A REFRESHER COURSE
- 1. A REFRESHER COURSE FOR TECHNICIANS ON BASIC AUTOMOTIVE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
- 2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION COURSE OBJECTIVE; At the end of the course, participants should be able to understand and practically explain, (i) Basic automobile principles and applications (ii)Safety and categories of safety (iii)Entrepreneurship, its
- 3. GENERAL INTRODUCTION BASIC AUTOMOTIVE PRINCIPLES. Understand the principles of operation of an internal combustion engine Operating cycles: internal combustion engines (ICE) e.g. four-stroke spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) cycles, two-stroke cycle, ; identification of induction, compression, ignition, exhaust strokes, effects of bore, stroke, swept and
- 4. GENERAL NTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMOBILE VEHICLE Engine configurations and layout: orientation (longitudinal/transverse); Position of engine (front, mid and rear); cylinder arrangement eg single cylinder twin cylinder, four cylinder, six cylinder, eight cylinder; cylinder configuration e.g inline, vee, horizontally opposed arrangements; vehicle design and performance eg space saving, arrangements for power transmission, vehicle function (passenger, people carrier,
- 5. GENERAL NTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINES Engine components/assemblies: engine types eg four-stroke SI and CI, two-stroke cycle, Wankel (rotary); components and assemblies eg cylinder block (piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and bearings), cylinder head (camshaft, inlet/exhaust valves, valve operating mechanisms such as over head valve (ohv), single over head cam (sohc), double over head cam (dohc), variable valve timing); flywheel; inlet and exhaust manifolds
- 6. SAFETY What is safety? Safety can be seen as a state of being free from danger or a dangerous situation. While danger can be in form of hazard, accident or risk. Hazard; anything that can cause harm to an individual or group of persons. Accident; the occurrence of unintended damage, harm or injury. Risk; chances of being harmed due to exposure to unsafe situation.
- 7. SAFETY It is the responsibility of everyone in the workshop to work safely so as to avoid accidents that can lead to injuries, permanent disability or death. For better understanding of what safety is all about, it is further broken down into three arms; (i) Personal safety (ii) Equipment safety (iii)Workshop safety
- 8. SAFETY PERSONAL SAFETY; It concerns those things you do as an individual to reduce or completely prevent the chances of being involved in a dangerous situation. There are certain precautions one must take to protect oneself from injuries. WEARING PROTECTIVE GEARS. Eye protection; the eye is a very delicate part of the body which can be infected or permanently damaged by certain things in the workshop, therefore the use of eye protective equipment is very essential while working under a car, grinding or working with pressured gas or
- 9. WORKSHOP SAFTEY AND ARRANGEMENT AXLE STAND H Y D R A U L I C L I F T
- 10. ENTRPRENEURSHIP DEFINATION. Entrepreneurship can be defined as the capacity and willingness to develop, organise and manage a business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit. This involves identification f opportunities, evaluate them as viable, and then decide to exploit. The opportunity is developed by Entrepreneur to new products, services, firm to create wealth.
- 11. ENTREPRENUERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1. Passion and Motivation. 2. Risk taking. 3. Self-belief, hard work and disciplined dedication. 4. Adaptability and flexibility (sponge- like). 5. Understand your offering and its
- 12. ENTRPRENEURSHIP CHARACTERISTICS. The characteristics of a successful entrepreneur are listed below; 1. Passion and Motivation; An entrepreneur must be driven by the quest for deeper purpose beyond the sheer mechanics of operating business. Passion and motivations determined through the follow questionnaires; (i) Is there something that I can work on over and over again, without getting tired? (ii) Is there anything that keep me awake because I have not finished?
- 13. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTRPRENEUR (iii) Is there something that I have built and want to continue to improve upon again and again? (iv) Is there something I enjoyed the most and want to continue doing for the rest of my life? Your passion and motivation will determine your success in any entrepreneurial venture. 2 Risk taking; Entrepreneurs are risk takers, ready to dive deep into a future of uncertainty. Successful entrepreneurs are willing time and money on unknowns, but they also keep resources, plan and bandwidth for dealing with unknown. When valuing risk, a successful entrepreneur will ask himself, is this risk worth the cost of my career, time and money, and what will I do if this venture doesn’t payoff?
- 14. CHARACTERISTCI OF AN ENTREPRENEUR 3. Self-belief, hard work and disciplined dedication; Entrepreneurs enjoy what they do, believe in themselves and are confident and dedicated to their projects. 4. Adaptability and flexibility (sponge-like); Successful entrepreneur welcomes all suggestions for optimisation or customisation that enhance their offerings and satisfy clients and market needs.
- 15. CHARACTERISTCI OF AN ENTREPRENEUR 5. Understand your offerings and its markets; Entrepreneurs know their products, offerings inside and out. Remaining unaware of change, needs, competition moves and other expectations can bring even great product to failure. Money Management and Planning; It take time to get to profitability for any entrepreneurial venture. Till then, capital is limited and needs to be utilised wisely. Do a feasibility analysis, identify time and capital threshold, take a deep dive with your limited resources. If your thresholds are crossed, look for alternatives and be prepared to take the next exit.
