A Review of Cyber Security Challenges, Attacks and Solutions for Internet Based Home Automation System

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 621
A Review of Cyber Security Challenges, Attacks and Solutions for
Internet Based Home Automation System
Sudheer K. T1
1Lecturer in Computer Engineering, IPT & Government Polytechnic College, Shoranur, Kerala, India
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Abstract - Platforms for home automation make it simple
for users to automate many different physical components
of their houses. Customers are starting to grasp the
potential of smart home appliances to enhance the standard
of domestic life, which is causing them to become more
popular. The core of IoT is the ability to remotely manage
and observe physical objects (things) over the Internet. The
Internet of Things (IoT) idea has recently been used to
automate, improve, and secure the home environment. The
major significant obstacles to establishing a smart home
application, however, have been highlighted as regulating
privacy and security in smart home environments. In this
paper, reviews some recent articles about the most
prevalent cyber security problems and cyber-attacks that
take advantage of the weak points of smart home
environments. In addition, significant findings on security,
threats, and vulnerabilities related to smart homes will be
covered in this paper. This study concludes by making some
suggestions and recommendations for practical security
measures that could be used to reduce cyber-attacks on
internet-based smart homes.
Key Words: Cyber Security, Smart Home, Home
Automation, IoT, Vulnerability, Threat, Privacy
1.INTRODUCTION
Since the late 1970s, the idea of home automation has
been in existence. Yet, as technology and services have
developed, so have people's expectations of what a home
should be able to accomplish and how those services
should be offered and accessed at home. This has also
impacted how people see home automation systems.
When comparing various home automation systems over
time, we can see that each one has made an effort to give
homeowners quick, easy, and secure access to their
properties. The function of a home automation system has
not changed, despite changes in user expectations,
technological advancements, or the passage of time.
The work of John J. Greichen [1] covered some of the initial
difficulties that home automation systems encountered.
High manufacturing costs, high development costs, high
installation costs, extra service and support costs, a lack of
home automation standards, consumer technology
illiteracy, and complicated user interfaces are a few of
them. As time went on, technology and computing power
advanced quickly, which significantly decreased the cost
and size of devices. Because of all of these considerations,
electronic devices are now quite popular, and people are
no longer unsure or perplexed about how to use
computers, smartphones, or tablets. In addition, other
interface, communication, and home automation
standards, including X10 [2], ZigBee [3], LonTalk [4], and
CEBus [5], were developed throughout time. All of these
elements helped early home automation systems address
their problems and worries, which increased the appeal
and acceptance of automated homes. The study done by
A.J. Brush et al. [6] addresses the primary challenges faced
by contemporary home automation systems, including
their high total cost, lack of flexibility caused by the
integration of many devices, lack of trustworthy home
devices, confusing user interfaces, and dependency on
knowledgeable consultants. Poor manageability and a lack
of convincing security are the results of all these factors.
Internet of things (IoT) refers to various electronic devices
and objects that are able to connect, and transfer data
through the seamlessly Internet [7]. In order to satisfy
user needs and add value and convenience to our
everyday activities, the adoption of IoT devices in the
home environment has significantly expanded over the
past few years. [8][9]. IoT technologies are utilized to
make homes smarter in order to increase security,
effectiveness, and comfort. Today's smart homes have a
wide range of devices, including several cameras,
microphones, sensors, actuators, device controllers, and
home databases that can be accessed remotely for the
user's convenience. These devices and the home database
contain a variety of personal data about the people who
reside in a house, including health and financial
information, videos, images, live feeds from the house,
daily routines, favorite music, and even personal diaries.
Various devices employed, bring distinct security
vulnerabilities to the smart home. Hence, if or when these
contemporary homes are penetrated, they pose a bigger
threat to the privacy and physical wellness of the residents
than ever before. Automation of the house [10] [11], its
accessibility via the Internet [12] or mobile phones [13]
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[14], energy conservation [15], technology-assisted senior
citizen living [16], and security [17] have all been the
subject of extensive research.
