The Use of Jatropha Curcas Oil as Raw Material and Fuel - Mali, Africa
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The document summarizes the use of Jatropha curcas in Mali. Jatropha hedges have traditionally been used by farmers in Mali to protect crops from livestock as the plant is not eaten. The hedges also help control erosion. The oil from Jatropha seeds is used as a fuel substitute and for soap production, providing additional income opportunities. The integrated system promotes erosion control, soil improvement, empowering women, poverty reduction, and renewable energy, contributing to sustainable development.
![IK Notes
Using the Indigenous
Knowledge of Jatropha
The use of Jatropha curcas oil as raw material
and fuel
M ali is a landlocked country in
the middle of West Africa, just
at the southern edge of the
Sahara desert. The country’s average
Jatropha curcas is generally well-
known among the populations of Mali
and has long been recognized as a plant
of many uses. If carefully planted, Jat-
annual rainfall ranges from 200 mm in ropha hedges not only protect gardens
the north to 1200 mm in the south. For from hungry livestock but also reduce
generations, farmers have protected damage and erosion from wind and wa-
their gardens with hedges of Jatropha ter. Traditionally the seeds were har-
curcas, or physic nut, which is not vested by women and used for medical
eaten by animals and thus protects the treatments and local soap production.
food crops as a living fence. As far back as at the end of the 1930’s
Jatropha curcas is a plant of Latin the oil’s potential as a fuel source was
American origin which is now wide- also recognized [3]. Currently, it can
spread throughout arid and semiarid be used to substitute for the “gazoil”
tropical regions of the world. A mem- mixture used in the Indian type diesel
ber of the Euphorbiaceae family, it is a engines that drive grain mills and wa-
drought-resistant perennial, living up ter pumps in rural areas of Mali. The
to 50 years and growing on marginal high-quality oil extracted by engine-
soils. A close relative to the castor driven expellers or by manual
No. 47 plant, its oil has the same medical Bielenberg-ram-presses or the sedi-
August 2002 properties. Jatropha seeds contain
about 35% of non-edible oil. The pro-
IK Notes reports periodically on
duction of seeds is about 0.8 kg per Indigenous Knowledge (IK) initiatives
meter of hedge per year, with an oil in Sub-Saharan Africa and occasionally
yield of 0,17 l [1]. Currently, Mali has on such initiatives outside the Region.
about 10.000 km of Jatropha hedges It is published by the Africa Region’s
Knowledge and Learning Center as
with a growth rate of 2.000 km per part of an evolving IK partnership
year, which represents a potential of between the World Bank, communi-
1.700.000 liters of oil per year. The ties, NGOs, development institutions
average length of these hedges, in and multilateral organizations. The
World Bank views expressed in this article are
those areas of Mali where they are those of the authors and should not be
most prevalent, is between 2 and 15 attributed to the World Bank Group
km per village, with a maximum of up or its partners in this initiative. A
to 40 km per village [2]. webpage on IK is available at //
www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/
default.htm](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iknt47-120502105150-phpapp01/85/The-Use-of-Jatropha-Curcas-Oil-as-Raw-Material-and-Fuel-Mali-Africa-1-320.jpg)
![2
ment of the oil purification process may be used for larger- Erosion control and soil improvement
scale soap making in rural areas, giving local women the
chance to gain additional income and thus strengthen their Jatropha “living fences” in Mali not only control unwanted
economic position. The press-cake as another extraction by- animal access to the fields; they also reduce wind erosion
product can be used as a high-grade organic fertilizer. and, if planted parallel to slopes to fix small earth or stone
The Jatropha activities were initiated in Mali in 1987 by dams, they help control water erosion. The plant’s roots
German Technical Assistance (GTZ) in the framework of a grow close to the ground surface, anchoring the soil like
renewable energy programme. The Jatropha Project itself miniature dikes or earthen bunds. These dikes effectively
started 1993 and ended in 1997. It worked to combine the slow surface runoff during intensive downpours, which are
above mentioned and other factors into the « Jatropha Sys- common, thus causing more water to penetrate into the soil
tem ». This system focuses not simply on the use of Jatropha and boosting harvests.
