Systematic Innovation An Introduction To Triz

Systematic Innovation An Introduction to TRIZ Revision Date June 07 2007 Ingersoll-Rand Security Technologies New Product Development Design For Six Sigma by Ray Balisnomo

Roadmap: TRIZ (Systematic Innovation)

Теория Pешения И зобретательских З адач Russian acronym for " T eoriya R esheniya I zobretatelskikh Z adatch" (TRIZ), a “theory of solving inventive problems” or “theory of inventive problem solving”, developed by Genrich Altshuller and his colleagues in 1946. TRIZ is a methodology, tool set, knowledge base, and model-based technology for generating innovative ideas and solutions for problem solving. TRIZ provides tools and methods for use in problem formulation, system analysis, failure analysis, and patterns of system evolution (both 'as-is' and 'could be'). TRIZ, in contrast to techniques such as brainstorming (which is based on random idea generation), aims to create an algorithmic approach to the invention of new systems, and the refinement of old systems.

Genrich Saoulovich Altshuller First invention at age of 14 Between 1946 – 1948 Studied 200,000 patents Selected 40,000 patents as representing the most effective solutions Evolution of an engineering system is not a random event, but governed by certain patterns Inventiveness and creativity can be taught By 1985 published 14 books and hundreds of papers. Father of TRIZ October 15, 1926 – September 24, 1998

In working towards his goal of developing the “science” of creativity, Altshuller’s central questions were: How can the time required to invent be reduced ? How can a process be structured to enhance breakthrough thinking ?

5 Levels of Innovation Apparent or Conventional Solution (32%). Solutions by methods well known within specialty. Small Invention Inside Paradigm (45%). Improvements of an existing system, usually with some compromise. Substantial Invention Inside Technology (18%). Essential improvement of existing system. Invention Outside Technology (4%). New generation of design using science, not technology. Discovery (1%). Major discovery and new science. Altshuller focused his investigation on principles used in Level 2, 3, and 4 solutions.

An Example of How TRIZ Works A method that redefines a problem in order to move it to a lower level, relative to the solutions positioned in the pattern of design evolution, will facilitate the creation of better designs in less time. For Example: The recommendation to reduce the effects of centrifugal force is dependent on a liquid pressing against the axis of rotation , rather than to the walls. Physics will tell us that liquids will be thrown outwards in the direction of rotation – liquids don’t cling to the axis of rotation. This solution may seem be infeasible in the minds of most engineers. Every one knows that liquids will be thrown outwards in the direction of rotation – not in the direction of the rotating axis

Weissenberg Effect But bakers know that soft, liquid-like dough will climb up the axis of rotation on their bread mixing machines because the yeast’s cell structure elongates in the direction of the axis of rotation. The Weissenberg Effect describes the action of certain liquids that climb the shaft of a mechanical mixer. The effect is common to top entry mechanical mixers. The liquid climbs up the shaft, penetrates the seal and works into the gear box, slowly suffocating the motor with thick gooey liquid. Certain liquids are subject to the Weissenberg Effect.

*Man-made Diamonds How Do You Split Imperfect Diamond * Crystals Without Creating More Fractures?

Place sweet pepper pods in an air-tight container. Increase the pressure 8 atmospheres. The pods shrink and results in fractures at the weakest point, where the pod top joints the stalks. Compressed air penetrates the pepper at the fractures, and the pressure inside and outside the pepper equalizes. Quickly reduce the air pressure in the container. The pod bursts at its weakest point (further weakened by the fractures), and the top flies out with the seed. Invention 1. Sweet Pepper Canning Method (Patent Year: 1968) 1. 2. 3.

Nuts are placed under water in a pressure cooker. Heat is applied until the pressure reaches several atmospheres. The pressure is then quickly dropped to one atmosphere. After the over heated, high pressure water penetrates the nuts, the sudden pressure drop causes the shells to break and fly off. Invention 2. Shelling Cedar Nuts (Patent Year: 1986) 1. 2. 3.

Load seeds inside a sealed container. Increase the pressure inside the container. Have the encased pods flow out of the container. The pressure drops very quickly and the air that penetrated the husks under high pressure expands, thereby splitting the shells Invention 3. Shelling Sunflower Seeds 1. 2. 3.

Disconnect the filter from the system and seal it. Expose the sealed filter to a pressure of 5 to 10 atmospheres. Quickly drop the pressure to 1 atmosphere. The sudden change in pressure forces the air out of the pores, along with the dust. Remove the dust particles on the surface of the filter, which is easily done. Invention 4. Filter Cleaning 1. 2. 3. 4.

14 p.s.i 20,000 p.s.i. Invention 5. Splitting Imperfect Crystals Crystals are placed in a thick-walled, air-tight vessel. The pressure inside the vessel is increased to several thousand atmospheres. Quickly return the pressure to normal. The sudden change in pressure causes the air trapped inside the fractures to break the crystal.

