![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 4, June 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 719
A Review of Stealth Technology
Vimal Kumar Yadav1, Pikesh Bansal2, Shivam Sharma3
1Student, 2Professor, 3Assistant Professor,
1, 2, 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
From many past years, StealthTechnologyhasbecameveryeffectiveapproach
for aircraft to hide it from radar system. Especially for military operations,
“Low Observable” technology is best these days. These days all countries are
using “Low Observable” principles and techniques for making their aircraft,
also the many countries are upgrading their old generation aircraftbymaking
modification to hide from radar system.
However, Low observable means not completely invisible but complete
disappearance from radar system. Stealth technology have many advantages
but besides advantages it has also some disadvantages like its development
cost, flyaway cost and maintenance cost are much higherthannormal aircraft.
Due to capabilities of Stealth technologymanycountrieshavebeendeveloping
anti-stealth technology [2] These days United States of America taking
advantage of stealth technology.
This paper will begin by a brief history of development of stealth aircraft and
short introduction of most popular stealth fighter aircrafts [2].
KEYWORDS: Stealth Aircraft, Low Observable, Anti-Stealth
How to cite this paper: Vimal Kumar
Yadav | Pikesh Bansal | Shivam Sharma "A
Review of Stealth Technology" Published
in International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
6470, Volume-4 |
Issue-4, June 2020,
pp.719-722, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31142.pdf
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
International Journal ofTrendinScientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
CommonsAttribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
INTRODUCTION
Stealth Technology is one of the best technology these days.
It is also known as LOT( Low Observability Technology)
which includes a range of best techniques used in aircrafts,
ships, and missiles for making them invisible so that nobody
can trace it. In simple means stealth technology provides a
better way to aircrafts, ships, missiles to hide from radar
system or any other detection system[1].
The stealth application wasfirstusedin WW2bytheGerman
Navy in submarines to it hide from sonar system. Later on
Americans worked on it and succeeded. In present time
when we think about stealth technology then immediately
pictures of B-2 bomber or F-117 A Nighthawk Comes in our
mind. First Flight of F-117 A was in 1981[1]. After sometime
U.S decided to develop long range strategic bomber. So U.S
developed B-2 stealth bomber with air refueling system.
Some of B-2 bomber are still in operational service in U.S
force.
Figure 1 (Image Courtesy Google)
IJTSRD31142](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/142areviewofstealthtechnology-200716130215/85/A-Review-of-Stealth-Technology-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 720
B-2 Bomber
Literature Review-
The aim of stealth technology is to make an aircraft invisible to radar systemoranyotherdetectionsystem.Thiscanbeachieve
in two ways
Which are following:-
Shape of aircraft plays a very important rule in stealth application. So the shape of aircraft should be chose such that it should
be able to deflect the direction of incoming radio waves in many directions.
Aircraft should be covered with the absorbent material so that it can absorb radar signals.
Radar System Working
Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is basically a electromagnetic system which is used to detect the
location and distance of an aeroplane or an aircraft from the radar system[4]. The radar dish or we say that radar antenna
transmits pulse of radio waves and these radio waves fall on aircraft and get back to the receiver antenna.These reflected
signals tells about the location and distance of an aircraft. Radar system is very powerful foridentificationofaircraftbutdueto
stealth technology more advancement is required in the radar system.
Figure 2 (slideshare.net)
To make aircraft invisible there are many techniques and by the use of these techniques any aircraft gain capability to avoid
radar system without any trace. These techniques are following:-
1. Vehicle Shape and Design
2. Infrared Stealth
3. Radar Cross Section
4. Radar Absorbent surface
5. Stealth Material
Vehicle Shape and Design
The shape of aircraft plays a very important role in stealth technology in order to reduce the radar cross section. The shape of
aircraft should be able to deflect the incident waves in different directions. The shape of the aircraft also dependedonthetype
of materials that are used in the construction of the aircraft[1]. Smooth surface is much better than the rough surface because
rough surface has poor aerodynamics properties.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/142areviewofstealthtechnology-200716130215/85/A-Review-of-Stealth-Technology-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 721
Figure 3 [1]
Infrared Stealth
All the matters above absolute zero emit infrared radiation. In aircraft exhaust gases from engine emits infraredradiationand
also wings surfaces of aircraft also emits infrared radiation due the friction with air. Infraredstealthtechniquesaysthatall hot
parts of aircraft should be keep cool as much as possible.
