A librarian's road map to open access
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The document outlines the evolution and significance of open access (OA) in academic publishing, detailing its history, current challenges, and policy developments in the UK. It discusses various OA models, including green, gold, and hybrid options, and emphasizes the necessity of compliance with funding bodies' OA requirements to facilitate wider access to research. Additionally, it highlights the role of libraries in promoting OA and the potential impact on scholarly communication and research efficiency.
![Stevan Harnad’s subversive
proposal (1994)
“If all scholars' preprints were universally available to all scholars by anonymous ftp
(and gopher, and World-Wide Web, and the search/retrieval wonders of the future),
NO scholar would ever consent to WITHDRAW any preprint of his from the public eye
after the refereed version was accepted for paper "PUBLICation." Instead, everyone
would, quite naturally, substitute the refereed, published reprint for the unrefereed
preprint.” http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/253351/
“one of the seminal texts of the open access
movement” Richard Poynder June 2014
By Rock1997 (Own work) [GFDL
(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 4.0-
3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0)], via Wikimedia Commons](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alibrariansroadmaptooarscwebinar24feb2016-160229094433/85/A-librarian-s-road-map-to-open-access-7-320.jpg)
![References & bibliography
•Suber, P. Open Access Overview. Available at: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm [Accessed 17
November 2014]
•Guédon, J.-C. (2001) In Oldenburg’s long shadow: librarians, research scientists, publishers, and the control of
scientific publishing. Available at: http://eprints.rclis.org/6375/ [Accessed 17 November 2016]
•Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) Available at: http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml [Accessed 17
November 2014]
•Yiotis, K. (2005) The Open Access Initiative: a new paradigm for scholarly communications. Information Technology
and Libraries 24(4). Available at: http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/view/3378 [Accessed 17th November
2014]
•Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications: Report of the Working Group
on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings (June 2012) Available at http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/06/Finch-Group-report-FINAL-VERSION.pdf [Accessed 17 November 2014]
•RCUK Policy on Open Access (April 2012) Available at
http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/policy/ [Accessed 17 November 2014]
•HEFCE (2013) Policy for open access in the post-2014 Research Excellence Framework
Available at http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/2014/201407/ [Accessed 17 November 2014]
•Eve, M.P. (2014) Open Access and the Humanities: Contexts, Controversies and the Future,
Cambridge University Press Available OA at http://www.cambridge.org/do/titles/open-access-
and-humanities-contexts-controversies-and-future/ [Accessed 24th February 2016]
•Sheppard, NE and Bower, K (2015) Leveraging a Library CMS and Social Media to promote
#openaccess (OA) to institutional research output. In: Internet Librarian International 2015, 20-
21st October 2015, London, UK. (Unpublished) Available at
http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/1812/ [Accessed 24th Feb 2016]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/alibrariansroadmaptooarscwebinar24feb2016-160229094433/85/A-librarian-s-road-map-to-open-access-35-320.jpg)
A librarian's road map to open access
- 2. A librarian's road map to open access Nick Sheppard Research Services Advisor Technical Officer UKCoRR
- 3. Research Services Advisor •Disclaimer: not a real Librarian •Began working at Leeds Metropolitan University in 2007 •Repositories Start-up project (Jisc) •Technical Officer for UKCoRR (UK Council of Research Repositories) –http://ukcorr.org •Research Services Advisor (2015) –Research Services team –OA advocacy & training, policy compliance –Technical infrastructure –Research Data Management (RDM)
- 4. Academic dissemination: the problem with the status-quo
- 5. Altmetrics: a manifesto 2010 Language ~100,000yrs Writing 3500-3000 BCE Proto-science 900 BCE - 500 CE Printing press invented ~1440 CE Caxton brings printing to Britain ~1476 CE WWW invented 1989 Eprints software released 2000 Babbage works on Difference Engine 1823-1842 Universal Turing Machine 1937 Henry Oldenburg inaugurates Phil.Trans 1665 Universities /research output increases C19th-C20th “Serials crisis” 1970s Psycoloquy – 1st online scientific journal 1990 Stevan Harnad's “subversive proposal” 1994 Budapest Open Access Initiative 2002 Finch report and RCUK OA policy 2012 HEFCE announce policy for OA in post-2014 REF 2014 Mainstream social media 2000-future Academic social media 2007-future Background detail from Scanned copy of reproduction in "Maps of Old London" (1908) of Ogilby & Morgan's Map of London https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_London_Ogilby_and_Morgan%27s_Map_of_1677.jpg (public domain)
