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The CIDOC CRM Family and LOD

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American Art Collaborative

The document discusses the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), emphasizing its role in addressing information diversity and enabling semantic interoperability in cultural heritage data. It outlines the CRM's structure, which includes 86 classes and 137 properties that enhance data integration and analysis across various cultural domains. Recent developments and major users of the CRM, as well as its publication status, highlight its significance in the field.

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1 The CIDOC CRM The CIDOC CRM family and LOD Stephen Stead AAC Online Briefing 8th October, 2014 CRM-SIG & Paveprime Ltd London, UK
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 2 Outline:  Problem statement – information diversity  Motivation example – the Yalta Conference  The goal and form of the CIDOC CRM  Presentation of contents  About using the CIDOC CRM  State of development  Conclusion Appendices A.Diagrams B.Mapping Outline
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 3 Cultural Diversity and Data Standards The Cultural information is more than a domain: Collection description (art, archeology, natural history….) Archives and literature (records, treaties, letters, artful works..) Administration, preservation, conservation of material heritage Science and scholarship – investigation, interpretation Presentation – exhibition making, teaching, publication But how to make a documentation standard?  Each aspect needs its own methods, forms, communication means  Data overlap, but do not fit in one schema  Understanding lives from relationships, but how to express them?
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 4 Historical Archives… Type: Text Title: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945 Creator: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The President of the United States of America Publisher: State Department Subject: Postwar division of Europe and Japan “The following declaration has been approved: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… ….and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…… “ Documents Metadata About…
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 5 Images, non-verbose… Type: Image Title: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945 Publisher: United Press International (UPI) Source: The Bettmann Archive Copyright: Corbis References: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Photos, Persons Metadata About…
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 6 Places and Objects TGN Id: 7012124 Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C) Position: Lat: 44 30 N,Long: 034 10 E Hierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym (autonomous republic) Note: …Site of conference between Allied powers in WW II in 1945; …. Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names Places, Objects About… Title: Yalta, Crimean Peninsula Publisher: Kurgan-Lisnet Source: Liaison Agency
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 7 Explicit Events, Object Identity, Symmetry E31 Document “Yalta Agreement” E7 Activity “Crimea Conference” E65 Creation Event * E38 Image P86 falls within E52 Time-Span February 1945 P81 ongoing throughout P82 at some time within E39 Actor E39 Actor E39 Actor E53 Place 7012124 E52 Time-Span 1945-02-11
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 8 …captures the underlying semantics of relevant documentation structures in a formal ontology …is a radical abstraction of a wide range of specialized databases to the basic relationships (the CRM) and open sets of terminologies (to appear as data) Ontologies are formalized knowledge: clearly defined concepts and relationships about possible states of affairs in a domain Ontologies can be understood by people and processed by machines to enable data exchange, data integration, query mediation etc. Ontologies can be approximated by data structures (RDF, XML...) Data structures can be explained by ontologies intellectually Data can be transformed from and to ontology instances (sets of atomic statements, “triples”) automatically The CIDOC CRM…
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 9 Good ontologies can be extended without affecting interoperability Semantic interoperability in cultural heritage can be achieved with an “extensible ontology of relationships” and explicit event modeling The CRM provides a shared explanation rather than the prescription of a common data structure The ontology is the language that S/W developers and museum experts can share. needs interdisciplinary input CIDOC’s primary role Utility of the CIDOC CRM…
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 10 Outcomes The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model A collaboration with the International Council of Museums  An ontology of 86 classes and 137 properties for culture and more  With the capacity to explain hundreds of (meta)data formats  Accepted by ISO TC46 and became ISO 21127:2006 Serving as: intellectual guide to create schemata, formats, profiles  A language for analysis of existing sources for integration/mediation “Identify elements with common meaning” These common meanings are the rdf-syntax-ns#type of LOD nodes plus the types of properties that link them together < Example>  Transportation format for data integration / migration / Internet (LOD)
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 11 Encoding of the CIDOC CRM The CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology (defined in TELOS) But CRM instances can be encoded in many forms: RDBMS, ooDBMS, XML, RDF(S)  Uses Multiple isA – to achieve uniqueness of properties in the schema  Uses multiple instantiation – to be able to combine not always valid combinations (e.g. destruction – activity)  Uses Multiple isA for properties to capture different abstraction of relationships Methodological aspects: Entities are introduced as anchors of properties (and if structurally relevant)  Frequent joins (short-cuts) of complex data paths for data found in different degrees of detail are modeled explicitly