oil as fuel, but rather on the use of this oil as a crucial ele- The press cake which remains after oil extraction by the
ment to activate a circular system combining ecologic, eco- expellers is a very good organic fertilizer, with mineral com-
nomic, and income-generating effects, the latter specifically position comparable to that of chicken manure. This has
for women [4]. great value for agriculture in the Sahelian countries, since
Thus, the Jatropha system promotes four main aspects of soils there are rapidly depleted of humus and chemical fertil-
development, which combine to help assure a sustainable izers are very expensive.
way of life for village farmers and the land that supports The Malian cotton-growing company, CMDT (Compagnie
them: Malienne de Développement Textile), uses Jatropha hedges
• Erosion control and soil improvement to assure a program of improved fallow: the cotton fields are
• Promotion of women protected with Jatropha hedges to keep out cattle, while the
• Poverty reduction fields are sown with legumes to improve soil fertility.
• Renewable energy
Promotion of women
IK Notes
would be of interest to:
Many government and non-government organizations pro-
vide rural Malian women with engine-driven grainmills to
ease their work of food preparation. However, these
grainmills need external resources of fuel, lubrication oil,
Name spare parts and maintenance. Consequently, the introduc-
Institution tion of such a grainmill tends to lead to an impoverishment
of the village because of the cash required both to buy and to
transport these external resources to the village. By using
Address locally produced Jatropha oil as fuel and lubrication oil,
some of this cash outflow from the village can be stopped.
Traditionally, rural women used Jatropha curcas for medi-
cine (seeds as a laxative, latex to stop bleeding and against
infections, leaves against malaria) and for soap production.
The traditional soap-making process is very labor-intensive,
Letters, comments, and requests for publications
producing small amounts of relatively poor-quality soap.
should be addressed to:
When Jatropha oil is used, either alone or in combination
Editor: IK Notes with other local plant oils such as shea butter, larger
Knowledge and Learning Center amounts of a more refined soap are produced. The women
Africa Region, World Bank
can easily sell this soap in local markets and nearby towns,
1818 H Street, N.W., Room J5-055
Washington, D.C. 20433 increasing their possibilities of earning income with local
E-mail: pmohan@worldbank.org resources.
Some details of the economy of soap production with the
means of the Bielenberg hand press are shown in the follow-
ing table (prices in US$, 500 FCFA = 1 US$):](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iknt47-120502105150-phpapp01/85/The-Use-of-Jatropha-Curcas-Oil-as-Raw-Material-and-Fuel-Mali-Africa-2-320.jpg)
![3
Description Quantity Unity Price per Amount • Reducing crop losses caused
unity US$ in US$ by wandering livestock or wind
Inputs damage;
Seeds (give 3 l of oil with handpress) 12 kg 0,1 1,20
• Increasing rainfall infiltra-
Caustic soda 0,5 kg 1,2 0,60
tion, resulting in less work/irri-
Labour (4 h for pressing,
1 h soap production) 5 h 0,2 1,00 gation water needed for local
Depreciation/maintenance gardens;
(5 years, 10 t/a, 240,-) US$/kg 0,02 0,24 • Increasing soil fertility by use
Total expenses 3,04 of presscake as fertilizer;
• Increasing use of inexpensive
Revenues local resources rather than ex-
Presscake 9 kg 0,03 0,27
pensive external resources;
White soap 28 pieces (170 g) 0,15 4,20
• Reducing disputes between
Total revenues 4,47
farmers and livestock owners
Net Profit 1,43 regarding crop damage, as well
Profit per liter of oil 0,48 as among farmers themselves
Profit per kg of soap 0,31 regarding the boundaries of
Price per kg of soap 0,89 their fields;
• Providing local jobs, lessen-
Poverty reduction ing the need for local villagers to migrate to cities to find
employment.
By promoting the integrated utilization of the Jatropha
plant, the Jatropha System can provide direct financial ben- Because of its economic value the rural people are planting
efits to the rural economy. To illustrate this with a rough cal- new Jatropha hedges in a large extent. In Kita, one of the
culation, assume the average village of the pilot area has 15 pilot regions of the Jatropha project, the average length of
km of Jatropha hedges, which represents 12 tons of seeds. hedges went up from 5 km to 15 km in the last 8 years.