Hence, the smart home domain is considered as the main
factor of the Internet future [18] [19]. However, privacy
and security in IoT environments have been identified as
the key barriers of the smart home and they require
attention. [20][21][22]. In addition, there is no well-
established practice from governments to enforce IoT-
industries to design IoT devices with high security and
privacy standards [23]. Additionally, the difficulties of
integrating IoT devices in homes could be exacerbated by
the complexity and heterogeneity of massively networked
services and devices. [22][24][25].
Many hardware design constraints, such as processing
unit, energy, and storage limitations, are present in the
heterogeneous smart home devices, making it more
difficult to apply conventional security solutions. [26].
Moreover, the home services and the sensitive information
should be protected against any malicious attacks that
exploit the vulnerabilities of traditional security and
monitoring system [27]. Thus, the smart home
environment needs superior security methods and daily
monitoring, backup, and software updating [28] [29].
Developing a lightweight IoT solution that satisfies the
security requirement in terms of confidentiality and
integrity becomes a hot topic in the recent research
studies [19][30]. This is mostly because more countries
are beginning to put stricter security rules on IoT
companies. Therefore, security can no longer be looked as
an additional feature, instead, it must be considered as a
core built-in system [31].This paper mainly focuses on the
security aspect of home automation.
2. SMART HOMES ARCHITECTURE
Internet based communication in home automation
systems is a very popular choice. The Internet is a fairly
common form of communication in the modern world
because it is easily expandable, versatile in terms of access
and easy to use. So the hardware and the network
required for access is readily available, offers high
bandwidth, very low communication cost, and devices can
connect to and disconnect from the network easily. The
features like these make the Internet such an attractive
choice. Devices with user interfaces including laptops, cell
phones, PCs, and tablets are widely available and are a
part of many people's daily life. Hence, integrating home
automation into these already-popular user devices
appears to be a logical next step. Figure 1 shows the
components of a typical home automation system using
the Internet.
Fig – 1: Components of Internet-Based Home Automation
System
The User Interface (UI): UIs are usually web pages or any
Android/iOS/Windows applications developed. These
applications or a web browser can be used by a user to
connect to their house from a portable device over the
Internet. A username and password are typically used by
home automation systems to identify authorized users
before giving access to the house.
Web Server, Database and the Microcontroller: A web
server connects the user interface to the database. All of
the home device’s information and their present status are
contained in the database. A user with remote access to
their house can use the web server to query the database
for the device's status information. A microcontroller
manages all the operations and communications in the
home network, as shown in Figure 1. As a PC can actually
perform each of these activities, researchers have decided
to replace the web server, database, and microcontroller
with a Computer for simplicity.
Network Interface Module: It controls the communication
between the controllers for home devices and the PC. With
this interface, the device controllers receive commands
from users to modify the status of the equipment in their
homes. Following the execution of these operations, the
interface transmits a device's status to the database.
Device Controller: A Device Controller has a
microcontroller to manage its operations and interface,
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wireless connectivity, and control modules. Many home
sensors and devices are linked to a device controller. The
device controller relays user instructions and requests for
a device's status.
Communication Module: When deciding on the technology
for the method of communication between the gadgets in
the home, there are a few options. It is possible to use
wired or wireless connections, depending on the
resident's preferences. The most widely used
communication protocol for wired communication is X10
because it can be deployed using existing wiring without
requiring many significant changes. There are several
options for wireless communication, including infrared,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and radio frequency (RF).
Many benefits come with Wi-Fi communication
technology, including inexpensive installation costs,
simplicity in deployment and installation, respectable
communication range, scalable technology, high
bandwidth, and little power consumption. AES encryption
offers good security. Repeaters can also be employed to
increase the transmission range. Without changing the
current architecture, Wi-Fi is the best form of
communication for automating an existing home. Also,
since the transmission is wireless, the home's appearance
is enhanced. Wi-Fi is the best option for wireless
communication due to all these reasons. The work of A. El
Shafee and K.A. Hamed [12] proposes an Internet-based
system for home automation that makes use of Wi-Fi to
allow communication between various gadgets and a
server within the house. In their work, a PC with built-in
Wi-Fi communication capabilities is used as a web server
and a communication module that enables communication
between the home devices and the server (PC). The home
devices are connected to the PC via Wi-Fi by a hardware
interface module.
