and German instruments and flights will last, on average, six to eight hours. ASTRO-22
- 204. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Formulation Development Operations 2010 Issues Corrective Action Plan Issue 1: Definition of Full Operational Capability Programmatic: Review of the definition of the Full Operational Capability milestone technical requirements Current Status: The Full Operational Capability milestone by the independent Standing Review Board resulted in a requirements have been revised to emphasize science finding that the original definition (800 flight hours per instrument observational capability (4 science year) was an improper definition in that insufficient instruments), the overall program has been replanned in science emphasis was contained in the definition. terms of schedule (no change in Full Operational Therefore, the definition of Full Operational Capability Capability date, however), and the NASA Agency Program was revised to focus on science instrument capability (the Management Council has approved the replan. requirement was revised to four available science instruments, consistent with the Major Program Annual Report definition), and the overall program was replanned around that definition. The replanned program plan was approved by the NASA Agency Program Management Council (APMC) on October 6, 2010. This did not cause a change in the externally-committed FOC date of December 2014, but does emphasize science in the definition. Issue 2: Late delivery of Cavity Door Drive System Programmatic: Late delivery of software that operates the telescope observation doors on the aircraft resulted in later- Current Status: The cavity door drive system controller and than-planned initiation of open door flight testing and actuator was delivered and integrated in the SOFIA science observation. NASA stationed representatives at observatory, and flight testing to clear the full flight Woodward’s facility to support and oversee the vendor envelope has been completed. This permits the until delivery of the cavity controller and actuator. continuation of SOFIA system testing, leading up to the first science flights in December 2010. ASTRO-23
- 205. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 57.4 -- 44.3 36.9 19.7 23.4 24.0 Cosmic Origins Program Management 4.1 -- 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Cosmic Origins Supporting Research & 10.2 -- 12.8 13.1 13.3 18.6 19.2 Technology Cosmic Origins Future Missions 1.0 -- 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.0 2.0 SIRTF/Spitzer 17.8 -- 16.3 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Herschel 24.3 -- 12.2 5.5 2.7 1.0 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -13.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -22.8 % Other Missions and Data Analysis supports the Spitzer Space Telescope, the scientific applications of which continue to expand, as well as NASA’s partnership with ESA on the groundbreaking Herschel mission. Spitzer was used to confirm the Hubble Constant, which relates a distant galaxy’s apparent velocity to its distance from Earth to within four percent. Herschel revealed the presence of large quantities of water in the proto-stellar disks from which new stars and planetary systems form. Many more discoveries are expected over the next several years as data from both This Spitzer image of Messier 78 shows two nebulae observatories are analyzed. carved out of dark dust clouds in Orion. Spitzer's infrared eyes penetrate the dust, revealing the glowing interiors of the two nebulae. A string of baby stars that have yet to burn their way through their natal shells can be seen as pinpoints on the outside of the nebula. Mission Planning and Other Projects COSMIC ORIGINS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Cosmic Origins program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as well as program science leadership and coordination for education and public outreach products and services. COSMIC ORIGINS STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (SR&T) Cosmic Origins SR&T supports Hubble fellowships, program-specific research and advanced technology development efforts such as the Strategic Astrophysics Technology solicitation issued in FY 2012. In ASTRO-24
- 206. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS addition, funding supports the study of a future ultraviolet/optical space capability, and Hubble disposal mission planning. COSMIC ORIGINS FUTURE MISSIONS This funds early concept studies (pre-Phase A) for future Cosmic Origins missions, in accordance with the NASA strategic plan. Operating Missions SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE The Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 as the final element of NASA’s series of Great Observatories, is now in extended operations. Spitzer is an infrared telescope using two channels of the Infrared Array Camera instrument to study exoplanet atmospheres, early clusters of galaxies, near-Earth asteroids, and a broad range of other phenomena. Spitzer completed its cryogenic mission in FY 2009, and warm operations have been extended through FY 2014. The 2014 Senior Review may recommend extending the mission beyond 2014. Recent Achievements During FY 2012, a team led by an astronomer from the Carnegie Observatories used Spitzer to confirm the expansion rate of the universe to within four percent. A team led by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology scientist reported the first measurement of the temperature of a rocky, Earth-like planet orbiting another star. Another team, led by an astronomer from Johns Hopkins University, used data from both Spitzer and Hubble to discover the most distant known galaxy, observed as it existed when the universe was only four percent of its current age. HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORY The Herschel Space Observatory is a collaborative mission with ESA that launched on May 14, 2009. Herschel can detect the coldest and dustiest objects in space, such as cool cocoons where stars form and dusty galaxies bulking up with new stars. It has the largest single mirror ever built for a space telescope and it collects long wavelength radiation from some of the coldest and most distant objects in the universe. NASA has contributed key technologies to two instruments onboard Herschel, and also hosts US astronomer access to data through the NASA Herschel Science Center. Herschel’s on-board supply of helium will expire in the middle of FY 2013, after which the focus of the mission will turn to analysis of the vast stores of data already obtained. Recent Achievements During FY 2012, the Herschel Space Observatory continued to have a major impact on a wide range of critical astronomical questions. Herschel provided data on filament-like structures in the interstellar medium, highlighting the role that these structures play in the formation of new stars and the evolution of ASTRO-25
- 207. Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS galaxies. Spectroscopic data revealed the presence of large quantities of water in proto-stellar disks from which new stars and planetary systems form. Herschel data also supported the theory that the Earth's oceans may have originated from comets impacting Earth, early in the history of the solar system. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The FY 2014 budget request includes a $5.4 million increase from the FY 2013 estimate to extend Spitzer operations through 2015. ASTRO-26
- 208. Science: Astrophysics PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 1.9 % The universe can be viewed as a laboratory that enables scientists to study some of the most profound questions at the intersection of physics and astronomy. How did the universe begin? How do matter, energy, space, and time behave under the extraordinarily diverse conditions of the cosmos? The Physics of the Cosmos (PCOS) program incorporates cosmology, high-energy astrophysics, and fundamental physics projects that address central questions about the nature of complex astrophysical phenomena such as black holes, neutron stars, dark matter and dark energy, cosmic microwave background, and This diagram reveals changes in the rate of expansion since gravitational waves. the universe’s birth 15 billion years ago. The discovery that the expansion of space is accelerating presents one of the The operating missions within the PCOS most important scientific problems of our time. The program are beginning to provide answers to implication that the universe is dominated by an unknown the fundamental questions above. Scientists entity, now called "dark energy," that counters the using data from the Fermi mission are trying attractive force of gravity, may revolutionize our understanding of cosmology and fundamental physics. to determine what composes mysterious dark matter, which will help explain how black holes accelerate immense jets of material to nearly the speed of light. The Planck mission is observing the earliest moments of the universe and is providing a high-resolution map of the cosmic microwave background. X-Ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM)-Newton has helped scientists solve cosmic mysteries, including enigmatic massive black holes. The Chandra mission continues to reveal new details of celestial X-ray phenomena, such as the collisions of clusters of galaxies that directly detect the presence of dark matter, and has unveiled a population of faint, obscured massive black holes that may provide the early seeds for galaxy formation and growth since the birth of the universe nearly 14 billion years ago. PCOS includes a vigorous program to develop of technologies necessary for the next generation of space missions to address the science questions of this program. For more information, see: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/physics-of-the-cosmos. ASTRO-27
- 209. Science: Astrophysics PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The European Space Agency (ESA) selected Euclid, a dark energy mission, for implementation beginning in 2012 with a launch readiness date in 2020. NASA will provide the detector components for the infrared instrument in return for US membership on the Euclid Science Team, Euclid Consortium, and early access to Euclid data. The FY 2014 budget request is $ 110.4 million, an increase from the FY 2013 estimate. The increase supports NASA's participation in Euclid, and the extension of the Chandra and Planck missions per the 2012 Senior Review of Operating Missions. The Fermi budget request is $10.2 million less than the FY 2013 estimate. This will be accommodated by eliminating the FY 2014 Guest Observer selections and taking advantage of operational efficiencies with minimal risk to spacecraft and data. ASTRO-28
- 210. Science: Astrophysics: Physics of the Cosmos OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 Physics of the Cosmos Supporting 13.3 -- 15.3 14.9 16.4 19.3 20.8 Research & Technology Physics of the Cosmos Program 3.0 -- 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 Management Physics of the Cosmos Future Missions 0.3 -- 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Euclid 1.0 -- 15.1 9.3 3.7 4.0 5.0 Planck 7.1 -- 6.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 25.3 -- 14.3 18.6 20.7 0.0 0.0 Chandra X-Ray Observatory 56.4 -- 55.0 55.8 55.4 55.6 55.6 XMM-Newton 2.1 -- 1.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 1.9 % The FY 2014 budget supports NASA's participation in Euclid, and the extension of the Chandra and Planck missions per the 2012 Senior Review of Operating Missions. Mission Planning and Other Projects PCOS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PCOS Supporting Research and Technology supports Einstein Fellowships and program-specific research and early technology development efforts to prepare for the next generation of PCOS space missions. The Space Technology (ST)-7 project is developing enhanced thrusters, which are scheduled for launch in 2015 on the ESA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Pathfinder mission. These new thrusters will be able to apply thrust equivalent to the weight of a single grain of sand, enabling ESA to conduct the LISA gravitational experiment in a truly weightless environment. Recent Achievements The PCOS program released its inaugural Program Annual Technology Report. This report summarizes the status of technology development funded by the program in FY 2012 and describes the prioritization of future technology needs. A copy of the report can be found at: http://pcos.gsfc.nasa.gov/technology/2012_PCOS_PATR_Final_101612.pdf. ASTRO-29
- 211. Science: Astrophysics: Physics of the Cosmos OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations PCOS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT PCOS program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as well as program science leadership. PCOS FUTURE MISSIONS PCOS Future Missions funding supports future mission concept studies. EUCLID NASA is collaborating on Euclid, an ESA mission selected as part of ESA’s Cosmic Visions program in June 2012 and scheduled for launch in 2020. Euclid seeks to investigate the accelerated expansion of the universe, the so-called “dark energy,” using a Visible Instrument (VIS) and a Near Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) instrument, as well as ground-based data. Responsibility for developing the two instruments and the Science Data Centers rests with the Euclid Consortium, comprised of over 950 scientists and engineers from over 50 institutes in Europe, the United States, and Canada. In the Euclid mission, NASA contributes flight detector subsystems for the NISP instrument in exchange for membership in the Euclid Science Team and Consortium and competed science opportunities for US investigators. Operating Missions PLANK Planck’s objective is to analyze, with the highest accuracy ever achieved, the remnants of the radiation that filled the universe immediately after the Big Bang. Planck enables scientists to address fundamental questions, such as the initial conditions for the evolution in the universe, the overall geometry of space, the rate at which the universe is expanding, and the nature and amount of the constituents of the universe. Planck, launched in May 2009, is an ESA-led telescope with substantial NASA contributions. FERMI The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has explored the most extreme environments in the universe from black holes to gamma-ray bursts and expanded knowledge of their high-energy properties. Fermi data are answering long-standing questions across a broad range of topics, including solar flares, the origin of cosmic rays, and the nature of dark matter. Fermi, a NASA mission with strong international and Department of Energy involvement, launched in June 2008. ASTRO-30
- 212. Science: Astrophysics: Physics of the Cosmos OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations CHANDRA Launched in 1999, Chandra is transforming our view of the universe with its high quality X-ray images, providing unique insights into violent events and extreme conditions such as explosions of stars, collisions of galaxies, and matter around black holes. Chandra enables observations of the Bullet Cluster of galaxies that provide direct evidence for the existence of dark matter. In addition, studies of clusters of galaxies using Chandra data have greatly strengthened the case for the existence of dark energy. Chandra observations of the remains of exploded stars, or supernovas, have advanced our understanding of the behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions. Chandra has also discovered and studied hundreds of supermassive black holes in the centers of distant galaxies. Recent Achievements Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to find evidence that the Milky Way galaxy is embedded in an enormous halo of hot gas that extends for hundreds of thousands of light years. The estimated mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy. XMM-NEWTON XMM-Newton provides unique data for studies of the fundamental processes of black holes and neutron stars. It studies the evolution of chemical elements in galaxy clusters and the distribution of dark matter in galaxy clusters and elliptical galaxies. XMM-Newton, an ESA-led mission with substantial NASA contributions, launched in December 1999. NASA provides the U.S. Guest Observer Facility at GSFC. ASTRO-31
- 213. Science: Astrophysics EXOPLANET EXPLORATION FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 50.8 -- 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7 Exoplanet Exploration Strategic Research 18.4 -- 22.2 26.0 26.1 34.3 34.3 and Technology Exoplanet Exploration Program 5.6 -- 4.6 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Management Exoplanet Exploration Future Missions 1.5 -- 1.2 2.0 1.2 14.2 44.4 Kepler 19.6 -- 18.7 18.0 18.3 0.0 0.0 Keck Operations 3.2 -- 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2 Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer 2.0 -- 2.9 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 Keck Interferometer 0.4 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.6 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 9.1 % Humankind stands on the threshold of a voyage of unprecedented scope and ambition, promising insight into some of the most timeless questions: Are we alone? Is Earth unique, or are planets like ours common? One of the most exciting new fields of research within the NASA Astrophysics portfolio is the search for planets, particularly Earth-like planets, around other stars. During the last 15 years, astronomers have discovered over 770 planets orbiting nearby stars. Many of these planets are gas giants, similar in size to the four outer planets in our solar system, and orbit much closer to their parent stars than do the giant planets in our system. NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration program is advancing along a path of discovery leading to a point where scientists can directly study the atmospheres and surface features of habitable, rocky planets, like Earth, around other stars in the solar neighborhood. The 2009 launch of the Kepler mission, NASA’s first mission dedicated to the study of extrasolar planets, ushered in a new chapter in the search for planets around other stars. From its unique vantage point of space, Kepler can detect much smaller planets than even the most powerful ground-based telescopes. Kepler provided data showing us that small planets are more abundant than giant planets. By the end of its mission, Kepler will establish how common habitable, Earth-sized planets are in the galaxy. NASA aims to develop systems that will allow scientists to take the pivotal step from identifying an exoplanet as Earth-sized, to determining whether it is truly Earth-like, and possibly even detecting if it bears the fingerprints of life. Such an ambitious goal includes significant technological challenges. An important component of the Exoplanet Exploration effort is a robust technology development program with the goal of enabling a future direct detection mission. ASTRO-32
- 214. Science: Astrophysics EXOPLANET EXPLORATION For more information, see: http://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES Following the Senior Review of Astrophysics Missions in 2012, NASA approved an extension of the Kepler mission through at least 2015. The extension will expand on and improve the statistical census of planetary sizes and orbits begun during the prime mission, in particular extending that census to obtain robust measurements of the frequency of Earth-sized, rocky planets in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars. The FY 2014 budget request is $55.4 million, a $13.8 million increase from the FY 2013 estimate ($41.6 million), to support the Kepler extension as a result of senior review and an increase to Keck Operations as a result of Keck Single Aperture observations moving from research. The discovery of Kepler-35b and another twin sun planet, Kepler-34 b, was announced Jan. 11, 2012. The two ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 discoveries represent a new class of circumbinary planets, and may help The Exoplanet program completed development of the astronomers estimate how many of such Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI). The binary stars possess planets. Scientists say Kepler mission successfully completed its prime mission the two planets are also extremely close to phase in November and has begun an extended mission that the habitable zones of their parent stars. will add as many as four years to the lifetime of the This illustration shows Kepler-35 b, a mission. Scientists analyzing data from the Kepler mission Saturn-size planet, around its pair of sun- announced the discovery of Kepler-47b and -47c, the first size stars. Credit: Lynette Cook transiting circumbinary system, multiple planets orbiting two suns. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NASA, and elsewhere have detected a planet that appears to be evaporating under the blistering heat of its parent star. The scientists infer that a long tail of debris, much like the tail of a comet, is following the planet, and that this tail may tell the story of the planet’s disintegration. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The Exoplanet Program continues to support competitively-selected technology development to advance key technologies that will enable a future space mission to separate the feeble reflected light of an exoplanet from the overwhelming glare of its parent star, and analyze that light for clues to the planet’s characteristics. Commissioning activities for LBTI continue, with the achievement of full operational capability anticipated in 2013. The program is standing up Science and Technology Definition Teams to develop a set of mission concepts for a potential future mission that would be executable within the program’s projected budget profile. ASTRO-33
- 215. Science: Astrophysics EXOPLANET EXPLORATION KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer will begin regular operation with the first full year of key project observations. Operation of the Kepler mission will continue, creating the potential for the first detection of an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star. Mission Planning and Other Projects EXOPLANET EXPLORATION STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY Exoplanet Exploration Strategic Research and Technology supports the prestigious Sagan Postdoctoral Fellowships, program-specific scientific research, and technology development activities that support and enable future Exoplanet Exploration missions. In FY 2012, NASA supported approximately 15 competitively-selected technology development projects and 17 Sagan fellows. The selected technology development projects all focus on advancing technologies for separating the feeble reflected light of an exoplanet from the overwhelming glare of its parent star so that it can be analyzed for clues to the planet’s nature. Those technologies will one day enable the ultimate goal of NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program: a future mission capable of imaging and measuring the spectra of habitable, Earth-like exoplanets in the solar neighborhood. In 2013, NASA will continue to work on technologies for future telescopes. EXOPLANET EXPLORATION PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Exoplanet Exploration program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as well as program science leadership. The program management coordinates, supports and tracks the progress of the program’s numerous technology development tasks, and oversees the program’s diverse portfolio of projects, including LBTI, Kepler, and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. EXOPLANET EXPLORATION FUTURE MISSIONS Exoplanet Exploration Future Missions funding supports the execution of the exoplanet mission science and technology definition teams, and ultimately the formulation, development, and implementation of a future Exoplanet Exploration flight mission. Operating Missions KEPLER Kepler, launched in March 2009, is specifically designed to survey the distant stars in this region of the Milky Way galaxy to detect and characterize rocky planets in or near the "habitable zone" of their host ASTRO-34
- 216. Science: Astrophysics EXOPLANET EXPLORATION star. The habitable zone encompasses the distances from a star where liquid water can exist on a planet’s surface. As time progresses, smaller planets with longer orbital periods emerge from the data. KECK OPERATIONS Keck Operations is the NASA portion of the Keck Observatory partnership. NASA uses its share of observing time in support of all Astrophysics science programs. Observation time is competed, selected, and managed by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. A significant portion of the observing time has been awarded to studies of potential planets identified by Kepler. NASA is transferring the budget for Keck Single Aperture (KSA) in the Research Program to Keck Operations within the Exoplanet Exploration program to consolidate all Keck funding. KSA manages NASA time on the 10-meter, ground-based Keck telescopes by issuing proposal solicitations, conducting peer reviews, communicating selections for investigations, and providing support to observers. KSA also manages the Keck archives for the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) and the Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSPEC) instruments. HIRES primarily measures the radial velocity data used to find and characterize exoplanets and NIRSPEC is a general-purpose near-infrared spectrometer widely used by Keck observers. LARGE BINOCULAR TELESCOPE INTERFEROMETER The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) is the NASA portion of the Large Binocular Telescope partnership. LBTI is designed to allow high contrast, high spatial resolution infrared imaging of the dust clouds around nearby stars. The system surveys nearby stars for dust and debris disks that may hamper the detection of planets around those stars. This information will be crucial for designing future space observatories capable of detecting and characterizing those planets. Program Schedule ASTRO-35
- 217. Science: Astrophysics EXOPLANET EXPLORATION Program Management & Commitments JPL manages the Exoplanet Exploration Program. Program Element Provider Provider: JPL Lead Center: ARC Kepler Performing Centers: ARC Cost Share Partners: None Provider: Caltech and University of California Lead Center: JPL Keck Observatory Performing Center: None Cost Share Partners: Various private entities Provider: University of Arizona Lead Center: JPL LBTI Performing Center: None Cost Share Partners: University of Arizona Acquisition Strategy NASA will make technology awards in response to annual NRAs released in ROSES-2013 solicitations. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Kepler Ball Aerospace Corp. Boulder, CO INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Ranking of Determine which mission missions, citing 2014, 2016, Quality Senior Review 2012 operations should be strengths and 2018 extended weaknesses ASTRO-36
- 218. Science: Astrophysics ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 Other Missions and Data Analysis 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 20.3 % The Astrophysics Explorer program provides frequent flight opportunities for world-class astrophysics investigations using innovative and streamlined management approaches for spacecraft development and operations. The program is highly responsive to new knowledge, new technology, and updated scientific priorities by launching smaller missions that can be conceived and executed in a relatively short development cycle. Priorities are based on an open competition of concepts solicited from the scientific community. The program emphasizes missions that can be accomplished under the control of the scientific research community within constrained mission life- cycle costs. Standard Explorer missions cost up to $200 million in total, excluding launch services. Small Explorers A collection of galaxy specimens from the Wide- (SMEX) may cost about half that, excluding launch field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission services. Explorer missions of opportunity (MO) have showcases galaxies of several types. a total NASA cost of under $60 million and may be of several types. The most common are partner MOs, investigations that are part of a non-NASA space mission. These missions are conducted on a no- exchange-of-funds basis with the organization sponsoring the mission. Other possible types are new science missions using existing spacecraft and small complete missions. NASA intends to solicit proposals for missions of opportunity associated with each announcement of opportunity issued for Explorer and SMEX investigations, and perhaps more frequently. For more information on Explorer missions, see http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions.html. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES NASA informed Congress in the FY 2012 Operating Plans that the Gravity and Extreme Magnetism Small Explorer (GEMS) mission was terminated prior to entering development because of projected cost growth. The decrease in the FY 2014 estimate, compared to the FY 2013 budget run out, reflects that termination. ASTRO-37
- 219. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 Astro-H 16.2 -- 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0 Astrophysics Explorer Future Missions 2.7 -- 86.0 105.8 130.9 137.9 133.4 Astrophysics Explorer Program 5.6 -- 7.0 3.5 6.8 7.4 4.0 Management Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer 4.5 -- 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SWIFT 4.3 -- 4.8 5.0 5.1 0.0 0.0 Suzaku 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array 15.6 -- 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Galaxy Evolution Explorer 0.5 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gravity and Extreme Magnetism 33.2 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe 1.0 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 20.3 % Astrophysics Explorers Other Missions and Data Analysis includes funding for small missions in development (Astro-H), operating missions (NuSTAR, Swift, Suzaku), and funding for future mission selections and program management functions. The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer mission is no longer operational, and data archival activities will cease after FY 2014. Mission Planning and Other Projects ASTRO-H (SXS) NASA is providing a High-Resolution Soft X-Ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument to Japan, for a 2015 launch onboard the Japanese Astro-H –IIA spacecraft. The SXS instrument is a cryogenically cooled high-resolution X-ray spectrometer that will allow the most detailed studies of a wide range of astronomical systems from nearby stars to distant active galaxies. Using this unprecedented capability, the mission will conduct a number of fundamental studies, including tracing the growth history of the largest structures in the universe, obtaining insights into the behavior of material in extreme gravitational fields, determining the spin of black holes, probing shock acceleration structures in clusters of galaxies, and investigating the detailed physics of black hole jets. ASTRO-38
- 220. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER FUTURE MISSIONS Astrophysics Explorer Future Missions funding supports future astrophysics Explorer missions and missions of opportunity through concept studies and selections. The four missions selected under the 2011 Announcement of Opportunity will undergo review and down- selection in the spring of 2013. NASA will select one of the two Explorer missions: First Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer (FINESSE) or Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). NASA will select one of the two Missions of Opportunity: Galactic/Xgalactic Ultra long duration balloon Spectroscopic Stratospheric THz Observatory (GUSSTO) or Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER). ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Astrophysics Explorer program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management of ongoing missions in formulation and development. THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER (WISE) WISE is a Medium Explorer class mission that launched in December 2009. It has surveyed the entire sky in four mid-infrared bands and mapped it with better sensitivity than previous infrared all-sky surveys. During its mission, WISE identified the nearest and coolest stars, the origins of stellar and planetary systems, and the most luminous galaxies in the universe. Its legacy is a rich database that will enable astronomers to address questions posed by the Cosmic Origins program. WISE ended its prime mission in October 2010, after which NASA continued to use it for observing asteroids until February 2011, when the satellite was turned off and placed into dormant mode. Data analysis activities are funded through FY 2014. Operating Missions SWIFT Swift is a multi-wavelength space-based observatory that studies the position, brightness, and physical properties of gamma-ray bursts. Swift is a Medium Explorer class mission that launched in 2004 and is now in extended mission operations. The image to above shows the "white dwarf collision." The Swift Accretion Disk shows how material from a companion star accumulates in a disk around the black hole (blue) and how large amounts of high- energy radiation (green) are released when changes in the accretion state lead to a sudden flow of material ASTRO-39
- 221. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations to the inner parts of the disk, marking the onset of an X-ray Nova. Recent Achievements Swift continues to observe gamma-ray bursts at a rate of around 90 per year, as well as non-gamma-ray burst targets. Swift studies using X-ray and ultraviolet observations provided new insights into the elusive origins of Type Ia supernovae. The lack of X-rays from a combined sample of 53 nearby supernovae Ia showed that supergiant stars, and even sun-like stars in a later red giant phase, likely aren't present in the host binaries. No ultraviolet emission was detected from the interaction of the outgoing supernovae shock with its companion, suggesting that the companion to the white dwarf is either a small star similar to our sun or another white dwarf. SUZAKU Suzaku is Japan’s fifth X-ray astronomy mission, which launched in July 2005 and is now in extended mission operations. It was developed at the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA) in collaboration with US (NASA and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Japanese institutions. NASA provides software to analyze Suzaku data and operates a Guest Observer Facility for US observers. This image is an artist conception of the Suzaku X-ray Observatory in orbit. The universe holds an enormous number of extremely energetic objects like neutron stars, active and merging galaxies, black holes, and supernovae. Astronomers hope Suzaku will help answer several important questions: When and where are the chemical elements created? What happens when matter falls onto a black hole? How does nature heat gas to X-ray emitting temperatures? RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS Using Suzaku's state-of-the-art X-ray imaging/spectroscopy instrumentation, scientists took the first-ever measurement of the Doppler shift of X-rays emitted by two clusters of galaxies in the process of merging into a single larger cluster, called Abell 2256. The direct observation of this process, which will take several hundred million years, provided valuable new information on the formation of structure in the universe, one of the most pressing scientific issues in present-day astrophysics. ASTRO-40
- 222. Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPIC TELESCOPE ARRAY (NUSTAR) The NuSTAR mission launched in June 2012 and has begun its two-year mission, which enables scientists to locate massive black holes in other galaxies, locate and examine the remnants of collapsed stars in our galaxy, observe selected gamma-ray sources, and observe any new supernovae in the local group of galaxies. NuSTAR’s key science products are sensitive X-ray survey maps of the celestial sky. NuSTAR offers opportunities for a broad range of science investigations, ranging from probing cosmic ray origins and studying the extreme physics around collapsed stars, to mapping micro flares on the surface of the Sun. NuSTAR also performs follow-up observations to discoveries made by Chandra and Spitzer scientists, and NuSTAR research teams collaborate with those using Fermi to make simultaneous observations. Initial science findings since launch include the X-ray observations of: in-falling matter into the 4 million solar mass black hole located at the center of the Milky Way galaxy (Sagittarius A*), charged particle dynamics in the interior of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant located about 11,000 light-years away in our Milky Way galaxy, and two intermediate size black holes (i.e., black holes that are 10 times brighter than stellar-mass black holes) within another galaxy (IC342) that is 7 million light-years away. The NuSTAR mission will complete its prime mission in August 2014. NuSTAR has captured these first, focused views of the supermassive black hole, called Sagittarius A*, at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. In the image above, taken in infrared light, the brightest white dot is the hottest material closest to the black hole. The series at right shows a flare caught by NuSTAR over two days in July. At the peak of the flare (middle panel) the black hole was consuming and heating matter to temperatures up to 100 million degrees Celsius (180 million degrees Fahrenheit). ASTRO-41
- 223. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 518.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 James Webb Space Telescope JAMES W EBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ……………………..…............. JWST-2 JWST-1
- 224. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 3468.8 518.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 1112.5 8755.4 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 3528.9 530.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 1112.5 8827.5 Formulation 1800.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1800.1 Development/Implementation 1728.8 530.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 275.5 6190.4 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 837.0 837.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 139.6 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 26.9% Note: The 2012 MPAR Project Cost Estimate includes $72.1 million for Construction of Facilities (CoF) funds in FY 2010 to FY 2012 which are budgeted in the CECR account. The life cycle cost (including CoF funds) is $8.828 billion. PROJECT PURPOSE The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, space-based astronomical observatory. The mission is a logical successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, extending beyond Hubble's discoveries by looking into the infrared spectrum, where the highly red-shifted early universe must be observed, where relatively cool objects like protostars and protoplanetary disks emit infrared light strongly, and where dust obscures shorter wavelengths. The first six flight-ready James Webb Space Telescope The four main science goals are: primary mirror segments are prepped to begin final cryogenic testing at GSFC. A total of 18 segments will Search for the first galaxies or luminous form the telescope’s primary mirror for space objects formed after the Big Bang; observations. Engineers began final cryogenic testing to Determine how galaxies evolved from confirm that the mirrors will respond as expected to the their formation until now; extreme temperatures of space prior to integration into the Observe the formation of stars from the telescope's permanent housing structure. first stages to the formation of planetary systems; and Measure the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems and investigate the potential for life in those systems. While Hubble greatly improved knowledge about distant objects, its infrared coverage is limited. Light from distant galaxies is redshifted out of the visible part of the spectrum into the infrared by the expansion JWST-2
- 225. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations of the universe. By examining light redshifted beyond Hubble’s sight, with more light-collecting area than Hubble and with near to mid-infrared-optimized instruments, JWST will observe objects farther away and further back in time. JWST will explore the poorly understood epoch when the first luminous objects in the universe came into being after the Big Bang. The focus of scientific study will include the first light of the universe, assembly of galaxies, origins of stars and planetary systems, and origins of the elements necessary for life. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PROJECT PARAMETERS JWST is an infrared optimized observatory that will conduct imaging and spectrographic observations in the 0.6 to 27 microns wavelength range and will be 100 times more capable than Hubble is. The 6.5-meter primary mirror consists of 18 actively controlled segments that, along with the rest of the telescope optics and instruments, are passively cooled to about 40 degrees Kelvin by a multilayer sunshield the size of a tennis court. JWST will launch from Kourou, French Guiana, on an Ariane 5 rocket supplied by the European Space Agency. JWST will operate in deep space about one million miles from Earth. JWST's instruments include the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI), and the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS). NIRCam takes images with a large field of view and high resolution, over the wavelength range of 0.6 to 5 micrometers. NIRCam also aligns and focuses the optical telescope. NIRSpec can obtain simultaneous spectra of more than 100 objects in a single exposure, over the wavelength range of 0.6 to 5 micrometers. MIRI takes wide-field images and narrow-field spectra, over the wavelength range of 5 to 28 micrometers. MIRI operates at about seven degrees Kelvin, which an on-board cooling system makes possible. FGS is a camera that guides star acquisition and provides fine pointing control. The sensor operates over a wavelength range of 1 to 5 micrometers. For more information, go to http://www.jwst.nasa.gov. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 As planned in the JWST rebaseline, the FGS and MIRI instruments were successfully tested in cryogenic vacuum conditions and qualified for spaceflight, and they arrived at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The project also successfully completed the following significant and technically JWST-3