Converting the Inventive Process To a Normal Engineering Process My Problem Standard Problem Standard Solution Specific Solution

Converting the Inventive Process To a Normal Engineering Process 3x 2 +5x+2=0 ax 2 +bx+c=0 x= (-b ±(b 2 -4ac) 1/2 ) x= -1, -2/3 My Problem Standard Problem Standard Solution My Solution 1 2a

Innovative Situation Questionnaire PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Stop Yes (85%) Technical Contradiction Analysis The Ideal Design Pick A Tool No (15%) Problem Formulation Start Here Su-field Model

Innovative Situation Questionnaire Start Here The first step in your transformation process begins with the gathering of all the relevant information about your problem. The information will be collected and organized using the Innovation Situation Questionnaire ( ISQ ). Problem solvers often say “a problem well-defined is half solved.”

Innovation Situation Questionnaire (ISQ) Information about the system you would like to improve/create and its environment. System name System’s primary useful function Current or desired system structure Functioning of the system System environment Available resources Information about the problem situation Desired improvement to the system or a drawback you would like eliminate Mechanism which causes the drawback to occur, if it is clear History of the development of the problem Other problem(s) to be slowed Changing the system Allowable changes to the system Limitations to changing the system Criteria for selecting solution concepts Desired technological characteristics Desired economical characteristics Desired timetable Expected degree of novelty Other criteria History of attempted solutions to the problem Previous attempts to solve the problem Other system(s) in which a similar problem exist

Innovation Situation Questionnaire (ISQ) Problem: Removing a Screw From a Bone

1. Information about the system you would like to improve or create and its environment. System Name: Bone Screw & Allen wrench (Screw) System’s Primary Useful Function (PUF): The screw holds bone surfaces in position. The system is the screw head with a function of transferring torque to the shank. Current or Desired System Structure. This should be described in its static state and accompanied by a drawing: Screw is hollow Threads Head ( metric Allen wrench ) Shank

1. Information about the system you would like to improve or create and its environment. Functioning of the System. How does it work during execution of its Primary Useful Function (PUF) and how do its subsystems and elements inter-act: The Allen wrench is placed in the slot head of the screw. For removal, the procedure is first to tighten the screw to break the connections (ouch!) and then to slowly turn it out.

1. Information about the system you would like to improve or create and its environment. System Environment: The Allen wrench interacts with the screw head and the bone around the head. The solution needs to be in a sterile environment and inside a body with little space to maneuver. Removing the screws from the leg is part of the super-system of removing foreign materials from the human body.

2. Available resources. Functional resources: The body tries to remove foreign bodies Substance resources: Metal, body bone, tissues, and moisture Substance resources: Blood & calcium are available in the body Field resources: A chemical reaction in the body dissolves the screw Field resources: Electricity and lights in the operating room Field resources: Mechanical displacement & friction Field resources: Body temperature

3. Information about the problem situation. Desired improvement to the system or a drawback you would like to eliminate: High frictional and cutting forces (for the thread) causing high torque requirements. The primary useful function has already been performed (i.e., held bone surfaces in place). Subsequent removal is a secondary function, and has failed. Mechanism which causes the drawback to occur: Bone has grown around and in the screw. The bone has bonded with the screw. An Allen wrench in the screw head is not the best configuration for high torque. Now there is no longer a hex hole but a near circle. The screw head is below the surface of new bone growth. History of the development of the problem: The doctor practices a policy of waiting at least a year before removing the screw.

3. Information about the problem situation. Other problem(s) to be solved. Is it possible to modify the direction of development so that events leading to a drawback are eliminated? Tools which clamp to the head could work, but the clamp requires chipping bone away to clear for its operation. The coring device will leave a larger hole than the screw. Bone removal weakens the bone and requires a longer period of convalescence. The screw could be left in place and the patient could be brainwashed to believe that it is OK to have metal in his leg. The patient could be given painkilling drugs during cold weather. If the original problem were not removing the screw but joining broken bones, then glue could be used as an alternative in the future. To date, glue hasn’t worked without some sort of structural support. If the screw could be used as a conductor for general health improvement by manipulating the magnetic field of the pelvic area, then it would not need to be removed.

4. Changing the system Allowable changes to the system: Complete changes are possible, including creating a new product or technology: Any tool for removal is possible Major changes are possible within limits defined by cost, development, and equipment: n/a Only small changes are possible: n/a It is possible to make only minimal changes. Indicate exactly why: Concern about the patient’s well-being A new tool for removing the screw may be designed, but it must withstand high temperatures for sterilization and fit space requirements to minimize invasiveness of the procedure. Limitations to changing the system: The environment conditions cannot be changed (i.e., it is sterile in the body). A sterile environment is necessary for the safety of the patient. The safety restrictions cannot be ignored.

5. Criteria for selecting solution concepts. Reducing frictional forces, increase torque potential to the head, and reduce the effort of cutting new thread in bone. The effort required to turn the screw is decreased by reducing the friction and easing the cutting process. A higher torque could be applied without slipping or causing damage to the screw head. Is there an organic version of machine cutting oil? Can it resemble penetrating oil which can move down the screw to reduce friction without damage to the bone? However, the screw has usually bonded with the bone and would a require a different effect.

