![International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 5, No. 1, July 2014, pp. 71~75
ISSN: 2088-8694 71
Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS
A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV
System
K.S. Srikanth
Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KL University
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 28, 2014
Revised May 9, 2014
Accepted May 25, 2014
Photovoltaic energy is a wide kind of green energy. A high performance on
these systems is needed to make the most of energy produced by solar cells.
Also, there must be a constant adaptation due to the continuous variation of
power production. Control techniques for Power Converters like the MPPT
algorithm (Maximum Power Point Tracking) present very good results on
photovoltaic chains. Nevertheless, losses on power elements reduce global
performance and the voltage/current adaptation is not always possible. This
paper presents a single-phase 11-level (5 H-bridges) cascade multilevel DC-
AC grid-tied inverter. Each inverter bridge is connected to a 200 W solar
panel. OPAL-RT lab was used as the hardware in the loop (HIL) real-time
control system platform where a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
algorithm was implemented based on the inverter output power to assure
optimal operation of the inverter when connected to the power grid as well as
a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for phase and frequency match. A novel SPWM
scheme is proposed in this paper to be used with the solar panels that can
account for voltage profile fluctuations among the panels during the day.
Simulation and experimental results are shown for voltage and current during
synchronization mode and power transferring mode to validate the
methodology for grid connection of renewable resources.
Keyword:
Converter
Grid
MPPT
Multilevel
Photovoltaic
Copyright © 2014 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Dr.K.S.Srikanth,
Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
KL University,
Greenfields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Email: srikanth.dsd@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Because energy resources and their utilization will be a prominent issue of this century, the
problems of natural resource depletion, environmental impacts, and the rising demand for new energy
resources have been discussed fervently in recent years. Several forms of renewable zero pollution energy
resources, including wind, solar, bio, geothermal and so forth, have gained more prominence and are being
researched by many scientists and engineers [1]-[2]. Solar cell installations involve the use of multiple solar
panels or modules, which can be connected in series or in parallel to provide the desired voltage level to the
inverter. The cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology requires a separate DC source for each H-bridge
so that high power and/or high voltage that can result from the combination of the multiple modules in a
multilevel inverter would favor this topology [3]-[7]. To maximize the energy harvested from each string, a
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy is needed. The task of finding the optimum operation point
might increase the complexity and component count as the number of isolated DC sources increase. The
approach chosen to deal with the number of input sources was to monitor AC output power parameters
instead of DC input measurements [8]. Traditional multilevel inverters include cascaded H-bridge inverter,
diode clamped inverter, and flying capacitors inverter. This paper focuses on the single-phase 11-level (5 H-
bridges) cascade multilevel inverter.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/119may14id6156athreephasemultilevelconverteredit-171213055114/85/A-Three-Phase-Multi-Level-Converter-for-grid-Connected-PV-System-1-320.jpg)
![IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System (K.S. Srikanth)
73
Figure 2. Multilevel inverter system overview
An overview of the system is shown in Figure. The core component of this inverter design is the
four-switch combination shown in Figure. By connecting the DC source to the AC output by different
combinations of the four switches, Q11, Q12, Q13, and Q14, three different voltage output levels can be
generated for each DC source, +Vdc, 0, and -Vdc. A cascade inverter with N input sources will provide
(2N+1) levels to synthesize the AC output waveform. The DC source in the inverter comes from the PV
arrays, and the switching signals come from the multicarrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM)
controller. The 11-level inverter connects five H-bridges in series and is controlled by five sets of different
SPWM signals to generate a near sinusoidal waveform [9]-[11].
4. MATLAB/SIMULINK RESULTS
Here the simulation is carried out by two cases 5.1 and 5.2. Three Phase Cascaded 11 level Inverter
connected to grid without PV Cells. 2. Three Phase Cascaded 11 level Inverter connected to grid with PV
Cells. All these Cases A carrier shifting PWM Technique is used.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
5.1. Three Phase Cascaded 11-level Inverter Connected to Grid without PV Cells
The simulation results are shown in the Figure 3 and 4.
