99995673.ppt

An Introduction to Forensic
Entomology
Dead men do tell tales……

What is Forensic Entomology?
 Application of insects to legal issues.
 Medicocriminal forensic entomology.
 Arthropods associated with crimes
 Usually violent crimes such as murder, suicide, and rape,
 Physical abuse and contraband trafficking.
 Death investigations
 Establishing timelines (time since death to time of discovery
(postmortem interval or PMI)
 Movement of the corpse, manner and cause of death.
 Association of suspects with the death scene
 Detection of toxins or drugs  insect larvae

T’zu fly, don’t bother me!
 The idea of using insect activity as
a means to catch criminals is not
new.
 In the Yuan Dynasty (around 1300
A.D.), a Chinese mandarin named
Sung T'zu made the first recorded
observations of the usefulness of
insects in solving crimes.
 Sung, was the “forensic authority”
of the day
 He wrote in one of the earliest
criminology works, entitled
Washing Away of Wrongs, that
"during the hot months, if maggots
have not yet appeared at the nine
orifices [of the body], but they
have appeared at the temples,
hairline, rib cage, or belly, then
these parts have been injured."

Bergeret
 In the western world Forensic Entomology
was not born until 1855 when Dr Bergeret
d'Arbois used entomological knowledge to
help the police in Paris solve the murder of
a child.

Brief History
 Sung T’zu (1235)
 First reference to forensic entomology
 Bergeret (1855)
 Use forensic entomology to solve a case of a long-dead
infant
 J.P. Megnin (1894)
 “La Faun des Cadavres: Application l’entomologie a la
Medicine Legale”
 Hall 1948
 Monograph on identification of blowflies
 Pekka Nuorteva of Finland (1970’s)
 Rekindled interest in the technique, published series of
case histories
 Keh (1985), Smith (1986), Catts and Goff (1992)
 Textbooks and reviews

Succession
 A cadaver is a very rich but ephemeral (short-
lived) resource
 There is tremendous competition among
organisms, especially in the early stages of
decomposition.
 Insect colonization of a corpse occurs in a
series of stages.
 Different groups are adapted to different
decompositional stages of a corpse.
 Thus, there is a fairly predictable sequence of
colonization

Stages of Decomposition
 A. Fresh Stage (Days 1-2)
 Commences at death, ends when bloating is first evident.
Breakdown of protein and carbohydrates into simpler compounds
 B. Bloated Stage (Day 2-6)
 Putrefaction begins. Gasses produced by anaerobic bacteria
inflate the abdomen.
 C. Decay Stage (Days 5-11)
 Abdominal wall breaks allowing gasses to escape. Carcass
deflates.
 D. Post-decay Stage (Days 10-25)
 In dry habitats, remains are skin, cartilage, and bones. In wet
habitats, wet, viscous material in the soil under the remains.
 E. Dry Stage (Days 25+)
 Mainly bones and hair remain. Odor is primarily that of normal
soil and litter. Can last several months to years.

Major Groups of Insects
Associated with Cadavers
 Flies
 Blowflies
 Flesh Flies
 House Flies
 Cheese Skippers
 Beetles
 Carrion Beetles
 Dermestids
 Scarab Beetles

Blue Bottle Flies (Blow flies)
Family name: Calliphoridae
•Blowflies often are an
attractive blue-green,
metallic color, leading to the
common English names,
blue-bottles and green-
bottles.
•They also come in a non-
metallic, brown form, but all
blowflies usually relatively
large flies.

Green Bottle Flies (Blow flies)
Family name: Calliphoridae
Blowflies can pick
up faint traces of
the odor of decay
from up to 20 km
away and lay their
eggs in a suitable
corpse.
Blow flies are one
of the first insects to
arrive at a cadaver
– they prefer fresh,
moist flesh.

Common House Flies
Family name: Muscidae
•Adults are most
common at corpses
in the early stages
of decomposition
when the corpse is
moist.
•The larvae are
usually dung
feeders.

Flesh Flies
Family name: Sarcophagidae
Most flesh flies breed in
dead animals, dung, or
decaying material, but a
few species lay their
eggs in the open
wounds of mammals;
hence their common
name.