6. History of attempted solutions to this problem. Analogous problems include: Bolts rusted in metal Wood screws in stripped heads Nails driven in living trees years earlier Solutions: Use an easy-out for bolts. Drill a hole in the exact center of a right-threaded bolt (the normal direction). By turning a tapered left-threaded screw until tight and then continuing to turn it left, the right-threaded bolt will back out. Use a hack saw to cut a new slot in the head of the screw. New tree growth around the head of the nail can be removed for better purchase area. Limitations: All these methods could work for the bone screw, but because the screw removal must occur in a sterile environment as quickly as possible and without leaving any foreign materials in the leg or bone, drilling and cutting should be minimized. The head-shank connection is the weakest link in the distribution torque along the length of the screw. Removal will be very difficult if the head breaks off.

PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Problem Formulation Screw does not turn out Heal the bone Now that you have recorded all the information relating to the innovative problem, you will be introduced to the Problem Formulator, which restructures the primary problem, also called the Primary Harmful Function (PHF), into many smaller problems.

Problem Formulation Construct a simple cause and effect graph to show the linkage between harmful functions (drawbacks) and useful functions Start with either the Primary Harmful Function (PHF) or the Primary Useful Function (PUF) Linkage is considered complete when there is at least one path from PHF to PUF

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Metal is extracted from ore by melting it in a high-temperature furnace. To cool the brick walls of the furnace, water is pumped through pipes enclosed within the walls. If a pipe cracks, water may leak through the brick walls in the furnace, resulting in an explosion .

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Metal is extracted from ore by melting it in a high-temperature furnace. To cool the brick walls of the furnace, water is pumped through pipes enclosed within the walls. If a pipe cracks, water may leak through the brick walls in the furnace, resulting in an explosion. Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for PUF

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp PUF

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Causes PUF

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Causes PUF Eliminates

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Move Water Is required for Causes PUF Eliminates

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Move Water Pump Water Is required for Is required for Causes PUF Eliminates

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Move Water Pump Water High Pressure Is required for Is required for Is required for Causes PUF Eliminates

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Move Water Pump Water High Pressure Leak Is required for Is required for Is required for Causes PUF Eliminates

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Move Water Pump Water High Pressure Water Leak Crack in Pipe Is required for Is required for Is required for Causes Causes Causes PUF Eliminates

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem Extract Metal Melting Ore Is required for Is required for High Temp Over Heating Cool Wall Move Water Pump Water High Pressure Water Leak Explosion Crack in Pipe Is required for Is required for Is required for Causes Causes Causes Causes PUF Eliminates PHF

Problem Formulation: Furnace Problem

1a. Find a way to eliminate, reduce, or prevent Explosion under the condition of Leakage of Water Into Furnace 1b. Find a way to benefit from Explosion

2a. Find a way to eliminate, reduce, or prevent Leakage of Water Into Furnace under the condition of High Pressure and Cracks in Pipe 2b. Find a way to benefit from Leakage of Water Into Furnace

3a. Find an alternative way of High Pressure that provides Pumping Water Through Pipe and does not Cause Leakage of Water Into Furnace 3b. Find a way to enhance High Pressure 3c. Find a way to resolve contradiction: High Pressure should provide Pumping Water , and should not cause Leakage of Water Into Furnace

4a. Find an alternative way of Pumping Water Through Pipe that provides Moving Water Through Pipe and does not Require High Pressure 4b. Find a way to enhance Pumping Water Through Pipe

5a. Find an alternative way of Moving Water Through Pipe that provides Cooling Furnace Walls and does not Require Pumping Water Through Pipe 5b. Find a way to enhance Moving Water Through Pipe

6a. Find an alternative way of Cooling Furnace Walls that Eliminates Overheating Furnace Walls and does not Require Moving Water Through Pipe 6b. Find a way to enhance Cooling Furnace Walls

7a. Find a way to eliminate, reduce, or prevent Overheating Furnace Walls under the condition of High Temperature and does not require Cooling Furnace Walls 7b. Find a way to benefit from Overheating

8a. Find an alternative way of High Temperature that provides Melting Ore and does not Cause Overheating Furnace Walls 8b. Find a way to enhance High Temperature 8c. Find a way to resolve contradiction: High Temperature should provide Melting Ore , and should not cause Overheating Furnace Walls

9a. Find an alternative way of Melting Ore that provides Extracting Metal and does not Require High Temperature 9b. Find a way to enhance Melting Ore

10a. Find an alternative way of Extracting Metal that does not Require Melting Ore 10b. Find a way to enhance Extracting Metal

11a. Find a way to eliminate, reduce, or prevent Cracks In Pipe 11b. Find a way to benefit from Cracks In Pipe

Groupings For Comprehensive Set of Problem Statements Normally it’s not possible to work with all of the problem statements, so three groupings of the problem statement are created. These groupings reflect the answers to three questions: Group I : Which problem statements represent problems that can conveniently be solved in the immediate future? Group II : Which problem statements represent next-generation issues? Group III : Which problem statements are out-of-scope, but raises issues that may be useful in the future?

