A presentation about ITER
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The document outlines a project on fusion energy and the ITER initiative led by instructors Maria Pitsaki and Vasilis Charmandaris at the University of Crete. It discusses the fundamentals of fusion, conditions required for generating it, the role of plasma and magnetic confinement, and various heating methods used in reactors. Safety measures for the ITER reactor are also highlighted, emphasizing low fuel amounts and minimal radioactive materials.
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A presentation about ITER
- 1. Project for Project for Advanced English Physics Department University of Crete Foundation 1. Maria Pitsaki 2. Vasilis Charmandaris Instructors [email_address] E-mail Panagopoulos George Name
- 2. Contents Energy needs What is ITER What is fusion Conditions to make fusion Fusion’s Safety
- 3. Lights on the earth at night
- 4. 2 billion people Do not have access to the electricity
- 5. Vast needs in the industrialized world.
- 6. Fossil fuels
- 7. Alternative ways of energy production
- 8. Japan UK The current reactors
- 9. ITER a larger project
- 11. Structure of the atom The nucleus of an atom is comprised by neutrons and protons. Isotopes are the components that have the same number of protons
- 12. Einstein’s Equation : ΔΕ = Δ m c 2 Light nucleus Heavy nucleus Mass defect
- 13. Mass and energy
- 14. Fusion
- 15. Deuterium is a common isotope of hydrogen made by sea water. Tritium is an other rare isotope of hydrogen. We can produce it from the following reaction. Fusion in ITER 6 Li + n -> 4 He + T
- 16. Cross section is the probability of the reaction to happen The most efficient reaction Cross section
- 17. In order the particles to acquire Energy and collide we heat them in grate temperatures (150.000.000 o C). Thus they exist in a state called plasma where they have lost all their ele- Ctrons. Conditions for fusion For the reason why there is not a material than may hold these temperatures we use magnetic field to control the individual charges inside plasma in a process called magnetic confinement .
- 18. Magnetic confinement The main method to make magnetic confinement, is to pass current through plasma and create an incoming magnetic force. Because of the plasma’s instabilities we also use an additional toroidal magnetic field.
- 19. The plasma may be heated by its self . The helium nuclei that remain from the reaction offer energy to the other particles inside the reactor by collisions. Moreover we have three additional mechanisms for this procedure : Ohmic heating where the current that passes trough plasma heats it like the a lamp during its operation. Neutral beam injection where neutral particles are injected inside the reactor and give energy to the particles via collisions. Radiofrequency heating where we the plasma in the same way that we heat our food in a microwave oven. Plasma heating
- 20. Except from tritium we do not have any radioactive materials inside the reactor. ITER ’s Safety Any second inside the reactor there is less than a gram of fuel . The reaction can not continue unless we have fuel. After keeping in safety the components of the installation for 100 they are as radioactive as a plant that produces energy from coal.
- 21. Books Garry McCracken-Peter Strott, Fusion, the Energy of Universe ELSEVIER Academic press, Complementary Science Series, Copyright © 2005 ISBN: 0-12-481851-X. WebPages www.iter.org www.efda.org www.jet.efda.org www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr Bibliography
- 22. Thank you !
- 23. Neutral beam heating device
- 24. Radiofrequency heating Electron Hybrid Frequency 8 GHz Electron Cyclotron Frequency 200 GHz Ion Cyclotron Frequency 70 MHz In order to heat the plasma we have to use a Specific type of Radiofrequency For each kind of particle
Editor's Notes
- #6: - 10 times more than pour countries
- #7: -Dominant countries USA EU -Petrol 80% of our needs -Reserves/------------- by 2030 consumption -Coal no monopoly less harmful -fossil fuels harmful for the environment /greenhouse effect/acid rain
- #8: More ecological->but 1)Not continuous/Water? --------- France 80% electric energy…………Deduce harmful emit ions.
- #9: Jet JT-6OU
- #10: Larger project By Russia 1985 Many countries join….
- #13: By making a device that measures the atom’s mass Aston concluded that Many years later Einstein came to say that this mass defect is energy defect
- #14: Light nuclei too much energy per nucleon
- #17: Why should we use this reaction
- #23: Natural frequency