Cheese Skipper
Family name: Piophilidae
Cheese flies are
attracted to the
cheesy odor which
emanates from a
corpse during the
later stages of
decomposition,
particularly when the
body is undergoing
butyric fermentation.
They are also
common pests of
cheeses and hams.
Cheese Skippers have been found in coffins buried
up to 3 m deep and in corpses up to 10 years old.

Carrion Beetles
 The first beetles arrive at a corpse soon after the body
begins to putrefy.
 Flies, on the other hand, prefer fresher meat.
 In contrast to the flies, beetles have chewing mouthparts
and can manage tougher foods than the semi-liquid material
that fly larvae are so efficient at exploiting.
 Several beetle types make their living out of corpses.
 The early arrivals tend to be predatory adults that feed on
fly larvae.
 Some of these species lay their eggs in the corpse, and the
emerging larvae, which share their parents' powerful jaws,
also feed on fly larvae.

Carrion Beetles
Family name: Silphildae
There are over 200 species in this family, but the
ones that eat dead flesh are those that belong to the
subfamily Necrophorinae

More about the Silphid Famiily
 Silphids are large
carrion beetles that
feed on both carrion
and fly larvae.
 Even though adults
have been recorded
feeding on carrion,
they cannot survive on
it alone, and die if
they do not have
access to maggots.

Hister beetles
Family name: Histeridae
 They are among the first
beetles to arrive at carrion.
 They generally hide under a
corpse during the daylight,
and only become active at
night when they enter the
maggot-infested part of the
corpse to capture and devour
maggots.
 The adults feed on both the
larvae and pupae of all
species of blowfly.
 The adults lay their eggs in
the corpse, and the larvae
feed on blowfly pupae when
they emerge.

Sap Beetles
Family name: Nitidulidae
Nitidulids (sap
beetles) are small
to minute terrestrial
beetles.
They feed on tree
sap, fungi, fruit
juices, carrion,
flowers or leaves.

Rove Beetles
Family name: Staphylinidae
 They eat the fauna residing
on and in a corpse
 Adults are early visitors to a
corpse and they feed on
larvae and eggs of all species
of fly, including predatory
fly larvae.
 They lay their eggs in the
corpse, and the emerging
larvae are also predators.

Hide Beetles
Family name: Dermistidae
 Late-arriving species
tend to be specialist
scavengers which feed
on tougher parts like
skin and tendons as the
body dries out.
 The dominant late stage
scavengers include the
larvae of hide beetles
(Dermestidae).

Ham beetles (Checkered Beetles)
Family name: Cleridae
 Clerids are elongate beetles
that often have a metallic
sheen or are colored red or
yellow.
 Both the larvae and the adults
are predatory, feeding on
other insects.
 The Ham beetle is common in
the later stages of
decomposition of a carcass.
 The larvae feed on dried fat
and pupate inside the empty
pupal cases of flies, after
sealing the opening with silk.

Scarab Beetles
Family Scarabaeidae
Like the dermestids,
scarab beetles arrive
when the body is
completely dry

Carcass beetles
Family name: Trogidae
Carcass beetles are large
beetles with very thick
exoskeletons and uniform dark
coloration.
They are among the last beetles
to inhabit a carcass.
They feed on dried remains such
as skin and ligaments.
Both adults and larvae feed on
the carcass and the larvae live in
vertical burrows underneath it
when they are not foraging.

The Story Maggots Tell
 Blowfly maggots are of two forms: smooth
maggots, and 'hairy' maggots.
 The smooth maggots belong to pioneer flies that
are purely corpse feeders.
 'Hairy' maggots will often feed on corpses, but
they are also active predators that feed on
smooth maggots.
 Because they are predators, the arrival of the
secondary flies that produce hairy maggots is
normally later than that of the pioneer maggots.
 Beetle maggots also tend to be predatory like the
adult beetles.