Home Router: With a home's router, a home automation
system is linked to the Internet. This allows the home’s
inhabitants to access their home from anywhere with the
right credentials. .
Internet: If the home automation system is connected to
the Internet, a resident can access and manage his or her
house from any location in the globe. Although it offers
benefits—as we've already discussed—connecting the
home to the Internet makes it accessible to anyone with an
Internet connection.
User Devices: People are now able to purchase and
frequently use portable mobile devices for accessing the
Internet because to improvements in electronics,
processing power, and size and cost. In order to access
their houses over the Internet, people utilize cell phones,
laptops, and tablets. As a result, homeowners now have a
flexible and practical option to access their house
wherever they are. Users utilize the same device to
perform daily duties like browsing, playing games,
downloading apps, and viewing movies on the Internet in
addition to accessing other applications. Due to this, there
is a higher chance that the mobile device will have a
security risk.
3. MAIN VULNERABILITIES AND THREATS IN
SMART HOME
There is a trade-off between convenience, control, security
and privacy in a smart home. The heterogeneous
components of smart home that have different kinds of
smart home applications such as securing homes,
healthcare, energy, convenience as well as CPU and
storage limitations make traditional security solutions for
smart home not applicable. There are few security
concepts need to be in mind in order to provide the best
notion for the smart home risk and mitigation [31].
Assets: physical and virtual things that are valuable for
users such as personal information, activities, money, and
properties.
Threats: any potential action that might cause damage,
harm or loss.
Vulnerabilities: weaknesses or gaps inside the system
that potentially are exploited by attackers
Risk: the potential loss or damage might impact the
system by a threat advanced from the system
vulnerabilities.
3.1 Main Vulnerabilities
The research study in [32] estimated that 80% of IoT
devices are vulnerable to a wide group of the hack. These
weaknesses could be used by adversaries to affect
environments in smart homes. IoT system has commonly
three layers namely application layer, network layer, and
perception Layer [33]. IoT devices are susceptible to
attack and malicious behavior at every layer. Below is a
description of some well-known vulnerabilities in smart
homes.
A. Heterogeneous Architecture
To build a smart home system, we need a collection of a
variety of smart home devices that work effectively using
different systems. A dynamic heterogeneous architecture
in a smart home needs to be built through the perception
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layer, the network layer, and the application layer. One of
the most common challenges in IoT network is to identify
the nodes that may have access to users' privacy
information related to the heterogeneous architecture of
IoT [6]. Smart home system is a platform that consists of
heterogeneous data, technologies, devices, and protocols.
The heterogeneous architecture of smart devices and the
dynamic environment of the Internet of things enforce IoT
companies to figure out new security strategies to come
up with the new challenges that should be considered
[34]. Therefore, in order to get better IoT-devices
homogeneous, the awareness of using IoT applications and
systems is very important.
B. Outdated Protocols
Since the Internet was established, there are some
protocols are outdated without any upgrade which can be
compromised by attackers [35]. In addition, the alarming
development of IoT devices makes the current security
protocols and techniques are not enough because the
existing devices have limitations in their levels of integrity,
scalability, and interoperability [6]. Security features in
IoT protocols are limited and the trust between these
devices is poorly embedded [19]. Therefore, new
techniques must be implemented to meet the privacy,
security, and reliability requirements of IoT.
C. Weak Encryption
Encryption is the process of cipher information in such a
way that only authorized people can access it in order to
prevent attackers from eavesdropping and tampering with
data during transmission. If one piece of data is not
encrypted or isolated, the data will be transparent and
easy to be exploited by attackers [6]. Furthermore, some
IoT device use a small encryption key which can make
them vulnerable to hacked [36]. Most of IoT devices use
different control platforms and protocols, so the
cryptography solutions to protect all IoT systems differ
based on the constraints of IoT devices. Smart home
devices contain sensitive information about user’s daily
life. Thus, encryption should be at the core of IoT
industries as it is an easy and beneficial security method
[36].
D. Limited Storage and CPU
Smart home devices collect a great amount of data that
needs to be computed, analyzed, stored and processed.