These 12 tons of seeds may generate 1.800 US$ of cash
income when the oil is extracted and the products are sold:
• 9.000 kg of presscake for 0.03 = US$270 Renewable energy
• 2.400 liters of oil for 0.60 = US$1.440
• 600 kg of sediment for 0.15 = US$90 In the rural areas in Mali, Lister-type engines are used to
Total US$1.800US$ drive grainmills and waterpumps. These inexpensive pre-
combustion chamber diesel engines of Indian origin require
If we take the real example of an entrepreneur in a small only the addition of a fuel filter to be able to run on pure
village near Bamako, who buys the seeds for soap production Jatropha oil, thus eliminating the need for gazoil entirely.
and hires people for the production process (extraction with Furthermore, at maximal load conditions the Jatropha
Bielenberg ram press, soap production, see table above), the oil.gives even better results than gazoil because of its high
cash income for the village population, including the entre- oxygen content [5]. Based on tests conducted by the Jatro-
preneur, amounts to 3.630 US$: pha Project, the oil can also be successfully used as a lubri-
• 12.000 kg of seeds for 0.10 US$1.200 cant in these engines[6].
• 5.000 hours of labor for 0.20 US$1.000 In equivalent terms, the energy needed to produce Jatro-
• profit of the entrepreneur US$1.430 pha oil in mechanical presses amounts to about 10% of the oil
Total US$3.630 obtained. Because Jatropha oil can be produced inexpen-
sively [7], it can also be sold at prices lower than gazoil’s
If these figures are extrapolated to Jatropha plantations, a official price at the petrol stations. Even more important
profit in the range of cotton farming is within reach. than the price is the possibility of local energy production,
because of the periodic unavailability of gazoil in the rural
The “Jatropha System” also helps reduce poverty by: areas caused by lack of road access during rainy season.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iknt47-120502105150-phpapp01/85/The-Use-of-Jatropha-Curcas-Oil-as-Raw-Material-and-Fuel-Mali-Africa-3-320.jpg)
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The technology for using natural pure Jatropha oil as sub- References
stitute for paraffin oil for lamps and cookers is not yet avail-
able. Different research centers are working on it. [1] Reinhard K. HENNING, Produktion und Nutzung von
Pflanzenöl als Kraftstoff in Entwicklungsländern. In: VDI-
Berichte Nr. 1126, 1994, 215 – 229.
Conclusions [2] Reinhard K. HENNING, 3. Fachlicher Zwischenbericht
zum Projekt: Produktion und Nutzung von
The results of the Jatropha Project to date show that the Pflanzenöl als Kraftstoff; unpublished project report,
chances of this system being successfully implemented are Projet Pourghère,GTZ, 1996.
high, provided that a cautious approach is taken. Above all, [3] Siaka KONE, Les activités précédentes sur le
care must be taken to ensure that women retain their tradi- Pourghère au Mali, unpublished project report, Programme
tional responsibilities for harvesting and processing the Spécial Energie Mali, 1988.
seeds. [4] Reinhard K. HENNING, Klaus v. Mitzlaff, Produktion
Furthermore, Mali is a typical Sahelian country; its large und Nutzung von Purgieröl als Kraftstoff und
geographic expanse and climatic variations mirror the eco- Rohstoff für die lokale Seifenherstellung im Sahel. In
logical conditions found throughout the Sahel. Because of Witzenhäuser Hochschulwochen, 1995.
this, the efforts already being made in Mali to derive value [5] Carl BIELENBERG, personal communication (1994).
from oil-bearing plants can be taken as representative and [6] Reinhold Metzler, Plant Oil as Fuel and Lubrication
used to elaborate a “concept for production and use of plant Oil, unpublished project report, Project Pourghère, 1996.
oils as fuel” that is valid for the Sahel region as a whole, and [7] Hans-Jürgen WIEMER, Rapport de mission:
even for other African countries. Etablissement d’un système de suivi et évaluation des effets
To summarize, the Jatropha system is characterized by the du projet,unpublished project report, Projet Pourghère
many positive ecological, energetic and economic aspects (1995).
which are attached with the commercial exploitation of this [8] Fafré SAMAKE, Valorisation du tourteau de Pourghère
plant. The more this plant is exploited, the better for the comme engrais sur le coton, unpublished project report,
environment and for food production. Projet Pourghère, (1996).
