Instructional Design in Higher Education. A report on the role, workflow, and experience of instructional designers.
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The report explores the evolving role of instructional designers in higher education, highlighting their responsibilities in course design, faculty training, and project management to enhance online learning. With at least 13,000 instructional designers in the U.S., they face challenges such as faculty collaboration and misconceptions about online education. The findings aim to illustrate the diverse backgrounds and significant impact of instructional designers on student success within educational institutions.
![Instructional Design in Higher Education
3
Summary
of Findings
1. Design instructional materials and courses,
particularly for digital delivery
2. Manage the efforts of faculty, administration,
IT, other instructional designers, and others to
achieve better student learning
3. Train faculty to leverage technology and
implement pedagogy effectively
4. Support faculty when they run into technical
or instructional challenges
Instructional designers number at least 13,000 in the U.S alone.
Taking into account the difficulty of reaching people who identify as
instructional designers and those who do the same job without that
title, this number may be lower than the actual count. Although a
conservative estimate, 13,000 speaks to their current presence on
campuses.
They are highly and diversely qualified. Instructional designers
are far from one-size-fits-all and bring a wealth of knowledge and
experience to the table.
• 87% of respondents have masters’ degrees, and 32% have
doctoral degrees
• 87% of respondents have 3 to 11+ years in instructional design,
57% have 3 to 11+ years teaching in higher education, and 53%
have 3 to 11+ years in technology development
Contrary to popular belief, they do more than just design
instruction. There is a misconception that instructional designers are
just glorified IT personnel who simply move courses online. Survey
respondents described performing widely varied tasks day-to-day.
• Only 20% of respondents report creating new online courses
and 17% report transitioning face-to-face courses to a learning
management system multiple times a day
• 73% of respondents manage projects at least once a day
• 60% of respondents train someone in technology and 49% train
someone in the use of online pedagogy at least once a day
Most instructional designers have four categories of responsibilities:
Above all, they struggle to collaborate with faculty. Difficulty in
working with faculty is the number one barrier to success.
• Lack of time and resources were the next two most common
concerns
• The lack of buy-in from faculty is thought to stem from a
misconception about how online learning works:
“[T]he myth of online learning operating
like a crock pot—set it and forget it—creates
constant tension when I push instructors at all
levels for the all-important engagement
piece of teaching and learning.”
One thing is certain: instructional designers are dedicated to
improving learning with technology. Respondents declared their
primary goal is student success. They said that doing whatever it
takes to improve student learning outcomes is their job; they just
want the support of administration and faculty to fully realize their
capacity to improve the teaching and learning experience.
With this in mind, we hope this report furthers your appreciation for
the complex work of instructional designers and the potential change
that they can bring to higher education.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/if-instructional-design-in-higher-education-report-171204112510/85/Instructional-Design-in-Higher-Education-A-report-on-the-role-workflow-and-experience-of-instructional-designers-3-320.jpg)
![Instructional Design in Higher Education
7
ABOUT ROMAN
After finishing his bachelor’s
degree in English, Roman worked
for several years as a freelance
journalist and graphic designer
before returning to school for
a master’s in curriculum and
instruction. Roman recently got a
job at a large online competency-
based higher education provider
as an instructional designer.
Never one to like downtime, he
just started a PhD in English
with the goal of becoming
a university professor.
ABOUT ELLA
Ella studied chemistry in college.
After receiving her master’s in
teaching, she put her passion for
science education to work for 14
years as a middle school science
teacher. Looking for a change of
pace, she completed a master’s
in education technology and has
been working for the last 6 years
as an instructional technologist in
the Learning Technologies team
of the IT department in her state’s
flagship research university. She
hopes to continue working her
way up to a leadership role.
ABOUT NINA
Nina was a psychology major
fascinated by the study of how
people learn. She completed a
PhD in educational psychology,
and taught as adjunct faculty for
15 years. While continuing to
teach, she completed an MBA,
began leading the psychology
department, and spearheading
initiatives to utilize new
technologies for better learning
outcomes. Now Nina leads the
community college system’s
Center for Digital Learning, while
still occasionally teaching classes.
AGE
32 years old
INSTITUTION
Fully online non-profit
AGE
46 years old
INSTITUTION
Public research university
AGE
55 years old
INSTITUTION
Community college system
ROMAN
Instructional Designer
ELLA
Sr. Instructional Technologist
NINA
Director of Digital Learning
Personas
Wedevelopedthreepersonasderivedfromthedatawecollectedtoillustratethebreadthofbackgroundsandexperiencesofinstructional
designers.Entry-levelinstructionaldesignersrepresented14%ofthesurveypopulation,mid/senior-levelanddirector-levelinstructional
designers represented 72% and 14%, respectively.
“I work with subject matter experts
[SMEs] and graphic designers to
develop engaging and interactive
online content for higher education
courses.”
“I offer both one-on-one and group
assistance for faculty, helping them
implement effective, instructionally
sound course design strategies.
I also do project management
for larger university instructional
design intiatives.”
“Our mission is ‘partnering with
faculty to create effective, engaging,
and innovative instruction.’ I oversee
the instructional design team.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/if-instructional-design-in-higher-education-report-171204112510/85/Instructional-Design-in-Higher-Education-A-report-on-the-role-workflow-and-experience-of-instructional-designers-7-320.jpg)
![Instructional Design in Higher Education
8
Instructional
Educational
Curriculum
eLearning
Technologist
Designer
Developer
Media
Coordinator
Strategist
Specialist
Consultant
Title
DESIGN
DESIGN NEW OR REDEVELOP OLD COURSES
“I design and develop course materials/ideas to support the professor.