Figure 3. 11 level Output Voltage of cascaded Multilevel Inverter](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/119may14id6156athreephasemultilevelconverteredit-171213055114/85/A-Three-Phase-Multi-Level-Converter-for-grid-Connected-PV-System-3-320.jpg)
![IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System (K.S. Srikanth)
75
The system was driven at 2kHz because of speed constrains of the control platform, which required
bulk filter components. Grid connection results were shown using the proposed MPPT algorithm. Future
work includes the use of a DSP platform to increase switching frequency and reduce filter requirements. The
entire PV system structure and its interaction with the grid through PLL and MPPT algorithms were shown
by the simulation results.
REFERENCES
[1] Faete Filho, Yue Cao, Leon M Tolbert. 11-level Cascaded H-bridge Grid-tied Inverter Interface with Solar Panels.
IEEE Trans. 2010: 968-972.
[2] AJ Morrison. Global Demand Projections for Renewable Energy Resources. IEEE Canada Electrical Power
Conference. 2007: 537-542.
[3] J Rodriguez, S Bernet, Bin Wu, JO Pontt, S Kouro. Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial
Medium-Voltage Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2007; 54(6): 2930- 2945.
[4] LM Tolbert, FZ Peng. Multilevel Converters as a Utility Interface for Renewable Energy Systems. IEEE Power
Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Seattle. Washington. 2000; 1271- 1274.
[5] S Khomfoi, LM. Tolbert. Multilevel Power Converters. Power Electronics Handbook, 2nd Edition Elsevier. ISBN
978-0-12- 088479-7, 2007; Chapter 17: 451-482.
[6] S Busquets-Monge, J Rocabert, P Rodriguez, S Alepuz, J Bordonau. Multilevel Diode-clamped Converter for
Photovoltaic Generators with Independent Voltage Control of Each Solar Array. IEEE Transactions on Industrial
electronics. 2008; 55: 2713-2723.
[7] E Ozdemir, S Ozdemir, LM Tolbert, B Ozpineci. Fundamental Frequency Modulated Multilevel Inverter for Three-
phase Stand-alone Photovoltaic Application. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 2008;
148-153.
[8] SA Khajehoddin, A Bakhshai, P Jain. The Application of the Cascaded Multilevel Converters in Grid Connected
Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference. 2007: 296-301.
[9] S Ozdemir, E Ozdemir, LM Tolbert, S Khomfoi. Elimination of Harmonics in a Five-level Diode-clamped
Multilevel Inverter Using Fundamental Modulation. International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive
systems. 2007; 27-30: 850-854.
[10] JS Lai, FZ Peng. Multilevel Converters - A New Breed of Power Converters. IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications. 1996; 32(3): 509-517.
[11] B Kavidha, K Rajambal. Transformerless Cascaded Inverter Topology for Photovoltaic Applications. India
International Conference on Power Electronics, Chennai, India. 2006: 328-331.
[12] O Alonso, P Sanchis, E Gubia, L Marroyo. Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Converter for Grid Connected
Photovoltaic Generators with Independent Maximum Power Point Tracking of each Solar Array. IEEE Power
Electronics Specialist Conference. 2003; 731-735.
[13] A Abete, R Napoli, F Spertino. A Simulation Procedure to Predict the Monthly Energy Supplied by Grid Connected
PV Systems. Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference. 2003; 3: 2427-2430.
[14] E Villanueva, P Correa, J Rodriguez. Control of a Single Phase Hbridge Multilevel Inverter for Grid-connected PV
Applications. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. Poznan. Poland. 2008; 451-455.
[15] RB Godoy, HZ Maia, FJT Filho, LG Junior, JOP Pinto, GS Tatibana. Design and Implementation of a Utility
Interactive Converter for Small Distributed Generation. IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 2006; 1032-1038.
[16] SM Silva, BM Lopes, BJC Filho, RP Campana, WC Boaventura. Performance Evaluation of PLL Algorithms for
Singlephase Grid-connected Systems. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington.