- 226. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations challenging developments and tests: Cryogenic vacuum testing on all flight primary mirrors to confirm precision optical shape under cryogenic conditions; Fabrication of the flight primary mirror backplane support structure, a very complex composite structure, to an exacting shape necessary to hold the primary mirrors ; The telescope tower, also a precision composite structure; Extensive modifications of the NASA Johnson Space Center Chamber A to add, for the first time, cryogenic testing capabilities; and Fabrication of the critical center of curvature optical assembly, a critical element of precision testing of the flight optical system in the NASA Johnson Space Center Chamber A. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, the NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments will arrive at GSFC. The project will integrate the FGS and MIRI instruments into the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM); initiate the ISIM risk reduction cryogenic vacuum test; complete the aft optical assembly and the wing structure of the primary mirror backplane support structure; and complete Build 1.1 of the Wave Front Sensing & Control Software. Also, the project will continue the fabrication of the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) backplane support structure, initiated in FY 2012, hold the sunshield manufacturing readiness review, conduct reviews necessary before the ISIM risk reduction cryogenic test, and initiate work on build 3 of the common command and telemetry system. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The President’s FY 2014 budget request provides the full level of funding required to keep JWST on schedule for a 2018 launch. NASA will complete the critical design review of the spacecraft bus; initiate the second cryogenic vacuum test on the Integrated Science Instrument Module; complete modification of the primary mirror gear motors; and begin integration of the pathfinder secondary mirror support structure with the struts. SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES NASA plans to launch JWST in October 2018 to begin a five-year prime mission. The following timeline shows the development agreement schedule per the rebaseline plan from September 2011. Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date KDP-C Jul 2008 Jul 2008 Mission CDR Mar 2010 Mar 2010 Rebaseline/KDP-C Amendment Sep 2011 Sep 2011 SIR Jul 2017 Jul 2017 Launch Oct 2018 Oct 2018 JWST-4
- 227. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations Begin Phase E Apr 2019 Apr 2019 End of Prime Mission Apr 2024 Apr 2024 Project Schedule Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) 2012 6,197.9 66 2013 6,190.4 -0.1% LRD Oct 2018 Oct 2018 0 Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. JWST-5
- 228. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations Development Cost Details Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 6,197.9 6,190.4 -7.5 Aircraft/Spacecraft 2,955.0 3,053.4 98.4 Payloads 695.1 752.7 57.6 Systems I&T 288.4 290.6 2.2 Launch Vehicle 0.9 0.9 0.0 Ground Systems 652.3 560.0 -92.3 Science/Technology 42.7 43.0 0.3 Other Direct Project Costs 1,563.5 1,490.0 -73.5 Project Management & Commitments NASA Headquarters is responsible for JWST program management. GSFC is responsible for JWST project management. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Includes Optical Telescope Provider: Northrop Grumman Aerospace Element, spacecraft, Systems (NGAS) and GSFC sunshield, observatory assembly integration and testing, and commissioning. The observatory shall be Lead Center: GSFC designed for at least a five Observatory None year lifetime. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Performing Centers: GSFC Systems has the lead for the OTE, sunshield, spacecraft bus, and selected assembly, integration, and testing Cost Share Partners: None activities. Includes management of all Provider: GSFC Mission technical aspects of mission Lead Center: GSFC management and development, and system None system engineering engineering of all Performing Centers: GSFC components Cost Share Partners: None JWST-6
- 229. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations Contains the science Provider: GSFC instruments and FGS. Integrated Science Provides structural, Lead Center: GSFC Instrument Module thermal, power, command None Performing Centers: GSFC (ISIM) and data handling resources to the science instruments Cost Share Partners: None and FGS Provider: University of Arizona, Lockheed Operates over the Martin Near Infrared wavelength range of 0.6 to Lead Center: GSFC Camera (NIR Cam) 5 microns, and optimized None Instrument for finding first light Performing Centers: GSFC sources Cost Share Partners: None Provider: ESA Operates over the Near Infrared Lead Center: ESA wavelength range 0.6 to 5 Spectrometer None microns with three Performing Centers: None (NIRSpec) observing modes Cost Share Partners: ESA Operates over the Provider: ESA, University of Arizona, JPL wavelength range 5 to 27 Lead Center: GSFC Mid-Infrared microns, providing None Instrument (MIRI) Performing Centers: JPL, ARC imaging, coronagraphy, and spectroscopy Cost Share Partners: ESA Provider: CSA Provides scientific target pointing information to the Lead Center: CSA Fine Guidance None observatory's attitude Performing Centers: None control sub-system Cost Share Partners: CSA Provider: ESA Launch vehicle and Ariane 5 Evolution Lead Center: ESA None launch operations Cryotechnique-Type A Performing Centers: None Cost Share Partners: ESA Provider: Space Telescope Science Institute Ground control Includes mission operations Lead Center: GSFC system and science and science operations None operations and Performing Centers: None center control center Cost Share Partners: None JWST-7
- 230. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: The spacecraft bus mass estimate is higher The spacecraft bus developer (NGAS) will complete analysis and than the system allocation to the spacecraft bus, design work to reduce spacecraft bus mass, prior to the spacecraft bus Then: Design changes would be required to critical design review. reduce spacecraft bus mass. If: NIRCam and/or NIRSpec instrument delivery The ISIM integration and test plan, flow, and schedule were adjusted changes schedule to a later date, in October 2012 to accommodate the updated estimate delivery dates Then: Changes to the ISIM integration and test for NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments. plan, flow and schedule will be required. Acquisition Strategy All major contracts have been awarded. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Science and Operations Center Space Telescope Science Institute Baltimore, MD University of Arizona; Tucson, AZ NIRCam Lockheed Martin Palo Alto, CA NGAS Redondo Beach, CA Ball Aerospace Boulder, CO Observatory ITT Rochester, NY Alliant Techsystems Edina, MN Near Infrared Detectors Teledyne Imaging Systems Camarillo, CA INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Determined mission design is mature and Standing Review recommended a Performance Apr 2010 Critical Design review N/A Board (SRB) more in depth review of the integration and testing plan. Evaluate plans for The team integration and testing. See Test Assessment recommended Quality Aug 2010 the full report at N/A Team several changes http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/p to test plan. ublications.html JWST-8
- 231. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations The report Determine the causes of made 22 cost growth and schedule recommendatio Independent delay on JWST, and ns covering Other comprehensive Oct 2010 N/A estimate the launch date several areas of Review Panel and budget, including management adequate reserves. and performance Determined that JWST design was still the best value to Other Aerospace Corp Apr 2011 Analysis of alternatives achieve the N/A primary scientific objectives of the mission. The SRB proposed rebaselined project Review technical, cost, and Other SRB May 2011 technical, cost, N/A schedule plans and schedule plans and made recommendatio ns to Agency. NASA A review Headquarters assessed Performance Jun 2012 Replan assessment review N/A Office of progress against Evaluation replan. Spacecraft Critical Design Performance SRB N/A Dec 2013 Review OTIS Pre-Environmental Performance SRB N/A Jun 2016 Review Spacecraft Element Performance SRB N/A Apr 2016 Readiness Review Systems Integration Performance SRB N/A Jul 2017 Review Performance SRB N/A Flight Readiness Review Sep 2018 JWST-9
- 232. Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE Formulation Development Operations CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010 AUTHORIZATION ACT NASA informed Congress by letters dated October 28, 2010, April 21, 2011, and October 24, 2011, that JWST had experienced a significant cost overrun and schedule delay. NASA has addressed the root causes of the overrun and delays vigorously, and has rebaselined the project with an executable budget and schedule. On April 21, 2011, NASA transmitted the final report of the Independent Comprehensive Review Panel (ICRP). NASA’s detailed response to the ICRP included recommendations to correct past problems, reduce the risk of future cost growth and schedule delays, and improve JWST performance. The current projected JWST launch readiness date is October 2018, the development cost estimate is $6.190 billion, and the life cycle cost estimate is $8.827 billion. The revised JWST cost and schedule incorporates 13 months of schedule reserve within the planned funding for development. The following table describes the issues that NASA addressed during the rebaseline of JWST in 2011. 2010 Issues Corrective Action Plan Issue 1: Cost and schedule overrun Programmatic: NASA revised the program management structure, with the creation of a NASA Headquarters Current Status: Revised cost and schedule baseline has program office reporting programmatically to the NASA been approved by the Agency and sent to Congress. Associate Administrator. NASA also increased visibility Subsequent to the submission of the revised baseline to and communication at both the Agency and Center levels. Congress, Congress approved the FY 2012 NASA Technical: No action required appropriation and included the funding required to support Cost: Bottom-up review resulted in a revised life cycle cost the revised development cost and schedule baseline, and estimate of $8.827 billion. This estimate is consistent with included language capping JWST formulation and the 66 percent joint confidence level with a cost confidence development costs at $8 billion. level that is significantly higher than the 80 percent recommended by the ICRP. Schedule: Bottom-up review resulted in a revised development schedule, with launch in October 2018. The revised schedule incorporates 13 months of funded schedule reserve. To address testing concerns from the mission CDR, NASA Issue 2: Testing concerns chartered an independent Test Assessment Team to conduct a review of plans for environmental and functional Current Status: Findings from the Independent Test testing. The findings of this review have now been Assessment Team have been incorporated into the plans incorporated into the plans for testing within the JWST for testing within the JWST integration and test phase and integration and test phase and the revised development cost within the revised development cost and schedule baseline. and schedule baseline. JWST-10
- 233. Science HELIOPHYSICS Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 Heliophysics Research 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1 Living with a Star 196.3 -- 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4 Solar Terrestrial Probes 216.0 -- 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9 Heliophysics Explorer Program 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH ……………………………………..…… ........... HELIO-3 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-8 LIVING WITH A STAR ………………………………………………….. .......... HELIO-14 Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-15 Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-20 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-25 SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ……………………………………… ........... HELIO-29 Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-30 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-36 HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-40 Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-42 HELIO-1
- 234. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1 Heliophysics Research and Analysis 32.9 -- 33.5 33.9 34.0 33.9 33.9 Sounding Rockets 52.4 -- 51.6 53.7 53.0 53.0 53.0 Research Range 20.1 -- 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.7 21.7 Other Missions and Data Analysis 61.3 -- 89.6 54.2 58.8 63.5 65.5 Subtotal 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.4 % * Rescission of $0.026 million of prior-year unobligated balances in Sounding Rockets pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). Amount rounds to $0.0 million in table above. Heliophysics seeks to understand the Sun and its interactions with Earth and the solar system. The goal of the Heliophysics Research program is to understand the Sun, heliosphere, and planetary environments as a single connected system and to answer these fundamental questions about this system's behavior. What causes the Sun to vary? How do Earth and the heliosphere respond to the Sun’s changes? What are the impacts on humanity? The Heliophysics Research program advances knowledge of solar processes and also the interaction of solar plasma and radiation with Earth, the other planets and the Galaxy. By Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) are billion-ton clouds of solar plasma ejected from the sun at speeds up to 3 million analyzing the connections between the Sun, solar miles per hour. Newly reprocessed images from NASA's wind, planetary space environments, and our STEREO-A spacecraft allow scientists to trace the place in the Galaxy, we are uncovering the anatomy of the December 2008 CME as it moves from the fundamental physical processes that occur Sun to the Earth (from right to left in the images) and throughout the Universe. Understanding the changes on its journey (upper to lower panels). This work connections between the Sun and its planets will identifies the origin and structure of the material that allow us to improve predictions on the impacts of impacted Earth, and it connects the image data directly solar variability on humans, technological with measurements on Earth at the time of impact. systems, and even the presence of life itself. For more information, go to: HELIO-2
- 235. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/heliophysics-research/. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The request reflects the movement of the budgets for the operational Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) missions to the Heliophysics Explorer program, which originally funded their development. The request also reflects movement of the budget for the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission to the Solar Terrestrial Probes program. These transfers increase the consistency of the budget structure, without affecting the projects in any way. A new Space Weather Research to Operations project has been created, consolidating several small ongoing efforts, totaling about $300K per year, which support non-NASA space weather operational forecasters. A new CubeSat project offers a low-cost option for enabling scientific discovery across the various themes and disciplines in the Science Mission Directorate. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 Heliophysics research findings in FY 2012 have demonstrated that the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO)-A spacecraft cameras are capable of taking images that could improve space weather predictions. Direct imaging of plasma clouds was very difficult, but the spacecraft's wide-angle cameras detect ordinary sunlight scattered by free-floating electrons in plasma clouds. Newly released processed images from cameras on the STEREO-A spacecraft reveal detailed features in a large Earth- directed coronal mass ejection in late 2008, connecting the original magnetized structure in the Sun's corona to the intricate anatomy of the interplanetary storm as it hit the planet three days later. These STEREO-A observations pinpointed not only the arrival time of the coronal mass ejection, but also its mass. The brightness of the cloud enabled researchers to calculate the cloud's gas density throughout the structure and compare it to direct measurements by other NASA spacecraft. When this technique is applied to future storms, forecasters will be able to say with confidence whether Earth is about to be hit by a small or large cloud, and where on the Sun the material originated. The Sounding Rocket project launched 21 sounding rockets, supporting eleven science investigations, three test vehicle and technology demonstrations, and two educational projects. Notable science achievements include the Anomalous Transport Experiment, which required 5 separate rockets to be launched 80 seconds apart to study the upper level jet stream on multiple scales. The jet stream is a region of significant electrical turbulence that adversely affects satellite and radio communications. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA is introducing a newly restructured competed research program in response to the National Research Council of the National Academies’ 2012 Decadal Survey. In direct response to the Diversify, Realize, Integrate, Venture, Educate (DRIVE) initiative in the Decadal Survey, the Heliophysics Grand Challenges program will in the future support large principle investigator-proposed team efforts that require a critical mass of expertise to make significant progress in understanding complex heliophysical processes with broad importance. The new Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development for Science program will support development of new instrument concepts, and laboratory measurements of relevant atomic and plasma parameters for all of Heliophysics. One recent selection will conduct micro- HELIO-3
- 236. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH dust impact experiments in a vacuum chamber with surfaces resembling spacecraft hardware. This way the team will understand better the signals picked up by the STEREO antennas currently interpreted as stemming from dust impacts in space. KEY ACHIEVEMENT PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The budget request supports a flight program of up to 24 sounding rocket flights, with 1 to 2 campaign deployments. (Poker Flat, Norway and/or Australia are envisioned as potential locations for the deployments). The Peregrine motor design will be completed and verified in up to three test flights, for subsequent release to industry. In FY 2014, in response to solicitations in Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences 2013 (ROSES-13) and ROSES-12, NASA anticipates awarding over 85 new 3-year investigations. Program Elements HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS This project supports basic research, solicited through NASA's annual ROSES announcements. NASA solicits investigations relevant to Heliophysics in several broad areas that include: Understanding the changing flow of energy and matter throughout the Sun, heliosphere, and planetary environments; Exploring the fundamental physical processes of space plasma systems; and Studying the solar wind. Geospace Science and Solar and Heliospheric Physics element solicits basic theory investigations needed to interpret data from NASA's heliophysics missions, and to develop the scientific basis for future missions. The Low Cost Access to Space element solicits investigations and new instrument concepts to be flown on sounding rockets or balloons, as well as preparation of payloads. Other research elements include Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Developments and Heliophysics Guest Investigators. NASA occasionally releases special solicitations to take advantage of research opportunities that arise from recent launches or other significant opportunities. Heliophysics Research and Analysis funds scientific investigations based on suborbital platforms such as balloons or sounding rockets, and maintains some of the vital communications infrastructure at Wallops Flight Facility. SOUNDING ROCKETS The Sounding Rockets project provides low-cost, sub-orbital access to space in support of space and Earth sciences research and technology development sponsored by NASA and other users by providing payload development, launch vehicles, and mission engineering services. HELIO-4
- 237. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH RESEARCH RANGE The Research Range Services (RRS) project provides operations support, maintenance, and engineering for the Wallops Launch Range and instrumentation. The range and instrumentation support suborbital, orbital, and aircraft missions conducted on behalf of NASA and the Department of Defense at the Wallops Flight Facility and at remote sites around the world. New work includes support for Commercial Resupply Services missions, NASA technology missions, unmanned aerial vehicle flights, and commercial launch and flight projects. The range instrumentation includes meteorological, telemetry, radar, command, launch and range control centers, and optical systems. RRS mobile assets provide range services at other ranges and remote locations around the world. Program Schedule NASA implements the Heliophysics Research program via competitively selected research. Research solicitations are released each year in the Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences NASA Research Announcement (ROSES NRA), typically aiming to initiate research for about one-third of the program, given the selected projects are typically three-year awards. Therefore, NASA will allocate FY 2014 funds to first year projects from ROSES-2013 selections, second year of projects from ROSES-2012 selections, and third year of projects from ROSES-2011 selections. Date Significant Event Q2 FY14 ROSES-2014 solicitation - February 2014 Q3 FY14 Review of all Proposals Submitted to Heliophysics ROSES Elements Apr 2014 Senior Review of Data Archives Apr 2015 Senior Review of All Operating Missions Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: NASA/HQ Lead Center: SMD-Heliophysics Division Research and Analysis Performing Centers: GSFC, MSFC, JPL, LaRC, JSC Cost Share Partners: None HELIO-5
- 238. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH Provider: GSFC Sounding Rockets and Research Lead Center: SMD Range Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: None Provider: GSFC Lead Center: SMD Science Data and Computing Performing Center: GSFC Cost Share Partners: None Provider: GSFC, JPL, MSFC Lead Center: HQ Heliophysics Operating Missions Performing Center: GSFC, JPL, MSFC Cost Share Partners: None Acquisition Strategy All new acquisitions are based on full and open competition. Proposals are peer-reviewed and selected from the annual NASA Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) announcement. Universities, government research laboratories, and industry partners throughout the United States participate in research and analysis projects. The Heliophysics operating missions and instrument teams were previously selected from NASA Announcements of Opportunity. NASA evaluates the allocation of funding among the operating missions bi-annually through the Heliophysics Senior Review. Universities, government research labs, and industry partners throughout the United States participate in science data and computing technology research projects. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Sounding Rocket Operations Orbital Sciences Corp., Dulles VA Various INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Report released A comparative evaluation in July 2010. of Heliophysics operating Mission Senior Assessed Quality Apr 2010 missions. A report Apr 2013 Review Panel missions singly, ranking the operating and as part of a missions to be released greater whole HELIO-6
- 239. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 61.3 -- 89.6 54.2 58.8 63.5 65.5 Science Planning and Research Support 5.7 -- 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Directed Research & Technology 13.5 -- 37.8 3.4 6.9 11.4 13.3 Space Weather Research to Operations 0.0 -- 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 SOLAR Data Center 0.7 -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Data & Modeling Services 3.8 -- 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 Space Physics Data Archive 1.4 -- 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Guest Investigator Program 10.4 -- 8.2 7.2 8.0 8.0 8.0 Community Coordinated Modeling Center 2.0 -- 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Science Data & Computing 1.7 -- 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Space Science Mission Ops Services 10.1 -- 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.7 11.7 CubeSat 0.0 -- 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Voyager 5.3 -- 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.4 Solar and Heliospheric Obervatory 2.0 -- 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 WIND 2.0 -- 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 GEOTAIL 0.2 -- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 CLUSTER-II 2.5 -- 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 28.3 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 46.2 % NASA accumulates, archives, and distributes data collected by the Heliophysics System Observatory, a fleet of operating spacecraft. Combining the measurements from all of these observing platforms enables interdisciplinary science across the vast spatial scales of our solar system. This collective asset enables the data, expertise, and research results to directly contribute to fundamental research on solar and space plasma physics and to the national goal of real-time space weather prediction. NASA teams support day- to-day mission operations, a guest investigator program for data analysis and to advance the state of space science and space weather. NASA conducts community-based projects to provide evaluations of the ability of research models to forecast weather disturbance information of value to industry and government agencies, in preparation for transition to operations. Heliophysics data centers archive and distribute the collected science data from operating missions in the Living With a Star (LWS), Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP), and Explorers programs. Space observations spark space science progress, which also provides the “ground truth” to test simulations, models, and predictions. "Ground truth" has come to mean making the kinds of measurements that would validate a theory. It is essential to properly record, analyze, release, document, and rapidly turn space observations into scientific results. NASA funds projects that facilitate a smooth data flow: the Solar Data Center, Sun-Earth Connection Data and Modeling Services, the Space Physics HELIO-7
- 240. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Data Archive, Science Data and Computing, and Space Science Mission Operations Services. These projects undergo a competitive senior review process with the level of support adjusted regularly, according to the anticipated scientific productivity and mission maintenance requirements. For more information, go to: http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/heliophysics-research/. Mission Planning and Other Projects SCIENCE PLANNING AND RESEARCH SUPPORT This project supports NASA's participation in proposal peer review panels, decadal surveys and National Research Council studies. DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY This project funds the civil service staff that will work on emerging science projects, instruments, and research. SOLAR DATA CENTER The Solar Data Center provides mission and instrument expertise to enable high-quality analysis of solar physics mission data. It provides leadership for community-based, distributed development efforts to facilitate identifying and accessing solar physics data, including ground-based coordinated observations residing in the Virtual Solar Observatory. The center also provides a repository for software used to analyze these data. The Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) is a software system linking together distributed archives of solar data into a unified whole, along with data search and analysis tools. DATA & MODELING SERVICES This project supports missions in extended operations and missions transitioning to decommissioning to better prepare their data holdings for long-term archival curation. This project also provides for the creation of higher-level data products, which are of significant use to the science community and not funded during the prime mission. Higher level data products are data that combine results of multiple missions and/or instruments. This project is competed through the annual Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science competitive announcement. SPACE PHYSICS DATA ARCHIVE The Space Physics Data Facility ensures long-term data preservation and online access to non-solar heliophysics science data. It operates key infrastructure components for the Heliophysics Data HELIO-8
- 241. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Environment including inventory and web service interfaces to systems and data. It also provides unique enabling science data services. GUEST INVESTIGATOR PROGRAM The Guest Investigator program is intended to maximize the return from currently operating Heliophysics missions by supporting studies of the current science goals of these missions. These highly competitive research investigations use data from multiple spacecraft, as appropriate, and investigations addressing global system problems are strongly encouraged, as Heliophysics is, by its nature, the investigation of a large-scale, complex, connected system. COMMUNITY COORDINATED MODELING CENTER (CCMC) The Community Coordinated Modeling Center is a multi-agency partnership to enable, support, and perform the research and development for next-generation heliophysics and space weather models. The center provides the United States and international research community access to modern simulations to enable “runs on demand,” using models to study solar events in near-real time. This allows the comparison of observational data and model parameters during or shortly after solar activity, incorporating more precise boundary conditions into the models, thereby making them more accurate. This latter function has important implications for human space flight and the societal impacts of space weather phenomena. SCIENCE DATA AND COMPUTING This project preserves NASA’s science data assets by working with all space science data archives, missions, and investigators. Science Data and Computing provides the space science community with stewardship, guidance, and support so that data made available to the research community is well documented to provide independent usability. As a repository making unique data and metadata available, Science Data and Computing participates in Virtual Observatory development efforts to assist in the practical evolution of those concepts. SPACE SCIENCE MISSION OPERATIONS SERVICES Space Science Mission Operations Services manages the GSFC Space Science missions on-orbit operations. Services include consistent processes for missions operated at GSFC, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Orbital Sciences Corporation, Pennsylvania State University, University of California at Berkeley, and Bowie State University. Space Science Mission Operations Services also sustains an operational infrastructure for current and future missions. SPACE WEATHER RESEARCH TO OPERATIONS NASA takes theoretical models produced from a variety of sources, and in conjunction with real data HELIO-9
- 242. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations from missions, assesses the accuracy of the models to be able to predict a space weather event. NASA provides the results of these tests to agencies that are responsible for operational predictions to the public. CUBESATS A new CubeSat project offers a low-cost option for enabling scientific discovery across the various themes and disciplines in the Science Mission Directorate. CubeSats are very small spacecraft, as small as a few inches square, that can be launched as secondary ("tag-along") payloads, on either orbital or sub- orbital rockets. At costs that can be less than $1 to $2 million per satellite and with rapid development cycles, CubeSats are now a viable frequent flight opportunity for rapid innovation in science and technology. CubeSats will address space technology and exploration systems development needs, will extend important hands-on experience to undergraduate and graduate students, and will leverage exploratory and systematic science observations at a minimal cost. CubeSats have the potential to reduce technology risk in early stage TRL development before infusing these technologies into less risk-tolerant, more expensive, NASA missions. NASA plans to offer CubeSat Pilot-1 investigations as part of the SMD ROSES-13 announcement, and select multiple CubeSat investigations as part of the SMD award announcement in FY 2014. The CubeSats would be delivered approximately 24 months after award, and at least one CubeSat would be targeted to launch by 2016. Operating Missions VOYAGER The Voyager Interstellar Mission is exploring the interaction of the heliosphere with the local interstellar medium. The Voyager Interstellar mission is making the first in situ observations of the region outside the heliosphere. Voyager 1 is about 120 astronomical units (AU), or 120 times Earth’s distance from the Sun, and traveling at a speed of 3.6 AU per year. Voyager 2 is about 100 AU from the Sun and traveling at a speed of about 3.3 AU per year. Spacecraft power is expected to be adequate for currently operating instruments through 2020; a subset of those instruments could operate through 2025. Recent Achievements Data obtained from Voyager 1 over the last year reveal that the wind of charged particles streaming out from the Sun has calmed, and the solar system's magnetic field has piled up, or increased in density at the heliospheric bow shock. Voyager has been measuring energetic particles that originate from inside and outside the solar system. The intensity of these energetic particles has been declining since Voyager 1 HELIO-10
- 243. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations moved into the region. The particles were found to be half as abundant or less as they were during the previous five years, with multiple sharp drops occurring in 2012. The image above reflects what Voyager 1 observed. Voyager 1 has now entered, by direct measurement, a region of physical processes never observed before. SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY (SOHO) SOHO combines remote sensing of the Sun and the consequences of solar activity with measurements of the space environment near the L1 Lagrangian point, about a million miles from Earth toward the Sun. SOHO is the main source of near-real time solar data for space weather predictions. The Large Angle and Spectrometic Coronagraph on SOHO is a unique instrument resource on the Sun-Earth line that is critically important to the Nation’s space weather architecture. This instrument helps scientists understand coronal mass ejections, which are large bursts of plasma from the Sun that can impact Earth, and their effect on interplanetary space. Recent Achievements On August 20, 2012, the Sun ejected a bulbous coronal mass ejection resembling a light bulb. This ejection had a thin outer edge and a bright, glowing core at its center. Scientists find this unusual shape of interest because it displayed rare magnetic field structure not often seen at such large scales and has not been seen in a number of years. The image to the left reflects what SOHO observed. WIND The Wind spacecraft studies the solar wind and its impact on the near Earth environment. It addresses wave-particle interaction processes in the space environment, the evolution of solar transients in the heliosphere, and the geomagnetic impact of solar activity. Wind performs in situ studies using unique capabilities, such as three-dimensional particle distributions over a wide range of energies, and delivery at higher time resolution than available from any other mission. HELIO-11
- 244. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements This year, new Wind observations provided evidence for anacceleration and heating mechanism in multiple space environments. Observations of space plasmas with a mix of fast and slow-moving particles have consistently shown evidence of relaxation, which means that the particle speeds become more uniform, even though the particles themselves do not collide to make this happen. For over 50 years, theorists have proposed that electromagnetic waves could replace collisions as a mechanism to increase the temperature of the system. Recent Wind spacecraft observations provide the first direct evidence of particle acceleration by electromagnetic waves. GEOTAIL Geotail enables scientists to assess data on the interaction of the solar wind and the magnetosphere. July 24, 2012 marked the 20th anniversary of the launch of Geotail, and its instruments continue to function, sending back crucial information about how aurora form, how energy from the Sun funnels through near Earth space, and the ways in which magnetic field lines move and rebound creating explosive bursts that rearrange the very shape of our magnetic environment. The Geotail mission is a collaborative project undertaken by the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and NASA. CLUSTER-II Cluster uses four spacecraft to make direct measurements of the particles trapped in Earth’s magnetic field. By varying spacecraft separations during repeated visits to regions, Cluster can measure the small- scale fluctuations in interplanetary space. One of the interactions studied is the acceleration of plasma in the magnetotail during substorms. The magnetotail is a large reservoir of both solar wind and ionospheric particles that, under some circumstances, releases a large quantity of particles towards Earth. Both mechanisms—particles entering the polar cusps and the substorms—produce aurorae when the participating particles, electrons and ions, hit the neutral gas of the atmosphere. When these particles are particularly energetic they can have a dramatic effect on human activities, disrupting electrical power and telecommunications or causing serious anomalies in the operation of satellites, especially those in geostationary orbit. Cluster is a joint European Space Agency and NASA project, part of ESA’s Horizons 2000 program. Recent Achievements In 2012, a new study showed that it is easier for the solar wind to penetrate Earth’s magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, than scientists had previously thought. For the first time, scientists directly observed the presence of waves in the solar wind, called Kelvin-Helmholtz waves, that can help transfer energy into near Earth space under circumstances that previous theories had predicted would not happen. HELIO-12
- 245. Science: Heliophysics LIVING WITH A STAR FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 196.3 -- 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4 Solar Probe Plus 52.6 -- 104.8 137.1 229.3 213.5 329.7 Solar Orbiter Collaboration 19.7 -- 55.5 97.3 68.2 100.0 6.7 Other Missions and Data Analysis 124.0 -- 55.8 43.3 35.1 40.5 38.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 19.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 10.1 % The Living with a Star program targets specific aspects of the coupled Sun-Earth-planetary system that affect life and society and enables robotic and human exploration of the solar system. LWS provides a predictive understanding of the Sun-Earth system, the linkages among the interconnected systems, and specifically of the space weather conditions at Earth and the interplanetary medium. LWS products measure and therefore may mitigate impacts to technology associated with space systems, communications and navigation, and ground systems Sunspot AR1429 unleashed a powerful X5-class such as power grids. Its products improve solar flare and propelled a massive CME toward understanding of ionizing radiation, which has human Earth on March 7, 2012, starting off the "St. Patrick health implications on the International Space Station Day Storms." NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory and high-altitude aircraft flight, as well as operations recorded the flare at multiple extreme ultraviolent of future space exploration with and without human wavelengths. Solar flare strength is ranked using presence. Its products improve the definition of solar five categories: A, B, C, M and X, with X-class the most powerful. This system resembles the Richter radiation for global climate change, surface warming, scale in that each category is 10 times stronger than and ozone depletion and recovery. the one before it. The categories are broken into subsets from 1 to 9, but only X-class flares can go For more information, go to: higher than 9. The most powerful solar flare on http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd- record occurred in 2003, estimated to be X28 on the programs/living-with-a-star/. solar flare scale. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. HELIO-13
- 246. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR PROBE PLUS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 52.6 -- 104.8 137.1 229.3 213.5 329.7 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 52.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 99.2% PROJECT PURPOSE Solar Probe Plus (SPP) will explore the Sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona, as it extends out into space. At 3.7 million miles from the surface of the Sun, closer than any other spacecraft, SPP will repeatedly obtain direct in situ coronal magnetic field and plasma observations and white-light remote sensing observations in the region of the Sun that carries the solar wind and creates space weather. SPP's findings will revolutionize knowledge and understanding of coronal heating and of the origin and evolution of the solar wind, answering critical questions in heliophysics that have been ranked as the top priority by the last decadal survey. Its seven year prime mission lifetime will permit observations to be made over a significant portion of To test the survivability of the high temperatures a solar cycle. SPP will enable direct sampling of and intense particle fluxes they will encounter, the plasma, enabling observations that could not Thermal Protection System ceramic coating was previously be accomplished in any other way. These subjected to 1600 degrees Celcius in a furnace observations will allow heliophysicists to verify and setting and the expected mission solar flux using discriminate between a broad range of theory and plasma lamps. This is to test the optical models that describe the Sun’s coronal magnetic field performance and survivability of the ceramic and the heating and acceleration of the solar wind. material on the carbon-carbon surface. In addition, SPP will enable NASA to characterize and forecast the project has completed ion exposure using a the radiation environment in which future space linear accelerator at 150 percent of the expected explorers will work and live. mission radiation exposure. In all testing, the system survived with no problems. For more information about SPP, go to: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/solar-probe. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. HELIO-14