Whatever they ask, I find a way to accomplish, usually with free software.”
AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONAL CONTENT
“I write and design curriculum, both digital and paper, for instructors and
facilitators and provide them professional development.”
QA TESTER
“I make sure course resources meet accessibility and quality
assurance standards.”
TRAIN
TECHNOLOGY TRAINER
“I train faculty members on all tools used and the best practices for
teaching with those tools.”
PEDAGOGY TRAINER
“I teach faculty how to teach in the online environment.”
PD EFFORTS
“I develop and deliver professional development courses and programs and
coach/mentor new and experienced faculty in course design, curriculum,
assessment, active learning, theory and practice.”
MANAGE
PROJECT MANAGER
“I provide project management from cradle to grave for the course.”
CAMPAIGN FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
“I work to promote services and policies for our students and faculty
at a distance.”
LIAISON
“I work as a liaison between our academic administration, faculty,
curriculum designers, and IT.”
SUPPORT
LMS GO-TO
“I manage the fast-paced, high volume course management system
helpdesk with phone and email constituent requests.”
TIMELY SUPPORT
“I offer one-on-one consults for [faculty] looking to resolve anything
from technical problems to instructional challenges that can be met
using educational technologies.”
MIGRATE FACE-TO-FACE COURSES
“I assist faculty in digitizing and delivering their course content via an
online learning management system.”
The Job
Not only have we seen the definition of instructional design differ
from source to source, but we’ve also seen varying job titles between
practitioners. The most common title reported was ‘Instructional
Designer’ (49%). But, the remaining titles varied widely and
included the likes of ‘Instructional Technologist’, ‘Distance Education
Specialist’, ‘Academic Developer’, and ‘Online Learning Consultant.’
These titles follow a general formula (represented to the right) with
two or three of the following elements: an education-related prefix,
a technical root word, and a descriptive suffixed noun. As the
field of instructional design evolves, we expect that these titles will
continue to vary to reflect different responsibilities.
As we have noted, instructional designers wear many hats and their
actual duties fluctuate from day-to-day. We have categorized their
responsibilities into 4 roles to help capture the breadth of what
they do: designer, manager, trainer, and support. Instructional
designers expressed a strong desire to develop more of a pedagogical
supporting presence in all forms of teaching. And, in fact, some
instructional designers admitted to “using the LMS [learning
management system] as a Trojan Horse to get into a conversation
with [faculty] around their pedagogy.”
“While my title is ‘Instructional Designer’,
my actual duties vary from day-to-day.”
WHAT DO YOU ACTUALLY DO?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/if-instructional-design-in-higher-education-report-171204112510/85/Instructional-Design-in-Higher-Education-A-report-on-the-role-workflow-and-experience-of-instructional-designers-8-320.jpg)
![Instructional Design in Higher Education
10
“The need to engage with a very wide
[variety] of tech (from hardware in
classrooms to knowing about APIs for
mobile apps in our LMS) makes general
tech literacy very important to manage
overlapping projects.”
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Learning new technologies
Project management
Learning science/theory
Instructional design models
Strategic planning
Other
Teaching experience
Research
Multimedia production
Data analysis
Writing for publication
Graphic design
Coding
“I don’t think an instructional designer
has to have teaching experience, but the
experience does provide a perspective
that is useful not only in design but also
in managing relationships.”
“Coding could be very useful, but it is
not a skill I have!”
“I believe research should be a more
integral part of instructional design.
Passion for design is a critical skill.”
Not ImportantSomewhat ImportantVery Important
HOW IMPORTANT ARE THE FOLLOWING SKILLS/EXPERTISE IN YOUR CURRENT ROLE? (AGGREGATE RESULTS)
Skills
Respondents emphasized that being a ‘full-stack’ designer is key to
being a succesful instructional designer. Entry-level instructional
designers, like Roman, identified learning new technologies (88%),
project management (60%), and learning science/theory (57%)
as skills being very important to their role. Mid-level and senior
instructional designers, like Ella, felt similarly with more emphasis
on project management and learning science/theory (83%, 76%,
and 64% respectively). Directors, like Nina, spend significantly
more time managing and planning in their role and therefore
identified project management (89%), strategic planning (85%)
and learning new technologies (73%) as being very important skills
for their role.
“While a ‘jack-of-all-trades’ can get by in
instructional design, the best instructional
designers are ‘aces-of-many-trades’,
with authentic experience and training
in all aspects of the process.”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/if-instructional-design-in-higher-education-report-171204112510/85/Instructional-Design-in-Higher-Education-A-report-on-the-role-workflow-and-experience-of-instructional-designers-10-320.jpg)
![Instructional Design in Higher Education
12
Tools
In higher education, the access to tools that are productive,
interoperable, and user-friendly is minimal. This causes frustration
for instructional designers. We posed the question, “Who makes
decisions about the tools that are used in your day-to-day role?”
For tools that don’t require a subscription, instructional designers
told us they have the freedom to choose. But, the majority of
respondents reported that the choice of enterprise-level tools and
tools requiring a subscription is made by IT, department/center
heads, or administration. Faculty have influence as well. While many
frustrations were expressed, the most common was that ‘budgets
dictate tools used.’
There are several inconsistencies in the list of favorite and least
favorite tools reported by instructional designers. For example,
‘Adobe products’ is found on both lists. Also, the learning
management system ‘Canvas’ was listed as a favorite tool while
learning management system in general was the second least
favorite tool. These inconsistencies may suggest that there is no
collective agreement among instructional designers about what the
most useful tools are.