2004; 2259-2263.
BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR
K.S.Srikanth was born in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India in the year 1977. He was awarded
B.Tech EEE degree in the year 1999 from Chennai University. He was awarded M.Tech
Instrumentation degree in the year 2001 from Andhra University. He was awarded Ph.D degree in
the year 2010 from Andhra University. He has 13 years of teaching experience. He is currently
working as professor in the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koneru
Lakshmaiah University, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/119may14id6156athreephasemultilevelconverteredit-171213055114/85/A-Three-Phase-Multi-Level-Converter-for-grid-Connected-PV-System-5-320.jpg)
A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System
- 1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) Vol. 5, No. 1, July 2014, pp. 71~75 ISSN: 2088-8694 71 Journal homepage: http://iaesjournal.com/online/index.php/IJPEDS A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System K.S. Srikanth Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KL University Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Mar 28, 2014 Revised May 9, 2014 Accepted May 25, 2014 Photovoltaic energy is a wide kind of green energy. A high performance on these systems is needed to make the most of energy produced by solar cells. Also, there must be a constant adaptation due to the continuous variation of power production. Control techniques for Power Converters like the MPPT algorithm (Maximum Power Point Tracking) present very good results on photovoltaic chains. Nevertheless, losses on power elements reduce global performance and the voltage/current adaptation is not always possible. This paper presents a single-phase 11-level (5 H-bridges) cascade multilevel DC- AC grid-tied inverter. Each inverter bridge is connected to a 200 W solar panel. OPAL-RT lab was used as the hardware in the loop (HIL) real-time control system platform where a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm was implemented based on the inverter output power to assure optimal operation of the inverter when connected to the power grid as well as a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for phase and frequency match. A novel SPWM scheme is proposed in this paper to be used with the solar panels that can account for voltage profile fluctuations among the panels during the day. Simulation and experimental results are shown for voltage and current during synchronization mode and power transferring mode to validate the methodology for grid connection of renewable resources. Keyword: Converter Grid MPPT Multilevel Photovoltaic Copyright © 2014 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. Corresponding Author: Dr.K.S.Srikanth, Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, KL University, Greenfields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Email: srikanth.dsd@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION Because energy resources and their utilization will be a prominent issue of this century, the problems of natural resource depletion, environmental impacts, and the rising demand for new energy resources have been discussed fervently in recent years. Several forms of renewable zero pollution energy resources, including wind, solar, bio, geothermal and so forth, have gained more prominence and are being researched by many scientists and engineers [1]-[2]. Solar cell installations involve the use of multiple solar panels or modules, which can be connected in series or in parallel to provide the desired voltage level to the inverter. The cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology requires a separate DC source for each H-bridge so that high power and/or high voltage that can result from the combination of the multiple modules in a multilevel inverter would favor this topology [3]-[7]. To maximize the energy harvested from each string, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy is needed. The task of finding the optimum operation point might increase the complexity and component count as the number of isolated DC sources increase. The approach chosen to deal with the number of input sources was to monitor AC output power parameters instead of DC input measurements [8]. Traditional multilevel inverters include cascaded H-bridge inverter, diode clamped inverter, and flying capacitors inverter. This paper focuses on the single-phase 11-level (5 H- bridges) cascade multilevel inverter.