Figure 4 (Image Courtesy Google)
Radar Cross Section[6]
Radar cross section plays a significant role in the stealth technology. Radar cross section refers the target’s ability to reflect
radar signal in the direction of radar receiver[3]. It is a ratio of back-scatter power per steradian inthedirectionofradartothe
power density that is intercepted by the target. If radar cross section will high then aircraftorplane will be easilydetectableby
radar system. Concept of RCS assume all energy does not fall on the target. RCS can be visualized by following three
parameters:-
A. Projected cross section
B. Directivity
C. Reflectivity
σ= Projected cross section x Reflectivity x Directivity
Here reflectivity is the ratio of reflected amount of the radiation from the material to the incident amount of radiation on the
material.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/142areviewofstealthtechnology-200716130215/85/A-Review-of-Stealth-Technology-3-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 722
Figure 5 (rfcafe.com)
Radar Cross Section concept
Stealth Material
Stealth Material is the special class of polymer based material which is used on the surface of the stealth aircraft to reduce the
radar cross section so that radar system or any other detection device could not find the aircraft[8]. Radar absorbent material
is applied on the entire external surface of the aircraft or to high radar reflection such as surface edges.
Figure 6 (scienceaid.net)
Radar Beam Dissipation In RAM
Disadvantages
Like other technologies Stealth technology have also some
disadvantage:-
A. Stealth aircraft have lower payload capacity in
comparison with conventional aircraft
B. Stealth aircraft have high development cost, high
maintenance cost and high flyaway cost than normal
planes.
C. Stealth aircraft are less agile .
D. Stealth aircraft is not maneuverable
Conclusion
Stealth technology is very popular now a days because it
provides invisible characteristics to theaircraftor plane.Itis
need of every country in these days. Every country wants6th
generation aircrafts because stealth aircrafts can create
much difference at the the time of war.
References
[1] www.erpublication.org
[2] www.sciencepress.com
[3] Anusha Eldo, Balamati Choudhury. “Chapter 6 Design
Optimization of Broadband Radar Absorbing
Structures”, Springer Science and Business Media LLC,
2017
[4] International Journal of Engineering and Technical
Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P),
Volume-4, Issue-4, April 2016
[5] Thite, Vrushali, and A. Y. Kazi. “Wideband VHF/UHF
antennas for UAV platform with RCS approach”, 2012
1st International Conference on Emerging Technology
Trends in Electronics Communication & Networking,
2012
[6] Student Paper (Submitted to Lindenwood University)
[7] Student Paper (Submitted to University of
Birmingham)
[8] Student Paper (Submitted to University of Sheffield)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/142areviewofstealthtechnology-200716130215/85/A-Review-of-Stealth-Technology-4-320.jpg)
A Review of Stealth Technology
- 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 4 Issue 4, June 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 719 A Review of Stealth Technology Vimal Kumar Yadav1, Pikesh Bansal2, Shivam Sharma3 1Student, 2Professor, 3Assistant Professor, 1, 2, 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India ABSTRACT From many past years, StealthTechnologyhasbecameveryeffectiveapproach for aircraft to hide it from radar system. Especially for military operations, “Low Observable” technology is best these days. These days all countries are using “Low Observable” principles and techniques for making their aircraft, also the many countries are upgrading their old generation aircraftbymaking modification to hide from radar system. However, Low observable means not completely invisible but complete disappearance from radar system. Stealth technology have many advantages but besides advantages it has also some disadvantages like its development cost, flyaway cost and maintenance cost are much higherthannormal aircraft. Due to capabilities of Stealth technologymanycountrieshavebeendeveloping anti-stealth technology [2] These days United States of America taking advantage of stealth technology. This paper will begin by a brief history of development of stealth aircraft and short introduction of most popular stealth fighter aircrafts [2]. KEYWORDS: Stealth Aircraft, Low Observable, Anti-Stealth How to cite this paper: Vimal Kumar Yadav | Pikesh Bansal | Shivam Sharma "A Review of Stealth Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- 6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4, June 2020, pp.719-722, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31142.pdf Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and International Journal ofTrendinScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) INTRODUCTION Stealth Technology is one of the best technology these days. It is also known as LOT( Low Observability Technology) which includes a range of best techniques used in aircrafts, ships, and missiles for making them invisible so that nobody can trace it. In simple means stealth technology provides a better way to aircrafts, ships, missiles to hide from radar system or any other detection system[1]. The stealth application wasfirstusedin WW2bytheGerman Navy in submarines to it hide from sonar system. Later on Americans worked on it and succeeded. In present time when we think about stealth technology then immediately pictures of B-2 bomber or F-117 A Nighthawk Comes in our mind. First Flight of F-117 A was in 1981[1]. After sometime U.S decided to develop long range strategic bomber. So U.S developed B-2 stealth bomber with air refueling system. Some of B-2 bomber are still in operational service in U.S force. Figure 1 (Image Courtesy Google) IJTSRD31142