“Management choose[s] tools that are cheap
and never ask[s] about integration or accessibility.
Then we spend enormous amounts of time
trying to get them to work.”
Very little, I rarely get
to choose the digital
tools I use
Some, but usually just
providing feedback on
the digital tools I use
A lot, I usually get to
choose the digital
tools I use
47% 41%
12%
HOW MUCH SAY DO YOU HAVE IN CHOOSING THE
DIGITAL TOOLS YOU USE?
NeverLess than once a week
Once a weekOnce a dayMultiple times a day
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Authoring tools
Learning management
systems
Courseware
Open educational
resources
Multimedia tools
Design tools
Communication tools
Project management
tools
Other
HOW OFTEN DO YOU WORK WITH THE FOLLOWING DIGITAL TOOLS?
LEAST FAVORITE TOOLSFAVORITE TOOLS
1. Camtasia
2. Adobe products
3. Canvas
4. PowerPoint
5. Google Apps and Drive
6. Articulate Storyline
1. Blackboard
2. LMSs (in general)
3. Adobe products
4. PowerPoint
5. SharePoint
6. Outlook
WHAT ARE YOUR FAVORITE LEAST
FAVORITE DIGITAL TOOLS THAT YOU USE?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/if-instructional-design-in-higher-education-report-171204112510/85/Instructional-Design-in-Higher-Education-A-report-on-the-role-workflow-and-experience-of-instructional-designers-12-320.jpg)
![Instructional Design in Higher Education
15
Barriers to Success
According to our survey, the number one obstacle that
instructional designers face is a lack of faculty buy-in. This was
described by instructional designers as part lack of knowledge,
part lack of understanding. Faculty may be having a difficult
time integrating new methods and practices when they are
comfortable teaching what they know. Lack of time and
resources, and leadership and institutional issues also ranked
highly as barriers. Are we holding back improvements in higher
education by not empowering instructional designers?
WHAT IS THE BIGGEST OBSTACLE TO
SUCCESS IN YOUR WORK?
LACK OF TIME AND RESOURCES
Instructional designers report they don’t have the adequete time and
resources because they are playing so many roles in the institution.
• They are asked to do too much with too little time
“[I] have a tough time being able to meet with everyone who wants to
meet with me and do the actual production work my position expects of
me for the dozens of projects I’m responsible for at any given time.”
• They don’t have the necessary resources in terms of people
or funding
“I’m a one person army.”
• They don’t have the right tools and technology to conduct
their job efficiently
“Lack of good tools that are: affordable, have a reasonable learning curve,
and make it VERY easy to grant access to persons outside of our system
(e.g., subject matter experts) [is a barrier to success].”
LEADERSHIP AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES
Instructional designers express being held back from fully doing their
job by leadership and institutional structure.
• Leadership doesn’t understand the implications of their own
plans and initiatives
“Administrators above my level who do not have an education or
Instructional Design background impose the latest and greatest
technology on my work. They often learn about the cool new thing and see
it as a silver bullet without considering the true cost (not just financial)
of implementation.”
• Leadership doesn’t create structures to integrate
instructional designers and utilize them effectively
“The college administration has not created a programmatic model
for course design, development, and improvement that includes my
participation. The position was created with no plan for how to integrate
it into the course life cycle. It’s been nearly five years now...”
• Instructional designers lack ownership to make
improvements in the environments they work in
“I’m given a lot of responsibility for this online class but little authority
regarding larger pedagogical decisions. It’s frustrating as I have the
education and background to make these decisions and the person above
me doesn’t.”
NECESSITY OF FACULTY BUY-IN
The work of instructional designers requires constant faculty
collaboration. Respondents described how administration isn’t
currently incentivizing that relationship.
• The faculty’s and administration’s lack of understanding
about the instructional designer’s role and
possible contribution
“Faculty don’t really understand what instructional design is and have a
tough time realizing that I can help them in lots of ways. Most folks think
of me as LMS help.”
• A lack of incentive for faculty to get design help, guidance,
training, or support from instructional designers
“University faculty resistance [is a barrier] because there is no incentive to
change or improve their teaching.”
• Faculty that are not interested in changing their style
of teaching or reconsidering their pedagogy to teach
successfully in an online environment
“Faculty who do not believe in online learning and do not want to move to
the online environment [are a barrier to success].”
1. Lack of faculty buy-in
2. Time
3. Resources
4. Leadership/administration
5. Tools and technology
6. Institutional bureaucracy
7. Awareness
8. Project management
9. Pedagogy
10. Working with SMEs](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/if-instructional-design-in-higher-education-report-171204112510/85/Instructional-Design-in-Higher-Education-A-report-on-the-role-workflow-and-experience-of-instructional-designers-15-320.jpg)
Instructional Design in Higher Education. A report on the role, workflow, and experience of instructional designers.