This article was written by Reinhard K. Henning, e-mail: henning@bagani.de, internet: www.bagani.de. For more
information on the Jatropha System see also: www.jatropha.org](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iknt47-120502105150-phpapp01/85/The-Use-of-Jatropha-Curcas-Oil-as-Raw-Material-and-Fuel-Mali-Africa-4-320.jpg)
The Use of Jatropha Curcas Oil as Raw Material and Fuel - Mali, Africa
- 1. IK Notes Using the Indigenous Knowledge of Jatropha The use of Jatropha curcas oil as raw material and fuel M ali is a landlocked country in the middle of West Africa, just at the southern edge of the Sahara desert. The country’s average Jatropha curcas is generally well- known among the populations of Mali and has long been recognized as a plant of many uses. If carefully planted, Jat- annual rainfall ranges from 200 mm in ropha hedges not only protect gardens the north to 1200 mm in the south. For from hungry livestock but also reduce generations, farmers have protected damage and erosion from wind and wa- their gardens with hedges of Jatropha ter. Traditionally the seeds were har- curcas, or physic nut, which is not vested by women and used for medical eaten by animals and thus protects the treatments and local soap production. food crops as a living fence. As far back as at the end of the 1930’s Jatropha curcas is a plant of Latin the oil’s potential as a fuel source was American origin which is now wide- also recognized [3]. Currently, it can spread throughout arid and semiarid be used to substitute for the “gazoil” tropical regions of the world. A mem- mixture used in the Indian type diesel ber of the Euphorbiaceae family, it is a engines that drive grain mills and wa- drought-resistant perennial, living up ter pumps in rural areas of Mali. The to 50 years and growing on marginal high-quality oil extracted by engine- soils. A close relative to the castor driven expellers or by manual No. 47 plant, its oil has the same medical Bielenberg-ram-presses or the sedi- August 2002 properties. Jatropha seeds contain about 35% of non-edible oil. The pro- IK Notes reports periodically on duction of seeds is about 0.8 kg per Indigenous Knowledge (IK) initiatives meter of hedge per year, with an oil in Sub-Saharan Africa and occasionally yield of 0,17 l [1]. Currently, Mali has on such initiatives outside the Region. about 10.000 km of Jatropha hedges It is published by the Africa Region’s Knowledge and Learning Center as with a growth rate of 2.000 km per part of an evolving IK partnership year, which represents a potential of between the World Bank, communi- 1.700.000 liters of oil per year. The ties, NGOs, development institutions average length of these hedges, in and multilateral organizations. The World Bank views expressed in this article are those areas of Mali where they are those of the authors and should not be most prevalent, is between 2 and 15 attributed to the World Bank Group km per village, with a maximum of up or its partners in this initiative. A to 40 km per village [2]. webpage on IK is available at // www.worldbank.org/afr/ik/ default.htm
- 2. 2 ment of the oil purification process may be used for larger- Erosion control and soil improvement scale soap making in rural areas, giving local women the chance to gain additional income and thus strengthen their Jatropha “living fences” in Mali not only control unwanted economic position. The press-cake as another extraction by- animal access to the fields; they also reduce wind erosion product can be used as a high-grade organic fertilizer. and, if planted parallel to slopes to fix small earth or stone The Jatropha activities were initiated in Mali in 1987 by dams, they help control water erosion. The plant’s roots German Technical Assistance (GTZ) in the framework of a grow close to the ground surface, anchoring the soil like renewable energy programme. The Jatropha Project itself miniature dikes or earthen bunds. These dikes effectively started 1993 and ended in 1997. It worked to combine the slow surface runoff during intensive downpours, which are above mentioned and other factors into the « Jatropha Sys- common, thus causing more water to penetrate into the soil tem ». This system focuses not simply on the use of Jatropha and boosting harvests. oil as fuel, but rather on the use of this oil as a crucial ele- The press cake which remains