A history of jerusalem
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Jerusalem has a long history dating back to Abraham. It has been ruled by many different groups including the Canaanites, Israelites, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Muslims, and others. Key events include King David establishing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in 1000 BC, the destruction of the first temple by the Babylonians in 586 BC, the rebuilding of the second temple by the Persians in 516 BC, and the destruction of the second temple by the Romans in 70 AD.
A history of jerusalem
- 1. A history of Jerusalem From the days of Abraham to the present Rafael (Rafi) Plotnik - Mechanical Eng. History fan - Licensed tour guide in Israel rafiplotnik@gmail.com 1
- 2. Where is Israel located2 Death Sea Tel-Aviv Jerusalem West Bank Golan Hight Gaza Strip Lake of Galilee Jordan River
- 3. Jerusalem is the holiest place for the Jewish people. In the center of it stands the Moria Mount where the foundation stone is located. The world was created from the foundation stone according the Jewish belief. 3
- 4. Abraham Era considered to be around 1800 BC. Genesis Chapter 22 God Tested Abraham and ordered him to offer his son Isaac as a sacrifice on Moria mount.4
- 5. in the Bible–The name Jerusalem Genesis Chapter 22 verse 14 • And (after the binding of Isaac) Abraham called the name of that place Adonai-jireh (God will see); as it is said to this day: 'In the mount where the LORD is seen.‘ • Shalem was the Canaanite name of Jerusalem, and means “whole” and “peace”. Jireh + Shalem = Jerusalem 5
- 6. The name Jerusalem According the Execration texts (1800 BC) and El- Amarna scripts (1360 BC) Jerusalem was called U’RU – SHALEM = The city of Shalem The Bible (Genesis 14, verse 18) mentions Melchizedek the king of Jerusalem in Abraham era. 6
- 7. Gehenna Valley Tyropoeon Valley Valley of Josaphat Jaffa Gate Damascus Gate Gethsemane The wailing wall - Kotel Geography Of Jerusalem7
- 8. Jerusalem in the Canaanite period Pool of Siloam Gihon Spring The Temple Mount was empty Jebus City of David underground tunnel 8
- 9. 9 Jerusalem in the Canaanite period Castel that protected the Gihon spring Canaanite underground tunnel led from city to spring castell Shiloam pool (reservoir)
- 10. Jerusalem in the Canaanite period • Water source of Jerusalem was the Gihon Spring. The Canaanites built a fortress around the spring and an underground tunnel leading from the city to the fort. Surplus water of the spring used for irrigation of orchards in the Kidron Valley and to fill the Siloam Pool. • King David conquered Jerusalem in 1000 BC and founded “the City of David” as a Capital City for his kingdom10
- 11. Jerusalem during King Solomon period 970BC Book of Samuel b ch5 City of David King Solomon Attach the Mount Moriah to the City of David, and built the first temple and his palace on the mountain 11
- 12. Jerusalem during King Hezekiah period 705 BC • Sennacherib the Assyrian Invaded Judea In 720BC. • King Hezekiah prepared Jerusalem for a siege. • He stored food, Built a wall around the Western hill and dug an underground aqueduct. • Sennacherib put a Siege on Jerusalem in 705 BC but failed to conquer it. Mount Zion Western Hill The wall that King Hezekiah built underground aqueduct – Shiloam tunnel 12
- 13. City of David today 13 City of David Pool of Siloam Gihon Spring http://www.jerusalem- love.co.il/?page_id=10745 Temple Mount
- 14. 14 The Northern wall in the Jewish Quarter Northern Tower Remnant from the Northern part of Hezekia wall and Tower were found in the Jewish Quarter in old Jerusalem
- 15. Hezekiah's Tunnel Siloam Inscription Cross section of Hezekiah’s Tunnel 15
- 16. Destruction of the Temple • In 586BC Judea was conquered by the Babylonians (Nebuchadnezzar II) The temple was destroyed and the Jews were Exiled to Babylon. 16
- 17. In 536BC the Persians conquered the World and let the Jews return to Canaan. The Second Temple was built in 516 BC Jerusalem in the Time of Ezra and Nehemiah 444BC Persian Era Persian Empire 17
- 18. Cyrus Cylinder • Cyrus; the king of Persia established the Persian Empire in 539 BC. He announced the return of the Persian worship of the God Murdoch (the original worship before the changes introduced by Nabonaid). He allowed the people exiled by the Babylonians to return to their home countries. http://www.ted.com/talks/neil_macgregor_2600_years_of_history_in_one_o bject.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder 18
- 19. The Hellenistic era 333 – 63 BC • In 333BC Alexander the Great conquered the World. • The Seleucid dynasty took control on Judea after the death of Alexander. 19