- 1. Instructional Design in Higher Education APRIL 2016 A report on the role, workflow, and experience of instructional designers
- 2. 2 Learning — to some it is the sound of chalk on blackboards, the search through stacks of scribbled notes, and backpacks full of heavy textbooks. For others with a less traditional lens, learning is the summoning of professors with a click of a mouse, assignments no longer living on paper, but in a cloud, and the ‘classroom’ being everywhere. Education has changed considerably in recent years and we don’t expect it to slow down anytime soon. Because of the advancement of technology, institutions are able to reach more students than ever with the help of quality and accessible online courses. ‘eLearning’, ‘distance education’, ‘blended learning’, ‘online campuses,’ and other related programs have grown more prominent in higher education institutions. According to NCES data, there were 5.5 million students enrolled in distance education courses at degree-granting postsecondary institutions in fall of 2013.1 There are many technologies flooding the market that help foster innovative teaching and learning. These tools, such as learning management systems, lecture capture systems, simulation creators, authoring, and video and audio tools, have flooded into the classrooms and lecture halls of higher education. However, the inference that these innovative tools aid learning should not be immediately assumed. With faculties’ full work load, learning and implementing new and often complex tools to improve their online pedagogy isn’t a priority. In fact, as the needs and tools of institutions have evolved, instructional designers have positioned themselves as pivotal players in the design and delivery of learning experiences. Instructional designers exist to bridge the gap between faculty instruction and student online learning. But who, exactly, are instructional designers? What do they do? Where do they fit in higher education? In connection with the Next Generation Courseware Challenge from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, we set out to find answers to these questions to help technology providers and institutions gain a better understanding about how instructional designers are utilized and their potential impact on student success. Introduction Acknowledgments For making this possible, we’d like to thank first and foremost the many instructional designers who advised and participated in this research. Special thanks also goes to: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for funding and encouraging our exploration; the Acrobatiq team for identifying this need and providing sage advice throughout the process; countless folks from the Next Generation Courseware Challenge grantee community; and the Online Learning Consortium, EdSurge, The New Media Consortium, and EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative for all their advice and help in dissemination. Lastly, we’d like to thank Jack Horne for his help in analyzing our quantitative survey results. This report is based on research funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In this report, we highlight the opinions instructional designers have of their backgrounds, experiences, and roles. We hope it lends a voice to their breadth of backgrounds, responsibilities, and viewpoints. This report, and the accompanying recommendations for change, can help you gain new insight and empathy for the potential of instructional design to accelerate effective innovation in higher education. 1 https://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/display.asp?id=80
- 3. Instructional Design in Higher Education 3 Summary of Findings 1. Design instructional materials and courses, particularly for digital delivery 2. Manage the efforts of faculty, administration, IT, other instructional designers, and others to achieve better student learning 3. Train faculty to leverage technology and implement pedagogy effectively 4. Support faculty when they run into technical or instructional challenges Instructional designers number at least 13,000 in the U.S alone. Taking into account the difficulty of reaching people who identify as instructional designers and those who do the same job without that title, this number may be lower than the actual count. Although a conservative estimate, 13,000 speaks to their current presence on campuses. They are highly and diversely qualified. Instructional designers are far from one-size-fits-all and bring a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table. • 87% of respondents have masters’ degrees, and 32% have doctoral degrees • 87% of respondents have 3 to 11+ years in instructional design, 57% have 3 to 11+ years teaching in higher education, and 53% have 3 to 11+ years in technology development Contrary to popular belief, they do more than just design instruction. There is a misconception that instructional designers are just glorified IT personnel who simply move courses online. Survey respondents described performing widely varied tasks day-to-day. • Only 20% of respondents report creating new online courses and 17% report transitioning face-to-face courses to a learning management system multiple times a day • 73% of respondents manage projects at least once a day • 60% of respondents train someone in technology and 49% train someone in the use of online pedagogy at least once a day Most instructional designers have four categories of responsibilities: Above all, they struggle to collaborate with faculty. Difficulty in working with faculty is the number one barrier to success. • Lack of time and resources were the next two most common concerns • The lack of buy-in from faculty is thought to stem from a misconception about how online learning works: “[T]he myth of online learning operating like a crock pot—set it and forget it—creates constant tension when I push instructors at all levels for the all-important engagement piece of teaching and learning.” One thing is certain: instructional designers are dedicated to improving learning with technology. Respondents declared their primary goal is student success. They said that doing whatever it takes to improve student learning outcomes is their job; they just want the support of administration and faculty to fully realize their capacity to improve the teaching and learning experience. With this in mind, we hope this report furthers your appreciation for the complex work of instructional designers and the potential change that they can bring to higher education.