Life cycle of the black blow fly
 Adult female blow flies arrive within minutes to lay eggs on a
cadaver.
 Each deposits about 250 eggs in the natural openings of the
body and open wounds.
 The eggs hatch into first-stage maggots within 24 hours.
 These feed and then molt into second-stage maggots, which
feed for several hours, and then molt into third-stage
maggots.
 Masses of third-stage maggots may produce heat, which can
raise the temperature around them more than 10° C. After
more feeding, the third-stage maggots move away from the
body and metamorphize into adult flies.

General Life cycle of Beetles
 A single female may lay from several dozen to several
thousand eggs during her lifetime.
 Eggs can be laid singly or in clumps
 Larva feed voraciously – they can be predatory.
 The larval period varies between species but can be as long as
several years.
 All beetle larvae go through several instars, which are the
developmental stages between each molt.
 In many species the larvae simply increase in size with each
successive instar as more food is consumed. In some cases,
however, more dramatic changes occur.
 beetle larvae pupate, and from this pupa emerges a fully
formed, sexually mature adult beetle, or imago.
 Adults have an extremely variable lifespan, from weeks to
years, depending on the species.

Succession
1 2 3
6
4
Fresh Bloated
Decay Post-Decay Dry
5

Post-Mortem Interval (PMI)
 Elapsed time from a death to the discovery
of a cadaver.
 Flies (especially calliphorids and
sarcophagids) can be vital in determining the
PMI
 Premises
 Flies will begin oviposition as soon as they
discover a body
 Succession on a corpse is predictable
 Insect development is predictable

Fly development
 Fly development is
structured into stages
 Each stage requires a certain
amount of time
 Time to complete a stage is
temperature dependent.
 At warmer temperatures the
rate of development is fast,
at cool temperatures it slows
down
 Each species has a certain
developmental rate at any
given temperature

Temperature Effects on Insect Growth
• How do we measure insect growth?
• Linear approach
Upper Threshold
Lower Threshold

Insect development
 Temperature and time

Degree-Day Accumulation
 Using a simple formula to calculate degree-day
accumulation for a species with a 10 C threshold
A B C D E
2
)
10
(
)
10
( 

 DailyMin
DailyMax If max or min is less than 10,
then enter zero
Cmax Cmin dd,base10 cum,10
26.11 14.44 10.28 10.28
23.89 13.89 8.89 19.17
25.56 15.56 10.56 29.72
26.67 19.44 13.06 42.78
27.78 18.89 13.33 56.11
28.33 20.00 14.17 70.28
28.33 21.67 15.00 85.28

Temperature-Dependent Development
of Flies

Determining PMI
 Two different ways to use collected data in
PMI determination
 The isomegalen diagram
 Controlled rearing
 Situation dictates which is best solution

Isomegalen Diagram for Phaenicia (=
Lucilia) sericata
8 mm maggot
24 C daily max.
16 C daily min.
8

Controlled rearing
 Collect sample from crime scene
 Rear until adults eclose under constant conditions
in the lab.
 Determine the ADD (or ADH) required to
complete development after collection
 Subtract this value from the total required for
the species to determine unknown amount
accumulated since oviposition
 Count back the days (or hours) prior to collection
necessary for the maggot to reach the stage at
which it was sampled

Data for Controlled Rearing
Complete lifecycle: egg-adult
Species Lower Threshold
(C)
ADH ADD
Phaenicia sericata 10 4140 - 5812 173 - 242
Phormia regina 10 4038 - 6100 168 - 254
Calliphora vomitoria 6 17678 737
Cynomyopsis
cadaverina
6 5511 379
Unknown portion Known portion
Total for the
species

Determining the PMI
 Step 1. Collect samples of the insects present.
 Critical to collect the largest maggots on the cadaver, even if they are few.
 Representative samples of other maggots present. Preserve some
immediately. Rear others to adulthood to confirm species ID’s
 Step 2. Determine temperature history at crime scene
 Air temperature for general area (airport readings, validate with micro
data-loggers).
 Look for ‘windows’ of insect opportunity
 Step 3. Estimate time of egg laying
 Given the species present and their age (size), how long did it take them to
develop to that point at the temperatures occurring in the area.
 Step 4. What other insect evidence is available?
 Look for other insect evidence that might corroborate or contradict your
PMI estimate.

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