- 20. Hasmonean Kingdom • In 167BC the Jews (Maccabees) rebelled and founded an independent Hasmonean Kingdom, which survived up to 63BC. • This 100 years period was the Golden Age of the Israeli kingdom since the times of King Solomon20
- 21. Jerusalem in the Hasmonean Era The Bridge Kiponos Gate Wilson Gate Aquaduct From Beit Lehem to the Temple Hasmonean Aquaduct Probatica pool Beit Hasda Pool Rebuilt Hezekiah’s walls Renovated the Temple 21
- 22. Roman Period 63BC – 325AC • Pompey; the Roman army leader conquered Israel in 63BC • In 37BC HEROD became the Roman governor of Israel. • Herod was the greatest Builder in the Israeli history of the old time. Pompey Prof. Ehud Nezer with the Sarcophagus of Herod found in Herodum22
- 24. Mezadah Winter Palace built by Herod near the Dead Sea Jerusalem Mezadah Herodium Caesarea http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada http://www.parks.org.il/ParksAndReserves/ masada/Documents/masadaEN.pdf 24
- 26. Jerusalem in the Time of Herod hHerodian Road hHerod’s Palace Mamila pool Upper Aquaduct New Wall Commercial Quarter New Temple “David Tower” Drainage tunnel under Herodian road 26
- 27. Tower Of David Compound Near Jaffa Gate Fasael Tower Miriam Tower Hypokos Tower 27 Late Turkish Mosque Minaret
- 28. 28 View from Olive mount - today View from Olive mount – before destruction of the Temple in 70 AD
- 29. N 29
- 30. Hulda Gate Herodian Road Robison Arc Barkley Gate Wilson Arc Charles Warren Gate Antonia Castle Ophel Stairs “Cotel” 30
- 31. 31 Calvary or Golgotha Antonia Castle Cenacle House of High Priest Gethsemane The Holy week of the Christ in JerusalemVia Dolorosa
- 32. Holly week of Jesus in Jerusalem Jesus arrived in Jerusalem on Sunday in the spring of 33 CE, a week before Passover. He was housed in a Beit Anya. During the week he arrived to the temple and preached against the corruption of the Jewish priests. On Thursday he went to have dinner at Mount Zion, in Cenacle. After “last supper”, he went down to Gethsemane where he mourned for his bitter fate to the cross. Late at night, the Judah the traitor betrayed gave him away to the High Priest (Kayafa) cops. Jesus was brought to the high priest who sentenced him to death for blasphemy. On Friday morning, Jesus was brought to the fortress of Antonia where Roman governor Pontus Pilate stayed. The governor sent him a crucifixion. Jesus was stripped, beaten, and started to carry the cross to Golgotha Hill outside the city through the Via Dolorosa. At noon, he was crucified, died in the afternoon, and was temporarily buried in Joseph's the Ramatian gravale cave. On Sunday, Miriam the mother and Miriam the Magdalene came to bury him and he resurrected and left.32
- 33. The Big Revolt against Rome In 68AC the Jews rebelled against the Romans. They fortified their towns and reinforced their army. The Roman army leader Vespasianus suppressed the revolt. In summer of 70AC, Jerusalem was conquered by Titus (his son) and the Temple was demolished. 33
- 34. The Temple treasure were taken and represented in a triumph parade in Rome 34
- 35. There is an assumption that the Coliseum in Rome was financed with the treasure taken from the Temple 35
- 36. Pax Romana in Jerusalem • in 130AC, Hadrian built Jerusalem as a Roman city called Elya Capitolina and imposed religious Edicts against Judaism • A Temple to Jupiter was built on the Temple Mount. • The name of Judea was changed into Palestine. 36
- 37. Beit She'an built by Hadrian 37
- 38. The second revolt against Rome. bar Kokhba RevoltSimon • Started in 133AC as a response to the Hadrian religious edicts . • After 3 years of war the revolt suppressed and Judea and Jerusalem were abandoned and the Jews moved to live in the Galilee and Golan Heights Galilee Golan Heights 38
- 39. AC, the Roman Empire adopted Christianity and324In Byzantiumchanged its name to The Byzantine Emperors built Churches in Jerusalem. Helena, the Emperor Constantine’s mother, built the Holy Sepulcher on the Golgota and the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem in 327AC, Nativity church in Bethlehem Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem 39
- 40. • The Byzantines left the Temple Mount desolate to show that Jesus' prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem was fulfilled. • In the Byzantine period, Jerusalem was developed and many churches and monasteries were built. • Helena found the cross of Jesus on the Gulgota hill. 40
- 41. was found on the floor of a church in Madaba in 1884 Madaba mosaic map Describes the map of Palestine and Jerusalem in 6th century AC 41 http://en.wikipedia.org/wi ki/Madaba_Map