- 4. Instructional Design in Higher Education 4 Methodology We set out to understand the role of the instructional designer because there is so little public awareness of them. Due to this lack of awareness, our survey and analysis methods targeted places where people were already using the title and identified instructional design as a field. Canvassing Survey Design We began by exploring publicly available resources and interviewing instructional designers. The survey was created using Survey Monkey based on preliminary research, as well as interviews of instructional designers and external knowledgeable partners. Survey Dissemination We distributed the survey to hundreds of individuals working in the field via professional organizations, listservs, and social media groups. Those that we know disseminated this to their communities include: • Several Next Generation Courseware Grantees • Online Learning Consortium (OLC) • EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative (ELI) • New Media Consortium (NMC) Survey Analysis To determine target audience, we used the following questions: • “Do you work in instructional design, instructional technology, course design, or a related field?” • “What type of organization do you work for?” These questions allowed us to analyze responses from participants who were or are currently instructional designers and work in higher education institutions. For closed-ended questions, we primarily utilized Survey Monkey’s charts, graphs and tables. In all cases within the report, we’ve rounded percentages up to the nearest whole number. With open ended questions, we used Survey Monkey’s text analysis software wherever possible to simply communicate which words and phrases were most common in the responses. For several open ended questions, we categorized responses by hand to obtain clearer and more comprehensive results. We used our best judgement based on read-throughs of all responses to come up with these categories. For aggregate results of our survey, please see page 6 in the appendix. Sizing and Breakdown We were happily surprised with the 853 total responses we received to our survey ‘Instructional Design in Higher Education,’ including: • 780 of whom responded that they both worked for a ‘higher education institution’ and in ‘instructional design, instructional technology, course design, or a related field’ • 586 of whom were based in the United States of America According to NCES data there are 4,716 degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the U.S. (fall 2013).1 Our quantitative data estimates there are at least 13,000 instructional designers working at those institutions. Based on our U.S. survey responses, they work at institutions of all shapes and sizes: For an in-depth analysis of how we arrived at this estimate, please see our separately linked appendix. If you have any other questions or feedback about this report, please reach out to research@intentionalfutures.com. 20 100 200 10 5 50 SPECIAL ASSOC BACC MASTERS RESEARCH/DOC These are conservative estimates, broken down by Carnegie Classifications of Institutions. For more information, please see our methodology section on page 2 in the separately linked appendix. MEDIAN NUMBER OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNERS BY TYPE OF INSTITUTION 1 https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d14/tables/dt14_317.40.asp
- 5. Contents 5Instructional Design in Higher Education Instructional Design in Higher Education 2 INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 4 METHODOLOGY 6 THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER 7 PERSONAS 8 THE JOB 9 A DAY IN THE LIFE 10 SKILLS 11 PEOPLE PLACES 12 TOOLS 13 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT 14 CAREER PATH 15 BARRIERS TO SUCCESS 16 CALLS TO ACTION APPENDIX - SIZING SURVEY RESULTS
- 6. Instructional Design in Higher Education 6 The Instructional Designer Instructional designers are far from one-size-fits-all. Based on our survey results, instructional designers are 67% female and their average age is 45. Instructional designers tend to be highly and diversely educated. For example, amongst those with master’s degrees, 72% received a title related to education, including ‘Master’s in Teaching’, ‘Instructional Design and Technology’, ‘Curriculum Development’, ‘Educational Administration’, and ‘Library Studies’. A significant percentage studied something else entirely, such as mechanical engineering, aquaculture, divinity, or business. Many instructional designers have a breadth of work experience. Folks emphasized their experience in areas such as web design, libraries, educational publishing, and unrelated fields like computer programming, journalism, architecture, and photography. 67% Female IDs ARE YOU MALE OR FEMALE? 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 18-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ 7% 29% 24% 9% 31% WHAT IS YOUR AGE? Common Words in Master’s Degree Titles 1. Instructional 2. Educational Tech 3. Learning 4. Science 5. Development 6. English 7. Masters 8. Studies 9. Teaching 10. Management 11. Administration 12. Distance Education 13. Adult Education 14. MBA 15. Communication 16. History 17. Psychology 18. Tech 19. Business 20. Higher Education Master’s PhD 87% 32% IN WHICH AREAS HAVE YOU RECEIVED A DEGREE? 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Instructional Design Teaching in HE Tech. Dev. Other Academic Research Admin. Graphic Design Teaching in K-12 Corp. eLearning None0-2 yrs3-5 yrs6-10 yrs11+ yrs HOW MANY YEARS OF EXPERIENCE DO YOU HAVE IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING AREAS?
- 7. Instructional Design in Higher Education 7 ABOUT ROMAN After finishing his bachelor’s degree in English, Roman worked for several years as a freelance journalist and graphic designer before returning to school for a master’s in curriculum and instruction. Roman recently got a job at a large online competency- based higher education provider as an instructional designer. Never one to like downtime, he just started a PhD in English with the goal of becoming a university professor. ABOUT ELLA Ella studied chemistry in college. After receiving her master’s in teaching, she put her passion for science education to work for 14 years as a middle school science teacher. Looking for a change of pace, she completed a master’s in education technology and has been working for the last 6 years as an instructional technologist in the Learning Technologies team of the IT department in her state’s flagship research university. She hopes to continue working her way up to a leadership role. ABOUT NINA Nina was a psychology major fascinated by the study of how people learn. She completed a PhD in educational psychology, and taught as adjunct faculty for 15 years. While continuing to teach, she completed an MBA, began leading the psychology department, and spearheading initiatives to utilize new technologies for better learning outcomes. Now Nina leads the community college system’s Center for Digital Learning, while still occasionally teaching classes. AGE 32 years old INSTITUTION Fully online non-profit AGE 46 years old INSTITUTION Public research university AGE 55 years old INSTITUTION Community college system ROMAN Instructional Designer ELLA Sr. Instructional Technologist NINA Director of Digital Learning Personas Wedevelopedthreepersonasderivedfromthedatawecollectedtoillustratethebreadthofbackgroundsandexperiencesofinstructional designers.Entry-levelinstructionaldesignersrepresented14%ofthesurveypopulation,mid/senior-levelanddirector-levelinstructional designers represented 72% and 14%, respectively. “I work with subject matter experts [SMEs] and graphic designers to develop engaging and interactive online content for higher education courses.” “I offer both one-on-one and group assistance for faculty, helping them implement effective, instructionally sound course design strategies. I also do project management for larger university instructional design intiatives.” “Our mission is ‘partnering with faculty to create effective, engaging, and innovative instruction.’ I oversee the instructional design team.”