- 247. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR PROBE PLUS Formulation Development Operations PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS SPP’s first closest approach to the Sun occurs three months after launch, at a heliocentric distance of 35 solar radii. Over the next several years, successive Venus gravitational assists will gradually lower the spacecraft’s closest approach to the Sun to less than 10 solar radii. July 2018 is the earliest possible launch date within funding guidelines and technology capability. After launch, SPP will orbit the Sun 24 times, gradually "walking in" toward the Sun with each pass. The closest points of each orbit come well within the path of Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun. On the final three orbits, SPP will fly to within 3.7 million miles of the Sun's surface. That is about seven times closer than the current record holder for a close solar pass, the Helios Spacecraft. SPP will sample the solar wind as it evolves with rising solar activity toward an increasingly complex structure ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The project successfully completed the Mission Design Review in November 2011 and proceeded into preliminary design. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The project will generate mission, instrument, and spacecraft requirements and designs, and hold system and sub-system requirements reviews during FY 2013. SPP is designing and fabricating hardware for the technical readiness level (TRL)-6 (near final version of new technology tested in real-life conditions) demonstrations of all technology items. Engineers are focusing on the thermal protection system and its support structure, the solar array cooling system, the high temperature portion of the solar array, and the solar limb sensors. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 In FY 2014, SPP plans to complete a static firing of the STAR48GXV motor. This motor is a new development for the upper stage of the launch vehicle. The static firing will effectively demonstrate the motor concept and provide the engineering data necessary for follow-on work to develop the motor. SPP will conduct TRL-6 testing and analysis for all enabling technologies including the Thermal Protection System (TPS), the high temperature solar array and its cooling system. A series of subsystem- level preliminary design reviews will follow these TRL-6 demonstrations. TRL-6 consists of a system/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment. In January of FY 2014, the SPP project will complete its mission-level Preliminary Design Review. In March of FY 2014, SPP will start its implementation phase. HELIO-15
- 248. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR PROBE PLUS Formulation Development Operations ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE Formulation Authorization Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request Formulation Authorization Dec 2009 Dec 2009 KDPB Feb 2012 Feb 2012 KDPC Jul 2014 Mar 2014 KDPD Mar 2016 Mar 2016 Launch Jul 2018 Jul 2018 Project Schedule HELIO-16
- 249. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR PROBE PLUS Formulation Development Operations Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule Range Summary Lifecycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary design review. Estimated Life Cycle Cost Key Milestone Estimated KDP-B Date Range ($M) Key Milestone Date Range Jan 2012 1,233-1,439 Launch Readiness Jul 2018 Project Management & Commitments Goddard Space Flight Center provides program management and science management. The John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU-APL) manages the project. Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Provider: TBD Expendable Launch Deliver the spacecraft to Lead Center: JHU-APL None Vehicle operational orbit Participating Centers: LSC Cost Share Partners: N/A Receive science and Provider: JHU-APL telemetry data from spacecraft, command Lead Center: N/A Ground Systems None spacecraft, and distribute Participating Centers: N/A science data to investigator teams Cost Share Partners: N/A Transport instruments to Provider: JHU-APL science destination, operate Lead Center: N/A Spacecraft instruments, and modify None orbit, including several Participating Centers: N/A Venus gravity assists Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: NASA funded investigators Provide in situ measurements Lead Center: JHU-APL Instruments and remote observations of None the Sun Participating Centers: N/A Cost Share Partners: N/A HELIO-17
- 250. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR PROBE PLUS Formulation Development Operations Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: The thermal protection system (TPS) design The SPP project is currently assessing an early coupled loads analysis does not meet launch load requirements, that Kennedy Space Center provided in late October 2012. As expected, predicted launch loads dropped. The SPP project is currently assessing the impact of this result. Additionally, the SPP Then: The mass may increase to accommodate project is performing sub-scale testing and analysis in key areas. loads, or a different design option may be Results from these tests and analyses will influence the design. required. Management will consider the risk mitigated after testing of the full- scale prototype. Acquisition Strategy Principal Investigators (PIs) selected through the announcement of opportunity will build science instruments. JHU-APL will build the spacecraft, and will competitively procure the spacecraft subassemblies, components, and parts. The ground system components will be defined during the formulation phase and requirements will be defined by the project. GSFC will manage the operations contracts. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Phase-B formulation JHU-APL Laurel, MD INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Successful, MDR SRB Nov 2011 Gate Review for KDP-B project moved to Jan 2014 early design HELIO-18
- 251. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 19.7 -- 55.5 97.3 68.2 100.0 6.7 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 35.8 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 181.7% Note: The KDP-C for this project was scheduled on March 28, 2013. Data is as of February 2013 PROJECT PURPOSE The NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) mission will provide measurements that will give NASA better insight on the evolution of sunspots, active regions, coronal holes, and other solar features and phenomena. The instruments will explore the near Sun environment to improve the understanding of the origins of the solar wind streams and the heliospheric magnetic field, the sources, and acceleration mechanisms, and transport processes of solar energetic particles, and the evolution of coronal mass ejections in the inner heliosphere. To achieve these objectives, SOC will make in situ measurements of the solar wind plasma, fields, waves, and energetic particles and Solar Orbiter will venture closer to the Sun than imaging/spectroscopic observations close enough to any previous mission. The spacecraft will also carry the Sun such that they are still relatively unprocessed. advanced instrumentation that will help untangle SOC will provide close-up views of the Sun’s polar how activity on the sun sends out radiation, particles regions and its far side. SOC will tune its orbit to the and magnetic fields that can affect Earth's magnetic direction of the Sun’s rotation to allow the spacecraft environment. This can cause aurora, or potentially to observe one specific area for much longer than damage satellites, interfere with GPS currently possible. communications, or even Earth’s electrical power grids. ESA provides the spacecraft and operations, the ESA member states provide the majority of the instruments, and NASA provides the launch vehicle and two science investigations/instruments: Solar and Heliospheric Imager and the Heavy Ion Sensor. In return for its contributions, NASA will have access to the entire science mission data set. For more information about SOC, go to: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/solar-orbiter. HELIO-19
- 252. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION Formulation Development Operations EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS A NASA-provided launch vehicle will place the ESA-provided SOC spacecraft into an inner heliospheric orbit around the Sun, with its closest approach ranging from 0.23 to 0.38 astronomical units and the farthest distance from 0.73 to 0.88 astronomical units. In the first phase of mission operations, SOC will orbit around the Sun’s equator at about the same rate as the Sun’s rotation. In the second phase, it will perform a Venus gravity assist between each rotation around the Sun. Each gravity assist will increase the Solar Orbiter inclination with respect to the Sun’s equator so that the inclination will reach 27.5 degrees by the end of prime mission operations. This will enable the instruments to image the polar regions of the Sun clearly for the first time and make key measurements that will advance our understanding of the solar dynamo and the polarity reversal of the global magnetic field. The inclination will increase to 34 degrees by the end of the three-year extended mission allowing better insight into the polar regions. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 The Solar-Heliospheric Imager instrument completed its preliminary design review in June 2012. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA has begun development of the Solar-Heliospheric Imager science instrument and the Heavy Ion Sensor, which will continue through FY 2013. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will complete the majority of development in preparation for delivery of the instruments to ESA in FY 2015. ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE Formulation Authorization Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request KDP-C Jan 2013 Mar 2013 Launch Jan 2017 Oct 2018 HELIO-20
- 253. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION Formulation Development Operations Project Schedule Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule Range Summary Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary design review. Estimated Life Cycle Cost Key Milestone Estimated KDP-B Date Range ($M) Key Milestone Date Range Dec 2011 371-424 Launch Readiness Jan 2017-Oct 2018 Project Management & Commitments GSFC has program management responsibility for the Living With a Star program and the Solar Orbiter Collaboration project. All instruments provided by the United States are procured through an Announcement of Opportunity. Change from Formulation Element Description Provider Details Agreement Provider: Naval Research Lab Solar Orbiter Measures the solar wind Lead Center: GSFC Heliospheric Imager formations, shock None (SoloHi) disturbance, and turbulence Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: N/A HELIO-21
- 254. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION Formulation Development Operations Measures the range of heavy Provider: Southwest Research Institute ion energies, charge states, masses, and elevation angles Lead Center: GSFC Heavy Ion Sensor as part of the United None Performing Centers: None Kingdom-provided Solar Wind Analyzer instrument Cost Share Partners: N/A suite Provider: TBD Expendable Launch Lead Center: N/A Launch vehicle None Vehicle Performing Centers: KSC Cost Share Partners: N/A Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: Aggressive instrument delivery schedule is New instrument delivery and integration dates will be negotiated with maintained by ESA, ESA and project management risk resources will be used to cover the Then: NASA will not be able to meet the period of delay. planned delivery schedule. If: ESA hardware delivery for launch is delayed, Monitor ESA’s progress during its hardware development and plan to Then: NASA launch vehicle and development cover ESA schedule overruns. costs will increase. Acquisition Strategy The instruments and science investigations were selected from an Announcement of Opportunity. The launch vehicle is being competitively selected through the NLS-2 contract. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Launch Vehicle United Launch Alliance KSC, FL SoloHI Naval Research Lab Washington, DC Heavy Ion Sensor Southwest Research Institute Austin, TX HELIO-22
- 255. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION Formulation Development Operations INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Assess readiness for All SRB Dec 2011 Successful N/A KDP-B Instrument SRB Oct 2012 Assess readiness for PDR Successful N/A All SRB N/A Assess readiness for CDR Nov 2013 HELIO-23
- 256. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 124.0 -- 55.8 43.3 35.1 40.5 38.0 Balloon Array for Radiation-Belt Relativ 1.6 -- 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 LWS Space Environment Testbeds 0.5 -- 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 LWS Science 15.0 -- 17.2 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 LWS Program Management and Future 4.0 -- 8.7 7.5 8.1 13.4 10.9 Missions Van Allen Probes 86.1 -- 13.8 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solar Dynamics Observatory 16.7 -- 14.1 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -68.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -55 % The Living with a Star Other Missions and Data Analysis budget includes operating LWS missions, a science research program, program management, and limited funding for missions to be launched in the next decade. Future LWS missions are strategically defined and prioritized by the National Academies' Heliophysics Decadal Surveys, the last of which was issued in August 2012. For more information, go to the LWS program at: http://lws.gsfc.nasa.gov/. Mission Planning and Other Projects THE BALLOON ARRAY FOR RBSP RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON LOSSES (BARREL) BARREL is a balloon-based mission of opportunity to augment the measurements of the Van Allen Probes, formerly Radiation Belt Storm Probes, or RBSP, mission. The balloon array will make its observations in conjunction with the Van Allen spacecraft, so that direct comparisons of data can be made. There are two campaigns of five to eight long-duration balloons aloft simultaneously (over one month) to provide measurements of the spatial extent of relativistic electron precipitation and to allow an estimate of the total electron loss from the radiation belts. The first campaign is scheduled for January of 2013 and the second campaign is scheduled for January of 2014. Recent Achievements In FY 2012, BARREL completed the build of 25 balloon payloads in support of the first of the two campaigns, as well as the completion, test and verification of the ground system that will monitor and HELIO-24
- 257. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations control the balloons and payloads, and collect data for analysis. SPACE ENVIRONMENT TESTBEDS The Space Environment Testbeds project will perform flight and ground investigations to characterize the space environment and its impact on hardware performance in space. It will fly as a piggyback payload on the US Air Force Deployable Structures Experiment (DSX) mission. DSX will be launched on the SpaceX Falcon Heavy Rocket in mid-2015. Recent Achievements Workmanship comprehensive performance testing was completed in June 2012, and DSX was put into storage until DMSP-19 is ready to launch. LWS SCIENCE Understanding space weather and improving the capability to address problems, such as predicting geomagnetic storms, pose two major challenges for the research community. First, research must couple traditionally separate disciplines in NASA's Heliophysics division, such as solar-heliospheric and geospace physics. Second, to be truly successful, research must also demonstrate how results would enable an operational capability, such as the generation of forecasts for geomagnetic storms. LWS Science addresses these challenges. A community-based steering committee provides advice on priorities for future LWS Science investigations, and focus teams comprised of selected investigators in particular areas have been set up. The LWS Science team addresses these challenges through three main approaches: It builds infrastructure--The infrastructure component includes funding to train the next generation of heliophysics experts, to conduct a Heliophysics graduate-level summer school, to develop graduate course content, and to support a limited number of space weather postdoctoral positions at universities and government laboratories. It addresses scientific needs--Funds permit the LWS program to tackle large-scale problems that cross discipline and technique boundaries (e.g., data analysis, theory, modeling, etc.); and identify how this new understanding will have a direct impact on life and society. The aforementioned community-based steering committee provides advice on which areas should be focused on each year, and teams are assembled from peer-reviewed proposals, that individually address pieces of the problem but collectively, as a team, tackle the whole scientific need. It develops strategic capabilities--Funds allow areas of science focus that have reached level of maturity to be integrated into scientific and operational deliverables (e.g. models or tools) broadly useful to the larger community in Universities, Government laboratories, industry and the military. HELIO-25
- 258. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements Recent LWS-supported research has shown that the Sun’s atmosphere, or corona, is full of magnetic waves generated by the boiling convection of the solar interior. Observing the motions of the ionized gas in the corona enables scientists to determine how much of the magnetic wave energy gets converted into heat. In open regions of the corona called coronal holes, the heated atmosphere boils into space in the form of high-speed solar wind streams. Such high-speed streams can cause aurorae and other space weather effects, even in the absence of large explosive events on the Sun. Another study used Solar Dynamics Observatory observations to predict when sunspots will emerge from inside the Sun. Yet another study using data from the observatory have shown a new "late phase" of solar flares, extending the duration and increasing the energy released in solar flares. These results are significant to understand the causes of space weather PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE MISSIONS Program Management and Future Missions provide the resources required to manage the planning, formulation, and implementation of all Living With a Star missions. The office resolves technical and programmatic issues and risks, monitors and reports on progress, and is responsible for achieving overall LWS cost and schedule goals. Additionally, Future Missions supports the program's strategic planning for addressing the recommendations of the heliophysics decadal survey and the pre-formulation activities for missions that are not yet approved as projects. Operating Missions VAN ALLEN PROBES (FORMERLY RADIATION BELT STORM PROBES) The Van Allen Probes mission will help scientists understand the Sun's influence on Earth and near Earth space by studying Earth's radiation belts on various scales of space and time. The two spacecrafts' instruments will observe the fundamental processes that energize and transport radiation belt electrons and ions in Earth’s inner magnetosphere, the area in and around Earth’s radiation belts. These observations will provide new knowledge on the dynamics and extremes of the radiation belts that are important to all technological systems that fly in and through geospace. The mission will enable an understanding, ideally to the point of predictability, of how populations of relativistic electrons and penetrating ions in space form or change in response to variable inputs of energy from the Sun. Recent Achievements The twin spacecraft launched in August 2012, is meeting its science objectives to better understand Earth's radiation belts. HELIO-26
- 259. Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY (SDO) Launched on February 11, 2010, the Solar Dynamics Observatory seeks to understand the Sun’s influence on Earth and near Earth space by studying the solar atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in many wavelengths simultaneously. The observatory enables scientists to determine how the Sun’s magnetic field is generated and structured and how stored magnetic energy is converted and released in the form of solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar irradiance. It collects data to help elucidate how solar activity is created and how space weather emerges as a product of that activity. Measurements of the interior of the Sun, the Sun’s magnetic field, the hot plasma of the solar corona, and the irradiance that creates Earth’s ionosphere are the primary data products. Currently in its prime operations phase, SDO’s images and spectra are key sources of data at solar science conferences and further advances knowledge of the Sun. Recent Achievements On August 31, 2012, a long filament of solar material that had been hovering in the Sun's atmosphere, the corona erupted. The coronal mass ejection traveled at over 900 miles per second. The ejection did not travel directly toward Earth, but did connect with Earth's magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, with a glancing blow causing aurora to appear on the night of Monday, September 3. The observatory was able to detect the source of the cone and follow its path into the heliosphere, helping to further understanding of an important mechanism that transports energy from the Sun. The image above reflects SDO's observations. Four images of a filament on the Sun are shown in various wavelengths of light. Starting from the upper left and going clockwise, they represent light in the: 335,171,304 and 131 Angstrom wavelengths. Since each wavelength generally corresponds to solar material at a particular temperature, scientists can compare images like this to observe how the material moves during an eruption. HELIO-27
- 260. Science: Heliophysics SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 216.0 -- 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) 194.6 -- 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 Other Missions and Data Analysis 21.4 -- 25.8 29.2 28.7 37.8 25.2 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -69.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -32.1 % Solar Terrestrial Probes focuses on understanding the fundamental physics of the space environment, from the Sun to Earth, other planets, and beyond to the interstellar medium. STP provides insight into the fundamental processes of plasmas (fluid of charged particles) inherent in all astrophysical systems. STP missions focus on processes such as the variability of the Sun, the responses of the planets to those variations, and the interaction of the Sun and solar system. STP missions are strategically defined and investigations are competitively selected. These missions allow the science community an opportunity to address important research focus areas and make significant progress in understanding fundamental physics. For more information, go to the STP program at: http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov. The Earth’s night-time ionosphere displaying spatial structures of various scales (caused by small and large-scale waves emanating upward from the EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES troposphere). Such plasma bubbles and dropouts greatly affect communication and navigation. This There are no programmatic changes. The decrease program continues to make important contributions toin FY 2014 from the FY 2013 budget request the understanding of many of the processes that linkreflects the restoration of funding to the the Earth’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere system. Astrophysics Explorer program, as anticipated in the FY 2012 operating plan of June 20, 2012. The STP program now carries the budget for the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Mesophere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission. This transfer increases the consistency of NASA's budget structure, without affecting the project in any way. HELIO-28
- 261. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS) Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total FY 2014 President's Budget Request 507.6 194.6 183.3 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 0.0 1081.1 2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 507.6 194.6 183.3 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 0.0 1081.1 Formulation 172.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 172.9 Development/Implementation 334.7 194.6 183.3 120.9 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 856.8 Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2 20.0 12.3 2.7 0.0 51.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -73.7 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -37.9% PROJECT PURPOSE The Magnetospheric MultiScale mission investigates how the Sun's and Earth's magnetic fields connect and disconnect, explosively transferring energy from one to the other, a process that occurs throughout the universe, known as magnetic reconnection. MMS will use Earth’s magnetosphere as a laboratory to study the microphysics of magnetic reconnection, a fundamental plasma-physical process that converts magnetic energy into heat and the kinetic energy of charged particles. In addition to seeking to solve the mystery of the small-scale physics of the reconnection process, MMS will also investigate An artist concept shows the MMS spacecraft flying how the energy conversion that occurs in magnetic through the dayside magnetic interaction region reconnection accelerates particles to high energies where the Sun’s and Earth’s magnetic fields come and what role plasma turbulence plays in together. The four MMS spacecraft will fly in a reconnection events. Magnetic reconnection, particle tetrahedron formation, which enables the best acceleration, and turbulence occur in all possible measurements to identify the temporal and spatial energetic processes taking place. The astrophysical plasma systems, but can be studied in scientific instruments carried onboard will rapidly situ only in the solar system and most efficiently in measure the involved electric and magnetic fields Earth’s magnetosphere, where these processes and the tenuous, electrically charged gases or control the dynamics of the geospace environment plasma. What is learned here will be extended to the and play an important role in the phenomena known Sun’s atmosphere and throughout the cosmos as as space weather. scientists seek to understand particle heating and acceleration throughout space. For more information about MMS, go to: http://science.nasa.gov/missions/mms/. HELIO-29
- 262. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS) Formulation Development Operations EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The decrease in FY 2014 from the FY 2013 budget request reflects the restoration of funding to the Astrophysics Explorer program, as anticipated in the FY 2012 Operating Plan of June 20, 2012. PROJECT PARAMETERS The MMS mission comprises four identically instrumented spacecraft that measure particles, fields, and plasmas. The MMS instrument payload will measure electric and magnetic fields and the plasmas found in the regions where magnetic reconnection occurs. Fast, multi-point measurements will enable dramatically revealing direct observations of these physical processes. A near-equatorial orbit will explore how Sun-Earth magnetic fields reconnect in Earth’s neighborhood. The four spacecraft will fly in a tetrahedron formation that allows them to observe the 3-D structure of magnetic reconnection. The separation between the observatories will be adjustable over a range of 10 to 400 kilometers during science operations in the area of interest. The mission design life is two years. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA conducted the Systems Integration Review in August 2012. The project passed its KDP-D milestone in September 2012. The project delivered the science instruments for the first observatory and built and assembled the first spacecraft in FY 2012. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 Integration is underway for the first fully populated observatory, which includes spacecraft and instruments, is underway. The second spacecraft and science payload are being integrated. NASA will complete environmental testing of all four observatories and conduct vibration testing of the stack of four observatories. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will complete environmental testing of all four observatories and conduct vibration testing of a stack of 3 observatories and one mass model. The project will pack and ship all four observatories to the Kennedy Space Center and start launch processing by the end of FY 2014. HELIO-30
- 263. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS) Formulation Development Operations SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES The MMS mission will launch on the Atlas V 421 vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida no later than March 2015. Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date KDP-C Jun 2009 Jun 2009 CDR Aug 2010 Aug 2010 SIR Jan 2012 Aug 2012 Launch Mar 2015 Mar 2015 Start of Phase E Jul 2015 Jul 2015 End of Prime Mission Jul 2017 Jul 2017 Project Schedule HELIO-31
- 264. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS) Formulation Development Operations Development Cost and Schedule Current Year Base Year Develop- Development ment Base Current Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths) Launch 2010 857.3 70 2013 856.8 -0.1 Mar 2015 Mar 2015 0 Readiness Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs (confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes on cost. Development Cost Details Spacecraft costs increased due to increased requirements for personnel, increased parts costs, increased environmental test costs and the requirement for a clean room when the planned facilities were not available. Payload increases are attributed to a foreign partner decreasing its contribution to the Spin- plane Double Probe electric field instrument, fluctuation in foreign exchange rate for purchase of a major instrument component, and cost growth for Fast Plasma Investigation, Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer, and Central Instrument Data Processor. NASA realized some savings due to reduced launch costs. The United Launch Alliance (ULA) team was able to reduce the cost of mission unique engineering by using fleet-wide system upgrades for MMS. Integration and Test (I&T) costs have been reduced by increasing the testing performed at the system and subsystem level prior to delivery to the Observatory and Constellation I&T activity. Current Year Base Year Development Development Cost Change from Base Year Element Cost Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) Estimate ($M) TOTAL: 857.4 856.8 -0.6 Aircraft/Spacecraft 169.0 244.1 75.1 Payloads 131.9 193.4 61.5 Systems I&T 55.3 46.0 -9.3 Launch Vehicle 194.2 184.4 -9.8 Ground Systems 19.1 29.3 10.2 Science/Technology 19.9 22.5 2.6 Other Direct Project Costs 268 137.2 -130.8 HELIO-32
- 265. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS) Formulation Development Operations Project Management & Commitments The STP Program Office at GSFC has program management responsibility for the MMS project. Change from Project Element Description Provider Baseline Provide measurements of Provider:University of New Hampshire electric fields (time Lead Center:GSFC Electric fields resolution 1ms) and None instrument Performing Centers:GSFC magnetic fields (time resolution 10ms) Cost Share Partners:Austria Provider:GSFC Provide plasma wave Lead Center:GSFC Fast Plasma measurements (electric None Investigation Performing Centers:GSFC vector to 100 KHz) Cost Share Partners:Japan Provider:JHU-APL Provide high-resolution Lead Center:GSFC Energetic Particle measurement of energetic None Detectors Performing Centers:GSFC particles Cost Share Partners:None Provider: SwRI Three-dimensional Hot Plasma Lead Center: GSFC measurements of hot Composition None plasma composition (time Performing Centers: GSFC Analyzers resolution 10 seconds) Cost Share Partners: None Provider: Deliver approximately 4,000kg payload consisting Lead Center: N/A Launch Vehicle None of four observatories to a Performing Centers: KSC highly elliptical Earth orbit Cost Share Partners: None Provide during operations Provider: GSFC minimum science data Lead Center: GSFC Ground Systems payback of four Gbits of None data per observatory each Performing Centers: GSFC day. Cost Share Partners: None Provider: GSFC Deliver high-rate data from instruments to ground Lead Center: GSFC Four Spacecraft None station with a high accuracy Performing Centers: GSFC for two years Cost Share Partners: None HELIO-33
- 266. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS) Formulation Development Operations Provider: University of Colorado, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics Provide science data to the Lead Center: GSFC Science Operations None community and archive Performing Centers: GSFC Cost Share Partners: None Provider: SwRI Provide measurements of Four Instrument electric fields, plasma Lead Center: GSFC None Suites waves, energetic particles, Performing Centers: GSFC and hot plasma composition Cost Share Partners: Austria, France, Japan Project Risks Risk Statement Mitigation If: Manifesting problems prevent a March 2015 launch of MMS , Hold present development schedule, maintain dialog with Launch Then: Increased costs could exceed the baseline Services to push for priority into the desired time slot. development cost estimate. Acquisition Strategy The MMS spacecraft is being designed, developed, and tested in-house at GSFC using a combination of GSFC civil servants and local contractors. The acquisition of subcontracted spacecraft sub-assemblies, components, and parts is through procurement contracts issued by the MMS procurement office. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Launch Vehicle United Launch Alliance (ULA) KSC, FL Instrument Suite SwRI San Antonio, TX INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Operations Readiness All SRB N/A TBD Mar 2014 Review (ORR) System Integration Review Successful All SRB Aug 2012 N/A (SIR) Review HELIO-34
- 267. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 21.4 -- 25.8 29.2 28.7 37.8 25.2 STP Program Management and Future 1.4 -- 5.2 8.6 7.9 17.1 4.6 Missions Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory 9.0 -- 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.6 (STEREO) Hinode (Solar B) 8.2 -- 8.3 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 TIMED 3.0 -- 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 20.6 % The Sun, solar system, and universe consist primarily of plasma, a gas composed of ions, electrons, and neutral particles that conducts electricity and behaves distinctly different from a normal gas, liquid, or solid. Plasma strongly interacts with magnetic fields, resulting in many spectacular phenomena in space, including the auroras over Earth’s polar regions. Solar Terrestrial Probe (STP) missions provide the scientific basis for space weather prediction by increasing understanding of the fundamental plasma processes inherent in all the relevant astrophysical systems. STP missions study processes such as the magnetic reconnection, particle acceleration, ion- neutral interactions, and the creation and variability of magnetic dynamos. STP missions are strategically defined and prioritized by the National Academies decadal surveys for heliophysics. Science investigations (i.e., instruments) on STP missions are competitively selected. The STP Other Missions and Data Analysis budget includes operating STP missions, program management, and limited funding for future missions to be launched in the next decade. For more information, go to the STP program at: http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov/. Mission Planning and Other Projects PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE MISSIONS Program Management and Future Missions provide the resources required to manage the planning, formulation, and implementation of all STP missions. The program office ensures successful achievement of STP program cost and schedule goals, while managing cross-project dependencies, risks, issues, and requirements as projects progress through formal key decision points. Additionally, Future Missions HELIO-35
- 268. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations supports the STP program strategic planning for addressing the recommendations of the heliophysics decadal survey and the pre-formulation activities for STP missions not yet approved as projects. Operating Missions SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS OBSERVATORY (STEREO) STEREO enables studies of the origin of the Sun’s coronal mass ejections and their consequences for Earth. The mission consists of two spacecraft, one leading and the other lagging Earth in its orbit. STEREO’s instrumentation targets the fundamental process of energetic particle acceleration in the low solar corona and in interplanetary space. The mission is able to image the structure and evolution of solar Coronal mass ejections were once thought to be storms as they leave the Sun and move through space initiated by solar flares. Although most are toward Earth. The mission also provides the accompanied by flares, it is now understood that flares and mass ejections are related phenomena, but foundation for understanding space weather and one does not cause the other. This has important developing predictive models. The models in turn implications for understanding and predicting the will help identify and mitigate the risks associated effects of solar activity on Earth and in space. If a with space weather events. Additionally, it will coronal mass ejection collides with Earth, it can improve our space weather situational awareness not excite a geomagnetic storm. Large geomagnetic only for Earth and in low earth orbit, but throughout storms have, among other things, caused electrical the solar system. power outages and damaged communications satellites. Therefore, to understand and predict Recent Achievements space weather and the effect of solar activity on Earth, a detailed understanding of the processes On July 23, 2012, a massive cloud of solar material underlying flares, mass ejections, and geomagnetic erupted off the Sun's right side, zooming out into storms is required. space, passing one of the STEREO spacecraft along the way. Using the STEREO data, scientists clocked this giant cloud, known as a coronal mass ejection as traveling between 1,800 and 2,200 miles per second as it left the Sun. Measuring a coronal mass ejection at this speed, traveling in a direction safely away from Earth, represents an unusual opportunity for researchers studying the Sun's effects. The event pushed a burst of fast protons out from the Sun. The number of charged particles near STEREO jumped 100,000 times within an hour of the coronal mass ejection's start. When such bursts of solar particles interact with Earth's magnetic field they are referred to as a solar radiation storm, and they can block high frequency radio communications as used, for example, by airline pilots. Like the coronal mass ejection, this solar energetic particle event is also the most intense ever measured by STEREO. While the ejection was not directed toward Earth, the solar energetic particle did, at a much lower intensity than at STEREO, HELIO-36
- 269. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations affect Earth, offering scientists a chance to study how such events can widen so dramatically as they travel through space. HINODE Hinode is a Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science mission operating as a follow-on to the highly successful Japan, U.S., U.K. Yohkoh (Solar-A) collaboration. The mission consists of a coordinated set of optical, Extreme UltraViolet and x-ray instruments that are studying the basic heating mechanisms and dynamics of the active solar corona. By investigating the fundamental processes that connect the Sun’s magnetic field and the solar corona, Hinode is discovering how the Sun generates magnetic disturbances and the high-energy particle storms that propagate from the Sun to Earth. Recent Achievements Spectacular images from the Hinode spacecraft show the solar eclipse, which darkened the sky in parts of the Western United States and Southeast Asia on May 20, 2012. Hinode images of the eclipse enable scientists to develop an improved model of the telescope performance. This can be used to obtain significantly enhanced observations in high resolution of faint features of the solar corona. This will allow scientists to study the extended solar corona and the structure of the high temperature solar atmosphere. THERMOSPHERE, IONOSPHERE, MESOSPHERE ENERGETICS AND DYNAMICS (TIMED) The TIMED mission characterizes and studies the physics, dynamics, energetics, thermal structure, and composition of the least well-understood region of Earth’s atmosphere, the mesosphere- lower thermosphere-ionosphere system. This region of interest, located between altitudes of approximately 60 to180 kilometers above the surface of Earth, is the interface between Earth’s lower atmosphere below and the magnetosphere above, and can be influenced by forcing from either of these regions. The mesosphere-lower thermosphere-ionosphere system can undergo rapid changes in character due to both natural and human-induced (anthropogenic) effects. HELIO-37
- 270. Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements On March 8, 2012, TIMED observed the effects of gigawatts dumped into Earth's upper atmosphere from the first major solar storm of the year. A coronal mass ejection propelled in our direction by an X5-class solar flare hit Earth’s magnetosphere and triggered major geomagnetic storms. X-class flares are the most powerful kind of flares. Energetic particles rained down on the upper atmosphere, depositing their energy, producing spectacular auroras around the poles and significant upper atmospheric heating all around the globe. The image to the left reflects what TIMED observed. TIMED monitors infrared emissions from Earth’s upper atmosphere, in particular from carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO), two substances that are the most efficient coolants in thermosphere and that play a key role in the energy balance of air hundreds of km above our planet’s surface. For a three-day period, the thermosphere absorbed 26 billion kilowatt hours of energy. TIMED observed how infrared radiation from CO2 and NO re-radiated 95 percent of that total back into space. During the heating impulse, the thermosphere puffed up like a marshmallow held over a campfire, temporarily increasing the drag on low-orbiting satellites as well as orbital debris. HELIO-38