after oil extraction by the ment to activate a circular system combining ecologic, eco- expellers is a very good organic fertilizer, with mineral com- nomic, and income-generating effects, the latter specifically position comparable to that of chicken manure. This has for women [4]. great value for agriculture in the Sahelian countries, since Thus, the Jatropha system promotes four main aspects of soils there are rapidly depleted of humus and chemical fertil- development, which combine to help assure a sustainable izers are very expensive. way of life for village farmers and the land that supports The Malian cotton-growing company, CMDT (Compagnie them: Malienne de Développement Textile), uses Jatropha hedges • Erosion control and soil improvement to assure a program of improved fallow: the cotton fields are • Promotion of women protected with Jatropha hedges to keep out cattle, while the • Poverty reduction fields are sown with legumes to improve soil fertility. • Renewable energy Promotion of women IK Notes would be of interest to: Many government and non-government organizations pro- vide rural Malian women with engine-driven grainmills to ease their work of food preparation. However, these grainmills need external resources of fuel, lubrication oil, Name spare parts and maintenance. Consequently, the introduc- Institution tion of such a grainmill tends to lead to an impoverishment of the village because of the cash required both to buy and to transport these external resources to the village. By using Address locally produced Jatropha oil as fuel and lubrication oil, some of this cash outflow from the village can be stopped. Traditionally, rural women used Jatropha curcas for medi- cine (seeds as a laxative, latex to stop bleeding and against infections, leaves against malaria) and for soap production. The traditional soap-making process is very labor-intensive, Letters, comments, and requests for publications producing small amounts of relatively poor-quality soap. should be addressed to: When Jatropha oil is used, either alone or in combination Editor: IK Notes with other local plant oils such as shea butter, larger Knowledge and Learning Center amounts of a more refined soap are produced. The women Africa Region, World Bank can easily sell this soap in local markets and nearby towns, 1818 H Street, N.W., Room J5-055 Washington, D.C. 20433 increasing their possibilities of earning income with local E-mail: pmohan@worldbank.org resources. Some details of the economy of soap production with the means of the Bielenberg hand press are shown in the follow- ing table (prices in US$, 500 FCFA = 1 US$):
- 3. 3 Description Quantity Unity Price per Amount • Reducing crop losses caused unity US$ in US$ by wandering livestock or wind Inputs damage; Seeds (give 3 l of oil with handpress) 12 kg 0,1 1,20 • Increasing rainfall infiltra- Caustic soda 0,5 kg 1,2 0,60 tion, resulting in less work/irri- Labour (4 h for pressing, 1 h soap production) 5 h 0,2 1,00 gation water needed for local Depreciation/maintenance gardens; (5 years, 10 t/a, 240,-) US$/kg 0,02 0,24 • Increasing soil fertility by use Total expenses 3,04 of presscake as fertilizer; • Increasing use of inexpensive Revenues local resources rather than ex- Presscake 9 kg 0,03 0,27 pensive external resources; White soap 28 pieces (170 g) 0,15 4,20 • Reducing disputes between Total revenues 4,47 farmers and livestock owners Net Profit 1,43 regarding crop damage, as well Profit per liter of oil 0,48 as among farmers themselves Profit per kg of soap 0,31 regarding the boundaries of Price per kg of soap 0,89 their fields; • Providing local jobs, lessen- Poverty reduction ing the need for local villagers to migrate to cities to find employment. By promoting the integrated utilization of the Jatropha plant, the Jatropha System can provide direct financial ben- Because of its economic value the rural people are planting efits to the rural economy. To illustrate this with a rough cal- new Jatropha hedges in a large extent. In Kita, one of the culation, assume the average village of the pilot area has 15 pilot regions of the Jatropha project, the average length of km of Jatropha hedges, which represents 12 tons of seeds. hedges went up from 5 km to 15 km in the last 8 years. These 12 tons of seeds may generate 1.800 US$ of cash income when the oil is extracted