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 12 Justifying Multiple Inheritance belongs to church Ecclesiastical item Holy Bread Basket container lid Museum Artefact museum number material collection Single Inheritance form: Museum Artefact museum number material collection Multiple Inheritance form: Canister container lid belongs to church Ecclesiastical item Canister container lid Holy Bread Basket Repetition of properties necessary Unique identity of properties Generalization
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 13 Data example (RDF-like form) Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E22 Man-Made Object) P30 custody transferred through, P24 changed ownership through Transfer of Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E10 Transfer of Custody, E8 Acquisition Event) P28 custody surrendered by Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara (entity E39 Actor) P23 transferred title from Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara (entity E39 Actor) P29 custody received by Museum Benaki (entity E39 Actor) P22 transferred title to Exchangeable Fund of Refugees (entity E40 Legal Body) P2 has type national foundation (entity E55 Type) P14 carried out by Exchangeable Fund of Refugees (entity E39 Actor) P4 has time-span GE34604_transfer_time (entity E52 Time-Span) P82 at some time within 1923 – 1928 (entity E61 Time Primitive) P7 took place at Greece (entity E53 Place) P2 has type nation (entity E55 Type) republic (entity E55 Type) P89 falls within Europe (entity E53 Place) P2 has type continent (entity E55 Type) TGN data Multiple Instantiation
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 14 Top-level classes useful for integration participate in E39 Actors E55 Types E28 Conceptual Objects E18 Physical Thing E2 Temporal Entities affect or / refer to refer to / refine location at E53 Places E52 Time-Spans
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 15 The types of relationships Identification of real world items by real world names  Observation and Classification of real world items  Part-decomposition and structural properties of Conceptual & Physical Objects, Periods, Actors, Places and Times  Participation of persistent items in temporal entities  creates a notion of history: “world-lines” meeting in space-time  Location of periods in space-time and physical objects in space  Influence of objects on activities and products and vice-versa  Reference of information objects to any real-world item
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 16 The E2 Temporal Entity Hierarchy E2 Temporal Entity E4 Period E3 Condition State E67 Birth E66 Formation E65 Creation E5 Event E64 End of Existence E63 Beginning of Existence E7 Activity E68 Dissolution E69 Death E6 Destruction E81 Transformation E11 Modification E9 Move E10 Transfer of Custody E8 Acquisition E87 Curation Activity E855 Joining E83 Type Creation E13 Attribute Assignment E86 Leaving E12 Production E80 Part Removal E 79 Part Addition E17 Type Assignment E14 Condition Assessment E15 Identifier Assignment E16 Measurement Specialization
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 17 Scope note example: E2 Temporal Entity E2 Temporal Entity Scope Note: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing. Comments:  E2 is limited in time, is the only link to time, but it is not time itself  spreads out over a place or object  the core of a model of physical history, open for unlimited specialisation
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 18 The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Subclasses E4 Period  binds together related phenomena  introduces inclusion topologies - parts etc.  Is confined in space and time  the basic unit for temporal-spatial reasoning  E5 Event  looks at the input and the outcome  introduces participation of people and presence of things  the basic unit for weak causal reasoning  each event is a period if we study the details of the process  E7 Activity  adds intention, influence and purpose  adds tools
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 19 Temporal Entity-Main Properties E2 Temporal Entity Properties: P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span E4 Period Properties: P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place P9 consists of (forms part of): E4 Period P10 falls within (contains): E4 Period E5 Event Properties: P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor E7 Activity Properties: P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing P125 used object of type (was type of object used in) E55 Type
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 20 The Participation Properties P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at) P11 had participant (participated in) P16 used specific object (was used for) P25 moved (moved by) P31 has modified (was modified by) P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by) P33 used specific technique (was used by) P94 has created (was created by) P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by) P142 used constituent (was used in) P96 by mother (gave birth) P99 dissolved (was dissolved by) P143 joined (was joined by) P144 joined with (gained member by) P145 separated (left by) P146 separated from (lost member by) P14 carried out by (performed) P13 destroyed (was destroyed by) P100 was death of (died in) P124 transformed (was transformed by) P110 augmented (was augmented by) P108 has produced (was produced by) P112 diminished (was diminished by) P95 has formed (was formed by) P98 brought into life (was born) P123 resulted in (resulted from) P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through) P29 custody received by (received custody through) P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through) P135 created type (was created by) Specialization
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 21 Time Uncertainty, Certainty and Duration time before P82 at some time within P81 ongoing throughout after “intensity” Duration (P83,P84)