Mostly, data pre-processing is done at either the sensor or
some other proximate device [37]. The processing and
storage capacities of IoT devices are, however, constrained
by the resources available, which are relatively
constrained due to the computational capability, available
energy, and limited storage. Therefore, IoT-devices are
vulnerable to Denial of Service attacks (DoS) [6].
E. Insecure Applications
There is a lack of systematic techniques for building
privacy that has not been considered by IoT applications
and middleware platforms [38]. Several IoT
manufacturers create smart home products that can be
managed using smartphone applications that are simple to
hack.. A malicious code can be merged with applications
software installed on the IoT system, which easily allow
the attackers to perform harmful attacks [33].
F. Poor Authentication
Authentication is the method of having the credentials that
validate your identity to a system or entity [19]. In
network communication, the main risks come from poor
confidential settings and poor authentication. Default
credentials should change before using IoT devices
because once guessed, they can be exploited to hack many
devices [29]. The smart home gateway's poor access
control setup poses the greatest risk to the processing of
information. This risk is primarily because of weaknesses
of authentication procedure and inadequate separation of
privileges between user accounts [28, 38, 39].
G. Firmware Failure
Many IoT devices in the smart home setting encounter a
significant issue since they cannot update their firmware.
As the majority of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are
inexpensive, manufacturers frequently overlook methods
for verifying firmware integrity during installation,
execution, or upgrading [40]. Also, the firmware of many
IoT devices is similar, which increases the chance of
successfully exploiting the device and makes it a
significant vulnerability for IoT devices [41]. Since the
firmware on a device is fixed and never modified,
attackers can exploit this problem to launch attacks with
confidence that the virus will work on similar devices [29].
3.2 Main Threats
In order to secure any system, it is necessary to analyze
the type of threats that will be faced, and how the threats
will affect system security. The major threats that can
affect each layer and have an effect on the smart home
environment are described in the following subsections.
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A. Denial of Service (DoS)
Denial of service (DoS) is a kind of cyber-attack in which
the attacker attempts to make a system or network
unavailable to the user for a temporary or permanent
period [40]. In order to overwhelm the targeted system or
network and prevent it from responding to legitimate
requests, DoS often involves sending a large number of
unnecessary requests to the system or network [34].
B. Eavesdropping
Owing to the heterogeneous IoT architecture of the smart
home infrastructure, an attacker may employ a variety of
tools and methods to record network data between the
various IoT device components. These techniques are
extremely based on the attacker’s capabilities and location
[40]. The adversary will be able to intercept all traffic
between the smart hub and the users if he uses the flaws
in smart home technology to compromise the network's
security. The attacker might use well-known tools such as
tcpdump3, wireshark4, etc., to gain access to the data [40].
Also, the adversary might use several types of hardware
equipment like the Wi-Fi Pineapple5, which can spoof the
access points and intercept the underlying communication
[40].
C. Impersonation
In some circumstances, the adversary seeks to mimic a
trustworthy user and act on that user's behalf to harm or
spy on the victim. Obtaining the user credentials (user ID
and password) can be achieved through social engineering
or by intercepting the network traffic in order to provide
access to the IoT devices [33].
D. Theft (Identity, credentials, information)
Users of smart homes are significantly impacted by the
loss of valuable assets. Theft is an activity through which a
person's property is taken or used without his/her
permission [42]. The adversary seeks to steal important
information from users of smart homes, such as login
passwords or credit card information, for authentication
and authorization. There are well-known types of
equipment and hardware that might be used by the
attackers to hack the smart home and obtain information
about the user [40].
E. Compromising
The attacker tries to hack several devices and systems
regardless of the identity of these systems to achieve
monetary gains from exploiting the information extracted
[43]. Also, attacker can deploy his own node or even
compromise one of the existing nodes [44]. Once a
network is compromised, the eavesdropper can be
secretly merged into network traffic, making detection
extremely hard. The attacker then begins covertly
employing its cyber tools to identify security holes within
the critical network cables. A cyber-map of the network's
topography will be created by the malicious software after
it has scanned the smart home infrastructure and probing
IoT devices to find any system vulnerabilities. This step
can be easily done by using tools found on the Internet
[43]. Real-time and autonomous interaction between
devices make discovering and identifying the
compromised nodes very difficult [24].