- 271. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 Other Missions and Data Analysis 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 44.7 % The Heliophysics Explorers Program provides frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific investigations on focused and timely science topics. Explorers uses a suite of smaller, fully competed missions that address these topics to complement the science of strategic missions of the Living With a Star and Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) programs. Highly competitive selection ensures that the most current and best strategic science will be accomplished. Full missions include Medium Explorers (MIDEX), Explorers (EX), and Small Explorers (SMEX). Missions of Opportunity (MO) are typically instruments flown as part of a non-NASA space mission. EX missions were introduced within the 2011 Announcement of Opportunity. In response to the NASA’s Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) currently available expendable launch vehicles, EX satellite is a SMEX-class mission that remotely missions were conceived. In September 2011 NASA senses night-shining clouds in the mesosphere. selected three heliophysics EXs and three MOs for These noctilucent clouds are made of ice crystals initial study. In Spring 2013, NASA will select one or that form over the summer poles at an altitude too two missions for implementation. high and a temperature too cold for water-vapor clouds. Recent results from the mission have The Explorers program selected IRIS in 2009. IRIS is provided evidence of change in the behavior of these a small explorer mission, currently in the development noctilucent clouds, with the data showing phase and scheduled for launch in FY 2013. dramatically lower ice content. This is leading scientists to speculate about changes in weather conditions and pole-to-pole atmospheric circulation, Other Missions and Data Analysis supports numerous and whether these changes are driven by the solar operating Heliophysics Explorer missions, as well as cycle. program management functions and funding for future mission selections. For more information on Explorer missions, go to: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions.html. HELIO-39
- 272. Science: Heliophysics HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES There are no programmatic changes. The Explorer program now carries the budget for the Advanced Composition Explorer and Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) missions. This transfer from Heliophysics Research to Explorer increases the consistency of our budget structure, without affecting the projects in any way. HELIO-40
- 273. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 Heliophysics Explorer Future Missions 3.8 -- 65.7 99.8 67.6 64.5 67.5 Heliophysics Explorer Program 4.7 -- 3.7 6.4 4.1 7.4 4.4 Management Interface Region Imaging Spectogr (IRIS) 39.1 -- 8.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) 1.6 -- 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 TWINS 1.0 -- 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 CINDI 1.0 -- 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aeronomy of Ice in Mesophere (SMEX-9) 3.0 -- 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Time History of Events and Macroscale In 6.0 -- 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 ACE 3.7 -- 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 RHESSI 1.9 -- 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 44.7 % Explorer missions offer the ability to meet the full range of heliophysics science identified as being vital and urgent by the National Academies' decadal surveys. These missions are designed to be lower cost and have a short development cycle; they provide smaller, focused science investigations to supplement the larger strategic mission lines. The Heliophysics Explorers Other Missions and Data Analysis budget includes operating Explorer missions, program management, and funding for the mission currently in the competitive principal investigator-led mission procurement cycle. For more information, go to the Explorer program at: http://explorer.gsfc.nasa.gov/. Mission Planning and Other Projects EXPLORER FUTURE MISSIONS Explorer Future Missions provides the resources required to manage the planning, formulation, and implementation of all Explorer missions. The program office ensures successful achievement of Explorer program cost and schedule goals, while managing cross-project dependencies, risks, issues, and requirements as projects progress through formal key decision points. Additionally, Future Missions supports the Explorer procurement activities, including the pre-formulation activities for missions not yet HELIO-41
- 274. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations approved as projects. The Explorer program has selected six science proposals for evaluation as potential future science missions. Following detailed mission concept studies, one of the full mission concepts and/or one-or- more of the mission of opportunity concepts would be selected in April 2013 to proceed toward flight with launches potentially in 2016 and/or 2018. EXPLORER PROGRAM MANAGEMENT Explorer Program Management encompasses the program office resources required to manage the formulation and implementation of all Explorer projects. The program office is responsible for providing support and guidance to projects in resolving technical and programmatic issues and risks, for monitoring and reporting technical and programmatic progress of the projects and for achieving Explorer cost, schedule and technical goals and requirements. INTERFACE REGION IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH (IRIS) The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph explorer is a SMEX mission selected in June 2009 and is expected to launch in June 2013. IRIS will enable scientists to understand how the solar atmosphere is energized. IRIS will provide significant new information to increase our understanding of energy transport into the corona and solar wind and provide an archetype for all stellar atmospheres. The unique instrument capabilities, coupled with state of the art 3-D modeling, will fill a large gap in knowledge of this dynamic region of the solar atmosphere. The mission will extend the scientific output of existing heliophysics spacecraft that follow the effects of energy release processes from the Sun to Earth. IRIS will provide key insights into all these processes, and thereby advance our understanding of the solar drivers of space weather from the corona to the far heliosphere, by combining high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy for the entire chromosphere and adjacent regions. IRIS will resolve in space, time, and wavelength the dynamic geometry from the chromosphere to the low-temperature corona to shed much- needed light on the physics of this magnetic interface region. IRIS is a three-axis stabilized, sun-pointed mission that studies the chromosphere in the far ultraviolet and near ultraviolet with 0.33 arcsecond spatial resolution, 0.4 kilometers per second velocity resolution, and a field of view of 171 arcsecond. This two-year mission fills a critical observational data gap by providing simultaneous, co-spatial and comprehensive coverage from photosphere (about 4,500 kelvin) up to corona (less than or equal to 10 meters kelvin). IRIS consists of a 20-centimeter aperture telescope assembly that feeds an imaging spectrograph and a separate imaging camera system with wavelengths in the far ultraviolet and near ultraviolet. A spacecraft bus based upon heritage designs supports the science mission and provides pointing, power, and data communications for the mission. During FY 2013, IRIS will complete Observatory Integration and Test and is expected to complete Pre- Ship Review in March and Flight Readiness Review in June of 2013. The current launch readiness date is scheduled in June 2013. After launch, IRIS will enter a 30-day commissioning period and begin science operations. HELIO-42
- 275. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations Recent Achievements IRIS completed the design and development phase and entered into the integration and test phase in June 2012. Operating Missions INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER (IBEX) The Interstellar Boundary Explorer is the first mission designed to detect the edge of the solar system. As the solar wind from the Sun flows out beyond Pluto, it collides with the material between the stars, forming a shock front. These interactions create energetic neutral atoms, particles with no charge that move very quickly. This region emits no light that can be collected by conventional telescopes, so IBEX measures the particles that happen to be traveling inward from the boundary instead. IBEX contains two detectors designed to collect and measure energetic neutral atoms, providing data about the mass, location, direction of origin, and energy of these particles. From this data, maps of the boundary are created. The mission's focused science objective is to discover the nature of the interactions between the solar wind and the interstellar medium at the edge of the solar system. This region is important because it shields a large percentage of harmful galactic cosmic rays from Earth and inner solar system. Recent Achievements IBEX provided unprecedented measurements of the interstellar flow speed and direction, revealing that the bow shock, widely accepted by researchers to precede the heliosphere, does not exist. A sonic boom made by a jet breaking the sound barrier is an earthly example of a bow shock. The revised speeds indicate that the heliosphere, the bubble surrounding the sun and solar system with solar wind, moves at about 52,000 miles per hour, roughly 7,000 miles per hour slower than previously thought, slow enough to create more of a bow "wave" than a shock. It is too early to say what this new data means for Earth's heliosphere, but there are likely implications for how galactic cosmic rays propagate around and enter the solar system, which is relevant for human space travel. The figure shows a schematic of the elongated heliosphere with its three boundaries, the Termination Shock, the Heliopause, and the Bow Wave. These observations also show that oxygen is roughly half as abundant in the local interstellar medium as in the solar system, which suggests that either a large amount of oxygen atoms are embedded in interstellar dust grains or our solar system was borne outside the local interstellar cloud. HELIO-43
- 276. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations TWO WIDE-ANGLE IMAGING NEUTRAL ATOM SPECTROMETERS (TWINS) TWINS provides stereo imaging of Earth’s magnetosphere, the region surrounding the planet controlled by its magnetic field and containing the Van Allen radiation belts and other energetic charged particles. TWINS gives a three-dimensional global visualization of this region, which has led to a greatly enhanced understanding of the connections between different regions of the magnetosphere and their relation to solar variability. TWINS is a NASA-sponsored mission of opportunity that has been operational since 2008 and approved for extended operations until September 2014. Recent Achievements For the first time, instrumentation aboard TWINS and IBEX observed the impact from inside and outside Earth's magnetosphere, respectively. The energetic neutral atom cameras aboard each spacecraft enabled global imaging of the magnetosphere as it compressed in response to sharply faster solar wind that resulted from a powerful solar storm. The IBEX images show an immediate compression of the magnetosphere as it was impacted by charged particles from the solar wind. Minutes later, one of the TWINS spacecraft, carrying identical energetic neutral atom sensors that provide stereoscopic imaging, observed changes in the inner magnetosphere. About 15 minutes after impact, the trapped particles in the Van Allen belts propagated down the field lines toward the poles and into Earth's atmosphere, where they produced additional energetic neutral atoms. The brief time delay in losing particles to the atmosphere suggests that internal magnetospheric processes take some time after compression from the initial impact. The image above reflects TWINS observations. THE COUPLED ION-NEUTRAL DYNAMICS INVESTIGATIONS (CINDI) CINDI is a mission to understand the dynamics of Earth’s ionosphere. This mission studies the behavior of equatorial ionospheric irregularities which can cause significant service interrupts for communications and navigation systems. CINDI data incorporated into state-of-the-art physics models is leading to advances in specification and prediction of space weather. CINDI is in extended phase until September 2014. The mission consists of two instruments on the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System satellite, a project of the US Air Force. HELIO-44
- 277. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations AERONOMY OF ICE IN THE MESOSPHERE (AIM) The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesophere is a mission to determine why polar mesospheric clouds form and why they vary. Polar mesospheric clouds, Earth’s highest-altitude clouds, form each summer in the coldest part of the atmosphere about 50 miles above Polar Regions. These clouds are of particular interest, as the number of clouds in the middle atmosphere, or mesosphere, over Earth’s poles has been increasing over recent years, and they are thought to be related to climate change. The spacecraft launched on April 25, 2007, completed its prime mission in FY 2009, and is currently in extended phase until September 2014. Recent Achievements NASA’s AIM and TIMED spacecraft tracked the very last shuttle launch plume and found that the water vapor in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere spread much faster than expected. On July 8, 2011, the Space Shuttle Atlantis launched for the final time. At approximately 70 miles above the east coast of the United States, it released 350 tons of water vapor exhaust. As the plume of vapor spread and floated on air currents high in Earth's atmosphere, it crossed through the observation paths of seven separate sets of observations including data from AIM and TIMED. The AIM and TIMED teams found and that within 21 hours, much of the water vapor collected near the arctic where it formed polar mesopheric clouds. Such information will help improve global circulation models of air movement in the upper atmosphere, and also help with ongoing studies of polar mesopheric clouds. Significantly, AIM observations showed a clear difference between typical polar mesopheric clouds and this shuttle-made one. Normally smaller particles exist at the top, with larger ones at the bottom. The shuttle plume polar mesopheric cloud showed a reversed configuration, with larger particles at the top, and smaller at the bottom, which offers a way to separate out such clouds in the historical record. The image above reflects observed mesopheric clouds. TIME HISTORY OF EVENTS AND MACROSCALE INTERACTIONS DURING SUBSTORMS (THEMIS) AND ACCELERATIONS, RECONNECTION, TURBULENCE, AND ELECTRODYNAMICS OF THE MOON'S INTERACTION WITH THE SUN (ARTEMIS) THEMIS is a Medium Class Explorers mission that launched on February 17, 2007, and is currently operating in extended phase until September 2014. Starting as a five-spacecraft HELIO-45
- 278. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations mission, the three inner probes of THEMIS now focus on collecting data related to the onset and evolution of magnetospheric substorms, while the two outer probes (now referred to as ARTEMIS) have been repositioned into lunar orbits). Magnetospheric substorms are the explosive release of stored energy within the near Earth space environment leading to important space weather effects. The two ARTEMIS probes orbit the Moon’s surface at approximately one hundred miles altitude and provide new information about the Moon’s internal structure and its atmosphere. ARTEMIS provides two-point observations essential to characterizing the Moon’s plasma environment and hazardous lunar radiation. THEMIS and ARTEMIS, among others in the heliophysics portfolio, are examples of missions offering important dynamics knowledge useful for future human spaceflight. Radiation belts surrounding Earth were discovered over 50 years ago, but many mysteries surrounding these still exist today. Newly completed analysis of data taken by NASA’s Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) constellation have shed light on the swelling and shrinking of the belts in response to incoming solar energy. One question is to determine if, when the belts shrink, do particles escape up and out into interplanetary space or down toward Earth. Now, a new study using multiple spacecraft simultaneously has tracked the particles and determined the escape direction for at least one event: up. This is crucial for protecting our many satellites that fly through the region. The image above reflects the swelling and shrinking of the belts. ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER (ACE) The Advanced Composition Explorer observes particles of solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic cosmic ray nuclei. ACE measures and enables comparisons of the composition of the solar corona, the solar wind, other interplanetary particle populations, the local interstellar medium, and galactic matter. Changing conditions over the solar cycle are presenting new opportunities, including forecast space weather Recent Achievements Solar wind comes in two distinct types, known simply as fast and slow wind, though they differ in other ways, such as composition. Their different compositions suggest that they originate from distinctly different places in the solar corona. The fast wind comes from coronal holes, regions of the solar atmosphere from which the magnetic field connects directly to interplanetary space. However the source of the slow solar wind remains contentious. Studies provided insights into the source of the slow wind using a combination of observations, theory, and computer modeling. This research found that slow wind comes from a region where the geometry of the magnetic field creates a froth of narrow corridors, dynamically opening and closing over time. This dynamic process creates a wide zone of relatively slow solar wind that is highly variable, mixing gases from closed coronal magnetic-field regions with different gases from coronal holes where the field is open to the heliosphere. The broad width and dynamic mixing match observations that were not explained by previous models. This work helps us to understand and ultimately predict the complex structure the solar HELIO-46
- 279. Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Formulation Development Operations wind exhibits even during quiescent times. RAMATY HIGH ENERGY SOLAR SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGER (RHESSI) The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager satellite focuses on the highest energy x-rays and gamma-rays produced by the Sun, helping to observe solar flares of all shapes and sizes. Recent Achievements The satellite is pointed toward the Sun, and constantly in rotation, which provides a serendipitous bit of side research. By monitoring the limb of the Sun on its four second rotation cycle, RHESSI’s Solar Aspect System (SAS) has produced ten-years' worth of precise measurements of the Sun's diameter. This has already provided scientists with one of the most accurate measurements of the oblateness of the Sun, which is the difference between the diameter from pole to pole and the equatorial diameter. With the new data obtained during the Venus Transit on June 5 through 6, 2012, the RHESSI team hopes to improve the knowledge of the exact shape of the Sun and provide a more accurate measure of the diameter than has previously been obtained. The precise diameter is of fundamental interest because there may be a relationship between the Sun's diameter and the amount of radiation it emits and therefore an effect on Earth and its climate. HELIO-47
- 280. AERONAUTICS Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Aviation Safety 80.1 -- 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5 Airspace Systems 92.7 -- 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 -- 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 Aeronautics Test 79.4 -- 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 Integrated Systems Research 104.2 -- 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 Aeronautics Strategy and Management 27.2 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 AERONAUTICS Aeronautics ..................................................................................... AERO-2 AVIATION SAFETY .................................................................................. AERO-8 AIRSPACE SYSTEMS .............................................................................. AERO-14 FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS ................................................................ AERO-20 AERONAUTICS TEST .............................................................................. AERO-27 INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH ......................................................... AERO-32 AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT ......................................... AERO-39 AERO-1
- 281. AERONAUTICS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Aviation Safety 80.1 -- 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5 Airspace Systems 92.7 -- 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 -- 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 Aeronautics Test 79.4 -- 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 Integrated Systems Research 104.2 -- 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 Aeronautics Strategy and Management 27.2 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 Subtotal 569.9 573.4 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -0.5 -0.5 -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.7 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.6 % Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). ** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Aeronautics Strategy and Management pursuant to P.L. 112- 55, Division B, sec. 528(f). Air transportation is vital to the Nation’s economy. On a typical day during peak hours there are more than 5,000 planes carrying passengers and cargo throughout the United States. According to a 2011 report from the FAA, “The Economic Impact of Civil Aviation on the U.S. Economy”, civil aviation flies more than 800 billion passenger miles, generates 10 million jobs, and contributes $1 trillion in US economic activity per year. It provides $436 billion in direct economic activity from the transport of cargo and passengers and consistently generates America’s largest manufacturing trade surplus. As part of a collaborative effort with the FAA Technical This is why NASA’s investment in aeronautics Center, NASA flew the Ikhana MQ-9, a large unmanned research is critically important to advance the aircraft, equipped with Automatic Dependent Nation's global leadership in aviation, to grow Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) in FY2012. This demonstration was a critical step in the developing a new the economy and increase jobs, and to continue innovative way to safely immerse a flying unmanned to provide safe and efficient air travel to the aircraft in the national airspace system through virtual flying public. From NASA’s decades-long techniques. contributions to aviation, successful transfers of AERO-2
- 282. AERONAUTICS NASA technologies have formed the DNA of modern aircraft. NASA's Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) continues to work to solve the challenges in the Nation's air transportation system: air traffic congestion, safety, and environmental impacts. This year NASA is pursuing a new project to accelerate the development and certification of composite materials for use in aviation. ARMD develops revolutionary technologies that will bring breakthroughs for cleaner, safer, and more efficient aircraft and for the Nation’s transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System, or NextGen. NextGen is a multi-agency effort, led by the Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), to transform America’s air traffic management system from an aging ground- based system to a satellite-based system. Combined with many other advanced levels of automated support technologies that NASA is developing, NextGen will shorten routes to enable time and fuel savings, reduce traffic delays, increase capacity, and permit controllers to monitor and manage aircraft more safely. ARMD brings innovation to aeronautics through the seedling fund; expands knowledge, and develops concepts, tools, and methods in the fundamental research programs; and assesses and matures the integrated benefits of the most promising technologies in the Integrated Systems Research Program. ARMD conducts this cutting-edge research through partnerships with academia, industry, and other government agencies. The partnerships foster a collaborative research environment across which multiple communities can exchange ideas and knowledge. These collaborations help ensure the future competitiveness of the Nation's aviation industry and strong future workforce. ARMD also engages with the aeronautics community to solicit community input through a variety of methods such as independent reviews by external subject matter experts, the NASA Advisory Council’s Aeronautics Committee, studies, and community roundtable meetings. The Aeronautics Research and Technology Roundtable (ARTR) is a particularly effective avenue to engage and collaborate with the aeronautics community. ARMD initiated the ARTR, which includes participation by senior-most representatives from government, industry, and universities, two years ago. Through the ARTR, the aviation community is defining and exploring critical issues related to the Nation's aeronautics research agenda that are of shared interest and exploring options for innovative public-private partnerships that could support rapid high confidence knowledge transfer. ARMD also charters studies in partnership with the National Academies to have in-depth analyses on important research subjects available for NASA and the community. The recently published National Research Council’s study, "Recapturing NASA's Aeronautics Flight Research Capabilities," confirms the central role of flight research in discovering complex aeronautical phenomena and advancing the maturity of key technologies. NASA will utilize the specific insights of the study in advancing its ongoing and future flight research activities. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014 The Advanced Composites Project was added to the Integrated Systems Research Program in FY 2014 to focus on reducing the timeline for development and certification of innovative composite materials and structures. This project will boost American industry and help maintain a U.S. global leadership in the field of composite materials which is a major element of all new aircraft development. AERO-3
- 283. AERONAUTICS ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA developed and tested a new decision-support system called “Dynamic Weather Re-Route” that automatically finds alternative routes that help airlines save time and fuel for en-route aircraft. The biggest cause of airline flight delays is hazardous weather. Flight routes are based on predicted weather and established prior to aircraft departure. Because weather patterns and severity change over time, flight routes often become congested and inefficient which results in delays, wasted fuel, and sometimes hazardous conditions for aircraft and travelers. Flight dispatchers currently lack automation tools to generate new routes that could save time and fuel once the aircraft are airborne. NASA Researchers are now engaged with U.S. airlines to conduct field trials of this tool through 2013, which will demonstrate its payoffs under real-world air traffic management scenarios. NASA successfully conducted multiple integrated Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1 (ATD-1) simulations with active FAA controllers and airline pilots. These new technologies better manage scheduling and spacing of aircraft in congested terminal airspace to allow more precise spacing, greater arrival efficiencies, and operational cost savings. These simulations used Dallas/Ft. Worth and Los Angeles airport data sets providing additional information about ATD-1 efficiency and its benefits for aviation operations. Results from these studies are being used to refine the plan for additional ATD-1 experiments in 2013 involving U.S air carriers and the FAA with field demonstrations in planning for 2016-17. NASA completed analyses and detailed reports of ground-based tests that characterized the gaseous and particulate emissions of hydro-treated renewable jet (HRJ) fuel as a potential alternative, carbon-neutral aviation fuel. These tests measured emissions immediately downstream of a large transport aircraft jet engine operating on the ground. The results showed that HRJ fuel and their blends had substantially reduced particulate emissions, minor effects on gaseous emissions, and no measureable adverse effect on engine performance. NASA advanced the state of the art and reduced the technical barriers of safe and routine UAS integration in the NAS. As part of a collaborative effort with the FAA Technical Center, NASA achieved the first flight of an unmanned aircraft equipped with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). ADS-B is a satellite-based aircraft tracking technology that provides detailed and accurate position, velocity, and altitude information to air traffic controllers and other ADS-B equipped aircraft. This demonstration was a critical step in the development of a Live Virtual Constructive – Distributive Environment (LVC-DE), an innovative way to safely immerse a flying unmanned aircraft in the NAS through virtual techniques. The LVC-DE will provide the backbone for eventual flight tests to validate the concepts and procedures developed by the project – these flight tests are scheduled for FY2015 and FY2016. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA will expand its work on characterization of emissions from alternative fuels with in-flight tests to measure gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines burning HRJ fuel. This data will be obtained while the aircraft is in flight at high, cruise-relevant altitudes and will help establish HRJ fuel as a potentially carbon-neutral aviation fuel. These tests are a follow on to research from 2012 that characterized the gaseous and particulate emissions of HRJ fuel as a potential alternative, carbon-neutral aviation fuel. The results showed that HRJ fuel and their blends had substantially reduced particulate AERO-4
- 284. AERONAUTICS emissions, minor effects on gaseous emissions, and no measureable adverse effect on engine performance. NASA will make progress on UAS integration through initial evaluations and risk reduction activities of the project’s operationally relevant environment. The relevant environment provides the infrastructure to enable the human-in- the-loop simulations and flight tests required to demonstrate integrated Separation Assurance, Human Systems Integration, and Communication efforts. In addition, NASA will conduct simulations that assess the performance of aircraft separation assurance methods as well as develop communication models for all classes of UAS. These validated communication models are required to provide confidence in simulation results. Finally, NASA will work to provide recommendations for risk- related data collection to support development of UAS regulations. NASA will continue to address the development of an integrated national strategy for capability management with the DoD through the NPAT. In FY 2013, ATP will work with DoD to sponsor the NPAT Aeronautics Test Facility Users Meeting, a conference where NASA, DoD, and industry users of major National wind tunnels can discuss capabilities and provide feedback on future requirements and needed improvements. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA’s Integrated Systems Research Program's Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project focuses on technologies that can simultaneously reduce aircraft fuel burn, noise, and emissions. Advanced “Ultra High Bypass Turbofan” is a technology that has the potential to dramatically reduce fuel burn and noise at the same time. The Ultra High Bypass engine is a much more fuel efficient version of the aircraft engine commonly used by airliners today. NASA will continue its investigation of Ultra High Bypass technologies by conducting a wind tunnel test of a Geared Turbo Fan model with advanced noise treatments installed. NASA will use this test to determine the effectiveness of those treatments and their impact on the performance of the engine. Data from the test will contribute to a comprehensive performance database for Modern Ultra High Bypass Propulsor Technologies that will be used by NASA and industry to update systems studies. NASA will also augment the FY 2012 ground-based tests on HRJ with in-flight tests to measure gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines burning HRJ fuel. This data will be obtained while the aircraft is in flight at high, cruise-relevant altitudes and will help establish HRJ fuel as a potentially carbon-neutral aviation fuel. In the fixed wing research area, NASA will continue a flight test campaign in which gas and soot emissions from the use of hydro-treated renewable jet fuel will be measured. NASA will validate the ATD-1 Operational Concept through Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation at the FAA Technical Center to enable entry of ATD-1 technology into the field for demonstration. This activity builds, installs and approves the operational procedures, ground and air automation tools, and avionics systems associated with the field demonstration at the FAA's William J. Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC). The NASA ATD-1 team working at the WJHTC with FAA personnel will conduct HITL simulations to assess the readiness of technologies to progress to the field for demonstration. A series of interactive simulations is anticipated using various simulation scenarios tested by current air traffic personnel and commercial flight crews. AERO-5
- 285. AERONAUTICS NASA will evaluate concepts for separation assurance, sense and avoid, and ground control stations with communication system performance estimates through an Integrated HITL simulation in FY 2014 to provide data for further technology development. In addition, the Project will continue to mature and evaluate the Live Virtual Constructive – Distributed Environment that will be used to provide demonstrations of UAS integrated into the NAS. Programs AVIATION SAFETY PROGRAM (AVSP) The Aviation Safety Program provides knowledge, concepts, and methods to the aviation community to manage increasing complexity in the design and operation of vehicles and the air transportation system. This includes advanced approaches to enable improved and cost effective verification and validation of flight critical systems. The program provides knowledge, concepts, and methods to avoid, detect, mitigate, and recover from hazardous flight conditions and maintain vehicle airworthiness and health. The program will investigate sources of risk and provide technology needed to help ensure safe flight in and around atmospheric hazards. AIRSPACE SYSTEMS PROGRAM (ASP) The Airspace Systems Program develops and explores fundamental concepts, algorithms, and technologies to increase throughput of the National Airspace System and achieve high resource efficiency. The program transitions key technologies from the laboratory to the field by integrating surface, terminal, transitional airspace, and en route capabilities. The FAA and U.S. carriers can then utilize the technologies to enable operational enhancements envisioned by NextGen. FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS PROGRAM (FA) The Fundamental Aeronautics Program conducts fundamental research to improve aircraft performance and minimize environmental impacts from subsonic air vehicles and explores advanced capabilities and configurations for low boom supersonic aircraft. AERONAUTICS TEST PROGRAM (ATP) The Aeronautics Test Program ensures the strategic availability, accessibility, and capability of a critical suite of aeronautics ground test facilities and flight operations assets to meet Agency and national aeronautics testing needs. The ATP is responsible for the management and upkeep of NASA’s major active wind tunnels, as well as the Western Aeronautical Test Range and flight test support aircraft at the Dryden Flight Research Center. AERO-6
- 286. AERONAUTICS INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH PROGRAM (ISRP) The Integrated Systems Research Program conducts research on promising concepts and technologies at an integrated system level. The program explores, assesses, and demonstrates the benefits of these potential technologies in a relevant environment. The program research includes environmentally responsible aviation, unmanned system integration into the national airspace, and a new project focused on reducing the timeline for certification of advanced composite materials. AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT (ASM) The Aeronautics Strategy and Management program explores novel concepts and new processes in aeronautics, funds institutional expenses for the mission directorate, and supports NASA involvement with the NextGen Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO). AERO-7
- 287. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AVIATION SAFETY FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 80.1 -- 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.1 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.1 % The current US air transportation system is widely recognized to be among the safest in the world. Over the past 10 years, the commercial accident rate has continued to drop, a credit to industry and government working together to solve problems and proactively identify new risks. However, the FAA Aerospace Forecast projects steady growth in the next 20 years, and while NextGen will meet this demand by enabling efficient passage through the increasingly crowded skies, it will come with increased reliance on automation and operating complexity. Therefore, the aviation community NASA is working with partners to develop an advanced aerodynamic model that will greatly enhance the must continue to be vigilant for the United States capabilities of aircraft simulators used to train airline to meet the public expectations for safety in this pilots. The new model will allow simulators to accurately complex, dynamic domain. To meet the represent a broader range of potentially hazardous flight challenge, the Aviation Safety Program develops conditions. cutting-edge technologies to improve the intrinsic safety of current and future aircraft that will operate in NextGen. The program's contributions range from providing fundamental research and technologies on known or emerging safety concerns, to working with partners in addressing new safety challenges for NextGen. The program has three primary objectives: Continue to improve aviation system-wide safety; Advance the state-of-the-art of aircraft systems and flight crew operations; and Address the inherent presence of atmospheric risks to aviation. The Aviation Safety Program has developed research plans with milestones and metrics in technology areas corresponding to these objectives. All areas emphasize innovative methods and use a systems analysis approach for identifying key issues and maintaining a research portfolio that addresses national aviation safety needs. For more information, go to: http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_avsafe.htm. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. AERO-8
- 288. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AVIATION SAFETY ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA developed and tested a static-code analyzer that can automatically review large-scale software systems for errors without needing to run the software. This capability is part of an ongoing NASA research effort to reduce the time and cost associated with assuring the safety of complex, flight-critical systems. NASA’s tool reduced the analysis time from the three to four hours typical of a currently available commercial product down to several minutes. The NASA tool also achieved a false positive rate of five percent or less. NASA advanced its data mining algorithms that look for anomalous events occurring across thousands of flights that can represent precursors to aviation safety incidents. In a validation test, the latest algorithm successfully predicted the occurrence of known safety events with at least 10 percent more lead time than prior methods. Earlier recognition can be a good indicator of an algorithm's ability to reliably identify a wide range of potential safety concerns. NASA conducted these tests on real flight datasets of at least 10 terabytes. In addition to detecting the known anomalies earlier, the algorithm also identified one previously unknown anomaly that was validated by a domain expert to be a legitimate safety concern. NASA provided the capabilities to the FAA and multiple airlines. NASA completed a concept of operations for an integrated vehicle health assurance system. In this concept, NASA provides its research approach for monitoring the health of aircraft systems during in- flight and post-flight analyses and then using that knowledge to confidently predict system malfunctions before they occur. The concept integrates ground-based inspection and repair information with in-flight measurement data for airframe, propulsion, and avionics subsystems. This approach can eventually contribute to airline maintenance practices that rely more on the actual system health of an individual aircraft and less on fleet-wide reliability averages. NASA completed a first generation engine icing simulation code that predicts the adverse effects on engine performance due to high ice water content icing. Under these conditions, ice crystals from strong, high altitude thunderstorms can adhere to engine compressor blades, leading to power reduction or loss. NASA calibrated the simulation code with ground-test data from the National Research Council of Canada. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA will develop multidisciplinary technologies in support of an onboard capability to assess the instantaneous health state of an aircraft. This system, known as a “vehicle-level reasoner,” will analyze real-time operational data from an aircraft’s subsystems. It will then use data mining to isolate root-causes of adverse events, predict possible failures that could occur on future flights, and propose mitigation strategies as appropriate. The reasoner can support both on-board decision-making by pilots and early maintenance interventions for predicted failures. NASA plans to demonstrate the system’s monitoring, problem investigation, and decision support capabilities. NASA will conduct its first ground-based test of an engine operating in high ice water content icing conditions. During the test, NASA will use a real engine known to be susceptible to degraded performance under these conditions. Being able to replicate these flight conditions represents a significant enhancement to the Propulsion Systems Laboratory at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH that has been under development for the past five years. The test will attempt to duplicate an actual high altitude- AERO-9