- 8. Instructional Design in Higher Education 8 Instructional Educational Curriculum eLearning Technologist Designer Developer Media Coordinator Strategist Specialist Consultant Title DESIGN DESIGN NEW OR REDEVELOP OLD COURSES “I design and develop course materials/ideas to support the professor. Whatever they ask, I find a way to accomplish, usually with free software.” AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONAL CONTENT “I write and design curriculum, both digital and paper, for instructors and facilitators and provide them professional development.” QA TESTER “I make sure course resources meet accessibility and quality assurance standards.” TRAIN TECHNOLOGY TRAINER “I train faculty members on all tools used and the best practices for teaching with those tools.” PEDAGOGY TRAINER “I teach faculty how to teach in the online environment.” PD EFFORTS “I develop and deliver professional development courses and programs and coach/mentor new and experienced faculty in course design, curriculum, assessment, active learning, theory and practice.” MANAGE PROJECT MANAGER “I provide project management from cradle to grave for the course.” CAMPAIGN FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN “I work to promote services and policies for our students and faculty at a distance.” LIAISON “I work as a liaison between our academic administration, faculty, curriculum designers, and IT.” SUPPORT LMS GO-TO “I manage the fast-paced, high volume course management system helpdesk with phone and email constituent requests.” TIMELY SUPPORT “I offer one-on-one consults for [faculty] looking to resolve anything from technical problems to instructional challenges that can be met using educational technologies.” MIGRATE FACE-TO-FACE COURSES “I assist faculty in digitizing and delivering their course content via an online learning management system.” The Job Not only have we seen the definition of instructional design differ from source to source, but we’ve also seen varying job titles between practitioners. The most common title reported was ‘Instructional Designer’ (49%). But, the remaining titles varied widely and included the likes of ‘Instructional Technologist’, ‘Distance Education Specialist’, ‘Academic Developer’, and ‘Online Learning Consultant.’ These titles follow a general formula (represented to the right) with two or three of the following elements: an education-related prefix, a technical root word, and a descriptive suffixed noun. As the field of instructional design evolves, we expect that these titles will continue to vary to reflect different responsibilities. As we have noted, instructional designers wear many hats and their actual duties fluctuate from day-to-day. We have categorized their responsibilities into 4 roles to help capture the breadth of what they do: designer, manager, trainer, and support. Instructional designers expressed a strong desire to develop more of a pedagogical supporting presence in all forms of teaching. And, in fact, some instructional designers admitted to “using the LMS [learning management system] as a Trojan Horse to get into a conversation with [faculty] around their pedagogy.” “While my title is ‘Instructional Designer’, my actual duties vary from day-to-day.” WHAT DO YOU ACTUALLY DO?
- 9. Instructional Design in Higher Education 9 A Day in the Life ROMAN Instructional Designer Itmayseemdifficulttovisualizeplayingallfourrolesinoneday.Let’sbringbackourpersona,Roman,toseehowtheserolescouldplayout. 7:00am Respond to e-mails, Slack messages Check project calendars for current projects, set goals for day 8:00am Brainstorm ideas for new Anatomy 402 course. Start building in Storyline 9:00am Conference Room B Meet with SME: Dr. Lyman to kickoff new course design 12:00pm Lunch and open office hour 5:00pm Conference call with video producer and graphics designer about progress 6:00pm At Beam Hall Check in with science department head about closed captioning on videos 7:00pm Answer e-mails, go home 10:00am Room M17 in West Wing 1:1 with Professor Nigel. RE: Blackboard issues 11:00am Room 316 in Canterbury Hall 1:1 with Professor Singh. RE: Student engagement 1:00-3:00pm Room 301 in Baker Auditorium Teaching a professional development class for faculty. RE: Using chat discussion forums in your class 3:00-4:00pm Create rubric for evaluating course quality DESIGN TRAIN MANAGE SUPPORT HOW OFTEN DO YOU UNDERTAKE THE FOLLOWING TASKS IN YOUR WORK? 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Produce multimedia Managing projects Technology training Create new online courses Transition F2F courses Teaching courses Pedagogical training Evaluate course quality Other Accessibility requirements Move courses between LMS NeverLess than once a weekOnce a weekOnce a dayMultiple times a day
- 10. Instructional Design in Higher Education 10 “The need to engage with a very wide [variety] of tech (from hardware in classrooms to knowing about APIs for mobile apps in our LMS) makes general tech literacy very important to manage overlapping projects.” 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Learning new technologies Project management Learning science/theory Instructional design models Strategic planning Other Teaching experience Research Multimedia production Data analysis Writing for publication Graphic design Coding “I don’t think an instructional designer has to have teaching experience, but the experience does provide a perspective that is useful not only in design but also in managing relationships.” “Coding could be very useful, but it is not a skill I have!” “I believe research should be a more integral part of instructional design. Passion for design is a critical skill.” Not ImportantSomewhat ImportantVery Important HOW IMPORTANT ARE THE FOLLOWING SKILLS/EXPERTISE IN YOUR CURRENT ROLE? (AGGREGATE RESULTS) Skills Respondents emphasized that being a ‘full-stack’ designer is key to being a succesful instructional designer. Entry-level instructional designers, like Roman, identified learning new technologies (88%), project management (60%), and learning science/theory (57%) as skills being very important to their role. Mid-level and senior instructional designers, like Ella, felt similarly with more emphasis on project management and learning science/theory (83%, 76%, and 64% respectively). Directors, like Nina, spend significantly more time managing and planning in their role and therefore identified project management (89%), strategic planning (85%) and learning new technologies (73%) as being very important skills for their role. “While a ‘jack-of-all-trades’ can get by in instructional design, the best instructional designers are ‘aces-of-many-trades’, with authentic experience and training in all aspects of the process.”