- 42. Damaskus Gate Cardo Holy Sepulcher Hagia Maria Hagia Maria of Zion Mt Cenacle Santa Anna Beit Hasda Pool Holy Stephen Siloam Church Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu42 Map of Jerusalem in Byzantine era Jerusalem map in Madaba mosaic
- 43. East-Parisian invasion to Middle • The Neo-Persian Empire which was ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty from 224 AC to 651 AC conquered land of Israel between 614-628 AC. • The Persians destroyed the almost all Byzantine Churches with the help of the Jews. 43 • The Byzantines returned 14 years later and tried to rebuild Jerusalem. • The Moslems arrived 12 years later and started a new era
- 44. Islamic era 640AC and up to date 570AC – Muhamad was Born in Mecca 610AC – Started to preach 620AC – Escaped from Mecca to Medina (Hagera) 632AC – Died 638AC – Jerusalem and large part of the Byzantine Empires were conquered by Omar 44
- 45. Al-Aqsa Mosque = the mosque of the far end was built in 711AC The Dome of the Rock Mosque was built in 691AC. • Jerusalem in the Koran: Be blessed the one who gave a ride to his servant (Muhammad), at night, from the holly Mosque (in Mecca?) to the Mosque which is in the far end (Jerusalem?). Jerusalem during the Islamic Era 45
- 46. Jerusalem during the Umayyad dynasty • Jerusalem is not mentioned in the Koran at all. • In 660 AD, the Umayyad dynasty came to power over the Muslim empire. The dynasty moved the governing center from Mecca to Damascus. The kings of the dynasty wanted to set up a new pilgrimage site instead of Mecca and chose Jerusalem. They erected the Al- Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount. They built government buildings around the Temple Mount. 46
- 47. Temple Mount during the Moslem era 47 El-Akza Mosque Tomb of the Rock 5 Governing buildings
- 48. ROBERT OF FLANDERS ROBERT OF NORMADY Raymond de Saint-Gilles, ADEMR OF POEY TANKARD & BOHEMON GOTFREY OF BOUILLON BALDWIN OF BOULOGNE Urbanus II COUNCIL OF CLERMONT 1095 Emperor Alexios KOMNEN0S OF BYZANTION FIRST BATTLE IN NICAEA 2nd BATTLE IN DORYLAEUM BOLDWIN CONQUER ADESA AND REMAIN THERE BOHEMON REMAIND IN ANTAKIA JERUSALEM IS CONQUERED ON JULY 4, 1099 First Crusade 1099 48
- 49. The first Jerusalem kingdom 1099 – 1187 BC • The crusader founded a strong organized kingdom • Jerusalem was the Capital City The first Jerusalem kingdom 1099 - 1187 49
- 50. Domini Temple Temple Solomonis Castle of the King Holy Sepulcher Muristan Hagia Maria of Zion Mt Santa Anna Beit Hasda Pool • The king castle was in David Tower compound • Al-Aqsa Mosque converted to a church - Temple Solomonis • A cross was built on the top of the tomb of the rock Jerusalem, the crusaders capital city 50
- 51. Saladin defeats the crusaders • Saladin united all the Arabian kingdoms in the middle east • In 1187 (4th of July) – Saladin defeated the Crusaders in Battle of Hattin 51 Jerusalem Hattin
- 52. Second Jerusalem Kingdom • In 1191 The crusaders returned and founded the Second Jerusalem kingdom. • They did not conquer Jerusalem • Acco was the Capital City. The second Jerusalem kingdom 1191 – 1291 BC ACCO Jerusalem 52
- 53. • Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria. He defeated the Crusaders in 1187 AD. After his death, the kingdom split between his heirs and weakened. • The Ayyubids used to buy Christian children in the Caucasus and raise them as Muslims, trained them to be soldiers and government officials. These children were called Mamluks. • In 1250, the Seventh Crusade arrived to conquer Egypt. Ayubb, the Egyptian king died during the war and his place was taken over the the Mamluks officers who defended Egypt. • The Mamluks beat the Mongols that invaded Land of Israel in 1260 in a battle that took place in Izrael Vally53
- 54. Battle of Ein Jalut 1260 AD 54
- 55. –the Mamluks1291 Moslems from Egypt They destroyed the Crusaders castles, converted the Christian Churches into Mosques. Jerusalem became a City for rich Mamluk retired leaders http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MamlukMamluk Territory
- 56. The Ottomans (turkey) conquered land of Israel and the middle east in 1516 Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem in 1538. Those walls still exist today. The Ottomans Era 1516 - 1919 56
- 57. Jews retuned to Jerusalem and built the Jewish quarter in 18th – 20th century The Old City was divided into four quarters Jaffa Gate Damascus Gate Christian Armenian Muslems Jewish Jerusalem in 19th 20th Century 57