A Well-formulated Problem is a Problem That’s Nearly Solved 2a. Find a way to eliminate, reduce, or prevent Leakage of Water Into Furnace under the condition of High Pressure and Cracks in Pipe Problem Statement: Possible Solution: Why does water leak when there is high pressure and a crack in the pipe? Because pressure outside the pipe is less than inside the pipe. Therefore, if the pressure inside the pipe where less than the pressure outside, there would be no leak? Is this possible? Yes, by using a vacuum pump to move the water.

A Well-formulated Problem is a Problem That’s Nearly Solved Problem Statement: Possible Solution: This problem statement suggests looking for non-heating processes. A chemical process might be possible. 9a. Find an alternative way of Melting Ore that provides Extracting Metal and does not Require High Temperature

Formulating the Screw Removal Problem Is required for Primary Useful Function Primary Harmful Function Notice that the PHF is linked to the PUF.

Formulating the Screw Removal Problem 1a. Find a way to enhance [ heal crack in bone and fill hole ]. 1b. Find an alternative way of [ heal crack in bone and fill hole ] that does not require [ bone growth around threads and shaft ]. 2a. Find a way to enhance [ bone growth around threads and shaft ]. 2b. Find an alternative way of [ bone growth around threads and shaft ] that provides [ heal crack in bone and fill hole ] and does not cause [ large frictional force ]. 3a. Find a way to enhance [ large frictional force ]. 3b. Find an alternative way to provide [ large frictional force ], which provides or enhances [ screw integrated into bone ], which does not cause [ screwdriver slips in slot ] and does not require [ bone growth around threads and shaft ]. 3c. Find a way to resolve contradiction: [ large frictional force ] should provide [ screw integrated into bone ] and should not cause [ screwdriver slips in slot ]. 4a. Find a way to benefit from [ slot is rounded ]. 4b. Find a way to prevent [ slot is rounded ] under the condition of [ large frictional force ]. 5a. Find a way to benefit from [ screwdriver slips in slot ]. 5b. Find a way to prevent [ screwdriver slips in slot ] under the condition [ slot is rounded ] and [ large frictional forces ]. 6a. Find a benefit from [ screw cannot turn out ]. 6b. Find a way to prevent [ screw cannot turn out ] under the condition of [ screwdriver slips in slot ]. 7a. Find an alternative way to provide [ screw integrated into bone ], which does not require [ large frictional force ]. 7b. Find a way to enhance [ screw integrated into bone ].

Formulating the Screw Removal Problem 1a. Find a way to enhance [ heal crack in bone and fill hole ]. 1b. Find an alternative way of [ heal crack in bone and fill hole ] that does not require [bone growth around threads and shaft]. 2a. Find a way to enhance [bone growth around threads and shaft]. 2b. Find an alternative way of [bone growth around threads and shaft] that provides [ heal crack in bone and fill hole ] and does not cause [large frictional force]. 3a. Find a way to enhance [ large frictional force ]. 3b. Find an alternative way to provide [ large frictional force ], which provides or enhances [ screw integrated into bone ], which does not cause [ screwdriver slips in slot ] and does not require [ bone growth around threads and shaft ]. 3c. Find a way to resolve contradiction: [ large frictional force ] should provide [ screw integrated into bone ] and should not cause [ screwdriver slips in slot ]. 4a. Find a way to benefit from [slot is rounded]. 4b. Find a way to prevent [slot is rounded] under the condition of [large frictional force]. 5a. Find a way to benefit from [ screwdriver slips in slot ]. 5b. Find a way to prevent [ screwdriver slips in slot ] under the condition [ slot is rounded ] and [ large frictional forces ]. 6a. Find a benefit from [ screw cannot turn out ]. 6b. Find a way to prevent [ screw cannot turn out ] under the condition of [screwdriver slips in slot]. 7a. Find an alternative way to provide [screw integrated into bone], which does not require [large frictional force]. 7b. Find a way to enhance [screw integrated into bone]. Concepts : lubricate, vibrate, reduce dimension of screw, soften bone, dissolve screw, dissolve threads… Concepts : use left-handed easy out, vice grip, glue, cut new slot, apply torque to tip of screw

Innovative Situation Questionnaire PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Stop Yes (85%) Problem Formulation Start Here

Innovative Situation Questionnaire PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Pick A Tool No (15%) Problem Formulation Start Here

Picking A Tool Technical Contradiction Analysis Ideal Design Type of Tool Knowledge-based Analytic Strength Fast & simple to use. Offers recommendations for 1201 contradictions Establishes a vision for the future. Offers guidelines for directions to pursue. Works for new systems. Weakness The problem must be forced into the 39 Parameters, must be an existing system or must present a technical contradiction. Concepts are very general and limited. The guidelines are general. Very dependent on experience and knowledge. Good For Problems defined as contradictions that fit the format of 39 Parameters… problems that are technical contradictions. Stimulating non-traditional thinking

Innovative Situation Questionnaire PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Stop Yes (85%) Technical Contradiction Analysis Pick A Tool No (15%) Problem Formulation Start Here This component was one of the first tools developed by Altshuller: the resolution of conflicts using the 40 Principles or the separation of principles. This is what most people think of when they hear the word TRIZ.