- 289. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AVIATION SAFETY icing event that occurred in a similar engine. Over time, the high ice water content icing conditions simulated in Propulsion Systems Laboratory will be validated by more extensive atmospheric data that do not currently exist. NASA expects that engine manufacturers will eventually be able to conduct tests in the laboratory that will support new FAA certification requirements for engines operating under these icing conditions. NASA will conduct its second in a series of ground tests involving a transport aircraft engine operating under extreme environmental conditions. The Vehicle Integrated Propulsion Research (VIPR) tests are part of a partnership between NASA, the US Air Force, Pratt & Whitney, and other government and industry participants. The VIPR series will evaluate the ability of new systems to diagnose correctly a range of engine faults using advanced sensors capable of operating under high temperature, pressure, and vibration conditions. The second test will capture more data to validate experimental algorithms that form the foundation of the diagnostic capabilities. Future VIPR tests are expected to evaluate the sensors and diagnostic systems in an engine subjected to sufficient contaminants to cause complete shutdown. The VIPR series will provide essential data and technology validation for capabilities that can be used as part of an engine health management system. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will conduct a ground-based demonstration of a wireless sensor which provides lightning protection and can also detect and diagnose damage in composite structures. This new technology will allow airframe designers to meet lightning strike protection requirements while also detecting and diagnosing damage scenarios such as delamination, punctures, and rips. In addition, the technology is anticipated to weigh less than common practice conductive mesh technologies currently used on composite aircraft. NASA will conduct an integrated, high-fidelity simulator demonstration of an aerodynamic model that supports flight crew training requirements for assuring safe aircraft control. This model will accurately represent the flight characteristics of a commercial aircraft under aerodynamic stall conditions, a capability that does not exist in current-day simulators. As part of a government-industry review of world- wide aviation accidents, the aviation community is looking carefully into enhanced training requirements for stall recognition and recovery. Improper pilot response under these conditions can contribute to a loss- of-control accident. Over the past decade, in-flight loss of control is the most common cause of fatal aviation accidents worldwide. Augmenting a flight simulator with NASA’s aerodynamic model will allow pilots to recognize the conditions that can lead to a stall, and then respond correctly if a stall does occur. NASA’s will validate the model with subscale aircraft flight tests, as well as other available flight test and accident data. NASA is partnering with the Navy, The Boeing Company, FAA, National Transportation Safety Board, and the Commercial Aviation Safety Team on this activity. AERO-10
- 290. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AVIATION SAFETY Program Elements SYSTEM-WIDE SAFETY AND ASSURANCE TECHNOLOGIES The goal of system-wide safety and assurance technologies research is to provide knowledge, concepts, and methods to proactively manage increasing complexity in the design and operation of vehicles in the air transportation system. To meet this goal, NASA is addressing the following challenges: Safely incorporate technological advances in avionics, software, automation, and concepts of operation by developing verification and validation tools for manufacturers and certifiers to use to assure flight critical systems are safe in a rigorous and cost- and time-effective manner; Understand and predict system-wide safety concerns of the airspace system and vehicles by developing technologies that can use vehicle and system data to identify accurately precursors to potential incidents or accidents; Improve operator effectiveness within aviation systems by incorporating design elements that enhance human contributions to aviation safety; and Predict the life of complex systems by developing technologies that can reason under uncertainty about root causes, predict faults and remaining useful life across multiple systems, and aid decision making across multiple systems. VEHICLE SYSTEMS SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES The goal of vehicle systems safety technologies research is to identify risks and provide knowledge needed to avoid, detect, mitigate, and recover from hazardous flight conditions, and to maintain vehicle airworthiness and health. To meet this goal, NASA is addressing the following challenges: Demonstrate new capabilities that enable pilots to better understand and respond safely to complex situations; Develop and demonstrate new integrated health management and failure prevention technologies to ensure the integrity of vehicle systems between major inspection intervals and maintain vehicle state awareness during flight; and Develop and evaluate integrated guidance, control, and system technologies that enable safe and effective crew and system aircraft control under hazardous conditions. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES The goal of atmospheric environment safety technologies research is to investigate sources of risk and provide technology needed to help ensure safe flight in and around atmospheric hazards. To meet this goal, NASA is addressing the following challenges: Address the atmospheric hazard of in-flight icing, of both engine and airframe, in cooperation with the icing community to characterize the various icing environments, develop remote sensors to detect conditions, understand and model the effects of ice accretion, and support the development of methods to mitigate the conditions; and AERO-11
- 291. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AVIATION SAFETY Sense and mitigate risks associated with other atmospheric hazards that pose serious threats to aviation. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Demonstration of a wireless sensor that provides lightning protection and Q1 FY14 damage detection in composite aircraft Demonstrated use of an advanced software technique to verify the Q3 FY14 safety of a complex aircraft or ground automation software system Development of proficiency elements for manual handling skills in the Q3 FY14 automated flight deck Development and demonstration of a formal model that assesses safety by Q3 FY14 analyzing roles and responsibilities between humans and automated systems Integrated, high-fidelity simulator demonstration of an aerodynamic model Q4 FY14 that supports flight crew training requirements for assuring safe aircraft control Evaluation of methods to scale engine icing conditions from sea level to higher Q3 FY15 altitudes Program Management & Commitments The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for the program. The program director oversees program portfolio formulation, implementation, evaluation, and integration of results with other ARMD and NASA programs. Program Element Provider Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: ARC System Wide Safety and Assurance Technologies Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Cost Share Partners: The Boeing Company, Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST), DoD, easyJet, FAA, Honeywell, , JPDO, ONERA, Southwest Airlines Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LARC Lead Center: LaRC Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LARC Vehicle Systems Safety Cost Share Partners: A&P Technology, Alcoa Technical Center, American Technologies Airlines, ANSYS, The Boeing Company, CAST, Cessna Aircraft Co., DoD, DLR, FAA, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich, Honeywell, JPDO, Makel Engineering, Moog, National Aerospace Laboratory of the Netherlands, ONERA, Pratt and Whitney, United Technologies Corp., University of South Carolina, Wichita State University Provider: DFRC, GRC, LARC Lead Center: GRC Atmospheric Environmental Safety Performing Centers: DFRC, GRC, LARC Technologies Cost Share Partners: The Boeing Company, CAST, DoD, Environment Canada, FAA, Honeywell, INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerospacial), JPDO, National Research Council Canada, ONERA AERO-12
- 292. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AVIATION SAFETY Acquisition Strategy The program spans research and technology from foundational research to integrated system capabilities. This broad spectrum necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. NASA encourages teaming among large companies, small businesses, and universities for all procurement actions. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts that are generally less than $5 million. They are widely distributed across academia and industry. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review The 12-month review is a The projects are formal independent peer reviewed for review. Experts from relevance, other government quality and Performance Expert Review Nov 2012 agencies report on their Dec 2013 performance and assessment of technical receive and programmatic risk recommendation and program strengths s from reviewers. and weaknesses. AERO-13
- 293. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AIRSPACE SYSTEMS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 92.7 -- 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.2 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.3 % The Airspace Systems Program creates technologies that will help transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). NextGen is a multi-agency effort to overall our National Airspace System to make air travel more convenient and dependable, while ensuring flights are as safe, secure and hassle-free as possible. NextGen integrates new and existing technologies, policies and procedures to reduce delays, save fuel and lower aircraft exhaust emissions. The Airspace Systems Program, with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and its other industry and academic partners, conceives and develops NextGen technologies that will provide advanced levels of automated support to air navigation service providers and aircraft operators for reduced travel times and travel-related delays both on the ground and in the sky. These advanced technologies provide shortened routes for time and fuel savings, with associated improvements in noise and emissions, and permit controllers to monitor and An artist’s rendering of future integrated air and manage aircraft for greater safety in all weather ground-based technologies developed by the conditions. As the predicted volume of air traffic Airspace Systems Program (ASP) to meet the vision climbs, this transformation aims to reduce gridlock, for the nation’s aviation infrastructure and both in the sky and at airports. operations. ASP technologies aim to increase the efficiency of the national airspace by introducing advanced air transportation operations across new The associated economic impacts of these delays and communication channels. inefficiencies are predicted to cost the Nation tens of billions of dollars annually. Delayed flights cost an already struggling airline industry nearly $20 billion in additional operating costs. Passengers affected by delayed flights lost time valued at more than $10 billion. Other industries that rely on the airline industry suffered a loss as much as $10 billion as a result of delays. Jet fuel consumed as a result of delay cost more than $1.6 billion in 2007 leading to over 7 million-metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. This represents over $40 billion in adverse economic impact due to aviation delays in the United States. The Airspace Systems Program works to reduce these costs. (Source: Report by the Joint Economic Committee Majority Staff, “Your Flight Has Been Delayed Again: Flight Delays Cost Passengers, Airlines, and the U.S. Economy Billions,” Chairman, Sen. Charles E. Schumer, Vice Chair, Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, May 2008.) AERO-14
- 294. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AIRSPACE SYSTEMS This research seeks to maximize flexibility and effectiveness in the use of airports and airspace while accommodating projected growth in air traffic, and aims to enable the seamless operation and utilization of the full potential capabilities of new aircraft types such as advanced rotorcraft, unmanned aerial systems, high-speed aircraft, and hybrid wing body aircraft. For more information, go to http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_asp.htm. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA transferred the results of its research to define and validate the Efficient Descent Advisor (EDA) concept to the FAA in FY 2012 for further evaluation and potential operational use. The concept helps air traffic controllers allow airliners of all sizes to more efficiently descend from cruising altitude to arrive at an airport using less engine power while maintaining a safe distance from other aircraft. As a result, airlines save money on fuel and aircraft release fewer emissions into the atmosphere and the workload of air traffic controllers is reduced (since automation is added to the process.) In fact, NASA simulations showed potential annual savings of $300 million in fuel. NASA also successfully simulated airport operations using an integrated set of software that better manages scheduling and spacing of aircraft in congested terminal airspace. The technologies, which include Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast, produced more precise aircraft spacing allowing for increased arrival rates and operational cost savings. NASA conducted the simulation with active FAA controllers, airline pilots, and data sets from the Dallas/Fort Worth and Los Angeles airports. In addition, NASA successfully simulated safe interval management procedures to a single airport with dependent parallel runways utilizing NextGen flight-deck technologies. Benefits analysis indicates that these technologies have the potential to save several percent of total operational fuel costs due to more efficient arrivals. Although dependent on the level of aircraft equipage, annual system-wide savings are estimated at between $200 million to $300 million. Results from these simulations are being used to refine the plans for a future technology demonstration. In addition, NASA developed weather translation models that provided an estimate of the weather’s impact (e.g., high surface winds, low visibility, etc.) on an airport’s capacity for 1 to 8 hours in the future over a 15-minute interval. These models incorporated forecasts from three state-of-the-art, airport-centric weather forecasts from the National Weather Service. On average, two of the models were able to predict the weather-impacted airport arrival rate (AAR) at 2 representative airports over a 1 to 8 hour look-ahead time horizon within 10 to 15 percent of the actual weather impacted AAR. The third model was able to estimate the weather-impacted AAR over a one hour look-ahead time horizon within five percent of the actual weather impacted AAR at three representative airports. This improvement in use of weather predictions will provide substantial increase in airport arrival throughput. AERO-15
- 295. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AIRSPACE SYSTEMS WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA will conduct human-in-the-loop simulations of advanced trajectory-based algorithms that reduce aircraft delays during taxi. Delays on the airport surface have been recognized as one of the major factors limiting the ability of airports to accommodate high levels of surface traffic throughput. These algorithms will include a more advanced surface movement planning horizon, of up to one hour, leading to reduced surface congestion. Benefits studies for several complex U.S. airports show a taxi delay reduction of between three to five minutes resulting in annualized fuel savings of $2.5 million to $7.5 million at each airport using these algorithms. Technology transition to FAA may occur as early as 2015. NASA is collaborating with FAA to explore the use of NASA’s Precision Departure Release Capability (PDRC) that couples advanced airspace flow management and airport surface traffic tools. PDRC allows precision scheduling of departing aircraft to allow for smooth integration into available slots in the high- altitude overhead streams. Missed departure slots in the overhead stream translate to departure delays and lost system capacity. The technology automates what is today an inefficient manual process for negotiating a take-off time between the control tower and en route control center. As compared to today’s process, take-off time conformance is expected to double in improvement, representing an estimated $20 million in annual system-wide savings. NASA is working with FAA to support their plans to incorporate PDRC in a demonstration that begins in early 2013. Seventy percent of air traffic delays are caused by bad weather. Until now, airline dispatchers and FAA traffic managers did not have a way to continuously reevaluate the pre-departure weather avoidance routes for each flight. NASA's Dynamic Weather Rerouting (DWR) tool enables dynamic, ‘real-time’ adjustments to flight paths to avoid bad weather with minimum delay while also saving fuel. The tool integrates trajectory-based automation convective weather modeling that predicts the growth and movement of storms, and algorithms to automatically compute minimum-delay routes around bad weather. The tool shows the potential to provide significant operational savings to airlines. Researchers are now engaged with U.S. airlines to conduct field trials of the tool through 2013, which will demonstrate its payoffs under real-world air traffic management scenarios. Laboratory simulations and field tests of DWR conducted have shown potential average savings of 10 minutes or, in operating cost, an estimated $1,700 per flight impacted by severe weather. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA has initiated plans to demonstrate ground-based controller managed spacing of arriving flights combined with flight deck interval management technologies. These plans would enable fuel and time- savings along with increased capacity for early adopters of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast equipage. In order to demonstrate user benefits of these concepts, NASA is jointly working with FAA to partner with airlines, aircraft manufacturers, avionics manufacturers, ground-based automation system integrators, and airports to test these technologies under practical conditions of arriving flights at a dense terminal of a busy commercial airport. Results from integrated technology simulations in 2013 are being used to refine the plan for the Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1 (ATD-1) system evaluation with FAA in 2014 and field demonstrations planned for 2015 to 2017. This complex and integrated set of ground-based and flight deck technologies will enable expanded terminal area capacity and reduced flight time and fuel consumption for arriving aircraft. Annual system-wide benefits are estimated at several hundred million dollars. AERO-16
- 296. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AIRSPACE SYSTEMS NASA will conduct a simulation of a surface decision support system called the Spot and Runway Departure Advisor that reduces stop-and-go activity on taxiways. This technology targets improved efficiency of airport surface operations from both air traffic control and airline operations points of view: Long departure queues and excessive fuel burn and emissions, that result in high operating cost for airlines and adverse impacts on the environment, would be reduced. The simulation will be conducted at NASA's Future Flight Central facility at NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA using Charlotte International Airport operations data and will examine how the operations could be improved by better scheduling at various key points on the airport surface. The users of this technology include FAA tower controllers and airline ramp controllers. NASA will assess initial results of an innovative national airspace system modeling architecture that will use real-life, one-way feed of aircraft traffic and weather data and allow testing of advanced, gate-to-gate concepts in an integrated fashion to accelerate application of NextGen technologies. The architecture for this new capability will enable shadow-mode assessment of realistic technologies for NextGen. It will allow integrated impact assessment of multiple concepts and technologies, study interactions across different concepts, test competing alternatives, and uncover any potential unknowns related to national airspace system performance. This complex modeling and simulation capability will enable rapid evaluation of new airspace management concepts that cannot be evaluated in today’s national airspace. Program Elements NEXTGEN CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT By developing gate-to-gate concepts and technologies, this project helps to realize the NextGen air traffic management goals of enabling significant national airspace increases in capacity and efficiency while striving to lower the total cost of air transportation. The project studies the key future roles and responsibilities between humans and automation, whether they exist in ground-based air traffic control systems or on the flight deck of an aircraft. Included in project investigations are methods to optimize flight routes, as well as arrivals and departures, and to better coordinate surface and runway operations. Also under study are ways to mitigate the adverse effects of weather to insure the most advantageous use of the airspace system and reduce travel delays, and accommodate an expected growth in overall air travel. Successful investigations in these areas will require close, highly coordinated interaction with the NextGen System Analysis, Integration, and Evaluation Project. NEXTGEN SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, INTEGRATION, AND EVALUATION The initial focus of this project is to ensure that NASA’s air traffic management concepts, technologies, and procedures are matured and tested in laboratory simulations to determine their NextGen viability. A subset will be further demonstrated and evaluated by field tests in relevant flight environment that integrate both air and ground capabilities. Ultimately, coordination with other Government organizations and industry stakeholders will ensure the appropriate NASA technologies are transitioned to system users and the FAA for their implementation consideration to realize NextGen benefits. Successful maturation and application of advanced NextGen technologies requires: AERO-17
- 297. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AIRSPACE SYSTEMS Incorporating fast-time modeling and simulation and feedback results to validate research concepts and assess their collective technological impact; Determining the feasibility of integrated concepts and technologies using human-performance models and human-in-the-loop simulations; and Conducting collaborative field trials to evaluate the impact of integrated concepts and technologies for total operational cost savings important to users of the national airspace. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1, Operating Concepts Q2 FY14 Validation and system assessment Spot and Runway Departure Advisor evaluation for Charlotte International Q4 FY14 Airport Q4 FY14 Dynamic Weather Re-Route testing Q4 FY14 Initial instantiation of shadow-mode NextGen simulator Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1, Simulation at the Q1 FY15 FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center Spot and Runway Departure Advisor operational field evaluation with an Q4 FY15 airline and airport partner Initial evaluation of one future scenario in the shadow-mode NextGen Q4 FY16 simulator Program Management & Commitments The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for the program. The Program Director oversees program portfolio formulation, implementation, evaluation, and integration of results with other ARMD and NASA programs. Program Element Provider Provider: ARC, LaRC Lead Center: ARC NextGen Concepts and Technology Development Performing Centers: ARC, LaRC Cost Share Partners: FAA, JPDO, Boeing, General Electric, American Airlines, United Airlines, Rockwell Collins Provider: ARC, LARC NextGen Systems Analysis, Lead Center: ARC Integration, and Evaluation Performing Center: ARC, LARC Cost Share Partners: FAA, JPDO, Honeywell, General Electric, Boeing AERO-18
- 298. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AIRSPACE SYSTEMS Acquisition Strategy Airspace Systems Program spans research and technology from foundational research to integrated system capabilities. This broad spectrum necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. Teaming among large companies, small businesses, and universities is highly encouraged for all procurement actions. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts that are generally less than $5 million. They are widely distributed across academia and industry. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review The 12-month review is a The projects are formal independent peer reviewed for review. Experts from relevance, other Government quality and Performance Expert Review Nov 2012 agencies report on their Nov 2013 performance and assessment of technical receive and programmatic risk recommendation and/or program s from reviewers. weaknesses. AERO-19
- 299. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 186.3 -- 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -18.3 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -9.8 % The Fundamental Aeronautics (FA) program develops knowledge, technologies, tools, and innovative concepts to enable new aircraft that will fly faster, cleaner, and quieter, and use fuel far more efficiently. These aircraft will be needed as the Nation transitions to NextGen. NASA research is inherent in every major modern U.S. aircraft, and the type of research performed by the FA program will prime the technology pipeline, enabling continued US leadership, competitiveness, and jobs in the future. Some of the key benefits of this work As part of NASA’s Fundamental Aeronautics Program, include: researchers from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, tested a 1/11th scale hybrid Dramatically reduced aircraft noise and wing body aircraft concept known as AMELIA (Advanced emissions; Model for Extreme Lift and Improved Aeroacoustics), in Dramatically improved fuel efficiency; the National Full Scale Aerodynamic Complex at Ames and Research Center. For the first time, three aircraft design Increased mobility and air travel features that usually cause conflicts with each other were flexibility. tested together: short take-off and landing, cruise efficiency, and reduced aircraft noise. As many as 30 Research performed by the FA program impacts students, from summer interns to graduate students a wide variety of air vehicles from helicopters writing their masters' theses, participated in this research. and commercial airliners to high-speed vehicles AMELIA’s test results will be released to the aeronautical community in 2013. that can travel faster than the speed of sound. NASA’s work is focused on civil applications, however, there is significant coordination with the Department of Defense to help maximize the effectiveness and impact of NASA research. While NASA is focused on future vehicles, many of the tools and technologies that are developed have an immediate impact to industry. Ultimately, FA program research enables a future in which a variety of advanced air vehicles improve the flexibility, efficiency, and environmental impacts of the air transportation system. For more information, go to: http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/fap. AERO-20
- 300. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 Several highlights follow from the many successful accomplishments of the Fundamental Aeronautics program. NASA completed analyses of ground-based tests that characterized the gaseous and particulate emissions of hydro-treated renewable jet fuel, an alternative aviation fuel. The results showed that hydro-treated renewable jet fuels and their blends had substantially reduced particulate emissions, minor effects on gaseous emissions, and no measureable adverse effect on engine performance. Understanding the effects of alternative fuels is important to industry and government agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency to help ensure that aircraft can safely and efficiently use alternative fuels. Increased use of alternative jet fuels has the potential to reduce overall carbon emissions associated with aviation. In addition, these fuels can also decrease US dependence on foreign petroleum. To realize significant improvements in efficiency and reductions in the environmental impact of aviation, it may be necessary to develop new aircraft designs that have little resemblance to today’s tube-and-wing aircraft. Advanced computational tools are also needed to help develop, create, and test new concepts and designs. To help realize these new concepts and accompanying tools, NASA completed wind tunnel testing of a new concept that was very different from a tube-and-wing and demonstrated its reduced noise potential and improved short take-off and landing performance. Results from this test will be used to improve computational tools for a number of advanced aircraft configurations. In addition to improving the performance (e.g., efficiency and environmental impact) of vehicles, the FA program also made advances in making air travel even more flexible and convenient. For example, modern helicopters perform a number of unique missions including life saving operations and transportation to relatively isolated locations. Making helicopters quieter and more efficient will increase their ability to carry additional passengers and cargo for current and future missions. To support these improved capabilities, NASA made significant advances in rotary wing propulsion systems that included new types of engine compressors and new transmissions. People are always looking to spend less time traveling and more time at their destination. One way to help achieve this desire is faster air transportation. However, the noise associated with sonic booms has always been a limiting factor - although this may change thanks to NASA research. The FA program successfully completed wind tunnel tests that validated computational tools developed for designing and shaping supersonic aircraft to produce quieter sonic booms. NASA conducted the first tests in a new facility for simulating sonic boom noise as heard indoors as part of the Agency's efforts to understand how far sonic boom noise must be reduced to allow unrestricted overland flight. New computational design tools under development can greatly decrease the time needed for designing air vehicles and allow industry to explore new configurations. NASA completed the first generation of the Integrated Design and Engineering Analysis software tool, which enables the rapid and automated conceptual design of a hypersonic air-breathing vehicle. This new fully-automated software tool reduces AERO-21
- 301. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS the time necessary to conduct a vehicle design and analysis from 3 months (with current methods) to less than 24 hours. NASA studied hypersonic planetary physics by obtaining unique Martian atmospheric pressures, heat shield temperatures and heat shield recession data (loss of mass due to the ablation of the heat shield) from the instrumentation installed on the Mars Science Laboratory carrying the Curiosity Rover. This highly unique data is being analyzed by researchers at NASA and universities to inform all future Mars landing missions to enable reduced vehicle mass or a larger, more capable scientific payload. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA will expand its work on characterization of emissions from alternative fuels with in-flight tests to measure gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines burning alternative fuel. Researchers previously conducted tests on the ground but this will provide the first opportunity to collect key data in flight at high, cruise-relevant altitudes and will help establish hydro-treated renewable jet fuel as a potentially carbon-neutral aviation fuel. NASA will continue to explore new propulsion capabilities including a better understanding of the viability of widely variable speed transmissions using a unique test facility at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland. The ability to significantly change rotor speed can lead to rotorcraft that are both faster and more efficient. Even though several countries are trying to accomplish this, it is a technology that has not yet been developed for manned rotorcraft. In addition, NASA will also test new drag reduction technologies that will save a considerable amount of fuel. Prior testing indicated savings of up to 25 percent, and testing in 2013 will continue to further explore this technology. NASA will deliver high fidelity tools for prediction of sonic boom and drag that are suitable for low sonic boom supersonic aircraft design. These tools are needed to determine the shape of aircraft that will produce low boom signatures. To verify that these tools are accurate, wind tunnel experiments will be completed to compare experimental data to predictions. In addition to improving the capability to design low-boom aircraft, NASA will continue to perform experiments to improve understanding of how this low-boom signature will be heard on the ground. This is an important step to ultimately changing regulations so that over-land supersonic flight is permitted. NASA will continue to press forward the development and improvement of computational tools that are critical for new vehicle design. These tools include computational fluid dynamics and aircraft drag prediction methods using the latest high-performance computers and advanced modeling of airflow, combustion, and noise generation physics. This will lead to improved aircraft, engine, and combustor modeling, which will ultimately allow industry to have more confidence in the ability to accurately predict the performance of new and unusual designs. This capability helps ensure that US industry maintains a competitive edge by exploring more advanced ideas than others and reducing the time it takes to develop new designs. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 To help demonstrate the benefits of new aircraft configurations and to understand the key challenges associated with these new concepts, NASA will conduct several investigations. To improve the efficiency of wings, NASA will conduct high-fidelity experimental and computational studies of a truss-braced wing AERO-22
- 302. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS configuration; one in which very long, slender, and efficient wings are supported by an additional brace. These concepts have been considered by industry, but so far, no in-depth study of their strengths and challenges have been conducted. Research on these kinds of configurations may lead to reductions of fuel burn in transport aircraft. NASA will also test a coupled engine inlet and fan that is capable of high performance and operability while being part of an embedded engine system (engines buried within the aircraft body). This unusual approach is not found in today’s commercial aircraft, and it could lead to new designs with significant improvements in performance. NASA will assess the capability of new rotor control technologies by investigating three different concepts. Because it is rotating and creating a number of wakes, the rotor environment is one of the most difficult to understand compared to other air vehicles. New rotor control technologies have the potential to enable a significant leap ahead in modern rotor designs. To advance propulsion technologies, NASA will partner with the US Army to design a new type of engine turbine that uses variable speed in a fuel- efficient manner. Both the active rotor research and the variable-speed turbine research are targeted to increase speed, enhance fuel efficiency, and reduce noise for both conventional and advanced rotorcraft configurations. The next critical steps in overcoming the barrier to overland supersonic flight are flight validation of advanced aircraft design tools and technologies combined with community overflight studies. The combination of these efforts would provide data to support the development of a noise-based standard to replace the current prohibition of civil overland supersonic flight. NASA’s high-speed effort will focus on ensuring the readiness of low-boom aircraft design tools for application in a flight demonstration project and on the validation of study methodologies, survey tools, and test protocols required for community overflight studies as described above. NASA research will advance the capabilities and use of ceramic matrix composites to push the envelope on this material’s ability to withstand high temperatures, while being strong and lightweight, which allows for the design of propulsion systems that are more efficient and effective. Work with government and industrial partners will demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating these ceramic matrix composites into future aircraft engines and accelerate the introduction of their performance benefits into the fleet. Program Elements FIXED WING NASA fixed wing research explores and develops tools, technologies, and concepts to enable revolutionary advances in energy efficiency and environmental compatibility of future generations of transport aircraft. This research is necessary for the sustained growth of commercial aviation that is vital to the US economy. The scientific knowledge gained from this research, in the form of experiments, data, calculations, and analyses, is critical for conceiving and designing more efficient, quieter, and greener aircraft. Fixed wing research is focused on the future, with an eye towards the "N+3" generation; targeting vehicles that are three generations beyond the current state-of-the-art (generation N) and requiring mature technology solutions between 2025 and 2030. AERO-23
- 303. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS ROTARY WING Rotary wing research develops and validates tools, technologies, and concepts to overcome key barriers for rotorcraft vehicles. The research efforts advance technologies that increase rotorcraft speed, range, and payload, and decrease noise, vibration, fuel burn, and emissions. This research will enable improved computer-based prediction methods, technologies, and concepts for future high-speed, efficient rotorcraft able to operate as commercial vehicles in the national airspace system while enhancing their ability to do the missions that only rotorcraft can do. In FY 2014, NASA will explore options for the future of its rotary wing research. The goal is to ensure the critical research areas are continued while completing and phasing out lower priority areas. NASA will coordinate with its partners in industry and other government agencies to ensure that their research needs are fully considered throughout the process. HIGH-SPEED High-speed vehicle research includes tools, technologies, and knowledge that will help eliminate today’s technical barriers preventing practical, commercial supersonic flight. These barriers include: sonic boom; supersonic aircraft fuel efficiency; airport community noise; high altitude emissions; prediction of vehicle control, operation, and performance; and the ability to design future vehicles in an integrated, multidisciplinary manner. The high-speed research also includes expansion of foundational knowledge necessary for controlled, air-breathing hypersonic flight capability. AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES Aeronautical Sciences will advance computer-based tools and models as well as scientific knowledge that will lead to significant improvements in the ability to understand and predict flight performance for a wide variety of air vehicles. Examples of this research include the development of new computational tools that are used to predict the airflow around vehicles ultimately leading to greater abilities to predict vehicle performance in flight. Another important area of research, applicable across a number of air vehicle types, is improving the understanding and development of new types of strong and lightweight materials that are important for aviation. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q2 FY14 Test and analysis completed for advanced rotor concepts Q4 FY14 Truss-braced wing evaluation via high fidelity test and analysis Q4 FY14 2700° Fahrenheit ceramic matrix composite fabricated Q1 FY15 Fuselage drag reduction assessment Characterize cruise-altitude gaseous and particulate emissions from alternative Q4 FY15 fuels via flight test and analysis Tools and technologies enabling the design of supersonic aircraft that achieve Q4 FY15 low sonic boom validated as ready for demonstration Q4 FY15 Demonstrate improved computational fluids prediction capabilities AERO-24