- 58. • At the end of the 19th century the Jewish population in Israel was about 25,000 people. • The Jews in Israel were orthodox, they were Torah scholars, learning Torah all day, supported by Jewish European communities, which sent donations to maintain the “beit Midrash” and the “Talmid Haham” that devoted their lives to Torah learning. • Jews lived in Israel mostly in the Four Holy Cities: Hebron, Jerusalem, Tiberia and Zfat. There were Jews in mixed and Arabic towns like Jaffa, Ramlla, Acco. Jews in Israel at the End of the 19th Century 58
- 59. Arabians in Israel at the End of the 19th century • At the end of the 19th century there were about 200,000 Arabs in Israel, most of them in Gaza, Hebron, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Schehm, Lud, Ramlla, Haifa, Tiberias, Acco, Zefat and in hundreds small villages. • The Turkish governor was set in Jerusalem. • Palestine was a part of the Damascus Turkish district. • The Suez canal was founded in 1868, and the Britain conquered Egypt in 1882.59
- 60. Jews Migration to Israel • The first migration of Jews to Israel was In 1882, after the anti Semitic pogroms in south of Russia (Ukraine). 25,000 Jews migrated to Israel, most of them orthodox. They settled in Hebron, Jerusalem, Tiberias and Zefat. • The second wave of 25,000 Jews arrived in 1904 because of anti-Semitic prosecution. Most of them were orthodox but some were young, broke, educated, holding socialistic ideology. One of them was David Ben-Gurion. 60
- 61. World Zionist Organization - WZO Founded in Basel, Swiss in 1897. Its objective was: the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The WZO act like a virtual Jewish Government with foreign office, operative office and a bank (called Anglo-Palestine Bank). The WZO had two lines of activities: • Political activity: sought for an international recognition in Palestine as an homeland for Jews. • Operational activity: Buying lands and developing Jewish agriculture, industry and education in Israel. The WZO was financed by donations collected from Jews all over the world. “Dreyfus Affair” in 1894
- 62. Jews Developing Israel During the years 1883 – 1920, Edmond de Rothschild, a rich Jew from France, built 20 agricultural plantations all over Israel in which he settled Jews who migrated from Europe. He invested in equipment, land developing, plants, vineyards, and wineries. In 1910 Tel Aviv was founded 2 Km north of Jaffa. 62
- 63. Ottoman Empire 1914 Ottoman Empire 17th century
- 64. • From 1516 to WW1 the Middle East was ruled by the Ottomans. Land of Israel was part of Damascus and Beirut counties. All the inhabitants of the region were Ottoman subjects. Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine did not exist. • During WW1 in 1916, the British and French formed an agreement to divide the Ottoman Empire erea among their allied - the Sykes Picot Agreement. • Arab countries, as we know them today: Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel were established only after 1922 as French and British colonies (Mandates).64
- 65. World War I in the Middle East • Turkey was German ally, and attacked the Suez Canal in 1915. • The Ottoman failed to capture the Suez Canal, and the British occupied the land of Israel in 1919 65
- 66. Sykes–Picot Agreement 1916 Partition of Middle East During WW1 (1914 – 1919) the french, British, and Russian agreed on zones of influence and control in the middle east by the Sykes–Picot Agreement in 1916 66
- 67. Sykes–Picot Agreement 1916 Partition of Ottoman Empire A B
- 68. Belfour declaration • Foreign Office, November 2nd, 1917. Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet: "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country". I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely Arthur James Balfour 68 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration
- 69. Causes for the Balfour Declaration • Balfour, the Colonial Secretary, and the Prime Minister were Christians who believed in the return of the Jewish people to the Holly Land. • The British believed that Jews have great influence in U.S. and therefore they should support them • Jewish interests joined with British interests. Britain prefer friendly Zionist entity in Israel, close to the Suez Canal and close to sources of oil. 69
- 70. Arabs help Britain in WW1 • During WW1 the Bedouin Arabs of the Saudi Peninsula revolted against the Ottoman. Britain encouraged the revolt (Lawrence of Arabia) led by Sherif Husein Ben Ali. • Britain exchanged diplomatic letters (McMahon letters) causing the Arabians to believe they will get a state if they helped Britain. • The Bedouin fought a guerilla war against the Ottomans keeping their army busy in guarding Medina and the Hejaz railway. 70