- 16. HOW TO SET UP A MINI-MECHANICAL WORKSHOP. The basic requirements before you set up a mini-mechanical workshop are; (1)Technical know-how (competence). (2) Tools and (safety) equipment (3)Workshop space and a mini- store (4)Documents for records
- 17. HOW TO MANAGE A MINI-MECHANICAL WORKSHOP The basic procedure or routine operations required to manage a mini-mechanical workshop is outlined below; (1)Receive customer complaints (2)Verify/confirm faults by inspection/testrunning. (3)Create a job order (4)Take inventories of valuables (5)Plan repairs (locations, tools, parts and
- 18. CONTD. HOW TO MANAGE A MINI-WORKSHOP (6) Commence repairs. (7) Request for parts. (8) Test run the parts (9) Install using right tools (10) Complete repairs (11) Test run the vehicle or generator (12) Take inventory and wash (13) Prepare bill (14) Deliver to customer and get a feed back.
- 19. A TYPICAL STANDARD WORKSHOP
- 20. CUSTOMER RELATIONS Remember your business is set up to satisfy needs of, or render services to people who you will convert to your customers. Hence, your business is not about your products and services, or about prices you charge, or competitors etc. But it is all about customer. Must be customer focused including policy, warranty, payment options etc. The first question a potential customer will ask himself is, can this entrepreneur or technician meet my needs or solve this problems?
- 21. BASIC SYSTEMS IN AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES AND GENERATOR The basic systems in internal combustion engines are; (1)Fuel system (2)Cooling system (3)Lubricating system (4)Ignition system (5)Exhaust system
- 23. FUEL SYSTEM IN VEHICLE AND GENERATORS Understand the principles of operation of fuel supply systems Petrol combustion process: fuel principles e.g. composition of petrol, characteristics of petrol, composition of air, air/fuel ratio. combustion process e.g. mixing of fuel/air, flame spread, exhaust emissions; effects of pollutants/causes of undesirable emissions e.g. weak mixture, rich mixture, oil control problems; symptoms of incorrect combustion process e.g. detonation, pre-ignition; fuel supply method e.g. fuel injection, mechanical, fuel system components e.g. tank, petrol filter, air filter, supply/pressure pump, pressure regulator, injectors
- 24. FUEL SYSTEM IN DIESEL ENGINES Diesel combustion process: fuel principles e.g. composition of diesel, characteristics of diesel, air/fuel ratio; exhaust emissions e.g. normal, excess air, excess fuel, effects of pollutants; Fuel supply method e.g. rotary, inline, unit injector; fuel system components e.g. low pressure (tank, filter(s), supply pump), high
- 25. ALTERNATIVE FUEL SYSTEM Alternative fuel/power: systems e.g. liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, hydrogen, hybrid; adapted/additional components e.g. fuel tank, additional modifications, cooling system, management control system, performance; legislation e.g. emissions, tax, health
- 26. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM, (DIRECT INJECTION)
- 27. ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS: types of system e.g .air-cooled (cylinder construction, fan, shutters, thermostat), water-cooled (radiator, radiator cap, expansion tank, water pump, viscous/electric/mechanical fans, thermostat, hoses, types of coolant, level indication, anti-freeze protection, effects and prevention of corrosion); cooling control systems eg engine temperature sensor, ambient air temperature sensor, thermostatic control valves (mechanical and electrical), cooling air flow control (air flow control via flap for warm up); Engine management system eg overheating, fuel cut-off
- 28. ENGINE LUBRICATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS
- 29. ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM: system components e.g. wet/dry sumps, oil pump, pressure relief valve; engine oil types and filtration methods eg viscosity, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) rating, multi-grade oil; filters eg full flow or bypass; lubrication control systems e.g. sensors, level indicator (mechanical, electrical); pressure sensors e.g. absolute and gauge or lamp; low pressure safety system e.g. engine
- 30. PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINE PERIODIC/ ROUTINE MAINTENANCE Be able to carry out engine service and repair procedures Routine engine service: procedures e.g. changing engine lubricant, filters (air, lubricant, pollen, fuel), checking and adjusting engine timing (ignition, camshaft); working to instructions e.g. manufacturer’s service schedules/data, dealership work schedules/job cards; use of tools and equipment eg hand tools, vehicle lift equipment, oil drainer, on-board service indicators; safe working procedures e.g. personal and vehicle protection (personal protective equipment, vehicle covers, mats); control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH); safe disposal of waste products
- 31. PETROL/DIESEL CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE Major engine repair: procedures e.g. strip and inspect bore and crankshaft journals for wear, cylinder head for distortion, valves for seating and damage; working to instructions eg manufacturer’s repair manuals, web-based information, dealership work schedules/job cards/supervisor’s instructions; use of tools and equipment eg engine crane, chains, slings, torque wrenches, micrometers, dial test indicators (DTI), timing tools, locking devices, cleaning equipment; safe working procedures eg personal and vehicle protection (personal protective equipment, vehicle covers, mats), manual handling, use of lifting and support equipment, use of cleaning solvents; safe disposal of waste products
- 32. COURSE PRATICALS (PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINES) Practical details; Identification of parts Methods of diagnosis Methods of repairs.
- 34. THANK YOU