- 2. ISSN: 2088-8694 IJPEDS Vol. 5, No. 1, July 2014 : 71 – 75 72 2. PV CELL TODAY photovoltaic (PV) power systems are becoming more and more popular, with the increase of energy demand and the concern of environmental pollution around the world. Four different system configurations are widely developed in grid-connected PV power applications: the centralized inverter system, the string inverter system, the multi string inverter system and the module-integrated inverter system. Generally three types of inverter systems except the centralized inverter system can be employed as small- scale distributed generation (DG) systems, such as residential power applications. The most important design constraint of the PV DG system is to obtain a high voltage gain. For a typical PV module, the open-circuit voltage is about 21V and the maximum power point (MPP) voltage is about 16V. And the utility grid is 220 or 110Vac. Therefore, the high voltage amplification is obligatory to realize the grid-connected function and achieve the low total harmonic distortion (THD). The conventional system requires large numbers of PV modules in series, and the normal PV array voltage is between 150 and 450V, and the system power is more than 500W. This system is not applicable to the module-integrated inverters, because the typical power rating of the module-integrated inverter system is below 500W, and the modules with power ratings between 100 and 200W are also quite common. The other method is to use a line frequency step-up transformer, and the normal PV array voltage is between 30 and 150V. But the line frequency transformer has the disadvantages of larger size and weight. In the grid-connected PV system, power electronic inverters are needed to realize the power conversion, grid interconnection, and control optimization. The residential grid-connected PV system is shown in the below Figure 1. Figure 1. Diagram of a residential grid-connected PV system A grid connected system is connected to a large independent grid (typically the public electricity grid) and feeds power into the grid. Grid connected systems vary in size from residential (2-10kWp) to solar power stations. This is a form of decentralized electricity generation. In the case of residential or building mounted grid connected PV systems, the electricity demand of the building is met by the PV system. Only the excess is fed into the grid when there is an excess. The feeding of electricity into the grid requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special, grid-controlled inverter. 3. PROPOSED CONCEPT This paper presents a single-phase 11-level (5 H-bridges) cascade multilevel DC-AC grid-tied inverter as shown in the Figure 2. Each inverter bridge is connected to a 200 W solar panel. OPAL-RT lab was used as the hardware in the loop (HIL) real-time control system platform where a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm was implemented based on the inverter output power to assure optimal operation of the inverter when connected to the power grid as well as a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for phase and frequency match. A novel SPWM scheme is proposed in this paper to be used with the solar panels that can account for voltage profile fluctuations among the panels during the day. Because energy resources and their utilization will be a prominent issue of this century, the problems of natural resource depletion, environmental impacts, and the rising demand for new energy resources have been discussed fervently in recent years.
- 3. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System (K.S. Srikanth) 73 Figure 2. Multilevel inverter system overview An overview of the system is shown in Figure. The core component of this inverter design is the four-switch combination shown in Figure. By connecting the DC source to the AC output by different combinations of the four switches, Q11, Q12, Q13, and Q14, three different voltage output levels can be generated for each DC source, +Vdc, 0, and -Vdc. A cascade inverter with N input sources will provide (2N+1) levels to synthesize the AC output waveform. The DC source in the inverter comes from the PV arrays, and the switching signals come from the multicarrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) controller. The 11-level inverter connects five H-bridges in series and is controlled by five sets of different SPWM signals to generate a near sinusoidal waveform [9]-[11]. 4. MATLAB/SIMULINK RESULTS Here the simulation is carried out by two cases 5.1 and 5.2. Three Phase Cascaded 11 level Inverter connected to grid without PV Cells. 2. Three Phase Cascaded 11 level Inverter connected to grid with PV Cells. All these Cases A carrier shifting PWM Technique is used. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS 5.1. Three Phase Cascaded 11-level Inverter Connected to Grid without PV Cells The simulation results are shown in the Figure 3 and 4. Figure 3. 11 level Output Voltage of cascaded Multilevel Inverter
- 4. ISSN: 2088-8694 IJPEDS Vol. 5, No. 1, July 2014 : 71 – 75 74 Figure 3(a). Grid Voltage without PV cell Figure 3(b). Grid Voltage without PV cell 5.2. Three Phase Cascaded 11 Level Inverter Connected to Grid with PV Cells Figure 4. Output voltage of three phase Cascaded 11 level inverter with PV cells Figure 4(a). Output voltage of three phase Cascaded 11 level inverter with PV cells 6. CONCLUSION This paper presented a Single Phase and three phase eleven-level cascade H-bridge inverter, which uses PLL and MPPT with separate solar panels as DC sources to interact with the power grid. A SPWM approach was presented to deal with the uneven power transferring characteristics of the conventional SPWM modulation technique. This technique proved to be successful due to the irradiance profile and the use of capacitors to smooth the voltage fluctuation.