- 71. Founding of the Jordanian and Iraqi states At the end of the war in 1922, Britain published the first “white paper” about the Middle East in which they gave the land east of the Jordan river to the Arabs. They helped the Arabs found their states in the west: Jordan and Iraq. The Jews who expected to get a state on both sides of the Jordan river were disappointed 71
- 72. The San Remo Conference • In 1920, in a conference in San Remo Italy, the allied states decided to distribute the Middle East between France and England in accordance with the Sykes-Picot Agreement. • The Balfour Declaration was part of the agreements reached in the San Remo Conference and got an international recognition. • The Arabs denied the San Remo decisions. 72
- 73. The British Mandate • In 1922, Britain got an official Mandate for the Land of Israel from the League of Nations. • The Balfour Declaration was part of the Mandate script and It became an international document and not just a British document. • The Arabs denied the British colonization in Palestine. • The Jews welcomed Britain to the Middle East. 73
- 74. Great Arab Revolt 1936 – 1939 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Arab_Revolt • The purpose of the uprising was to drive out the British and the Jews from Israel. The revolt started with a trading strike. • Arab gunmen attacked British army concentrations and Jewish communities. • The British suppressed the rebellion with brutal military action. Jews mainstream leadership supported the British government and asked for protection against Arab rioters. 74
- 75. Mosul–Haifa oil pipeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul%E2%80%93Haifa_oil_pipeline • The pipeline was built by Britain in 1932- 1935. • A refinery and deep water port were built in Haifa 75
- 76. Jewish Migration after WW2 • After the World War II, Jewish refugees began to flow to Israel. British, under Arab pressure, prevented the entry of Jews to Israel. • In 1945-1948 conflict developed between the Jews on one side and the British and the Arabs other side on the question of immigration of Jews to Israel. • In 1946 the Jewish proposed division of the Land of Israel (Two states solution). • In 1947, the British announced their desire to end their control in Israel. 76
- 77. • In Nov 29th 1947, The United Nation decided on a partition plain of Palestine (Two states solution). Jerusalem was defined as an international zone. • The Jews accepted the partition plain. The Arabs denied it. A war started. 1948- The Jewish Independence war 77
- 78. • West Jerusalem became the capital city of the Israeli state. • The Arabs hold the old city. Jerusalem was divided between the state of Israel and the Jordanian kingdom. 1948 – Israeli independence war 78
- 79. Jewish independent war • In May 14th 1947 the Jews declared the Jewish independent state in Israel. • In May 15th four Arabian armies invaded Israel (Egypt, Siria, Jordan, Iraq). • In Jerusalem, the Jewish quarter in the old Jerusalem was taken by the Jordanian army on May 28th 1948 79
- 81. Borders after 1948 war Green Line 700,000 Arab refugees left Israel to Neighbors countries Partition plan on UN Two states solution
- 82. • In June 1967, Egypt, Jordan and Syria declared war on Israel. • The war ended after 6 days and the map of the middle east was totally changed • Jerusalem was united under Israeli flag and stayed united until this day Six Days War June 1967 82
- 84. 1973 war
- 85. Victory – Peace with Egypt March 1979 85
- 86. Temple Mount today Temple Mount before 70BC
- 87. the situation today Israel left Gaza in 2005, leaving the area under Palestinian control. In 2007, elections were held in Gaza and Hamas seized power. Hamas seeks to conquer the territories of Israel and restore control of the Land of Israel to the Arabs. The Gaza evacuation was a test case of the Palestinian will for peace. Gaza has become a focal point for launching rockets at Israel. People of Israel wants to evacuate the West Bank and contain the two-state solution. The Palestinians do not see the two states solution as the end of the conflict and declare that after they establish a state in West Bank and Gaza they will continue fighting to bring back all refugees, who fled Israel in 1948, back into Israel. Israel cannot accept a situation in which the West Bank will become hostile territory like in Gaza and is forced to continue controlling the West Bank.
- 88. A history of Jerusalem From the days of Abraham to the present Rafael (Rafi) Plotnik - Mechanical Eng. History fan - Licensed tour guide in Israel rafiplotnik@gmail.com 88