- 304. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: GRC Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Fixed Wing Project Cost Share Partners: US Air Force, Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, Northrop Grumman, General Electric Aviation, United Technologies Corporation, Rolls Royce/LibertyWorks, Honeywell, FAA, ONERA, DLR, JAXA, Lockheed Martin, Cessna, US Navy, US small businesses and universities. Provider: ARC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: LaRC Performing Center: ARC, GRC, LaRC Rotary Wing Project Cost Share Partners: Boeing, United Technologies Research Center, US Army, Vertical Lift Consortium (VLC), Bell Helicopter Textron, Sikorsky Aircraft, Rolls Royce/LibertyWorks, GE, Pratt and Whitney, FAA, ONERA, DLR, NLR, US Navy, US small businesses and universities. Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: LaRC Performing Center: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC High Speed Project Cost Share Partners: Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, General Electric Aviation, Rolls Royce/Liberty Works, Gulfstream Aerospace, United Technologies Corporation, US Air Force, FAA, JAXA, Lockheed Martin, Aerion Corporation, US Navy, US small businesses and universities. Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: GRC Performing Center: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Aeronautical Sciences Project Cost Share Partners: Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, General Electric Aviation, Rolls Royce/LibertyWorks, Gulfstream Aerospace, United Technologies Corporation, US Air Force, FAA, JAXA, Lockheed Martin, Aerion Corporation, US Navy, US small businesses and universities. Acquisition Strategy The Fundamental Aeronautics program spans research and technology from fundamental research to integrated system-level capabilities. This broad spectrum necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. Teaming among large companies, small businesses, and universities is highly encouraged for all procurement actions. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts which are generally less than $5 million. They are widely distributed across academia and industry. AERO-25
- 305. Aeronautics: Aeronautics FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review The 12-month review is a formal independent peer review of the program. Experts from outside the Fundamental Aeronautics The projects are Program or from other reviewed for government agencies will relevance, report on their assessment quality and Performance Expert Review Nov 2012 of technical and Dec 2013 performance and programmatic risk and receive program weaknesses. recommendation NASA receives s from reviewers. recommendations in a timely fashion and develops a response no later than six months after the review. AERO-26
- 306. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS TEST FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 79.4 -- 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 Change from FY 2012 -- -- -2.4 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.0 % US leadership in aerospace depends on ready access to technologically advanced, efficient, and affordable aeronautics test capabilities. These capabilities include major wind tunnels, propulsion test facilities, and flight test assets including the Western Aeronautical Test Range. The Federal Government owns the majority of these critical test capabilities in the United States, primarily through NASA and DoD. However, changes in the aerospace community, primarily the decrease in demand for wind tunnel testing over the last two decades, requires an overarching strategy for the management of these The Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) acoustics test in the National assets. The Aeronautics Test Program's LaRC 14x22’ Subsonic Tunnel for NASA’s Integrated mission is to retain and invest in NASA aeronautics Systems Research Program. Shown are the new test capabilities considered strategically important to phased microphone array, new acoustic treatment, the Agency and the Nation, and establish a strong, traverse mechanism, and the HWB model pitched high-level partnership to expand cooperation and forward. The new acoustic capability is designed to cost-sharing between NASA and DoD, facilitating evaluate the potential of the HWB to achieve noise the establishment of an integrated national strategy reduction objectives and also to develop and validate for the management of their respective facilities. This noise prediction methods. national view is becoming more important, specifically in addressing the challenges NASA and the Nation are facing, in terms of managing and evolving this large, critical set of capabilities in a changing and increasingly demanding environment. The National Partnership for Aeronautical Testing is the high-level NASA and DoD council working to expand cooperation and the establishment of an integrated national strategy for capability management. Aeronautics Test Program facilities and assets are dispersed across the United States. The facilities and assets are located at the Ames Research and Dryden Flight Research Centers in California, Glenn Research Center in Ohio, and Langley Research Center in Virginia. These facilities and assets are able to perform tests covering the flight envelope from subsonic through hypersonic speeds and include unique capabilities ranging from simulating icing environments to modeling extreme dynamic situations. The program offers NASA, other Government agencies, the U.S. aerospace industry, and academic institutions unmatched research and experimental opportunities that reflect four generations of accumulated aerospace skill and experience. These capabilities encompass every aspect of aerospace ground and flight-testing and associated engineering. For more information, go to http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/atp. AERO-27
- 307. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS TEST EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES None. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA successfully executed more than 10,000 hours of ground testing and approximately 800 hours of flight test support for NASA and the Nation, achieving high overall customer satisfaction ratings and meeting facility availability and performance goals. Ground test examples include operations in the Glenn Research Center's 9 by 15-foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel for low speed aerodynamic, aeromechanical and aeroacoustic testing of a series of second generation, counter-rotating (open rotor) blade sets to determine the efficiency and noise characteristics for advanced ultra-high bypass engine applications. Flight test examples include the Waveform and Sonic Boom Perception and Response (WSPR) project at Dryden Flight Research Center, which involved gathering “first ever” qualitative data from supersonic flights of sonic boom impact and acceptability from a select group of more than 100 volunteer Edwards Air Force Base residents. NASA continued to address critical shortfalls identified in the 2012 National Aeronautics Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Infrastructure Plan through efforts directed to engine icing research at the Propulsion Simulation Laboratory at Glenn Research Center and acoustic measurement at the 14 by 22-foot Tunnel at Langley Research Center. Investments in test technology included advanced facility electronic systems required to meet modern research testing requirements and targeted investments in wind tunnel force measurement systems. NASA completed a project to modify an existing G-III subsonic research aircraft testbed at DFRC, which will result in new experimental flight test capability to assess emerging flight technologies. One of the first intended uses of the aircraft is to enable NASA to explore and mature alternative unconventional aircraft designs with the potential to meet simultaneous research goals for community noise, fuel burn, and nitrogen oxides emissions. NASA continued to address declining stakeholder advocacy and limited facility utilization through assessments of National infrastructure requirements and the identification of suitable capability alternatives across the government and U.S. industry. Assessments focused primarily on test capability and capacity, operational cost, facility condition, required upgrades, and projected demand. In 2012, NASA decided to close the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel and the 20-Inch Mach 6 CF4 Tunnel located at the Langley Research Center and to redirect funds that were used for these facilities to invest in the sustainment of NASA facilities required for current and future research. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 The program will provide an operational engine icing research capability at the Propulsion Simulation Laboratory. This new engine icing test capability will enable research of the high-altitude engine icing problem encountered by commercial aircraft and will help ensure that testing capabilities are available to support the research, development, test, and engineering milestones of NASA and National programs. The program will perform a condition assessment of the ground support facilities, systems, and equipment within the Flight Test Project portfolio. This assessment will provide knowledge of the AERO-28
- 308. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS TEST ground-based assets that provide support to critical flight-testing and will inform strategic investment decisions to ensure that testing capabilities continue to be available to support the research, development, test, and engineering milestones of NASA and DoD programs. The Aeronautics Test Program is aggressively addressing issues with data accuracy, data validation, and facility productivity at the National Transonic Facility. Through focused efforts, data acquisition and facility measurement and control systems are being scrutinized and improved so that high quality and repeatable research and testing data can be provided quickly and without interruption. This will ensure that high Reynolds Number testing capabilities are available and productive to NASA and national programs. The program will continue to address the development of an integrated national strategy for capability management with the DoD through the National Partnership for Aeronautical Testing. In FY 2013, ATP will work with DoD to sponsor the partnership Aeronautics Test Facility Users Meeting, a conference where NASA, DoD, and industry users of major National wind tunnels can discuss capabilities and experiences and provide feedback on future requirements and needed improvements. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 Aeronautics Test Program will continue to address opportunities and challenges with respect to operating and sustaining NASA’s strategically important but aging test capabilities. In particular, the program will continue improving its approach to long-range forecasting of aeronautics test demand, identifying and acting on investment opportunities and determining the best approach to staying in step with emerging national research test requirements. In FY 2014, ATP will continue its emphasis on modernizing electronic systems for ground and flight testing to provide higher levels of performance (accuracy, repeatability, stability, and data acquisition and processing throughput). ATP will continue working with NASA Centers to develop and implement novel and cost effective ground and flight test operations models thereby providing the best possible match between test capability supply and demand. ATP will also continue to study opportunities to divest and consolidate testing infrastructure and assets across the national portfolio, implement the most equitable and cost effective test capability pricing strategies, and identify and invest in needed capability improvements and technology development to address emerging NASA and national aeronautics test requirements. Program Elements FLIGHT TEST The Flight Test project is located at Dryden Flight Research Center and consists of an integrated set of capabilities that support aircraft operations and maintenance. Included in these elements are the Western Aeronautical Test Range, and the support and test bed aircraft required for research flight and mission support projects. The project capabilities also include the Simulation and Flight Loads Laboratories, a suite of ground-based laboratories that support research flight and mission operations. ATP provides up to 50 percent of the fixed costs for these assets to ensure facility and staff availability. AERO-29
- 309. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS TEST GROUND TEST The Ground Test Project includes subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic wind tunnels and propulsion test facilities at Ames Research, Glenn, and Langley Research Centers. These facilities cover the flight envelope from subsonic through hypersonic speeds and include unique capabilities ranging from simulating icing environments to modeling extreme dynamic situations. As with the flight test capabilities, ATP provides up to 50 percent of the fixed costs for these assets to ensure facility and staff availability. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q2 FY14 Update and publish the Program Strategic Plan Upgrade data acquisition and control systems for the Glenn Research Center Q4 FY14 10 by 10 foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel Improvements to data measurement techniques and flow quality at the Langley Q4 FY14 Research Center National Transonic Facility Develop and implement an updated Memorandum of Understanding with DOD for the National Partnership for Aeronautics Testing to improve the Q4 FY14 Council’s communication and focus on an integrated strategy for managing national aeronautics test infrastructure Program Management & Commitments The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for ATP. The ATP Director oversees program portfolio formulation, implementation, evaluation, and integration of results with other ARMD and NASA programs. Program Element Provider Provider: DFRC, LaRC Lead Center: DFRC Flight Test Performing Centers: DFRC, LaRC Cost Share Partners: DoD Provider: ARC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: GRC Ground Test Performing Centers: ARC, GRC, LaRC Cost Share Partners: DoD AERO-30
- 310. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS TEST Acquisition Strategy Acquisitions supporting ATP activities are performed at each of the test sites consistent with the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the NASA FAR Supplement. Each Center is responsible for coordinating major acquisitions supporting ATP activities through the ATP Office as required by the ATP Director. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts that are generally less than $5 million. They are widely distributed across academia and industry. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Periodic reviews are carried out by the US users of ATP facilities. The last major community outreach Relevance Expert Panel Dec 12, 2012 N/A May 2014 meeting was held in December 2012 with NASA, DoD, and US. aerospace industry users at ARC. The primary purpose of The projects are the annual project review reviewed for is to provide an relevance, Annual Independent Review independent assessment quality and Project Nov 2012 Nov 2013 Panel by subject matter experts performance and Review of the project's relevance, receive technical quality, and recommendation performance. s from reviewers. AERO-31
- 311. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 104.2 -- 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 22.3 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 21.4 % One of the greatest challenges that NASA faces in transitioning advanced technologies into future aeronautics systems is closing the gap caused by the difference between the maturity level of technologies developed through fundamental research and the maturity required for technologies to be infused into future air vehicles and operational systems. The Integrated Systems Research Program’s goal is to demonstrate integrated concepts and technologies to a maturity level sufficient to reduce risk of implementation for stakeholders in the aviation community. The research in this program is coordinated with ongoing, long-term fundamental research within the other three NASA research on future aircraft engine designs, such as aeronautics research programs, as well as the “Open Rotor”, aims to reduce the environmental efforts of other government agencies. This impact of aviation. helps to ensure the most promising research is transitioned between the fundamental research programs and ISRP. The program conducts integrated system-level research on those promising concepts and technologies to explore, assess, and demonstrate the benefits in an operationally relevant environment. The program matures and integrates technologies for accelerated transition to practical application. The Advanced Composites Project has been added to the ISRP portfolio in FY2014 to focus on reducing the timeline for development and certification of innovative composite materials and structures, which will help American industry retain their global competitive advantage in aircraft manufacturing. NASA will make significant technology advancements contributing to national aviation challenges through the ISRP portfolio. The portfolio consists of three projects, the Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Project, the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration in the National Airspace System (UAS/NAS) Project and the Advanced Composites Project. One of the national challenges that ISRP is focused on is the impact of aviation on the environment. In 2008, US major commercial carriers and Department of Defense burned 19.6 billion and 4.6 billion gallons, respectively. This fuel consumption released 250 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Additionally, aircraft noise, particularly in the vicinity of airports, continues to be regarded as the most significant hindrance to the National Airspace System capacity growth. The ERA Project goal is to reduce the impact of aviation on the environment through the development of vehicle concepts and AERO-32
- 312. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH technologies that can simultaneously reduce aircraft fuel burn, noise and emissions. Using aircraft system-level assessments in addition to ground and flight tests, the project is evaluating promising vehicle configurations and airframe and propulsion system related technologies to assess the combined potential to simultaneously meet challenging fuel burn, emission and noise reduction goals. Another national challenge that the program is addressing is the routine access of unmanned aircraft systems into the National Airspace System for civil use. NASA has partnered with the FAA to determine how UAS research, expertise, and assets can be leveraged between the two agencies and duplication of effort can be minimized. The FAA is providing Subject Matter Experts to support NASA’s UAS Integration in the NAS Project to review research objectives and assumptions. The FAA and NASA have shared UAS research project plans and analysis results. FAA and NASA established an umbrella Interagency Agreement for UAS Research which will allow the FAA to centralize and focus its collaboration with NASA while leveraging expertise across all NASA research centers. Historically, UAS have supported military and security operations overseas, with training occurring primarily in the United States. In addition, UAS are utilized in US border and port surveillance by the Department of Homeland Security, scientific research and environmental monitoring by NASA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, public safety by law enforcement agencies, research by state universities, and various other uses by Government agencies. Interest is growing in civil uses, including commercial photography, aerial mapping, crop monitoring, advertising, communications and broadcasting. To address the increasing civil market and the desire by civilian operators to fly UAS, the FAA is developing new policies, procedures, and approval processes. The need for developing and implementing new standards, procedures and guidance to govern civil unmanned airspace systems operations in the National Airspace System in a timely manner has grown more important than ever. NASA’s Unmanned Airspace Systems Integration in the National Airspace Project will contribute capabilities that reduce technical barriers related to the safety and operational challenges associated with enabling routine civil UAS access to the National Airspace System. Advancing the state of the art is being accomplished through system-level integration of key concepts, technologies and/or procedures, and demonstrations of integrated capabilities in an operationally relevant environment. Close integration and continued validation with key stakeholders is a guiding tenet of the project. Those stakeholders include FAA, DoD, other Government agencies, and industry) The Advanced Composites Project will address the national challenge developing and maturing of tools and methods to reduce the development and certification timeline for new materials and structures. There is significant competitive pressure in the international community to accelerate the use of composites in aerospace vehicles because of the weight and lifecycle cost savings they provide. The lack of accepted analysis and test protocols and poor understanding of damage tolerance, production process variability, and long-term durability of composites can pose significant developmental risks. Assuring product safety therefore results in unacceptably high development costs and certification times. To mitigate these risks, developers must rely on time-consuming and costly testing procedures resulting in high development cost and certification times. Additionally, accelerating the development, verification, and regulatory acceptance of new composite materials, structural design methods, test, inspection, and manufacturing processes will enhance the competitiveness of US industry. The goal of Advanced Composites Project is to reduce the time for development, verification, and regulatory acceptance of new composite materials and design methods. NASA will meet this objective through the development and use of high fidelity and rigorous computational methods, new test protocols, and new inspection techniques. For more information, go to http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_isrp.htm. AERO-33
- 313. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES NASA added the Advanced Composites project to the Integrated Systems Research Program in FY 2014 to focus on reducing the timeline for development and certification of innovative composite materials and structures which will help American industry retain their global competitive advantage in aircraft manufacturing. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 Based on data obtained during extensive ground test campaigns, NASA completed an assessment of two types of highly fuel efficient jet engine concepts by comparing their performance in reducing the rate of fuel consumption and noise. One of the systems, referred to as “Open Rotor”, does not encase the engine fan blades in an engine housing as is typical in traditional jet engine designs. The second system, referred to as an “Ultra High Bypass Turbofan” is a much more fuel efficient version of the aircraft engine commonly used by airliners today. Research has validated that both engine concepts have the potential to dramatically reduce fuel burn. The Open Rotor shows greater potential for fuel burn reduction with a 36 percent reduction versus a 27 percent reduction for the Ultra High Bypass Turbofan. However, the noise reduction is greater for the Ultra High Bypass Turbofan with a reduction of 24 decibels versus the 13 decibel reduction for the Open Rotor. These results provide data to the aviation industry and regulatory community to make informed decisions on future aircraft propulsion systems, with a continual emphasis on reducing their impact on the environment. While closing out the technology development efforts of the first phase, the Environmentally Responsible Aviation project defined the Phase 2 technology portfolio. Through a series of reviews and assessments based on the potential benefit of the technologies to meet project goals, as well as the associated costs and risks, NASA selected eight, large-scale integrated technology demonstrations to advance Environmentally Responsible Aviation research through FY 2015. The integrated technology demonstrations build on work performed during the first phase of the project and will focus on five areas: aircraft drag reduction through innovative flow control concepts; weight reduction from advanced composite materials; fuel and noise reduction from advanced Ultra High Bypass engines; emissions reductions from advanced engine combustors; and fuel consumption and community noise reduction through innovative airframe and engine integration designs. As part of a collaborative effort with the FAA Technical Center, NASA conducted a flight test of a large (Ikhana MQ-9) unmanned aircraft equipped with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast a satellite-based aircraft tracking technology that provides detailed and accurate position, velocity, and altitude information to air traffic controllers and other Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast equipped aircraft. This demonstration was a critical step in the development of a Live Virtual Constructive – Distributive Environment, an innovative way to safely immerse a flying unmanned aircraft in the national airspace system through virtual techniques. The Live Virtual Constructive – Distributive Environment will provide the backbone for eventual flight tests to validate the concepts and procedures developed by the project – these flight tests are scheduled for FY 2015 and FY 2016. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 FY 2013 is the start of Phase 2 for the Environmentally Responsible Aviation project. During FY 2013 NASA will complete community noise assessments for advanced tube and wing, and hybrid wing body AERO-34
- 314. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH aircraft configurations and engines. NASA will seek to demonstrate synergistic acoustic integration between advanced engines and airframe concepts that will enable the goal of 42 decibel cumulative noise reduction below Stage 4 in the 2020 timeframe. In addition, NASA will complete ground-based testing of a second generation Geared Turbofan propulsion technology (an Ultra High Bypass engine concept) in partnership with Pratt & Whitney. This assessment is expected to quantify increases in propulsive system efficiency and noise reduction available from this propulsion system technology. NASA will also continue to make progress on unmanned aircraft systems integration through initial evaluations and risk reduction activities of the project’s operationally relevant environment. The relevant environment provides the infrastructure to enable the human-in-the-loop simulations and flight tests required to demonstrate integrated separation assurance, human systems integration, and communication efforts. In addition, NASA will conduct simulations that assess the performance of aircraft separation assurance methods as well as develop communication models for all classes of unmanned aircraft systems. These validated communication models are required to provide confidence in simulation results. Finally, NASA will work to provide recommendations to the FAA for risk-related data collection to support development of unmanned aircraft systems regulations. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA plans to complete flight tests of a wing design equipped with adaptive compliant trailing edge technology. Integration of compliant structures in next generation aircraft will reduce weight and drag contributing to a reduction of fuel burn. The flight test will demonstrate and establish airworthiness for a compliant structure used as large primary control surface in a relevant flight environment and accelerate the infusion of this technology. In addition, NASA will continue to advance Ultra High Bypass technology through low speed ground tests of the geared turbofan performed in FY 2014. NASA will also complete low-speed performance and operability testing of an Ultra High Bypass engine integrated with a semi-span hybrid wing body model. This test, planned for FY 2014, will provide a low speed assessment of the interference effects between the propulsion system and airframe that could impact engine operation, aerodynamic characteristics, and drag (fuel burn). The Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration in the National Airspace System project will evaluate concepts for separation assurance, sense and avoid, and ground control stations with communication system performance estimates through an integrated human-in-the-loop simulation in FY 2014 to provide data for further technology development. In addition, the project will continue to mature and evaluate the Live Virtual Constructive Distributed Environment that will be used to provide demonstrations of unmanned aircraft systems integrated in the National Airspace System. The demonstrations will utilize unique flight and simulation assets from geographically dispersed facilities by integrating NASA Centers, FAA facilities and other institutions through the Live Virtual Constructive Distributed Environment. FY 2014 will be the first year of execution for the Advanced Composites project. During FY 2014, the project will pursue partnerships with industry, academia and other government agencies to expedite validation of advanced production, test, and analysis methods. A collaborative FAA and NASA research effort will be established to ensure the Advanced Concepts project will addresses FAA needs. The project will also initiate small-scale material and structures tests to acquire data to validate new analysis methods and determine new test protocols that will be shared with our partners in industry, academia, FAA and other government agencies. AERO-35
- 315. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH Program Elements ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE AVIATION NASA is addressing vehicle-related environmental concerns through system-level research and experiments of promising vehicle concepts and technologies that simultaneously reduce fuel burn, noise, and emissions. Research and development efforts are focused on understanding how advanced environmental technologies can best work in an integrated vehicle and aviation operations system. Through system-level analysis, promising advanced vehicle and propulsion concepts and technologies can be down-selected based on their potential benefit towards the stated national goals. Among the technologies to be explored are the following: Advanced aircraft architectures that enable simultaneous reduction of noise, fuel burn, and environmentally harmful emissions; Advanced propulsion systems for low noise and reduced fuel burn; Lightweight, low drag wing and fuselage concepts for reduced fuel burn and noise; Fuel flexible, low nitrogen oxide combustor designs; and Optimized propulsion and airframe integration concepts for reduced fuel burn and noise. UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION IN THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM NASA also focuses on technologies to enable routine civil operations for unmanned aircraft systems of all sizes and capabilities in the national airspace system. Current federal aviation regulations are built upon the condition of a pilot being in the aircraft; therefore many of those regulations are not directly applicable to unmanned aircraft systems. To date, the primary user of unmanned aircraft systems has been the military. As the unmanned aircraft systems user base expands, the technologies and procedures to enable seamless operation and integration of unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system need to be developed, validated, and employed by FAA through rule-making and policy development. Specifically, NASA is addressing technology development in several areas to reduce the technical barriers related to the safety and operational challenges. The technical barriers include: Robust separation assurance algorithms; Command and control, and air traffic control communication systems; Consistent standards to assess UAS ground control stations; and Airworthiness requirements for the full range of UAS size and performance. NASA will validate data and technology through a series of high fidelity human-in-the-loop simulations (i.e., where a human is part of the simulation and influences the outcome) and flight tests conducted in a relevant environment. Integrated test and evaluation will be conducted focusing on three technical challenges: separation assurance, performance standards and certification, and developing a relevant test environment. The project deliverables will help key decision makers in government and industry make informed decisions, leading towards routine unmanned aircraft systems access. AERO-36
- 316. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH ADVANCED COMPOSITES PROJECT NASA is addressing new test protocols and methods to reduce the development and certification timeline for new materials and structures. It is inevitable that composite structures will see increased application due to the pressure to develop more efficient, sustainable vehicles. The present approach for the development and certification of composites is largely based on testing. It is relatively slow, and fairly expensive, but does provide results that have been rigorously validated. NASA will focus on the development and use of high fidelity and rigorous computational methods, new test protocols, and new inspection techniques to shorten the timeline to bring innovative composite materials and structures to market. NASA will engage key players from government (e.g., FAA, Department of Defense), industry, and academia to mature and verify the methodology, to ensure effective transition to industry, and to assure it can be proven safe for use by certification authorities such as the FAA. To achieve the goal of reducing the current 10 to 20 year timeline for development and certification down to three to five years, NASA will: Develop validated test and analysis methods to enable faster certification of new composite materials, design methods, and production processes; Develop new analysis, test, and inspection protocols that will increase safety assurance by validating the durability and damage tolerance of composites; and Reduce the variability in production processes to allow for reduced design margins, leading to further weight reduction. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q2 2014 Geared turbofan engine test Q4 2014 Adaptive compliant trailing edge flight test Q4 2014 Simulation of UAS operations with technologies for separation assurance Q4 2014 Active flow control enhanced vertical tail flight test on Boeing 757 Q1 2015 Flap edge and landing gear noise reduction flight test on Gulfstream G550 Q2 2015 New concepts and technologies for UAS flight test Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure multi-bay pressure box Q4 2015 demonstration AERO-37
- 317. Aeronautics: Aeronautics INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Lead Center: LaRC Environmentally Responsible Aviation Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Cost Share Partners: Boeing, General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, Air Force Research Laboratory, FAA, Gulfstream, Goodrich, Rolls Royce Liberty Works Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Unmanned Aircraft Systems Lead Center: DFRC Integration in the National Airspace System Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC Cost Share Partners: Cost Share Partners: Rockwell Collins, FAA Acquisition Strategy NASA’s Integrated Systems Research Program develops and further matures promising technologies to the integrated system level. This necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. Teaming among large companies, small businesses, and universities is highly encouraged for all procurement actions. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts which are generally less than $5 million. They are widely distributed across academia and industry. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review The 12-month review is a The projects are formal independent peer reviewed for review. Experts from relevance, other government quality and Performance Review Panel Nov 2012 Nov 2013 agencies report on their performance and assessment of technical receive and programmatic risk recommendation and program weaknesses. s from reviewers. AERO-38
- 318. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 26.7 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 Subtotal 27.2 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- -4.0 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -15.0 % Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). The Aeronautics Strategy and Management (ASM) program provides research and programmatic support that benefits each of the other five programs. The program efficiently manages directorate functions including: Innovative Concepts for Aviation, Outreach, and Cross Program Operations. Innovative Concepts for Aviation invests in new ideas to meet aeronautics challenges through an internal Seedling Fund and externally through the Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA fund. The Seedling Fund annually provides NASA civil servants the opportunity to perform research, Through NASA’s Aeronautics Seedling Fund, analysis, and develop proof-of-concepts for ideas researchers studied aerogel substrates for patch that have the potential to meet national aeronautics antennas. The number of antennas on a commercial needs. This fund supports early-stage efforts not aircraft could be reduced by two thirds with use of currently supported by ARMD programs and aerogel antennas. R&D Magazine recently recognized projects, with the goal of infusing promising this research as a 2012 R&D 100 Winner. concepts into the ARMD research portfolio or into NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research program for further development. The Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA fund is complementary to the Seedling Fund and has similar goals, but it invests in innovative ideas from outside NASA. Developing new ideas is critical part of NASA Aeronautics’ three-pronged approach of investing in new ideas, fundamental research, and integrated systems research. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The ARMD funding for Education has been transitioned out of ASM as part of the Administration’s STEM consolidation initiative to centralize STEM education activities across the Federal government. AERO-39
- 319. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 Research began on twenty new ideas that were selected through NASA’s Aeronautics Seedling Fund. After the first year of research, NASA selected the most promising twelve projects for further research. The study of electromagnetic properties of aerogels for use in antennas is one example of research funded by this fund. A commercial aircraft can have as many as 100 antennas. Aerogel antennas could enable wider bandwidth, reduce the number of antennas on an aircraft by two-thirds, and reduce the mass of antennas to only 20 percent of today’s standard. Another example is the study of the use of computer- controlled laser ablation to condition titanium surfaces of aircraft components prior to adhesive bonding. Current surface treatments utilize harsh chemical etching or grit blasting that involve high facility maintenance costs and have quality control issues. NASA established a Leading Edge Aeronautics Research fund to provide non-NASA researchers an opportunity to conduct research into early-stage innovative ideas that meet aeronautics challenges. The fund announcement received over 180 innovative ideas from academia and industry. NASA selected the best 16 proposals and research efforts began in FY 2013. One example is research into the feasibility of using helicopter rotor blades to pressurize air centrifugally for a pneumatic rotor blade de-icing system. Helicopter rotors are more susceptible to icing than the rest of the fuselage. This concept may enable significantly safer and more efficient rotorcraft flight in icing conditions. Another example is the investigation of a preliminary hybrid wave-rotor electric aero-propulsion design. The design will optimally combine a wave rotor combustion turbine engine with an electrical drive. For subsonic regional jets, the design could enable 90 percent fuel cuts from current levels. NASA selected 25 students, from eighteen different universities across the country to receive the Aeronautics Scholarship for 2012. The recipients are both graduate and undergraduate students. They are studying a wide-variety of subjects within aeronautics. The aeronautics scholarships are competed and awarded annually. During a two-day event called “Ideas in Flight,” in July 2012, interns from NASA's Aeronautics Scholarship Program and Aeronautics Academies briefed NASA leadership on their experiences working with researchers over the summer at Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Center, Glenn Research Center, and Langley Research Center. Presentation topics included aerodynamic research to lower drag, strategies for how to integrate unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace, advancements in aeroacoustics research, options for using speech recognition tools in an air traffic control setting, toolbox development for analysis of subscale aircraft, characteristics of synthetic jet fuels, intelligent aircraft engines for next generation air transportation, and more. The technologies had a common goal: To help the United States retain a leadership role in aviation by transforming the air transportation system, maintaining safety, and reducing aircraft noise, emissions and fuel use. This annual activity gives scholarship recipients an opportunity to present before a professional audience, which is something that real-life scientists do on a regular basis. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 In FY 2013, Innovative Concepts for Aviation will select new recipients for research awards, and will conduct a “virtual technical seminar. This seminar will provide a forum for the researchers to present and discuss the results of their research with participants located across the country by using remote collaborative meeting technologies. The presentations will be available live over the Internet and AERO-40
- 320. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT accessible to the public later via the NASA Web sites. The seminar will become a regularly scheduled activity, eventually occurring twice each year. NASA will select recipients for the annual aeronautics scholarships, and will invite the students to participate in the 2013 “Ideas in Flight” activities. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will continue funding new research ideas through both the Aeronautics Seedling Fund and the Leading Edge Aeronautics Research fund. These fund both initial and follow-on phases of promising research for NASA employees and selected external proposals. The most promising ideas are evaluated for incorporation into the existing programs. Program Elements INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR AVIATION Innovative Concepts for Aviation explores novel concepts and processes with the potential to create new capabilities in aeronautics research. The program’s goal is to mature the new concepts and incorporate them into the existing research programs or launch new avenues of aeronautics research. To meet this goal, NASA will target both internal and external aeronautics communities. Program Schedule Date Significant Event Q1 FY13 Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA, Round 1 Awards Q2 FY13 Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 3 Awards Q3 FY13 Selection of Aeronautics Scholarship Recipients Q4 FY13 Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 2 Further Study Awards “Ideas in Flight” event with Aeronautics Scholars and Academy interns at Q4 FY13 NASA Headquarters Q1 FY14 Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 4 Awards Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA, Round 1 Further Study Q1 FY14 Awards Q2 FY14 Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 3 Further Study Awards Q2 FY14 Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA, Round 2 Awards Program Management & Commitments The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for the program. AERO-41