- 6. The problem with Status Quo *Status Quo at the Hammersmith Odeon in 1978 Public domain - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Status_Quo1978.jpg 1978* 2005
- 7. Stevan Harnad’s subversive proposal (1994) “If all scholars' preprints were universally available to all scholars by anonymous ftp (and gopher, and World-Wide Web, and the search/retrieval wonders of the future), NO scholar would ever consent to WITHDRAW any preprint of his from the public eye after the refereed version was accepted for paper "PUBLICation." Instead, everyone would, quite naturally, substitute the refereed, published reprint for the unrefereed preprint.” http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/253351/ “one of the seminal texts of the open access movement” Richard Poynder June 2014 By Rock1997 (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 4.0- 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
- 8. Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good…Removing access barriers to this literature will accelerate research, enrich education, share the learning of the rich with the poor and the poor with the rich, make this literature as useful as it can be, and lay the foundation for uniting humanity in a common intellectual conversation and quest for knowledge.” http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/ Recommended two complementary strategies: •Self-archiving (green) •Open-access journals (gold)
- 9. Royal Society of Chemistry librarian survey 2015 The role of libraries in open access publishing (click to access full report)
- 10. Straw poll... All taken into consideration, what is your preferred model of OA? •Green •Gold •Unsure
- 11. Are you familar with the concept of “hybrid” OA?
- 12. OA preferences
- 13. Green, Gold & hybrid •Gold is seen as expensive –Average APC ~ £1800 –Creative Commons (full reuse) –Will market forces drive APCs down? •Green perpetuates subscription model –Perpetuates subscription model –The embargo period –The licence problem •Hybrid –Offer the choice of paying APC –Provide immediate OA (CC-BY) –Only some articles OA –Double dipping? © Kay Gaensler, https://www.flickr.com/photos/gaensler/5981308836/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-sa/2.0/
- 14. The Finch report (2012) •Emphasised gold over green •5 year “transition period” •Robbing Peter to pay Paul? •Criticised by OA advocates © Benjamint444 Eggs of the European Gold Finch (Carduelis carduelis) CC-BY-SA https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_Finch_eggs.jpg https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
- 15. 15 Budgets
- 16. Funding gold OA A new market is emerging for OA article publication. Open APC data makes this market as transparent as possible, and therefore of most benefit to customers (institutions). Institutions and authors can then benchmark the APC costs they face against those faced by others, or for other journals. There is no legal reason not to do this. https://www.jisc.ac.uk/guides/implementing-open-access#step8 •Institutionally allocated funds for gold OA –Hybrid or gold only? •Share article-level APC data –Jisc Monitor project –http://bit.ly/1DxZ8D6 •aggregate APC data from institutions •Jisc Collections aggregated APC data 2014 –http://bit.ly/1TEHVT8 (figshare) •Jisc total cost of ownership
- 17. Understanding of funding body OA requirements
- 18. RCUK policy (April 2012) •RCUK-compliant journals •Offer suitable gold OR suitable green option •Creative Commons-Attribution (CC- BY) •RCUK OA block grants •Establish institutional publication funds •expect primary use to be payments of APCs •Preference is gold OA •Decision lies with authors and institutions
- 19. Horizon2020 Article 29.2 of the Model Grant Agreement sets out detailed legal requirements on open access to scientific publications: under Horizon 2020, each beneficiary must ensure open access to all peer-reviewed scientific publications relating to its results. To meet this requirement, beneficiaries must, at the very least, ensure that any scientific peer reviewed publications can be read online, downloaded and printed. Since any further rights - such as the right to copy, distribute, search, link, crawl and mine - make publications more useful, beneficiaries should make every effort to provide as many of these options as possible. Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publications and Research Data in Horizon 2020 (p.4) Open access infrastructure for research in Europe (OpenAIRE) National OA Desk (NOAD)
- 20. NIH Public Access Policy To advance science and improve human health, NIH makes the peer-reviewed articles it funds publicly available on PubMed Central. The NIH public access policy requires scientists to submit final peer- reviewed journal manuscripts that arise from NIH funds to PubMed Central immediately upon acceptance for publication. https://publicaccess.nih.gov/