The Contradiction Table Improving the Normal Problem Solving Process “ Almost all men are intelligent. It is the method they lack.” - F.W. Nicol -

The Contradiction Table: Improving the Normal Problem Solving Process Traditional problem solving builds on past experiences: we solve problems by analogical thinking. We try to relate the problem confronting us to some familiar, standard class of problems (analogs) for which solutions exists. What if we never encounter a problem analogous to the one we face? This question reveals the short coming of our standard. Structuring the design problem as a contradiction allows the problem solver to fit a problem into the structure of the TRIZ Contradiction Table. An inventive problem contains at least one contradiction.

Technical Contradictions: when known alternatives to improve one aspect of a design do so at the expense of another aspect of the design (faster automobile acceleration reduced fuel efficiency). Physical Contradictions: some aspect of the product must have opposing states (e.g., the product needs to be both hot and cold at the same time) The Contradiction Table: Improving the Normal Problem Solving Process

Principle 7 -- Nesting Containing an object inside another, which in turn is placed inside a third object. (e.g., Mechanical pencil with lead storage) An object passes through a cavity of another object (e.g., Telescoping antenna) Fisherman’s collapsible pole Carpenter’s folding rule Cook’s nested metal pots Applications of this principle resolve space requirements

Principle 4 -- Asymmetry Replace a symmetrical form with an asymmetrical form. If an object is already asymmetrical, increase the degree of asymmetry Reduction in the sound of snow tires on dry pavement by the irregular spacing of threads For aesthetic reasons, motors and generator mounts are often designed with symmetrical shapes…

Principle 4 -- Asymmetry … but since machines rotate, the load on the mounts is actually asymmetrical. To reduce weight and conserve material, mounts of nonreversible units should be designed to support only the loads they must bear.

QFD and TRIZ Compliment Each Other If there is a negative or strong negative impact between performance measures, the design must be compromised unless the negative impact is designed out. TRIZ is a tool that might be able to resolve conflicts in the design, as captured in the roof of the QFD.

Find an alternative way to provide ( screw integrating into bone ), which does not require ( large frictional forces ) “ Screw integrating into bone” could be described as improving the “volume of a non-moving object” (Parameter 8) The “screwdriver slips in slot” is a degradation of “force” (Parameter 10) Technical Contradictions: Bone Screw Example

Technical Contradictions: Bone Screw Example 2. Extraction 18. Mechanical vibration 37. Thermal expansion

Technical Contradictions: Bone Screw Example Set an object into oscillation If oscillation exists, increase its freq, even to ultrasonic levels Use the frequency of resonance Instead of mech. vibrators, use piezo-vibrators Use ultrasonic vibr. in conjunction w/magnetic field Use expansion (contraction) of a material by heat (cold) Use various materials with different coefficients of heat expansion Principle 18 – Mechanical Vibration Principle 37 – Thermal Expansion Extract (remove/separate) a “disturbing” part or property from an object Extract only necessary part or property Principle 2 – Extraction

Technical Contradictions: Bone Screw Example Use the bone’s resonance frequency to help loosen the screw for easier removal. Small micro-vibrations, effective for loosening a rusted bolt, could work for the screw. Ultrasound could be directed to the thread area of the screw. However, the patient felt this proposal was too risky. Cool the screw to reduce its diameter – this means the development of a new freezing-screw-removal tool. Principle 18 – Mechanical Vibration Principle 37 – Thermal Expansion ? Principle 2 – Extraction

Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study A piping system was originally designed to move plastic pellets, but a design change required metal pellets instead. Metal piping controlled the direction of the flow; air flowed to move the metal pellets through the pipe. The metal balls quickly wore out the elbows in the piping system; the down time required to repair the worn-out elbows became excessive. Elbow of piping to move pellets pneumatically

Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study Conventional Solutions Reinforce the elbows in the pipe Quick-change elbows for easier replacement Redesign shape of elbow Select another material for pipe elbows What’s the Goal of the System? Change Direction of Pellets Reduce Energy Requirements Move the Material Quickly

Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study What’s the Goal of the System? Change Direction of Pellets Reduce Energy Requirements (Parameter 19) Move the Material Quickly

Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study What’s the Goal of the System? Change Direction of Pellets Reduce Energy Requirements Move the Material Quickly (Parameter 9)

Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study Top 5 Most Frequent Recommendations A tally of the principles used in all of the contradictions suggests looking at those that occur most frequently. The top five are listed above.

Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study Principle 28: “Replacement of a mechanical system” is the most frequently recommended principle for all the contradictions considered. The existing elbow of the pipe line is a mechanical system. “ Replacement of a mechanical system” suggests: Replace a mechanical system with an optical, acoustical, or olfactory system Use an electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic field for interaction with the object Replace fields: Stationary fields to moving fields Fixed fields to fields changing in time Random fields to structured fields Use a field in conjunction with ferromagnetic particles

Principle 28: “Replacement of a mechanical system” is the most frequently recommended principle for all the contradictions considered. The existing elbow of the pipe line is a mechanical system. “ Replacement of a mechanical system” suggests: Replace a mechanical system with an optical, acoustical, or olfactory system Use an electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic field for interaction with the object Replace fields: Stationary fields to moving fields Fixed fields to fields changing in time Random fields to structured fields Use a field in conjunction with ferromagnetic particles Using the Contradiction Table: A Case Study Place a magnet at the elbow to provide a blanket of pellets that will absorb the energy. This will eliminate the down time associated with worn-out elbows.