- 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 720 B-2 Bomber Literature Review- The aim of stealth technology is to make an aircraft invisible to radar systemoranyotherdetectionsystem.Thiscanbeachieve in two ways Which are following:- Shape of aircraft plays a very important rule in stealth application. So the shape of aircraft should be chose such that it should be able to deflect the direction of incoming radio waves in many directions. Aircraft should be covered with the absorbent material so that it can absorb radar signals. Radar System Working Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is basically a electromagnetic system which is used to detect the location and distance of an aeroplane or an aircraft from the radar system[4]. The radar dish or we say that radar antenna transmits pulse of radio waves and these radio waves fall on aircraft and get back to the receiver antenna.These reflected signals tells about the location and distance of an aircraft. Radar system is very powerful foridentificationofaircraftbutdueto stealth technology more advancement is required in the radar system. Figure 2 (slideshare.net) To make aircraft invisible there are many techniques and by the use of these techniques any aircraft gain capability to avoid radar system without any trace. These techniques are following:- 1. Vehicle Shape and Design 2. Infrared Stealth 3. Radar Cross Section 4. Radar Absorbent surface 5. Stealth Material Vehicle Shape and Design The shape of aircraft plays a very important role in stealth technology in order to reduce the radar cross section. The shape of aircraft should be able to deflect the incident waves in different directions. The shape of the aircraft also dependedonthetype of materials that are used in the construction of the aircraft[1]. Smooth surface is much better than the rough surface because rough surface has poor aerodynamics properties.
- 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 721 Figure 3 [1] Infrared Stealth All the matters above absolute zero emit infrared radiation. In aircraft exhaust gases from engine emits infraredradiationand also wings surfaces of aircraft also emits infrared radiation due the friction with air. Infraredstealthtechniquesaysthatall hot parts of aircraft should be keep cool as much as possible. Figure 4 (Image Courtesy Google) Radar Cross Section[6] Radar cross section plays a significant role in the stealth technology. Radar cross section refers the target’s ability to reflect radar signal in the direction of radar receiver[3]. It is a ratio of back-scatter power per steradian inthedirectionofradartothe power density that is intercepted by the target. If radar cross section will high then aircraftorplane will be easilydetectableby radar system. Concept of RCS assume all energy does not fall on the target. RCS can be visualized by following three parameters:- A. Projected cross section B. Directivity C. Reflectivity σ= Projected cross section x Reflectivity x Directivity Here reflectivity is the ratio of reflected amount of the radiation from the material to the incident amount of radiation on the material.
- 4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31142 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2020 Page 722 Figure 5 (rfcafe.com) Radar Cross Section concept Stealth Material Stealth Material is the special class of polymer based material which is used on the surface of the stealth aircraft to reduce the radar cross section so that radar system or any other detection device could not find the aircraft[8]. Radar absorbent material is applied on the entire external surface of the aircraft or to high radar reflection such as surface edges. Figure 6 (scienceaid.net) Radar Beam Dissipation In RAM Disadvantages Like other technologies Stealth technology have also some disadvantage:- A. Stealth aircraft have lower payload capacity in comparison with conventional aircraft B. Stealth aircraft have high development cost, high maintenance cost and high flyaway cost than normal planes. C. Stealth aircraft are less agile . D. Stealth aircraft is not maneuverable Conclusion Stealth technology is very popular now a days because it provides invisible characteristics to theaircraftor plane.Itis need of every country in these days. Every country wants6th generation aircrafts because stealth aircrafts can create much difference at the the time of war. References [1] www.erpublication.org [2] www.sciencepress.com [3] Anusha Eldo, Balamati Choudhury. “Chapter 6 Design Optimization of Broadband Radar Absorbing Structures”, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2017 [4] International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-4, Issue-4, April 2016 [5] Thite, Vrushali, and A. Y. Kazi. “Wideband VHF/UHF antennas for UAV platform with RCS approach”, 2012 1st International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends in Electronics Communication & Networking, 2012 [6] Student Paper (Submitted to Lindenwood University) [7] Student Paper (Submitted to University of Birmingham) [8] Student Paper (Submitted to University of Sheffield)