and the products are sold: • 9.000 kg of presscake for 0.03 = US$270 Renewable energy • 2.400 liters of oil for 0.60 = US$1.440 • 600 kg of sediment for 0.15 = US$90 In the rural areas in Mali, Lister-type engines are used to Total US$1.800US$ drive grainmills and waterpumps. These inexpensive pre- combustion chamber diesel engines of Indian origin require If we take the real example of an entrepreneur in a small only the addition of a fuel filter to be able to run on pure village near Bamako, who buys the seeds for soap production Jatropha oil, thus eliminating the need for gazoil entirely. and hires people for the production process (extraction with Furthermore, at maximal load conditions the Jatropha Bielenberg ram press, soap production, see table above), the oil.gives even better results than gazoil because of its high cash income for the village population, including the entre- oxygen content [5]. Based on tests conducted by the Jatro- preneur, amounts to 3.630 US$: pha Project, the oil can also be successfully used as a lubri- • 12.000 kg of seeds for 0.10 US$1.200 cant in these engines[6]. • 5.000 hours of labor for 0.20 US$1.000 In equivalent terms, the energy needed to produce Jatro- • profit of the entrepreneur US$1.430 pha oil in mechanical presses amounts to about 10% of the oil Total US$3.630 obtained. Because Jatropha oil can be produced inexpen- sively [7], it can also be sold at prices lower than gazoil’s If these figures are extrapolated to Jatropha plantations, a official price at the petrol stations. Even more important profit in the range of cotton farming is within reach. than the price is the possibility of local energy production, because of the periodic unavailability of gazoil in the rural The “Jatropha System” also helps reduce poverty by: areas caused by lack of road access during rainy season.
- 4. 4 The technology for using natural pure Jatropha oil as sub- References stitute for paraffin oil for lamps and cookers is not yet avail- able. Different research centers are working on it. [1] Reinhard K. HENNING, Produktion und Nutzung von Pflanzenöl als Kraftstoff in Entwicklungsländern. In: VDI- Berichte Nr. 1126, 1994, 215 – 229. Conclusions [2] Reinhard K. HENNING, 3. Fachlicher Zwischenbericht zum Projekt: Produktion und Nutzung von The results of the Jatropha Project to date show that the Pflanzenöl als Kraftstoff; unpublished project report, chances of this system being successfully implemented are Projet Pourghère,GTZ, 1996. high, provided that a cautious approach is taken. Above all, [3] Siaka KONE, Les activités précédentes sur le care must be taken to ensure that women retain their tradi- Pourghère au Mali, unpublished project report, Programme tional responsibilities for harvesting and processing the Spécial Energie Mali, 1988. seeds. [4] Reinhard K. HENNING, Klaus v. Mitzlaff, Produktion Furthermore, Mali is a typical Sahelian country; its large und Nutzung von Purgieröl als Kraftstoff und geographic expanse and climatic variations mirror the eco- Rohstoff für die lokale Seifenherstellung im Sahel. In logical conditions found throughout the Sahel. Because of Witzenhäuser Hochschulwochen, 1995. this, the efforts already being made in Mali to derive value [5] Carl BIELENBERG, personal communication (1994). from oil-bearing plants can be taken as representative and [6] Reinhold Metzler, Plant Oil as Fuel and Lubrication used to elaborate a “concept for production and use of plant Oil, unpublished project report, Project Pourghère, 1996. oils as fuel” that is valid for the Sahel region as a whole, and [7] Hans-Jürgen WIEMER, Rapport de mission: even for other African countries. Etablissement d’un système de suivi et évaluation des effets To summarize, the Jatropha system is characterized by the du projet,unpublished project report, Projet Pourghère many positive ecological, energetic and economic aspects (1995). which are attached with the commercial exploitation of this [8] Fafré SAMAKE, Valorisation du tourteau de Pourghère plant. The more this plant is exploited, the better for the comme engrais sur le coton, unpublished project report, environment and for food production. Projet Pourghère, (1996). This article was written by Reinhard K. Henning, e-mail: henning@bagani.de, internet: www.bagani.de. For more information on the Jatropha System see also: www.jatropha.org