- 11. Instructional Design in Higher Education 11 People Places The instructional designers surveyed reported working most frequently with faculty/instructional staff, other instructional designers, and subject matter experts. Interestingly, that is not the extent of the instructional designer’s circle of collaboration. Many respondents interact multiple times a day with librarians, students, education technology providers, IT specialists, and others. The most common scenario where you can find an instructional designer is on a team of 2-5, in the Distance/Online/eLearning center, in the Academic Affairs department, and in a Research/Doctoral institution. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Students Faculty/instructional staff Subject matter experts IT specialists Multimedia specialists Librarians Non-academic departmental staff Senior leadership/administrators Other instructional designers Education technology providers Other NeverLess than once a weekOnce a weekOnce a dayMultiple times a day HOW OFTEN DO YOU WORK WITH THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE? 1 ID 10% 2-5 IDs 31% 6-10 IDs 16% 11-20 IDs 16% 20+ IDs 26% Continuinged.25% Academic affairs 38% IT 22 % Other15% Research/doct oral 50% Master’s 20% Bac c.10% Assoc.13% Instructional O ther(IT/support, design/tech24% Teaching AndLearning 20% etc.31% Special focus 6% Center for lib raries,innovation, Type of Institution Department Center Number of IDs on Staff Distance/online/ eLearning 25% WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE TEAM, DEPARTMENT, AND OFFICE YOUR POSITION IS MOST CLOSELY IDENTIFIED WITH? ID = Instructional Designer
- 12. Instructional Design in Higher Education 12 Tools In higher education, the access to tools that are productive, interoperable, and user-friendly is minimal. This causes frustration for instructional designers. We posed the question, “Who makes decisions about the tools that are used in your day-to-day role?” For tools that don’t require a subscription, instructional designers told us they have the freedom to choose. But, the majority of respondents reported that the choice of enterprise-level tools and tools requiring a subscription is made by IT, department/center heads, or administration. Faculty have influence as well. While many frustrations were expressed, the most common was that ‘budgets dictate tools used.’ There are several inconsistencies in the list of favorite and least favorite tools reported by instructional designers. For example, ‘Adobe products’ is found on both lists. Also, the learning management system ‘Canvas’ was listed as a favorite tool while learning management system in general was the second least favorite tool. These inconsistencies may suggest that there is no collective agreement among instructional designers about what the most useful tools are. “Management choose[s] tools that are cheap and never ask[s] about integration or accessibility. Then we spend enormous amounts of time trying to get them to work.” Very little, I rarely get to choose the digital tools I use Some, but usually just providing feedback on the digital tools I use A lot, I usually get to choose the digital tools I use 47% 41% 12% HOW MUCH SAY DO YOU HAVE IN CHOOSING THE DIGITAL TOOLS YOU USE? NeverLess than once a week Once a weekOnce a dayMultiple times a day 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Authoring tools Learning management systems Courseware Open educational resources Multimedia tools Design tools Communication tools Project management tools Other HOW OFTEN DO YOU WORK WITH THE FOLLOWING DIGITAL TOOLS? LEAST FAVORITE TOOLSFAVORITE TOOLS 1. Camtasia 2. Adobe products 3. Canvas 4. PowerPoint 5. Google Apps and Drive 6. Articulate Storyline 1. Blackboard 2. LMSs (in general) 3. Adobe products 4. PowerPoint 5. SharePoint 6. Outlook WHAT ARE YOUR FAVORITE LEAST FAVORITE DIGITAL TOOLS THAT YOU USE?
- 13. Instructional Design in Higher Education 13 JOURNALS WEBSITES CONFERENCES BOOKS BLOGS OTHER Professional Development To keep up with the demand for rigorous and quality online learning experiences, instructional designers benefit from a variety of materials, communities, and support systems. Participants of the survey were asked to list journals, blogs, conferences, etc. that best develop their skills and knowledge. The most frequently referenced resources in each category are outlined below. WHAT SOURCES DO YOU READ/FOLLOW TO STAY UP ON YOUR FIELD? � Chronicle of Higher Education � EDUCAUSE Review � TechTrends � Journal of Online Learning and Teaching (JOLT) � Association for Educational Communications Technology � Hybrid Pedagogy � “Make it Stick,” Peter C. Brown � “How Learning Works,” Susan A. Ambrose, et al � “Design for How People Learn,” Julie Dirksen � “Understanding by Design,” Grant Wiggins, et al � “e-Learning by Design,” Horton � Work by Palloff Pratt � EDUCAUSE � Online Learning Consortium � Inside Higher Ed � Chronicle of Higher Education � Faculty Focus � The eLearning Guild � eLearning Heroes � e-Literate � Rapid eLearning � Cathy Moore � Bryan Alexander � Audrey Watters (Hack Edu.) � SHIFT e-Learning � ProfHacker � EDUCAUSE/Learning Initiative � Online Learning Consortium � Quality Matters � eLearning Guild � Association for Talent Development (ATD) � Instructional Technology Council � Newsletters, including NCAT � Related videos on YouTube, TED and Lynda.com � Listservs, including WCET � EDUCAUSE � Online magazines: Campus Technology � Related articles on Flipboard
- 14. Instructional Design in Higher Education 14 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% ENTRY LEVEL MID/SENIOR LEVEL DIRECTOR LEVEL Progress in current role Obtain higher degree Admin/Managerial Not sure Transition out of higher ed Retirement Faculty position Admin/Managerial Progress in current role Not sure Obtain higher degree Retirement Transition out of higher ed Faculty position Admin/Managerial Progress in current role Retirement Transition out of higher ed Not sure Obtain higher degree Faculty position ROMAN Instructional Designer ELLA Sr. Instructional Technologist NINA Director of Digital Learning Career Path In order to understand how instructional designers position themselves in the workforce and gain insight into their aspirations, we asked survey participants to look into the future, near or far, and tell us their next career move. Those career paths can be sectioned into three main tracks: the academic route (obtain higher degree, assume faculty or admin/ managerial role), transitioning out of higher education (to a consulting role, the private sector, freelance, or a different career), or forgoing a change altogether (they’d like to progress in current position, are not sure of their next career move, or are waiting for retirement). “It’s actually really tough to think about growth paths for instructional designers. Long story short: there really aren’t any!” WHAT IS THE NEXT STEP IN YOUR CAREER?