F. Malicious Software
Malicious software is a term used to describe the software
code created by attackers to gain unauthorized access to
private networks or systems, collect or erase sensitive
data, disrupt business operations, or display unwelcome
advertising. Examples of malicious software include
worms, Trojan horses, rootkits, and spyware. Malicious
software (malware) can be injected into IoT applications
and then affects the IoT services and devices [33]. Since
IoT devices have a lightweight autonomous version of the
well-known operating system, the attackers can access to
private information using over mentioned malicious
software in order to look for vulnerabilities and exploit
them [29].
4. RECOMMENDED SECURITY SOLUTIONS AND
PRACTICES
IoT-based smart home environments have seen a lot of
security practices and solutions presented since they can
hold private, sensitive, and essential information. The
following section discusses a number of security options
for IoT-based smart homes that have been recommended
in recent years.
4.1 Updating the Software
To ensure current security software, updating and
upgrading device software, firmware, and firewall is
crucial. A firewall acts as a filter between internet and
interface and control the traffic between network and the
Internet [46]. Moreover, the firewall protects the network
from malicious codes and external threats [8]. Firewall can
detect and issue warning to user and invoke its mitigation
strategy against particular security breaches [30].
Furthermore, it is essential to update the firmware and
device software to the latest version to avoid unpatched
vulnerabilities [47]. Out of date software still has the same
flaws and exploitable vulnerabilities in the code that allow
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cybercriminals and hackers to exploit them. The security
issues in home automation can be mitigated by updating
the firewall and device software systems [30].
4.2 Utilizing Effective Encryption
Wherever possible, the diverse components in an IoT
device should successfully secure the data connection.
Encrypted data communication would reduce the
potential privacy risks and prevent unauthorized access
getting benefits from the data transferred between
components. Encrypted data reduces any privacy violation
due to malicious attacks and unauthorized access [38].
4.3 Using Private Network
One of the most common techniques for preventing
unauthorized access to IoT devices is the deployment of a
secure communication channel. The secure
communication channel can utilize a secure virtual private
network (VPN) and limit network traffic such that it is
accessible only to authorized users [33].
4.4 Applying up-to-date Protocols
Using the most updated protocols in IoT devices is crucial
for network security. One of the most crucial elements of
IoT is the protocol [35].It provides regulations for
communications between devices to be established in a
uniform way. Therefore, embedded computing services
require a group of rules to control, communicate and
exchange data [19].
4.5 Changing Credentials Regularly
IoT manufacturers should require customers to update the
default identity (username and password) into strong
ones the first time they use an IoT device, otherwise the
IoT device should not function [47]. Moreover, the
password must be changed at least once every three
months. Besides that, users should not use the same
password for all IoT devices, but rather should use a
distinct password for each type of IoT device.
Furthermore, it is strongly advised against using the email
as a username because attackers frequently use this
method to attempt to phish email accounts and obtain the
password [48].
4.6 Backup Significant Information
Some smart home devices, such as healthcare devices,
include important information that can only be accessed
by authorized individuals. The ideal strategy is to
regularly backup such information to prevent falsification
or theft. The research study in [33] gives guidelines of
how-to backup sensitive information such as media
information and store them off-site either digitally or
physically
4.7 Monitoring the Network
Monitoring an IoT device's connection during message
transfer is one of the greatest ways to secure smart homes.
There are many tools help to monitor the network and
analyse the device messages such as Microsoft Message
Analyzer. Furthermore, the monitoring software can
search for vulnerabilities and then update IoT programs.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The internet based home environment has tremendously
increased these years in order to enhance the quality of
our lives at home by making it easier, more comfortable
and convenient. However the main obstacles to the smart
home have been identified as privacy and security in IoT
environments. This paper reviewed some articles related
to the architecture, threats, and security of smart homes
environments. Some common existing architecture in
smart home environment were presented in this paper.
More significantly, the most common threats and
vulnerabilities of smart homes were described and
discussed. Finally, the best user practices and solutions
suggested for smart home environments were provided in
this paper.
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