The general process for changing a technical contradiction to a physical contradiction is to identify the characteristics of the desired and undesirable results. Technical Contradiction (2B): Find an alternative way of [ bone growth around threads & shaft ] that provides [ heal crack in bone & fill hole ] and does not cause [ large frictional force ]. The link is in the influencing function “X” (large frictional force). In normal English, “The screw must hold the bone in position and be easy to remove”. Physical Contradictions & Separation Principles: Bone Screw Example

Physical Contradiction: Having a large frictional force; having a small frictional force Physical Contradiction: “The screw is secure to the bone; the screw is not secure to the bone” Principle = “Separation In Time” Physical Contradictions & Separation Principles: Bone Screw Example

The Biodegradable Bone Screw The CALAXO™ Osteoconductive Interference Screw promotes bone regrowth after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Then, over the course of the next 12 months, the screw is resorbed by the body, and compounds within the screw stimulate the natural process of bone formation in its place. The CALAXO Screw is molded from PLC, a blend of bioabsorbable polymer and calcium carbonate, which is currently used as a bone graft substitute.

Physical Contradiction: Separation in Space Problem : Metallic surfaces are placed in salt solutions for chemical coating. During the reduction reaction, metal from the solution precipitates onto the product surface. The higher the temperature, the faster the process, but the solution decomposes at high temperatures. As much as 75% of the chemicals settle on the bottom and walls of the container. Adding stabilizers is not effective and conducting the process at low temperature sharply decreases production. Contradiction : The solution becomes apparent with a succinct rephrasing of the problem. The process must be hot (for fast, effective coating) and cold (to efficiently utilize the metallic salt solution). Using the separating principle in space, it is apparent that only the areas around the part must be hot. Solution : The product is heated to a high temperature before it is immersed in a cool solution. In this case, the solution is hot where it is near the product, but cold elsewhere. One way to keep the product hot during coating is by applying an electric current for inductive heating during the coating process.

Physical Contradiction: Separation In Time Problem : When an electro-technical wire is made, it passes through a liquid enamel bath and then through a die which removes excess enamel and sizes the wire. The die must be hot to ensure reliable calibration. If the wire feed is interrupted for several minutes or more, the enamel in the hot die bakes and firmly grips the wire. The process must then be halted to cut the wire and clean the die. Contradiction : The die should be hot for operation and cold to avoid baking enamel. The separation in time suggests the die be hot when the wire is being drawn and cold when the wire is not moving. Is there a way to have the die heated and not heated automatically? Solution : The die can be fixed to a spring. When the wire moves, it pulls the die which compresses the spring into a heating zone. The die is heated either by induction or by contact with the hot chamber walls. When the wire stops moving, the spring pushes the die back into the cold zone.

Physical Contradiction: Separation In Time Problem : When wide screen movies first appeared, they were not broadly distributed because movie projectors could not accommodate the wider film. Distribution of the new format required the ability to use existing projectors to show wide-screen movies. Contradiction : The film must be wide for the screen; the film must be narrow for the projector. The time contradiction was having one wide angle camera making the film and many traditional projectors showing the film months later. Starting with the latter condition, the traditional camera must have the wide angle view within a traditional frame. Solution : Place the wide-screen frames lengthwise on narrow film by rotating the camera 90 degrees. Projector optics and mechanisms could be easily modified to accept the rotated frames.

Physical Contradiction: Separation Within a Whole Object and Its Parts Problem : Work pieces having complex shapes can be difficult to grip using an ordinary vise. Contradiction : The main function of the vise is to provide evenly distributed clamping force (a firm, flat grip face). The subsystem requires some means of conforming to the irregular shape of the object (a flexible grip face). The face must be flat; the face must be irregular. Solution : Stand hard bushings on end between the flat surface of the vice jaws and the irregular surface. Each bushing is free to move horizontally to conform to the shape of the piece as pressure increases, while distributing even gripping force.

Physical Contradiction: Other Approaches to Separating Contradictions Problem : A soldering iron typically consist of a hollow shell which surrounds a heating element. This shell gets hot and can burn the operator. Contradiction : Soldering equipment must be hot and cold. Solution : If the space between the heating element and the shell is filled with heat-insulating foam, the danger of injury decreases. This is a Level 1 innovation because the solution was a simple insulation increase.

Physical Contradiction: Other Approaches to Separating Contradictions Problem : In steel casting operations, it is difficult to separate slag from molten metal. Contradiction : Combine molten minerals to form an alloy; do not combine impurities from minerals in the alloy. Solution : A magnetic field is applied to the mold into which the liquid steel and slag is poured. The magnetic field does not affect the slag, which rises to the top where it is easily removed. S N

Innovative Situation Questionnaire PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Stop Yes (85%) The Ideal Design Pick A Tool No (15%) Problem Formulation Start Here The ideal design provides the desired function without a system. This model becomes a goal to attain, shattering many traditional images of the most efficient system.