- 321. Aeronautics: Aeronautics AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT Acquisition Strategy The research conducted through Innovative Concepts for Aviation activities will use a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the research objectives including external solicitations through full and open competitions. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS The Aeronautics Strategy Management program awards smaller contracts, which are generally less than $1 million. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Because this is a support program, NASA has not scheduled any independent reviews at this time. However, NASA has established an annual internal review for Innovative Concepts for Aviation. AERO-42
- 322. SPACE TECHNOLOGY Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Partnership Development & Strategic 29.5 -- 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Integration SBIR and STTR 171.6 -- 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 Crosscutting Space Technology 183.9 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 Development Exploration Technology Development 190.0 -- 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 SPACE TECHNOLOGY Space Technology .......................................................................... TECH-2 PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION ................... TECH-7 SBIR AND STTR ................................................................................... TECH-13 CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ............................. TECH-19 EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................... TECH-33 TECH-1
- 323. SPACE TECHNOLOGY FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Partnership Development & Strategic 29.5 -- 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Integration SBIR and STTR 171.6 -- 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 Crosscutting Space Technology 183.9 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 Development Exploration Technology Development 190.0 -- 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 Subtotal 575.0 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -1.3 -1.3 -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- 168.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.4 % Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). ** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Crosscutting Space Technology Development pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). Space Technology enables a new class of missions by drawing on talent from the NASA workforce, academia, small businesses, and the broader space enterprise to deliver innovative solutions that dramatically improve technological capabilities for NASA and the Nation. The rapid development and infusion of new technologies and capabilities is a critical component to advancing the Nation's future in space. This fuels an emerging aerospace economy and collaborates on the space technology needs of other government agencies Using advanced composite manufacturing techniques, and the overall aerospace enterprise. NASA Space Technology fabricated a 2.4 meter diameter supports these objectives and contributes to the lightweight composite cryogenic propellant tank. The demands of larger national technology goals by Boeing led team developed the largest out-of-autoclave investing in Space Technology. composite tank fabricated to date. Using out-of-autoclave composite tanks for cryogenic propellants could Using a broad investment strategy, NASA's significantly reduce the mass and fabrication costs of next generation space launch systems. Space Technology investments address the identified range of technology areas found in NASA's Space Technology Roadmaps as prioritized by the National Academies. The Space Technology portfolio supports a combination of early TECH-2
- 324. SPACE TECHNOLOGY stage conceptual studies, discovering entirely new technologies (technology readiness level (TRL) 1-3); rapid competitive development and ground-based testing (TRL 3-5) to determine feasibility; and flight demonstrations in a relevant environment to complete the final step to mission infusion (TRL 5-7). The Space Technology account supports the Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) which coordinates the Agency’s overall technology portfolio to identify development needs, ensure synergy, and reduce duplication. By coordinating these efforts, along with other technology programs within NASA, the office facilitates integration of available and new technology into operational systems that support specific human-exploration missions, science missions, and aeronautics. The Chief Technologist also engages the larger aerospace community including other Government agencies, and, where there are mutual interests, develops partnerships to efficiently develop breakthrough capabilities. The office leads and enhances technology transfer and commercial partnerships opportunities through a wide range of users to ensure that the full value of these development efforts is realized. Under the direction of the Space Technology Mission Directorate, NASA funds the development of pioneering technologies that will increase the Nation's capability to perform space science, operate in space, and enable deep space exploration. Significant progress in technology areas such as in-space power systems, solar electric propulsion, radiation protection, next generation life-support, human robotic systems, cryogenic fluid handling, and entry, descent and landing capabilities, are essential for future science and human exploration missions. Developing these solutions will stimulate the growth of the Nation’s innovation economy by enabling new technology sectors in areas such as nanotechnology, robotics, advanced manufacturing and synthetic biology. Different strategies taken by Space Technology programs serve to develop the Nation's current and future technology workforce while gaining critical technology capabilities needed for future missions. By using varying funding mechanisms, including contracts, grants, fellowships, prize authority, and funded Space Act Agreements, NASA leverages and diversifies technology suppliers to include ideas from NASA Centers, other government agencies, industry, academia, small businesses, and individual entrepreneurs to meet National technology needs. To ensure continuous availability of transformative and crosscutting technology, NASA will continue a steady cadence of new solicitations. Openly competitive opportunities ensure the best ideas and talents from all sectors of the aerospace enterprise are brought to bear to solve future needs while maximizing the value of the Nation's investments. This technological diversity results in a sustainable pipeline of revolutionary concepts, and regularly engages NASA's workforce in cutting edge technology. Development and demonstration activities are openly shared to ensure consideration and dissemination by a wide range of potential users. Reaching NASA's future exploration objectives will require a strong commitment to advanced technology and innovation. American technological leadership is vital to our national security, our economic prosperity and our global standing. The United States continues to exemplify economic leadership, in part, due to the technological investments made in earlier years, through the work of the engineers, scientists, and elected officials who had the wisdom and foresight to make the investments required for our country to emerge as a global technological leader. That commitment accelerated the economy with the creation of new industries, products and services that yielded lasting benefits. NASA innovation serves as an inspiration for young people to pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education and career paths. A technology-driven NASA will continue to fuel our Nation's economic engine for decades to come. For more on Space Technology, go to: http://www.nasa.gov/spacetech. TECH-3
- 325. SPACE TECHNOLOGY EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014 The budget accelerates the development of a high-powered Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) system. SEP systems have broad applicability to science and human exploration missions, and several of the components (i.e. high-power solar arrays) are of potential benefit to the commercial satellite sector and other government agencies. NASA has identified a near-term infusion opportunity for this technology as propulsion for the robotic segment of a proposed asteroid retrieval mission. Space Technology will also increase its focus on technologies that enhance capabilities in asteroid detection, characterization, mitigation, proximity operations, and resource utilization. Additional changes arise due to the phasing profiles of on-going, high priority development efforts and support of the Congressionally mandated increases in the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer Programs. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 Space Technology successfully demonstrated the feasibility of inflatable heat shields through the launch of the Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment-3 (IRVE-3) from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. Such heat shields offer the opportunity to significantly increase the landed mass and landing accuracy capabilities for future missions to other planets, such as Mars, and to provide significantly greater capability for return payloads to Earth. The Mars Curiosity rover mission was successful with the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI) on board. MEDLI streamed real-time atmospheric and heating data from sensors imbedded within the vehicle's heatshield. Data from MEDLI will help engineers design safer, more efficient entry systems for future missions. MEDLI was joined on the trip to Mars by technologies from six Small Business Innovation Research companies (described further in the SBIR/STTR account), each with their own role to enhance Curiosity's primary mission. Space Technology involved Universities and academic institutions in its development objectives through more than 350 fellowships, direct competitive awards and partnerships with NASA Centers and commercial contractors for its technology developments and demonstrations. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) project, designed to deliver data rates that enable new classes of science and human exploration missions, is beginning ground validation activities of advanced laser communication systems. This mission targets dramatic increases in the communication capabilities of NASA's current Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) project, designed to enable precise landing of higher-mass payloads to the surface of planets, is conducting three critical full-scale tests of advanced ring-sail parachutes and supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerators (SIADs) to validate their performance prior to supersonic-speed flight demonstrations. The Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tank project, which successfully fabricated a 2.4-meter cryogenic propellant tank in FY 2012, is scaling up and fabricating a 5.5-meter diameter tank that will yield lower mass rocket propellant tanks to meet future Space Launch System needs. TECH-4
- 326. SPACE TECHNOLOGY The PhoneSat mission is launching as a rideshare on the inaugural flight of the Orbital Sciences Corporation's Antares vehicle currently scheduled for early 2013. These three CubeSats equipped with smartphones will be used to demonstrate command and control capability of operational satellites using affordable, off the shelf components and built within a rapid development cycle. Game Changing Development is completing several high priority project elements which NASA initiated in FY 2012. Significant completions and deliverables include the fabrication, testing, and delivery of advanced components needed for next generation EVA suits (high energy density batteries, rapid cycle amine air processors (carbon dioxide removal system), and variable oxygen regulators), non-flow through fuel cells needed for long duration spaceflight; and key components for the potential Advanced Exploration Systems (AES ) RESOLVE mission (Neutron Spectrometer and Lunar Advanced Volatiles Analyzer). KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 Space Technology's high priority projects, funded within Crosscutting Space Technology Development and Exploration Technology Development, will conduct three Critical Design Reviews and six ground or flight demonstrations, making significant progress toward spaceflight demonstrations targeted for FY 2015. Small Spacecraft Technologies will conduct a flight demonstration of the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks (ESDN) spacecraft cluster of eight CubeSats. Approximately 25 Space Technology Research Fellows will graduate from American universities with advanced degrees, prepared to contribute to the economy by solving the nation's difficult technological challenges. Along with the 5.5-meter composite cryogenic propellant tank mentioned above, Game Changing Development is delivering key improvements to component technologies including an alternate water processer that reduces resupply requirements and recovers 85 percent more wastewater for use, and development of regenerative fuel cells that can convert water to energy, building on the FY 2013 non-flow through fuel cell work. Space Technology will continue a steady cadence of new solicitations to ensure the availability of advanced technologies, prioritizing technology gaps identified by the National Academies in the review of the Space Technology Roadmaps. Game Changing Development will test and deliver two competing approaches for large scale, deployable solar array systems, two power processing units, and advanced thrusters. These key developments enable the Solar Electric Propulsion system developed for the robotic segment of the asteroid retrieval mission. Programs PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION This program supports the Office of the Chief Technologist which provides the strategy, leadership, and coordination that guide NASA’s technology and innovation activities. OCT documents and analyzes NASA’s technology investments and tracks progress, aligning them with the Agency’s plan. OCT leads technology transfer and technology commercialization activities, extending the benefits of NASA’s TECH-5
- 327. SPACE TECHNOLOGY technology investments to have a direct and measurable impact on daily life. The office employs principles that encourage partnerships, technology use, and commercialization; ensuring NASA technologies energize the commercial space sector, and provide the greatest benefit to the Nation. SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH (SBIR) AND SMALL BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (STTR) SBIR and STTR continue to support early-stage research and mid-TRL development performed by small businesses through competitively awarded contracts. These programs produce innovations for both Government and commercial applications. SBIR and STTR provide the high-technology small business sector with opportunities to develop technology for NASA, and commercialize those technologies to provide goods and services that address other national needs based on the products of NASA innovation. CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (CSTD) Crosscutting Space Technology Development activities enable NASA to develop transformative, broadly applicable technologies and capabilities that are necessary for NASA’s future science and exploration missions and support the space needs of other U.S. Government agencies and the commercial space enterprise. To achieve these goals, NASA’s CSTD activities span early-stage conceptual studies through flight demonstrations, employing a variety of funding mechanisms, including grants, broad agency announcements, announcement of opportunities, and prize opportunities. Investment areas within this account include: Space Technology Research Grants, NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts, Center Innovation Fund, Centennial Challenges, Game Changing Development, Technology Demonstration Missions, Small Spacecraft Technology and Flight Opportunities. EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Exploration Technology Development advances technologies required for humans to explore beyond low Earth orbit. The program leverages the existing technical strength of the NASA Centers and addresses known needs in support of future human exploration activities. Example projects include Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tanks, Solar Electric Propulsion, Green Propellant Infusion Mission, Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer, Human-Robotic Systems, and Human Exploration Telerobotics. ETD technologies are higher risk investments that support architecture and systems development efforts within the Exploration account by maturing breakthrough technology prior to systems integration. TECH-6
- 328. Space Technology: Space Technology PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 29.5 -- 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.6 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 15.6 % The Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) serves as the NASA Administrator’s principal advisor on matters concerning Agency-wide technology policy and programs. OCT’s Partnership Development and Strategic Integration efforts provide the strategy and leadership that guide all of NASA’s technology and innovation activities. OCT helps NASA achieve a dual mandate. The first is to foster technology transfer, including infusion of technologies into NASA missions, and the second is to facilitate commercialization of technologies emerging from NASA research and development. OCT coordinates NASA internal and NASA external technology strategic planning and technology transfer. This office also documents, This robot assistant, dubbed “a Mars rover in a tracks, and analyzes NASA’s technology hospital” by one of its developers, incorporates systems investments and technological innovations, based on NASA–funded work at the Massachusetts ensuring they are consistent with the NASA Institute of Technology. The robot can now be found technology needs and strategy. roaming the halls of hospitals, helping with everything from registering patients to logging vital signs. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES Increased funding supports implementation of the technology transfer plan developed in response to the President’s Memorandum on Technology Transfer and Commercialization of Federal Research. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 NASA contractors and civil servants reported over 1,600 new innovations. Of this number, the majority are owned by small businesses with whom NASA has partnered. NASA filed 139 patents for government-owned inventions with commercial potential. The Agency also executed 25 licenses for patents in its intellectual property portfolio and nearly 700 software usage agreements. NASA also communicated the impact of Agency technology development by highlighting more than 40 innovations in its annual Spinoff report. In addition, NASA developed 12 significant partnerships with both the public and private sectors in FY 2012. The National Academies delivered the final report reviewing NASA's space technology roadmaps in February 2012. The National Academies recommendations were incorporated into the inaugural NASA Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan (SSTIP), a TECH-7
- 329. Space Technology: Space Technology PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION comprehensive strategic plan that prioritizes space technologies essential to the pursuit of NASA’s mission and achievement of national goals. WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 NASA is implementing a number of activities to improve technology transfer including: revision of Agency technology transfer policies to reflect best practices and federal regulations and conducting training to convey the importance of invention disclosure and technology transfer activities. In addition, NASA is exploring new technology transfer pilot efforts including an online licensing capability that will enable the public to access, license, and use NASA-developed technologies more readily. NASA is also finalizing a new Agency-level policy that will increase use of Cooperative Research and Development Agreements. NASA is expanding the use and capability of TechPort (a tool the agency uses to track and analyze its technology portfolio) to include broader access, enabling NASA to efficiently disseminate key information about its current technology investments for the public benefit. NASA is analyzing the value of and piloting new approaches to using innovative partnerships, prizes, and challenges to facilitate and accelerate innovation both within and outside the agency. Additionally, NASA is working with entrepreneurial space businesses to identify economic drivers of private and commercial space industry. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 NASA will facilitate the transfer of Agency technology and engage in partnerships with other government Agencies, industry, and international entities to generate U.S. commercial activity and other public benefits. NASA will establish new cost-sharing partnerships and other forms of collaboration, and will participate in regional economic innovation clusters focused on the synergy between NASA technology and regional industry. NASA will implement revised technology transfer policies, conduct training for Agency personnel and will continue to explore innovative methods both for reaching new industry audiences and making the technologies available. The finalized NASA Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan will be used to prioritize NASA's investments in space technologies across the Agency. NASA will begin its biennial update of the Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan and will initiate an update of the Space Technology Roadmaps, expanding their scope to include information technologies and aeronautics. NASA will implement an initiative to enhance documentation of NASA-developed technology use by mission directorates and Centers. NASA will also work closely with other government agencies to crosswalk NASA investments to their technology efforts, gaining new synergies and enabling new opportunities for technology use. TECH-8
- 330. Space Technology: Space Technology PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION Program Elements PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT Partnership Development provides leadership for the Agency’s technology transfer and commercialization activities, and increases the exchange of ideas and technologies with external organizations. Through Partnership Development, NASA is responding to the legislative requirements and Administration priorities promoting technology transfer. Partnership Development offices at each NASA Center pursue applications for the NASA-developed technologies and use partnerships, licenses, and agreements to transfer the technologies from the laboratory to the marketplace. NASA’s technologies provide advanced capabilities, new tools, equipment, and solutions for industry. This spurs economic growth, creates new markets, and helps U.S. industry be competitive and maintain global technological leadership. Partnership Development has four primary functions: Enabling Technology Transfer: Provides Agency-level management and oversight of NASA- developed and owned intellectual property, and manages transfer of these technologies to external entities. Activities include the capture of new inventions, management of intellectual property documents, creation and marketing of licenses, development of technology transfer-focused partnerships, and tracking and reporting a number of technology related products, including patents, licenses, and software use agreements. Facilitating Partnerships: Provides Agency-level coordination, negotiation, and development of partnership agreements that expand and strengthen NASA's transfer, commercialization, and use of externally developed technologies. Activities include development of non-traditional partnerships to systematic engagements with regional, state, and local partners. Utilizing Prizes and Challenges: Provides Agency-level leadership and coordination of NASA’s organizations that conduct prizes and challenges to spur innovation and increase the number and type of individuals participating in innovation activities. NASA uses prizes and competitions to provide technology breakthroughs that lower mission costs, and strengthen expertise to develop solutions for tomorrow. Emerging Space: Provides analytical support to Agency decision makers concerning the rapid growth of national and international entrepreneurial space communities, their technology needs, and opportunities for NASA to develop or transfer technologies that will facilitate their growth. Activities include monitoring commercial activities, evaluating historical trends, investigating current technology needs, coordinating collaboration discussions, and fostering activities that benefit these new markets and the fullest use of space for commercial purposes. STRATEGIC INTEGRATION Strategic Integration develops policy, requirements, and strategy for NASA’s technology development activities in support of the Chief Technologist by coordinating with NASA mission directorates, other government agencies, and external organizations. These efforts help to identify priorities, needs, technology development opportunities, and activities that assist NASA in achieving its goals and enable NASA to benefit from cross-agency technological advancements. TECH-9
- 331. Space Technology: Space Technology PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION Strategic Integration performs an Agency-level technology coordination role to assist NASA in meeting mission requirements while filling technology gaps, anticipating future needs, and avoiding duplication of effort, through mechanisms such as the Space Technology Roadmaps. To facilitate technology coordination, Strategic Integration manages the execution of the NASA Technology Executive Council, a decision body, and the Center Technology Council, a recommendation council. Both councils are designed to ensure full-Agency participation in technology planning and decision-making activities. The NASA Technology Executive Council works to align the Agency’s technology investments with the current priorities, minimize duplication, and ensure that needed capabilities are developed. The Center Technology Council provides advice to the Office of the Chief Technologist and the NASA Technology Executive Council on major issues that relate to technologies of importance to NASA, with a focus on agency-wide NASA technology policies and programs. Additionally, to facilitate strategic planning of Agency technology development, NASA developed the Technology Portfolio System (TechPort). This web-based tool captures, tracks, and supports analysis of NASA’s technology investment portfolio in an efficient and coordinated manner. NASA uses the system to document and track technology investments, comparing the portfolio against the strategic plan and utilizing the NASA Technology Executive Council to make appropriate adjustments. Strategic Integration identifies opportunities to use NASA-developed technology in future NASA missions and supports documentation and communication of the societal impact of NASA technology investments. Program Schedule TECH-10
- 332. Space Technology: Space Technology PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: N/A Lead Center: NASA Headquarters Partnership Development Performing Centers: Each NASA Center has a technology transfer lead. NASA Ames runs Emerging Space Office Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: N/A Lead Center: NASA Headquarters Strategic Integration Performing Center: Chief Technologists at each Center. TechPort operation representatives at each Center. Cost Share Partners: N/A Acquisition Strategy This organization does not participate in a substantial amount of procurement activity. INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Next Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Review Other National Academies Feb 2012 Final report reviewing Report identified Q1 FY14 NASA’s draft Space key technologies Technology Roadmaps. that furthered development of space capabilities for the nation’s aerospace industry. NASA finalized the roadmaps and implemented the Strategic Space Technology Implementation Plan development in response to these recommendations. TECH-11
- 333. Space Technology: Space Technology PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE Technology transfer efforts at NASA result in spinoff technologies that create new industries, provide jobs, and address national needs through technology advancements that impact life on Earth. Below, the graphic shows the variety of mechanisms used by a subset of NASA technologies to go from the Agency to outside entities to be commercialized. TECH-12
- 334. Space Technology: Space Technology SBIR AND STTR FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 171.6 -- 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 14.8 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 8.6 % NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs fulfill a statutory requirement to support early-stage research and development. The programs provide the small business sector with an opportunity to compete for funding to develop technology for NASA and to commercialize that technology to spur economic growth. Research and technologies funded by competitively-awarded SBIR and STTR contracts have made important contributions to numerous NASA programs and projects. The Agency is actively working to increase the number of NASA-funded SBIR and STTR technologies used in NASA’s missions and Supporting the Mars Curiosity Rover’s mission, Honeybee projects. Some high-profile programs benefiting Robotics (an SBIR company with just over 35 employees) directly from SBIR technologies include the developed the dust removal tool which is used to Next Generation Air Transportation System; determine the characteristics of various rock formations smart sensors that assess launch vehicle and their suitability for drilling and further analysis. This structural health, three-dimensional flash-Lidar small company also designed the sample manipulation technologies to assist with collision avoidance system, which plays an integral role in delivering Marian and navigation for space applications, and end- surface samples to the analytical instruments within the of-arm tooling on Mars surface rovers and Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument package. landers. NASA issues annual program solicitations for the SBIR and STTR programs that set forth a substantial number of topic areas. Both the list and description of topics are sufficiently comprehensive to provide a wide range of opportunities for small business concerns to participate in NASA’s research and development programs. Phase I awards give small businesses the opportunity to establish the scientific, technical and commercial merit, and feasibility of the proposed innovation in fulfillment of NASA needs. Phase II awards focus on the development, demonstration, and delivery of the proposed innovation. The most promising Phase I projects are awarded Phase II contracts through a competitive selection based on scientific and technical merit, expected value to NASA, and commercial potential. Phase II Enhancement (II-E) is an incentive for cost share to extend the research and development efforts of the current Phase II contract. Phase III is the commercialization of innovative technologies, products and services resulting from a Phase II contract. This includes further development of technologies for transition into NASA programs, other TECH-13
- 335. Space Technology: Space Technology SBIR AND STTR Government agencies, or the private sector. Phase III contracts are funded from sources other than the SBIR and STTR programs and may be awarded without further competition. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES The SBIR and STTR program reauthorization annually increases the required rate of investment for each program relative to extramural Agency Research and Development beginning in FY 2012 and continuing through FY 2017. In accordance with the law, NASA will increase the SBIR investment by 0.1 percent to 2.8 percent, and increase the STTR investment by 0.05 percent, to 0.40 percent of Agency Research and Development. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 SBIR and STTR awarded 298 Phase I SBIR and STTR contracts and 102 Phase II SBIR and STTR contracts in FY 2012. In addition, NASA funded small businesses saw success with technology infusion, bringing significant contributions to the Mars Science Laboratory: GrammaTech, Inc. of Ithaca, New York developed software for eliminating defects in mission- critical and embedded software applications directing rover operations Starsys Research, Inc. of Louisville, Colorado developed planetary gearboxes for the articulated robotic arm and the descent braking mechanism for controlling rate of descent to planetary surface Creare, Inc. of Hanover, New York developed a space-qualified vacuum pump for the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument package Yardney Technical Products, Inc. of Pawcatuk, Connecticut developed lithium ion batteries that enable the power system to meet peak power demands or rover activities Honeybee Robotics, Inc of New York, New York created a dust removal tool used to remove the dust layer from rock surfaces and to clean the rover’s observation tray and designed the sample manipulation system for the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument package inXitu,Inc. Of Mountain View, CA had features of their automated sample handling system implemented in the Chemistry and Mineralogy experiment instrument Similarly, three SBIR/STTR contractors established partnerships with the Space Launch System (SLS) program to support critical modeling and simulation requirements for SLS development: Streamline Numerics, Inc. of Gainesville, Florida for the development of an effective fluid-flow design tool that can be used in the design process by engineers for modeling full 3-D geometries with unsteady flow analysis. Specific areas of interest include combusting flows in injectors and cavitating flows in turbomachinery components with real-fluids. AI Signal Research of Huntsville, Alabama for high frequency data diagnostics tools to modify and validate PC-Signal software as well as expand analysis and environment prediction capabilities for current and future propulsion components. Tetra Research Corporation of West Princeton, Illinois for the development of advanced flow analysis tools for solid rocket motor simulation for accurate simulation of motor pressure and thrust as a function of time. TECH-14
- 336. Space Technology: Space Technology SBIR AND STTR WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 Space Technology selected 39 small business proposals for SBIR Phase II contract awards. The selected projects have a total value of approximately $27 million. NASA awarded the contracts to small high technology firms in 17 states. Technologies awarded seek to address aviation safety and aircraft efficiency, provide new optics technology for detecting extra-solar planets, and potentially mitigate the harmful effects of space radiation. In addition to meeting NASA's needs, the proposals also provide innovative research in areas that have other commercial applications. Further, NASA has 35 Phase II-E projects currently under negotiation with 29 companies. These projects will leverage approximately $4.5 million of SBIR funds with approximately $7.6 million in non-SBIR funds to further advance technologies of interest to NASA and non-NASA users. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 The SBIR and STTR program will continue addressing NASA’s core competencies through a solicitation that is aligned with Space Technology roadmaps and the National Aeronautics Research and Development Plan. The STTR budget will support awards associated with the solicitation released in fall of 2013. Program Elements SBIR The SBIR program was established by statute in 1982 and reauthorized in 2011 to increase research and development opportunities for small business concerns. The program stimulates U.S. technological innovation, employs small businesses to meet Federal research and development needs, increases private sector commercialization of innovations derived from Federal research and development, and encourages and facilitates participation by socially disadvantaged businesses. In FY 2014, the SBIR program is supported at a level of 2.8 percent of NASA’s extramural research and development budget. In FY 2014, the maximum value for an SBIR Phase I contract will be $200,000 for a period of performance of six months. For Phase II, the maximum total value of an SBIR award is $1,500,000 over a 24-month period of performance. The number and size of awards are based on the quality of proposals received. STTR The STTR program, established by statute in 1992, and reauthorized in 2011 to award contracts to small business concerns for cooperative research and development with a non-profit research institution, like a university. NASA’s STTR program facilitates transfer of technology developed by a research institution through the entrepreneurship of a small business, resulting in technology to meet NASA’s core competency needs in support of its mission programs. Modeled after the SBIR program, STTR is funded separately with funding set at 0.40 percent of the NASA extramural research and development budget. In FY 2014, the maximum value for an STTR Phase I contract is $125,000 for a period of performance of TECH-15
- 337. Space Technology: Space Technology SBIR AND STTR twelve months. For Phase II, the maximum total value of an STTR award is $750,000 over a 24-month period of performance. The number and size of awards are based on the quality of proposals received. Program Schedule SBIR and STTR Program Year 2013 solicitation and award schedule is below. Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: Various Small Businesses and their research partners Lead Center: NASA HQ; Level 2: ARC Performing Centers: All Centers play a project management and implementing role. SBIR and STTR Cost Share Partners: SBIR Phase II Enhancement (2-E) matches cost share funding with SBIR and STTR up to $250,000 of non-SBIR and non-STTR investment(s) from a NASA project, NASA contractor, or third party commercial investor to extend an existing Phase II project to perform additional research. TECH-16
- 338. Space Technology: Space Technology SBIR AND STTR Acquisition Strategy SBIR and STTR program management, in conjunction with NASA Center Chief Technologists and a mission directorate steering council, work collaboratively during the SBIR and STTR acquisition process (from topic development and proposal review and ranking) in support of final selection. Mission directorate and NASA Center personnel interact with SBIR and STTR award winners to maximize alignment and infusion of the SBIR and STTR products into NASA’s future missions and systems. Topics and subtopics are written to address NASA’s core competencies and are aligned with Space Technology roadmaps. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS In addition to the 298 Phase I SBIR and STTR contracts and 102 Phase II SBIR and STTR contracts mentioned above, the NASA SBIR/STTR Program awarded 18 Phase II-E contracts in FY 2012. The Phase II Enhancement (II-E) matches cost share funding with SBIR and STTR funds up to $250,000 of non-SBIR and non-STTR investment(s) from a NASA project, NASA contractor, or third-party commercial investor to extend an existing Phase II project to perform additional research. Phase II-E contracts in FY 2012 were worth a total of $2.1 million from the SBIR/STTR Program, along with $2.4 million in non-SBIR matching contributions. These were amongst a total of 78 Phase III awards tracked by the SBIR/STTR Program in FY 2012, bringing a total of $17.1 million in non-SBIR funding to NASA SBIR/STTR contractors to further develop or commercialize their technologies. Element Vendor Location (of work performance) SBIR Phase II E awards Vista Photonics, Inc. (2 awards) Santa Fe, NM Remote Sensing Solutions, Inc. Barnstable, MA The DNA Medicine Institute Cambridge, MA Michigan Engineering Servicing, LLC Ann Arbor, MI Plasma Processes, LLC Santa Fe, NM Whittinghill Aerospace, LLC Boulder, CO SPEC, Inc Cary,IN Horizon Performance Camarillo, CA Honeybee Robotics, Ltd. New York, NY Busek Company, Inc. Natick, MA Parabon Computation, Inc. Herndon, VA NxGen Electronics, Inc. San Diego, CA Am Biotechnologies, LLC Reston, VA Fibertek, Inc. Houston, TX CFD Research Corporation (2 awards) Huntsville, AL Austin Satellite Design Austin, TX TECH-17
- 339. Space Technology: Space Technology SBIR AND STTR INDEPENDENT REVIEWS Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review Performance National Academies Ongoing Assessment of the SBIR TBD FY 2014 program. Performance GAO Nov 2012 The GAO has been tasked GAO found no Ongoing to assess all SBIR/STTR concerns to programs for their address. performance in combating Waste, Fraud, and Abuse. HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE FY 2012 selections represented by geographic location. TECH-18