- 15. Instructional Design in Higher Education 15 Barriers to Success According to our survey, the number one obstacle that instructional designers face is a lack of faculty buy-in. This was described by instructional designers as part lack of knowledge, part lack of understanding. Faculty may be having a difficult time integrating new methods and practices when they are comfortable teaching what they know. Lack of time and resources, and leadership and institutional issues also ranked highly as barriers. Are we holding back improvements in higher education by not empowering instructional designers? WHAT IS THE BIGGEST OBSTACLE TO SUCCESS IN YOUR WORK? LACK OF TIME AND RESOURCES Instructional designers report they don’t have the adequete time and resources because they are playing so many roles in the institution. • They are asked to do too much with too little time “[I] have a tough time being able to meet with everyone who wants to meet with me and do the actual production work my position expects of me for the dozens of projects I’m responsible for at any given time.” • They don’t have the necessary resources in terms of people or funding “I’m a one person army.” • They don’t have the right tools and technology to conduct their job efficiently “Lack of good tools that are: affordable, have a reasonable learning curve, and make it VERY easy to grant access to persons outside of our system (e.g., subject matter experts) [is a barrier to success].” LEADERSHIP AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES Instructional designers express being held back from fully doing their job by leadership and institutional structure. • Leadership doesn’t understand the implications of their own plans and initiatives “Administrators above my level who do not have an education or Instructional Design background impose the latest and greatest technology on my work. They often learn about the cool new thing and see it as a silver bullet without considering the true cost (not just financial) of implementation.” • Leadership doesn’t create structures to integrate instructional designers and utilize them effectively “The college administration has not created a programmatic model for course design, development, and improvement that includes my participation. The position was created with no plan for how to integrate it into the course life cycle. It’s been nearly five years now...” • Instructional designers lack ownership to make improvements in the environments they work in “I’m given a lot of responsibility for this online class but little authority regarding larger pedagogical decisions. It’s frustrating as I have the education and background to make these decisions and the person above me doesn’t.” NECESSITY OF FACULTY BUY-IN The work of instructional designers requires constant faculty collaboration. Respondents described how administration isn’t currently incentivizing that relationship. • The faculty’s and administration’s lack of understanding about the instructional designer’s role and possible contribution “Faculty don’t really understand what instructional design is and have a tough time realizing that I can help them in lots of ways. Most folks think of me as LMS help.” • A lack of incentive for faculty to get design help, guidance, training, or support from instructional designers “University faculty resistance [is a barrier] because there is no incentive to change or improve their teaching.” • Faculty that are not interested in changing their style of teaching or reconsidering their pedagogy to teach successfully in an online environment “Faculty who do not believe in online learning and do not want to move to the online environment [are a barrier to success].” 1. Lack of faculty buy-in 2. Time 3. Resources 4. Leadership/administration 5. Tools and technology 6. Institutional bureaucracy 7. Awareness 8. Project management 9. Pedagogy 10. Working with SMEs
- 16. Instructional Design in Higher Education 16 To end this report, we’d like to provide a few recommendations to enable stakeholders to fully utilize their instructional designers. RECOMMENDATIONS Here are a few ways we think different roles can help instructional designers become game changers: • Institutional leaders and administration - Involve instructional designers early, often, and throughout your technology transition. Develop clear standards that are expressed to all participants — institutional leaders, instructional designers, faculty, and students. Also, think about incentivising faculty to work with instructional designers from the get-go. Survey respondents made clear that they’d like more resources allocated to their work, which could have a high return on investment in terms of student success. • Faculty - We know student success is top priority for you. An instructional designer can help you engage your students and give you more class time by using online tools. There is potential impact to be made for your students by collaborating and using new technologies that instructional designers can guide you to. They share your goal and want to see you shine for your students. • Technology providers - Emphasize instructional designers as key stakeholders that will be using and teaching others how to use your products. As stated previously, 47% of respondents said they get to choose the digital tools they use. Invest the time and resources necessary to discover the qualities of tools instructional designers consider to be effective and efficient. • General audience - You are reading this report and that is a great start! Continue your learning and investigation of the work of instructional designers and their impact on student learning. Join in on the conversations about instructional design at your local institution and those already happening online. Calls to Action AREAS FOR FURTHER INQUIRY The insights this report provides, though illuminating, are only the reflection of a portion of instructional designers’ voices. We propose these areas for further thought and inquiry: • What are the perceptions of faculty and administration about what instructional designers do? • What strategies have instructional designers found effective in helping generate faculty buy-in and trust? • Does a network of instructional designers exist? If not, how can one be established? • How can instructional designers be better utilized? • What are students’ needs for successfully learning online? How do those needs change from institution to institution? • What does a model institution dedicated to scaling online courseware look like? Do instructional designers play a key role? • What institutional practices can improve the career pathways of instructional designers? Please check out our appendix if you are interested in additional details on methodology and data from our survey results. And feel free to reach out to research@intentionalfutures.com with any further questions. Thank you for reading.