The Ideal System “ Technical skill is mastery of complexity while creativity is mastery of simplicity.” - E. Christopher Zeeman (1925-) Catastrophe Theory, 1977.

The Ideal System The ideal system provides the desired function without existing. In other words, function is already performed by already existing systems. The concept of the ideal system should be consciously included during any application of TRIZ. Stating the ideal function and backing away from it as little as possible offers a different technical challenge than the one offered by the technical contradiction table. Example: Designer for lunar vehicles lights were having difficulty finding a covering for the bulbs which could withstand the vibrations and shocks of space travel. Then they realized that there was effectively no oxygen in the moon. The partial vacuum of the moon was a resource that eliminated the need for the cover. The function was satisfied without a system.

A Case Approaching the Ideal Design A standard lightweight backpacking stove fueled by white gasoline works when white gasoline is in the gaseous state. To operate, a few drops of gasoline are placed in a depression in the gasoline tank. The small pool of gasoline is ignited around the brass pipe joining the tank to the burner. The hot air in the container creates pressure, driving the fuel up the tube. Once the liquid is pre-heated to gas, the process becomes self-sustaining: the heat transfer moves from the cooking flame down to the brass construction, where it forces the pressurized liquid through the hot brass structure. This interaction explains why winter campers who place the brass reservoir on snow or ice cannot get the stove to function. Some form of insulation is necessary between the stove and the snow.

A Case Approaching the Ideal Design The Seebeck Effect In 1821, T.J. Seebeck discovered that an electrical current was created in a closed circuit made of two conductors of heterogeneous materials, if the conductor’s temperatures were different. The thermo-electric electro-magnetic force that generates the current is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the two conductors.

A Case Approaching the Ideal Design To generate electricity, a device with no moving parts was placed on a wood burning stove. It included fins which were cooled to provide the temperature differential.

An Ideal Container is No Container A test compares the resistance of different alloys to an acid. The specimens are placed in a CLOSED, acid filled container. After a predetermined time, the container is opened. The effect of the acid on the specimen is measured. Unfortunately, the acid damages the container walls.

An Ideal Container is No Container The ideal design has a specimen exposed to the acid without requiring the use of a container. The transformed problem is to find a way to keep the acid in contact with the specimen without a container. Some of the resources are the specimen, air, gravity, adhesion, etc…

An Ideal Container is No Container The solution is to make the container out of the alloy specimen. As an added bonus, we can increase the number of specimens because we’re no longer limited by the size of the container.

Six Paths to Improve Ideality Exclude auxiliary functions Exclude elements Identify self-service Replace elements, parts, or total system Change the principle of operation Utilize resources

1. Exclude Auxiliary Functions Painting metal parts with conventional paint releases dangerous fumes from the paint solvents. An electrostatic field can be used to coat metal parts with powdered paint. After the powder is applied, the part is heated and the powder melts. A finished coat of paint is thus produced without solvent.

2. Exclude Elements Work pieces that cannot tolerate high temperatures can be joined together by chemical welding. A regent that reacts with both work pieces is used to form the desired weld.

3. Identify Self-Service A pendulum can be used to turn rotors during transportation of heavy machinery. A load (pendulum) is attached to the rotor shaft and connected to a ratchet that allows movement in only one direction. The force from the shock causes the pendulum to swing up and, as it returns, turns the ratchet, thus forcing the rotor to turn.

4. Replace, elements, parts, or total systems The traction of aircraft tires during landing is uncertain in rainy weather. To get up-to-the-minute data on landing gear traction, a test vehicle can be fitted with a wheel that simulates the operation of a landing gear wheel. As the test car moves across the runway, a portable computer processes transducer signals from the test wheel. The results are radioed back to landing planes.

5. Change the Principle of Operation Hot, soft-sheet glass tends to sag between the rollers as the sheet moves on a conveyor. The ideal system has no sagging. If the rollers were smaller, the sag would decrease. What’s the smallest roller? A molecule. A TRIZ solution is to convey the hot sheet and keep it flat, floating it on a pool of molten tin.

6. Utilizing Resources To prevent pollution, exhaust gas from thermal power stations is treated with alkaline chemicals. The alkaline slag is itself recovered from coal burning coal power stations, where the slag had also been a source of pollution. By using the alkaline wastewater (from cleaning slag) to treat exhaust gases, two harmful effects are used to neutralize each other.

6. Utilizing Resources During the manufacture of industrial ceramic vessels having irregular form and narrow necks, the wall thickness of the vessels must be measured. To accomplish this the vessel is filled with water. One electrode of the ohm meter is immersed in the water; the other contacts the external surface of the vessel. A measurement of the resistance is proportional to the thickness of the vessel wall.

6. Utilizing Resources Restaurants use large quantities of soap for washing dishes. To conserve soap, the utensils can be soaked in sodium bicarbonate before washing. Bits of fat on the utensils react with the bicarbonate, forming salts of fatty acids – in other words, soap. A soapy film now covers the utensils most in need of cleaning, and less soap is necessary.