- 21. HEFCE bombshell (April 2013) “to be eligible for submission to the post-2014 REF, authors’ final peer- reviewed manuscripts must have been deposited in an institutional or subject repository on acceptance for publication” http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/201 4/201407/
- 22. Main sources of information
- 23. Jisc services •Policy compliance –SHERPA services –Monitor Local (alpha) •Discovery, usage and impact –CORE (Connecting Repositories) –IRUS-UK •Cost management –Jisc Monitor •Metadata and interoperability –RIOXX –ORCID We’re working to develop services, provide support, and influence policy in order to enable UK higher education to realise the rewards of open access (OA). https://www.jisc.ac.uk/content/open-access
- 25. OA and impact •Fundamentals of research? –Creating, using, sharing and accessing information •Increases efficiency of research process •Evidence of increased citation •The Open Access Citation Advantage Service - http://sparceurope.org/oaca/ As scholarly communication moves increasingly online, more indicators have become available: how many times an article has been bookmarked, blogged about, cited in Wikipedia and so on. These metrics can be considered altmetrics – alternative metrics of impact. (Piwowar 2013)
- 26. Traditional bibliometrics “the branch of library science concerned with the application of mathematical and statistical analysis to bibliography; the statistical analysis of books, articles, or other publications.” (Oxford English Dictionary Online) •Citation count & h-index •Journal Impact Factor (JIF) •Other impact measures –Knowledge transfer –Activities (presentations, consultancy, review) –Prizes –Public engagement / education –Policy documents •Media –TV and radio –Blogs/social media
- 27. Alternative metrics •Various flavours –Plum analytics - http://www.plumanalytics.com/ –Impact story - https://impactstory.org/ –Altmetric - http://www.altmetric.com/ •Article level metrics –frontiers in Psychology http://journal.frontiersin.org/arti cle/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00058/ abstract –PLoS One http://journals.plos.org/plosone/ article?id=10.1371/journal.pon e.0121708 –Repositories –IRUS-UK –Statistics at Leeds Beckett •The end of JIF?
- 29. Keeping an eye on things…
- 33. Paradigm shift? •Is green a long term solution? –Maintains subscription model •Is gold sustainable? –New serials crisis? •Books and monographs •What might a new paradigm look like? •Institutional/library publishing? –PKP - Open Journal System e.g. http://journals.ed.ac.uk/ •Open Library of the Humanities –https://www.openlibhums.org/ –Library consortium model –Extend to STEM? •Network effects –OA and social media –Targetted dissemination
- 34. Open Access: to the General Benefit of Mankind Oldenburg, H,. (1665) Epistle Dedicatory. Phil. Trans. 1. pp.1-2 doi: 10.1098/rstl.1665.0001 Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Oldenburg.jpg This image is in the public domain because its copyright has expired.
- 35. References & bibliography •Suber, P. Open Access Overview. Available at: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/overview.htm [Accessed 17 November 2014] •Guédon, J.-C. (2001) In Oldenburg’s long shadow: librarians, research scientists, publishers, and the control of scientific publishing. Available at: http://eprints.rclis.org/6375/ [Accessed 17 November 2016] •Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) Available at: http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml [Accessed 17 November 2014] •Yiotis, K. (2005) The Open Access Initiative: a new paradigm for scholarly communications. Information Technology and Libraries 24(4). Available at: http://ejournals.bc.edu/ojs/index.php/ital/article/view/3378 [Accessed 17th November 2014] •Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications: Report of the Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings (June 2012) Available at http://www.researchinfonet.org/wp- content/uploads/2012/06/Finch-Group-report-FINAL-VERSION.pdf [Accessed 17 November 2014] •RCUK Policy on Open Access (April 2012) Available at http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/research/openaccess/policy/ [Accessed 17 November 2014] •HEFCE (2013) Policy for open access in the post-2014 Research Excellence Framework Available at http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/2014/201407/ [Accessed 17 November 2014] •Eve, M.P. (2014) Open Access and the Humanities: Contexts, Controversies and the Future, Cambridge University Press Available OA at http://www.cambridge.org/do/titles/open-access- and-humanities-contexts-controversies-and-future/ [Accessed 24th February 2016] •Sheppard, NE and Bower, K (2015) Leveraging a Library CMS and Social Media to promote #openaccess (OA) to institutional research output. In: Internet Librarian International 2015, 20- 21st October 2015, London, UK. (Unpublished) Available at http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/1812/ [Accessed 24th Feb 2016]