- 340. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 182.7 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 Subtotal 183.9 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- Change from FY 2012 -- -- 94.9 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 51.9 % Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). NASA invests in crosscutting technologies with the objective of leveraging the development of key technologies that enable or significantly advance the space missions for multiple customers. In addition, NASA is developing a pipeline of technology investments to ensure the emergence of new ideas and the infusion of advanced capabilities into actual missions. Maturing technologies from idea and concept inception all the way through demonstration in a relevant environment is a significant challenge, and comes with inherent technical and programmatic risk. The program effectively and As the rocket-powered sled accelerated down the four- efficiently manages technology development mile-long track at speeds of several hundred miles an with focus on relevance and takes advantage of hour, the Supersonic Inflatable aerodynamic decelerator expected challenges in the maturation process. experienced loads 25 percent greater than it will face during an actual atmospheric entry at Mars. The By supporting projects at all technology inflatable decelerator, a balloon-like ring inflated around readiness levels, Crosscutting Space Technology the perimeter of an entry vehicle, is intended to increase Development creates a technology cascade, its diameter and surface area to aid in aerodynamically resulting in mature, ready-to-infuse technologies slowing the vehicle as it plunges through the atmosphere. that increase the nation’s in-space capabilities. In the process of creating these new technologies, NASA supports training and inspires the next generation of inventors, scientists, and engineers. Crosscutting Space Technology Development (CSTD) funds these crosscutting efforts within eight of Space Technology's nine investment areas, conducting Early Stage Innovation (includes Space Technology Research Grants, NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts, Center Innovation Fund and Centennial Challenges) Game Changing Development, Technology Demonstration Missions, Small Spacecraft Technology, and Flight Opportunities. This program also supports NASA's role in the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, and the Materials Genome Initiative. These efforts enable NASA to develop TECH-19
- 341. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT and advance technological capabilities in support of Agency mission directorates, enable collaborations with other Government agencies, and support private industry through an expansion of the Nation's technology-base. EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES Space Technology has combined Edison and Franklin programs into the Small Spacecraft Technology program. Increased funding supports early stage concepts and technologies useful for asteroid detection, characterization, proximity operations, mitigation, and resource utilization. Program Elements EARLY STAGE INNOVATION NASA sponsors advanced aerospace system concept studies and foundational technology development efforts on a wide range of topics such as asteroid detection, characterization, proximity operations, mitigation, and resource utilization, as well as autonomous robotics, and radiation mitigation. As an entry point of NASA's pipeline of revolutionary concepts and early stage technologies, Space Technology supports early-stage development under the following investment areas: Space Technology Research Grants accelerates the development of high risk/high payoff, low TRL technologies to support the future space science and exploration needs of NASA, other government agencies and the commercial space sector through two competitively awarded components: NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships and Space Technology Research Opportunities. The first component awards fellowships for graduate student research (Master's and Doctoral degree) on space technologies with significant potential to impact future national aerospace needs. Selected students perform research on their respective campuses and spend time at NASA Centers and/or not-for-profit research and development laboratories. The second component funds groundbreaking research in space technology via grants to university-based research teams. Both components target early-stage research and development within technology topic areas that are a high priority to the Agency and where the Nation’s academic institutions can play a critical leading role. NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) solicits early studies of visionary concepts in support of NASA’s future missions and broader aerospace enterprise needs. NIAC executes annual solicitations seeking exciting, unexplored, technically credible new approaches that could one day change the possible in space and aeronautics. NIAC efforts improve the Nation’s leadership in key research areas, enable far- term capabilities, and spawn disruptive innovations that make aeronautics, science, and space exploration more effective, affordable, and sustainable. The NIAC core program supports research through two phases of study. Phase I awards are typically nine-month efforts (up to $100,000) to explore the overall viability and advance the technology readiness level of visionary concepts. A follow-on Phase II develops the most promising Phase I concepts for up to two years (about $500,000) and explores infusion paths within NASA and beyond. Candidate studies may be selected from multiple sources: educational institutions, commercial and not-for-profit organizations, research laboratories, federal agencies, and NASA Centers (including the Jet Propulsion Laboratory). TECH-20
- 342. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Center Innovation Fund stimulates aerospace creativity and innovation at the NASA Centers. The activities fall within the scope of NASA’s space technology roadmaps, or enhance capabilities that contribute to NASA strategic goals and/or significant national needs. NASA distributes the funds among the Centers to support emerging technologies and creative initiatives that leverage Center talent and capabilities. NASA scientists and engineers lead individual tasks and activities, but partnerships with academia, private industry, individual innovators as well as other NASA Centers and government labs are encouraged. The individual Centers have full discretion on the use of these funds. Each Center Chief Technologist coordinates a competitive process at his or her Center for the selection of activities. Centers report on progress periodically and the program office at NASA Headquarters evaluates the Center efforts on an annual basis. Centennial Challenges uses partnerships to host prize competitions aimed at finding solutions to technical challenges that support NASA’s missions in aeronautics and space. NASA provides the prize purse, and partners with private non-profit entities to manage the competitions at no cost to NASA. The program has been successful at engaging non-traditional participants such as independent inventors, non- government funded entities, and educational institutions, thus expanding the pool of innovators available to achieve the Nation’s challenging technology goals. Active challenges include the Sample Return Robot challenge, hosted by Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The Night Rover Challenge, hosted by Cleantech Open, seeks to advance energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, and demonstrates their ability to meet performance goals while enduring the extreme temperatures and vacuum conditions seen in space. In addition, Centennial Challenges is partnering with the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate to conduct the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Airspace Operations Challenge (AOC). The AOC seeks to demonstrate how to overcome the key technological barriers related to sense and avoid for safe separation and autonomous interactions within a congested airspace. This request sets aside $5 million to announce new Centennial Challenges starting in FY 2014, including the creation of a seed fund to encourage prize competitions across the agency, and to pilot varying types of prize competitions. Achievements in FY 2012 Space Technology Research Grants funded research at 57 universities in 29 states and 1 U.S. territory including: selection of 48 new Space Technology Research Fellowships and continuation of 74 students from 2011 selections. Among the 2012 students selected, Charles Amos from the University of Texas at Austin is conducting research in high-performance energy storage. Space Technology Research Grants also selected 10 early career faculty researchers to receive grants for research in high-priority technology areas including: (1) communications and navigation, (2) human health, life support and habitation systems, (3) human exploration destination systems, and (4) materials, structures, mechanical systems, and manufacturing. In addition, awards were made for 10 university-led proposals for study of innovative, early-stage space technologies designed to improve space radiation monitoring and protection, spacecraft and system thermal management, and optical space science observation systems. NIAC completed 29 Phase I studies from 2011 with five patents pending. Through its FY 2012 solicitation, NIAC selected 18 new Phase I, and 10 new Phase II studies, continuing the most promising 2011 efforts. NIAC projects have generated over 200 national and international media articles. Selections for Phase II included research into asteroid threat mitigation, cave-hopping robots to explore planetary skylights, and innovative manufacturing approaches such as printable spacecraft and contour crafting (robotic construction using in-situ resources). TECH-21
- 343. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT The Center Innovation Fund saw approximately 170 activities funded at NASA Centers, and several technologies found infusion paths to other NASA missions including: woven thermal protection systems (Orion Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle), altitude compensating nozzle (Aeronautics), Miniature Exercise Device (Exploration), and electrically-controlled extinguishable solid propellant (Small Business Innovative Research). Work in Progress in FY 2013 Space Technology Research Grants will announce selections of additional research fellowships for the Fall 2013 class, and issue a solicitation for new university-based grants in late 2013; announce 2013 Phase I NIAC awards, and select promising Phase I concepts for Phase II NIAC studies; and support additional Center Innovation Fund activities. Centennial Challenges will initiate at least two new challenges in late FY 2013 depending on outcome of early FY 2013 activities, which include the second Sample Return Robot Challenge and the initial Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Airspace Operations Challenge. Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 Space Technology Research Grants will continue supporting the technology development pipeline through new space technology graduate fellows and university research grants through continued support of previous years’ awards and the competitive selection of new efforts in both components and continue to gain breakthrough ideas from the Nation's top talent. Approximately 25 Space Technology research fellows will graduate from American universities with advanced degrees, prepared to contribute to the economy by solving the Nation's difficult technological challenges. NASA will initiate new Phase I NIAC awards and further develop the most promising concepts for Phase II NIAC studies. Center Innovation Fund efforts will continue with the completion of previous year awards and the selection of new awards. Initiate at least two new Centennial Challenges, including one relevant to near Earth asteroid detection, characterization and mitigation efforts. GAME-CHANGING DEVELOPMENT (CROSSCUTTING) Within Game Changing Development, NASA focuses on maturing transformational technologies across the critical gap between early stage innovation and flight demonstration of a new technology. NASA will measure the success of the Game Changing Development investments as a whole, rather than expecting each project to produce breakthrough or revolutionary results. NASA expects that, over time, the dramatic advances in transformative space technology, such as crosscutting efforts funded here, will enable entirely new NASA missions, and lead to solutions for a wide variety of society's technological challenges. Within this area, NASA funds fixed duration investments identified as high priorities by NASA Mission Directorates. A subset of these projects is described below: Advanced Manufacturing Technologies supports innovation in low-cost manufacturing processes and products to include metallic joining, and various manufacturing techniques, such as additive, composites and digital manufacturing. This project looks for opportunities to improve the manufacturing technologies, processes, and products prevalent in the aerospace industry. TECH-22
- 344. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Initial investments have supported additive manufacturing for rocket engines and in-space manufacturing. Future investments will focus on advancing composite manufacturing processes, identifying ideal material mixtures, and developing in situ resource construction techniques. This project supports NASA’s interface with the President’s Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, including the Agency's role in the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation. This initiative brings together government agencies to collaborate toward modernization of manufacturing, and supports direct investments in small businesses and training for the high-skilled manufacturing workforce. Nanotechnology advances nanotechnology research and applications for space technology focused primarily on reducing vehicle mass and improving reliability through the development of carbon nanotube based, ultra-high strength structural reinforcements, and nanotechnology derived sensors. This project supports NASA’s participation and interface with the National Nanotechnology Initiative. Space Synthetic Biology leverages the efficiency of life in using its surrounding resources and turning those resources into habitats, materials and forms that perform a wide range of functions efficiently. This project element researches a range of genomics and synthetic biology approaches for the design of organisms that can utilize materials found in space to support future human and robotic exploration activities. Soldier-Warfighter Operationally Responsive Deployer for Space (SWORDS) is a joint effort with the U.S. Army and NASA to develop a three-stage expendable launch vehicle capable of lifting 100 kilogram payload to a 750 kilometer circular orbit with a target production cost of approximately $1 million per launch vehicle. The vehicle development strategy employs low cost manufacturing procedures used in the automotive and like industries to create nano-launch vehicles for much less than one-tenth the cost of equivalent traditional launchers. To address the critical impediment of lack of affordable avionics, NASA is also working to develop a prototype suite of inter-connectable common avionics modules that are physically and electrically suitable for packaging into nano-launchers or nano-sats and able to perform all of the navigation, guidance, control and communications functions. As projects complete their life cycle, additional game changing technologies will be selected through broad Agency announcements as well as funded Space Act agreements open to industry, academia, and the NASA Centers, or brought up from successful efforts with Space Technology Research Grants, Center Innovation Fund, NIAC, and SBIR/STTR. Achievements in FY 2012 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies partnered with Pratt Whitney Rocketdyne to develop an additively manufactured sub-scale RL-10 injector using selective laser melting which will be tested by Glenn Research Center. If successful, the additively manufactured injector can be produced at a fraction of the cost and save 15 months of manufacturing time. Synthetic Biology developed the first successful “Bio Brick,” a composite material that can be used for construction purposes. The brick uses soil and a biopolymer following development of prototype molding systems and test articles produced, which permits high-volume production of test articles. NASA Centers (Marshall, Langley, Ames and Kennedy) formulated an integrated team to begin design analysis for SWORDS. Integrated Product Teams across NASA are actively working with TECH-23
- 345. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT interagency partners, Space Florida and the MidAtlantic Spaceport in Virginia to change the paradigm regarding how rocket vehicles and their components are manufactured and assembled. Nanotechnology initiated modeling studies to understand behavior of carbon nanotube materials under applied mechanical loads and determined effects of processing and post-processing treatments on tensile properties of nanotube sheets, tapes, and yarns. In addition, NASA developed new multi-axis micro-scale testing capability for carbon nanotube materials. Work in Progress in FY 2013 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies is testing and demonstrating high-quality, space- worthy aerospace parts using additive manufacturing systems, a process which could reduce cost of acquiring parts with limited availability or demand. NASA participated in a pilot institute with the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, NIST, and the National Science Foundation (Institute for Manufacturing Innovation in Additive Manufacturing) and supported preliminary design efforts for the National Network of Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI). Space Technology is hosting a technical interchange meeting to review NASA's advanced manufacturing portfolio and develop a three to five-year investment strategy. The Barrier Infrared Detector completed development of an advanced sensor system that can operate in space at higher temperatures, which reduces or eliminates the active cooling requirements associated with current sensor systems. This benefit, combined with the use of cheaper sensor materials, results in a tenfold reduction in system mass, a five times reduction in power requirements and a 40 times cost reduction when compared to the current state of the art infrared sensors for Earth observing missions. For SWORDS, NASA analysis informed vehicle design and configuration and is leading development of a common avionics system that will significantly reduce cost for the system. Following preliminary design review, the Agency will support structural and engine testing, provide vehicle and system analysis, and conducted high speed wind tunnel testing to finalize vehicle design as it is developed for its 2014 suborbital and orbital launches. The launch system is on track to maintain its aggressive schedule with the primary focus on meeting a low cost objective over performance. Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies guided by the strategic planning efforts in FY 2013, NASA will focus on advancing composite manufacturing processes, identify and mature ideal material mixtures of interest to the aerospace community and develop in situ resource construction techniques. The Agency will continue identifying additional engine/stage components where additive manufacturing techniques could significantly reduce part cost and build time. Nanotechnology will demonstrate the use of structural nanocomposites in the payload fairing of a suborbital launch vehicle. The launch will demonstrate reduced structural weight over conventional materials and a reduced vibration environment in the payload bay due to the inherent energy dissipation capacity of nanocomposite materials. Space Synthetic Biology will produce a prototype bio-electrochemical system for air and/or water processing that provides improved performance over current systems for CO2 management for air revitalization or wastewater treatment for water recovery, or an integration of both. TECH-24
- 346. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT NASA will integrate the common avionics system, conduct vehicle performance analysis during hot fire testing, and provide ground processing support for SWORDS prior to and during its 2014 suborbital and orbital launches. At a launch vehicle cost of below $1 million, realizing this system will open the vastly expanding market demand for a lost cost and quickly available launch system for nano-satellites. TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION MISSIONS (CROSSCUTTING) Through crosscutting Technology Demonstration Missions (TDM), NASA demonstrates technologies already matured through the proof-of-concept, initial validation and ground testing phases in a relevant flight environment, prior to integration in future missions. Focused areas for these demonstration missions address needs that not only support future NASA missions, but also respond to the capability demands of other government agencies and the commercial space sector. To remain affordable, flight demonstrations of mature technologies are supported primarily through hosted payloads, rideshares and secondary payloads. Further, the portfolio of demonstration projects will be managed under strict cost and schedule guidelines, particularly after they transition from formulation to implementation. The current portfolio of crosscutting Technology Demonstration Missions is described below: Low Density Supersonic Decelerators demonstrates new entry descent and landing (EDL) technologies capable of increasing the landed mass and landing precision over current baseline systems. NASA has been using Viking era parachutes for decades and has reached the upper limit of their utility. Space Technology is developing and testing a variety of decelerators systems to support future Mars missions. The project is designing, developing and testing a ring-sail parachute as well as a pair of supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator systems. The inflatable decelerators are being put through a series of tests utilizing wind tunnels, rocket sleds, and rocket-powered, flight demonstrations at sub-orbital altitudes. In addition, advanced parachute demonstrations will be conducted in the thin air found in the Earth's stratosphere, and is funded, in part, through a partnership with the Planetary Division of the Science Mission Directorate. Once proven, these technologies are expected to infuse into future science missions with potential application to future robotic and human missions to Mars. The larger ring-sail parachute, in particular, is under consideration for infusion on the Mars 2020 mission. Laser Communications Relay Demonstration will perform an in-space demonstration of a reliable, capable, and cost-effective optical communications technology that will provide data rates up to 100-times higher than today’s radio frequency communication systems. These higher bandwidth capabilities will prove necessary for future human and robotic space missions. The project intends to demonstrate two-way and relay laser communications between two, earth-based ground stations and a satellite in geostationary orbit. The technology is directly applicable for infusion into the next generation of NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). The resulting technologies will improve bandwidth for space operations. The flight demonstration will be supported through a hosted payload on a future Loral Space and Communications launch and is funded in partnership with Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Division within Human Operations and Exploration Mission Directorate. Deep Space Atomic Clock validates a miniaturized mercury-ion atomic clock that is 100 times more accurate than today’s non-atomic clocks used for spacecraft navigation systems. This project element will demonstrate ultra-precision timing in space and its benefits for one-way radio-based navigation. It will free precious deep space communications bandwidth to perform greater science data return instead of receiving and transmitting navigation updates. Precision TECH-25
- 347. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT timing and navigation is critical to the performance of a wide range of future deep space science missions and has the potential to improve the Nation’s next generation GPS system. The demonstration is planned for launch via rideshare and is funded in a partnership with SCaN. Sunjammer Solar Sail Demonstration will deploy and operate a solar sail with an area seven times larger than ever flown in space. It is potentially applicable to a wide range of future space missions, including serving as an advanced space weather warning system to provide more timely and accurate notice of solar flare activity. This technology also will allow for propellantless deep space exploration missions. NOAA is collaborating with NASA and L'Garde Inc. on the demonstration. The National Research Council's Committee on a Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics recently identified the tremendous potential of solar sails in supporting future heliophysics missions. The flight demonstration will be supported by a rideshare. Achievements in FY 2012 Low Density Supersonic Decelerators conducted sled tests using a newly developed rocket sled platform to perform initial inflation and stability testing of a full-scale inflatable decelerator at equivalent dynamic pressure conditions for an actual planetary entry. These tests are a first step in proving the feasibility of using supersonic inflatable decelerators for future entry, decent and landing systems. Both Solar Sail and Deep Space Atomic Clock progressed through mission design and system requirements reviews, and moved into the concept and technology development phase. Both met these key milestones on schedule to meet FY 2015 launch dates. Work in Progress in FY 2013 Low Density Supersonic Decelerators passed their preliminary design review and moved into the implementation phase. Last fall, the project conducted two ring-sail parachute development verification test campaigns and conducted subscale parachute testing on eleven designs to down select a final design for the 30 meter, supersonic parachute in spring 2013. Laser Communications Relay Demonstration continued ground development activities for the optical space terminal and optical ground station designs to support system requirements. The project will proceed to preliminary design review by the third quarter of FY 2013 and remains on track to demonstrate a comprehensive space communications transformation. Deep Space Atomic Clock will design the ultra-stable oscillator, global positioning system receiver and clock and hold its system preliminary design review in mid-2013 moving from the design phase toward project implementation. Solar Sail recently completed a series of deployment tests of their 89-foot prototype boom, the structural support for the solar sail once unfurled. This deployment test focused on the spreader system which increases the strength of the solar sail boom and is particularly important for larger solar sails. NASA held its preliminary design review in early FY 2013, moving the project into the implementation phase. Later this year, NASA will hold a critical design review. Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 Low Density Supersonic Decelerators will conduct its final sled tests for both the ring-sail parachute and the larger of the two supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator test articles, and conduct the first high-speed, high-altitude flight demonstration to simulate Mars Atmospheric TECH-26
- 348. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT entry/descent conditions for the world's largest planetary parachute, and the world's first supersonic inflatable decelerators. Deep Space Atomic Clock will complete its critical design review and fabricate the global positioning system receiver and clock ultra-stable oscillator, and conduct final payload integration and testing prior to the flight readiness review in early FY 2015. Solar Sail will be entering its final design and fabrication phase progressing toward system integration and flight readiness review in FY 2014 as it prepares for an early FY 2015 launch. SMALL SPACECRAFT TECHNOLOGY Small Spacecraft Technology develops and demonstrates technologies to enable new small spacecraft capabilities applicable for NASA’s missions in science, exploration and utility by other government agencies, the commercial aerospace enterprise and the academic space sector. Small spacecraft can provide a low-cost platform for rapid in-space testing of new technologies and innovations. Small spacecraft can also perform unique missions that would not be possible with conventional spacecraft, such as simultaneous space weather observations from dozens of small satellites distributed around the globe. All small spacecraft demonstrations are delivered to space through rideshares or as hosted payloads aboard other vehicles going to appropriate destinations. NASA will share the results of the program’s development and demonstrations with the national space community to provide opportunities for infusion into ongoing or planned missions. Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks will fly a group of eight small satellites to demonstrate their utility as low-cost platforms for coordinated space science observations and other applications. Each satellite carries an instrument for measuring the space radiation environment and the information from all satellites will be collected through a single ground station. Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna for High Bandwidth CubeSat, a three-unit CubeSat that will demonstrate a radio frequency communication system that dramatically boosts the amount of data that the small satellite can transmit by using the back of its solar array as a reflector for the antenna. Optical Communications and Sensor Demonstration will demonstrate a laser communication system for sending large amounts of information from a satellite to Earth and also demonstrate low-cost radar and optical sensors for helping a pair of 1.5-unit CubeSats maneuver near each other. The mission is expected to take two years to develop and launch. CubeSat Proximity Operations Demonstration will use two three-unit CubeSats to demonstrate rendezvous and mechanical docking of small spacecraft in orbit. This project is expected to take three years to develop, launch, and operate. Achievements in FY 2012 Small Spacecraft Technology competitively selected three projects to advance technologies for small spacecraft in the areas of communications, proximity operations, rendezvous and docking. Technology demonstration flights will take place from 2014 to 2016. In addition, Small Spacecraft Technology completed a preliminary design review of the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks spacecraft cluster and finalized preparations for the launch of the PhoneSat mission. TECH-27
- 349. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Work in Progress in FY 2013 The PhoneSat mission will send three CubeSats into space as a rideshare on the inaugural launch of the Orbital Science Corporation's Antares vehicle currently scheduled for early 2013. The PhoneSat spacecraft are expected to be the lowest-cost spacecraft ever launched by NASA and they employ an off- the-shelf mobile telephone as the on-board computer and control system. This flight will demonstrate the potential utility of such satellites as extremely low-cost platforms for science, exploration and commercial ventures in space. Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 The Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks spacecraft cluster of eight small satellites is expected to launch in late 2013. NASA is partnering with the Operationally Responsive Space Office for a launch on the Super Strypi launch vehicle. NASA is also providing a unit for dispensing multiple satellites for this launch. The Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna is planning for a launch in 2014, and the Integrated Optical Communications and Proximity Sensors for CubeSats missions will be preparing for launch in early 2015. FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES Flight Opportunities matures technologies by providing affordable access to space environments while also facilitating the development of the commercial reusable suborbital transportation industry. The project also procures commercial parabolic flights to test technologies in environments that simulate microgravity and the reduced gravity environments. Flight Opportunities has seven companies on contract to provide integration and flight services aboard commercial reusable sub-orbital vehicles. In addition, the Zero G Corporation is on contract through NASA’s Reduced Gravity Office for parabolic flights. These vehicles carry payloads in reduced gravity and near the boundary of space. The program supports flights for unfunded payloads selected though Announcements of Flight Opportunities and funded payloads selected through FY 2012 and FY 2013 NASA Research Announcements. In addition, the program is collaborating with Science Mission Directorate and other NASA programs to make space available for technologies appropriate for the available platforms within the Flight Opportunities program. Achievements in FY 2012 Selected 14 advanced payloads for technology development and subsequent suborbital flights; through Announcements of Opportunities, selected 26 advanced space technology payloads for parabolic and suborbital flights. Conducted 3 parabolic flight campaigns and 4 reusable suborbital flight campaigns flying 30 technology payloads in relevant flight environments. Conducted a series of suborbital, reusable launch vehicle flights through Masten Space Systems to demonstrate the ability of the GENIE system to simulate a planetary descent and landing achieving full closed-loop control on a trajectory 50 meters in altitude and 50 meters downrange. Launched on a UP Aerospace Inc. SpaceLoft™ vehicle with the Suborbital Flight Environment Monitor. This compact, self-contained payload monitors and records on-board environmental parameters of interest during flight using commercially available instruments. TECH-28
- 350. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Work in Progress in FY 2013 Flight Opportunities plans to utilize four of eight flight providers to host payloads supported by the Space Technology program on multiple flights. The program conducted one parabolic flight campaign and three suborbital flight campaigns in late 2012 and is scheduled to conduct two parabolic flight campaigns (with approximately 10 payloads) and at least five suborbital campaigns through the remainder of FY 2013. The program will continue solicit and select payloads through an Announcement of Opportunities for both parabolic and reusable suborbital flights. By the end of FY 2013, the program also expects to release its second Broad Area Announcement to solicit and select payload technology developments and flight services. By the end of FY 2013, the program expects to have nearly 100 payloads in its payload pipeline and will have flown 24 flights on four different platforms, to accommodate approximately 85 payload flights. The suborbital, reusable platforms are generating business outside of Space Technology. For example, Masten Space Systems is supporting landing demonstrations for JPL and has advertised flights available. In addition, UP Aerospace has conducted several launches for, for Department of Defense and education customers. Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 Flight Opportunities expects two additional providers to be utilized for the first time in FY 2014 and will schedule multiple flight campaigns based on payload demand using all eligible flight providers. With a demand of approximately 150 payload flights expected, Space Technology will support additional flights on suborbital reusable platforms, conducting approximately 30 flights. Program Schedule Specific timelines for deliverables and achievement major milestones vary from project to project, and depend on successful demonstration of experimental capabilities. TECH-29
- 351. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Program Management & Commitments Program Element Provider Provider: U.S. Universities Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive Space Technology Research Grants Performing Centers: GRC Cost Share Partners: N/A Provider: Various NASA Innovative Advanced Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive Concepts Performing Center: Various Cost Share Partners: Cost Sharing is Encouraged Provider: NASA Centers Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive Center Innovation Fund Performing Center: All Cost Share Partners: Cost Sharing is Encouraged Provider: Various Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive Centennial Challenges Performing Center: MSFC Cost Share Partners: External partners fund competition events; NASA supplies prize money Provider: Various Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive Game Changing Development Performing Center: LaRC Cost Share Partners: Various Provider: Various Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive Technology Demonstration Missions Performing Center: MSFC Cost Share Partners: Other NASA programs; NOAA Provider: Various Lead Center: NASA HQ program executive Small Spacecraft Performing Centers: ARC Cost Share Partners: Various Provider: Various Lead Center: NASA HQ program executive Flight Opportunities Performing Center: DFRC Cost Share Partners: Various TECH-30
- 352. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Acquisition Strategy Crosscutting Space Technology Development is implemented through a blended acquisition approach, using both open competitive and strategically guided processes. All solicitations are open to the broad aerospace community to ensure engagement with the best sources of new and innovative technology. As such, CSTD efforts are performed by the Nation’s highly skilled workforce in industry, academia, across all NASA Centers, and in collaboration with other Government agencies. Awards are made based on technical merit, cost, and impact to the Nation’s future space activities. NASA uses acquisition mechanisms such as broad agency announcements, NASA research announcements, Space Act agreements, requests for proposals and prize competitions, with awards guided by priorities cited in the space technology roadmaps and by NASA mission directorates. Future solicitations particularly within Game Changing Development, Flight Opportunities, and Small Spacecraft Technologies will endeavor to use funded Space Act agreements where these approaches are likely to yield more efficient acquisitions. MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS Element Vendor Location (of work performance) Technology Demonstration Missions Laser Communications Relay David Israel, Principal Investigator, Greenbelt, MD Demonstration GSFC Todd Ely, Principal Investigator Deep Space Atomic Clock California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA JPL Nathan Barnes, Principal Investigator Solar Sail Tustin, CA L'Garde, Inc. Mark Adler, Project Manager, California Institute of Technology, Low Density Supersonic Decelerator California Institute of Technology, JPL JPL Small Spacecraft Technology "Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA) for Richard Hodges, JPL Pasadena, CA High Bandwidth CubeSat Laboratory, Pumpkin Inc. San Francisco, CA Pasadena, Calif., partnering with Pumpkin Inc. of San Francisco. SST: "Integrated Optical Communications and Proximity Siegfried Janson, Aerospace Sensors for Cubesats," Siegfried El Segundo, CA Corporation Janson, Aerospace Corporation of El Segundo, Calif. Charles MacGillivray, Tyvak Nano- Satellite Systems LLC Orange, CA SST: "Proximity Operations Nano- Applied Defense Solutions Inc Columbia, MD Satellite Flight Demonstration," 406 Aerospace LLC Bozeman, MT Partners on the project include. California Polytechnic State San Luis Obispo, CA University TECH-31
- 353. Space Technology: Space Technology CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE This technology investment overview identifies a subset of active Space Technology development efforts, illustrating core technology areas that aligned with the Space Technology roadmaps and anticipated technology maturation through the life cycle of the project leading to its potential mission infusion path. All the projects listed below are on track to mature and deliver technology advancements in the timeframe specified. Specific timelines for deliverables and achievement major milestones vary from project to project, and are widely dependent on successful demonstration of experimental capabilities. TECH-32
- 354. Space Technology: Space Technology EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FY 2014 Budget Actual Notional Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2014 President's Budget Request 190.0 -- 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 Change from FY 2012 -- -- 54.5 Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 28.7 % The capabilities NASA pursues within Exploration Technology Development (ETD) provide the long-range, enabling technologies required to conduct future human exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit. Space Technology develops and demonstrates these critical technologies to permit affordable and reliable human exploration missions for destinations that include the Moon, Lagrange points, near Earth asteroids, and Mars. Through ETD, Space Technology conducts technology development and testing in laboratories and ground facilities, as well as technology demonstrations in relevant flight environments. ATK's MegaFlexTM solar array is one of two concepts NASA is maturing to support the development of next Exploration Technology Development focuses generation solar arrays capable of generating more than on the highest priority human spaceflight twice the power for the same mass and using only 1/3 the technology gaps as identified in NASA’s Space packing volume relative to current systems. NASA is Technology Roadmaps, and is guided by the developing these advanced arrays primarily to support technology prioritization studies performed by advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (an essential capability Exploration’s human spaceflight architecture to provide efficient human exploration beyond cis-lunar studies. Technology development is closely space), however the technology is also a critical next step coordinated with the system capability for all future satellites, such as communications satellites, demonstrations pursued within NASA requiring high-power. Exploration, particularly within the Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) Program. Among the priorities identified, the following space technology projects are supported within Game Changing Development's ETD work: Solar Electric Propulsion technologies, Human-Robotics Systems, Next Generation Life Support, In-Situ Resource Utilization, Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tanks, and Entry Systems Technologies. These technologies harness the power of the Sun for in-space propulsion, provide robotic assistance for routine and/or risky in-space operations, move toward closed-loop mission capabilities for long duration missions, improve spacecraft efficiency on launch, and enhance landing capabilities for entry on planets with atmosphere. Game Changing Development (GCD) pursues proof of concept development and testing of these technologies to either provide direct infusion int