Application: Using Four Steps for Ideal Design Step 1. Describe the situation you would like to improve: Step 2. Describe the ideal situation: Step 3. Can you think of how the ideal situation might be realized? In other words, is there a known way of realizing it? If “ YES ”: Congratulations! You have an idea! Be sure to document it. If “ NO ”: Consider how to utilize available resources If “ YES ”, but doing so is associated with some drawback: Go to resolving a contradiction. If there’s an obstacle that prevents you from realizing the ideal situation, describe what it is and why it is an obstacle: Step 4. Do you know what change(s) should be made to overcome the obstacle:

Application: Using Four Steps for Ideal Design Step 1. Describe the situation you would like to improve: “Because of the intense heat in a furnace, the walls are cooled with water. The cooling system uses water pumped through pipes. If a pipe cracks, then water leaks out. This can cause an explosion in the furnace.” Step 2. Describe the ideal situation: “Water remains in the pipes even when there is a crack. Stated more aggressively: The water does not want to leave the pipe.” Step 3. Can you think of how the ideal situation might be realized? In other words, is there a known way of realizing it? If “ YES ”: Congratulations! You have an idea! Be sure to document it. If “ NO ”: Consider how to utilize available resources If “ YES ”, but doing so is associated with some drawback: Go to resolving a contradiction. If there’s an obstacle that prevents you from realizing the ideal situation, describe what it is and why it is an obstacle: “The pressure inside that pipe is greater than the pressure outside the pipe.” Step 4. Do you know what change(s) should be made to overcome the obstacle: “The pressure inside the pipe should be made lower than the pressure outside. Therefore, a vacuum water pump should be used.”

Innovative Situation Questionnaire PUF PHF Flowchart: Link everything in the system to the PUF & PHF Output: comprehensive set of problem statements defining problem space Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Problem Solved? What grouping do you put the problem statement that generates an innovative concept leaping from the pages? Stop Yes (85%) Pick A Tool No (15%) Problem Formulation Start Here Su-field Model

The Substance-Field (Su-Field) Model This knowledge-based tool is directed at investigating the impact of different energy fields on design. This tool provides another perspective for improving the innovative paradigm. “ Don’t fight forces, use them.” - R. Buckminister Fuller -

The Substance-Field (Su-Field) Model For modeling problems related to existing technological systems. Require more technical knowledge than some of the other TRIZ tools Substance = some object (single item or complex system) Field = the action or means of accomplishing this action When to use: 2 substances and a field are necessary & sufficient to define a working technical system. If any of the 3 elements are missing, Su-field analysis indicates where the model requires completion & offers directions for thinking. If the 3 required elements exist, it can suggest ways to modify the system for better performance. There are 4 basic models: Incomplete system (requires completion or new system) Effective complete system Ineffective complete system (requires improvement to create desired effect) Harmful complete system (requires elimination of the negative effect)

4 Steps In Making the Su-field Model Identify the elements. The field is either acting upon both substances or is integrated with substance2 as a system Construct the Model. After completing these two steps, stop to evaluate the completeness and effectiveness of the system. If some element is missing, try to identify what it is Consider solution from the 76 Standard Solutions ( The Golden Age of TRIZ Software, Ideation International Inc. ) Develop a concept to support the solution

Su-field Analysis: A Case Study In the electrolytic processes for producing pure copper, a small amount of electrolyte remains in surface pores. During storage, the electrolyte evaporates and creates oxide spots. These spots result in the defective appearance of the product. To reduce losses, the items are washed before being placed in storage, but it is still difficult to remove all the electrolyte because of the small size of the pores. How can we improve the process?

Su-field Analysis: A Case Study Identify the elements: Electrolyte = S1 Water = S2 Mechanical Process of washing = F Me Construct the model. In this case we have an insufficient desired effect because of the discoloration of the surface: An insufficient desired effect

Su-field Analysis: A Case Study Select a solution from the Standard Solutions. Adding a field to intensify the effect of washing is one standard solution. Adding a field to intensify the effect is one standard solution.

Su-field Analysis: A Case Study Develop a concept to support the solution. There are several possibilities for fields which will intensify the effect of the washing: a mechanical field using ultrasound. a thermal field using hot water. a chemical field using surfactants to dissolve the electrolyte. a magnetic field to magnetize the water to improve washing Repeat the process in the above step by considering another standard solution. For each standard solution identified in Step 3, the related supporting concept is developed in Step 4. Explore all the possibilities. Ask every “ What? ”

Su-field Analysis: A Case Study Selecting a different solution from Standard Solutions. Insert a substance S3 and another field F2. A solution different from the Standard Solutions.

Su-field Analysis: A Case Study Develop a concept to support the solution. F Th is pressure and S3 is steam. Use superheated steam (water under pressure is hotter than 100 °C) to wash items. The steam will be forced into the pores, causing the electrolyte to leave. A solution different from the Standard Solutions.

The End … Any Questions? G. Altshuller – the father of TRIZ

Systematic Innovation An Introduction To Triz

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Systematic Innovation An Introduction To Triz