- 5. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694 A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System (K.S. Srikanth) 75 The system was driven at 2kHz because of speed constrains of the control platform, which required bulk filter components. Grid connection results were shown using the proposed MPPT algorithm. Future work includes the use of a DSP platform to increase switching frequency and reduce filter requirements. The entire PV system structure and its interaction with the grid through PLL and MPPT algorithms were shown by the simulation results. REFERENCES [1] Faete Filho, Yue Cao, Leon M Tolbert. 11-level Cascaded H-bridge Grid-tied Inverter Interface with Solar Panels. IEEE Trans. 2010: 968-972. [2] AJ Morrison. Global Demand Projections for Renewable Energy Resources. IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference. 2007: 537-542. [3] J Rodriguez, S Bernet, Bin Wu, JO Pontt, S Kouro. Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2007; 54(6): 2930- 2945. [4] LM Tolbert, FZ Peng. Multilevel Converters as a Utility Interface for Renewable Energy Systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Seattle. Washington. 2000; 1271- 1274. [5] S Khomfoi, LM. Tolbert. Multilevel Power Converters. Power Electronics Handbook, 2nd Edition Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12- 088479-7, 2007; Chapter 17: 451-482. [6] S Busquets-Monge, J Rocabert, P Rodriguez, S Alepuz, J Bordonau. Multilevel Diode-clamped Converter for Photovoltaic Generators with Independent Voltage Control of Each Solar Array. IEEE Transactions on Industrial electronics. 2008; 55: 2713-2723. [7] E Ozdemir, S Ozdemir, LM Tolbert, B Ozpineci. Fundamental Frequency Modulated Multilevel Inverter for Three- phase Stand-alone Photovoltaic Application. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition. 2008; 148-153. [8] SA Khajehoddin, A Bakhshai, P Jain. The Application of the Cascaded Multilevel Converters in Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems. IEEE Canada Electrical Power Conference. 2007: 296-301. [9] S Ozdemir, E Ozdemir, LM Tolbert, S Khomfoi. Elimination of Harmonics in a Five-level Diode-clamped Multilevel Inverter Using Fundamental Modulation. International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive systems. 2007; 27-30: 850-854. [10] JS Lai, FZ Peng. Multilevel Converters - A New Breed of Power Converters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1996; 32(3): 509-517. [11] B Kavidha, K Rajambal. Transformerless Cascaded Inverter Topology for Photovoltaic Applications. India International Conference on Power Electronics, Chennai, India. 2006: 328-331. [12] O Alonso, P Sanchis, E Gubia, L Marroyo. Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Converter for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Generators with Independent Maximum Power Point Tracking of each Solar Array. IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference. 2003; 731-735. [13] A Abete, R Napoli, F Spertino. A Simulation Procedure to Predict the Monthly Energy Supplied by Grid Connected PV Systems. Photovoltaic Energy Conversion. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference. 2003; 3: 2427-2430. [14] E Villanueva, P Correa, J Rodriguez. Control of a Single Phase Hbridge Multilevel Inverter for Grid-connected PV Applications. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference. Poznan. Poland. 2008; 451-455. [15] RB Godoy, HZ Maia, FJT Filho, LG Junior, JOP Pinto, GS Tatibana. Design and Implementation of a Utility Interactive Converter for Small Distributed Generation. IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 2006; 1032-1038. [16] SM Silva, BM Lopes, BJC Filho, RP Campana, WC Boaventura. Performance Evaluation of PLL Algorithms for Singlephase Grid-connected Systems. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington. 2004; 2259-2263. BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR K.S.Srikanth was born in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India in the year 1977. He was awarded B.Tech EEE degree in the year 1999 from Chennai University. He was awarded M.Tech Instrumentation degree in the year 2001 from Andhra University. He was awarded Ph.D degree in the year 2010 from Andhra University. He has 13 years of teaching experience. He is currently working as professor in the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.