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 22 E53 Place E53 Place A place is an extent in space, determined diachronically with regard to a larger, persistent constellation of matter, often continents - by coordinates, geophysical features, artefacts, communities, political systems, objects - but not identical to A “CRM Place” is not a landscape, not a seat - it is an abstraction from temporal changes - “the place where…” A means to reason about the “where” in multiple reference systems. Examples: figures from the bow of a ship African dinosaur foot-prints appearing in Portugal by continental drift where Nelson died
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 23 E70 Thing E37 Mark E70 Thing E72 Legal Object E71 Man-Made Thing E18 Physical Thing E26 Physical Feature E19Physical Object E24 Physical M-M Thing E28 Conceptual Object E89 Propositional Object E27 Site E25 Man-Made Feature E20 Biological Object E22 Man-Made Object E78 Collection E58 Measurement Unit E57 Material E56 Language E41 Appellation E73 Information Object E30 Right E90 Symbolic Object E21 Person E84 Information Carrier E82 Actor Appellation E42 Identifier E49 Time Appellation E44 Place Appellation E33 Linguistic Object E36 Visual Item E50 Date E45 Address E32 Authority Document E48 Place Name 47 Spatial Coordinates E46 Section Definition E35 Title E38 Image E31 Document E29 Design or Procedure E75 Conceptual Object Appellation E51 Contact Point E34 Inscription E55 Type material immaterial
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 24 E39 Actor E39 Actor E40 Legal Body E74 Group E21 Person
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 25 Knowledge Management Knowledge management has 3 levels:  Acquisition needs: (your database, can be derived from CRM)  sequence and order, completeness, constraints to guide and control data entry.  ergonomic, case-specific language, optimized to specialist needs  often working on series of analogous items  interoperability needs capability of your database to be mapped!  Integration / comprehension needs: (target of the CRM):  break up document boundaries, relate facts to wider context  match shared identifiers of items, aggregate alternatives  explore contexts, no preference direction of search, no cardinality constraints  interoperability needs a global schema  Reasoning, presentation, story-telling needs: (can be based on CRM)  represent contexts orthogonal to data acquisition  present in order, allow for digestion  support deduction and induction
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 26  Publication as ISO 21127:2006 in 2006  ISO Revision (based on version 5.0) ongoing Major extensions: FRBROO: includes FRAD/FRSAD PRESSoo: Periodicals CRMdig: Digital Provenance Model CRMsci: Scientific Observation Model CRMinf: Argumentation Model CRMgeo: Spatiotemporal Refinement  Ongoing work on TEI – CRM harmonization  RDF and OWL versions available Development
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 27  Major Recent Users CultureCloud, Northern Europe CLAROS, UK: www.clarosnet.org British Museum: http://collection.britishmuseum.org ResearchSpace: www.researchspace.org German Digital Library DDB: http://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/ Europeana will accept CRM instances in RDF ATHENA Project: LIDO Data Harvesting and Interchange Format: www.lido- schema.org CRM Home page: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/ Recommended RDFS: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/rdfs/cidoc-crm Use and Links
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 28 After analyzing many specialized data structures for their key concepts, we encounter a surprise compared with common preconceptions: Nearly no domain specificity, generic concepts appear in medicine, biodiversity etc. Rather a notion of scientific method emerges, such as “retrospective analysis”, “taxonomic discourse” etc. Extraordinary small set of concepts Extraordinary convergence: adding dozens of new formats hardly introduces any new concept This approach is economic, investment pays off The CRM should become our language for semantic interoperability Conclusions
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 A. DIAGRAMS B. MAPPING Appendices 29
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 DIAGRAMS Appendix A 30
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 31 E52 Time-Span E77 Persistent Item E53 Place E41 Appellation E1 CRM Entity E61 Time Primitive E52 Time-Span P4 has time-span (is time-span of) E2 Temporal Entity P82 at some time within P81 ongoing throughout E44 Time Appellation P78 is identified by (identifies) E50 Date P1 is identified by (identifies) E4 Period E5 Event P9 consists of (forms part of) P10 falls with in (contains) P7 took place at (witnessed) P86 falls with in (contains) 0,n 0,n 1,1 1,n E3 Condition State P5 consists of (forms part of) 0,n 0,1 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,1 0,n 1,1 0,n Generalization property
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 32 E7 Activity and inherited properties E55 Type E1 CRM Entity E62 String E7 Activity P3 has note P2 has type (is type of) 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n E5 Event E55 Type P3.1 has type E59 Primitive Value E39 Actor P14 carried out by (performed) 1,n 0,n P14.1 in the role of E.g., “Field Collection” E55 Type E.g., “photographer” Generalization property Indirect Generalization
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 33 Activities: E16 Measurement P140 assigned attribute to (was attribute by) E16 Measurement E13 Attribute Assignment E70 Thing E54 Dimension P43 has dimension (is dimension of) 0,n 1,1 1,n 0,n 1,1 0,n P39 measured (was measured by) P40 observed dimension (was observed in) 0,n P141 assigned (was assigned by) 0,n E1 CRM Entity 0,n E1 CRM Entity 0,n E58 Measurement Unit E60 Number P90 has value 1,1 0,n P91 has unit (is unit of) 1,1 0,n Shortcut Generalization property Indirect Generalization
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 34 Activities: E14 Condition Assessment P44 has condition (condition of) E7 Activity E18 Physical Thing E3 Condition State E2 Temporal Entity E1 CRM Entity E14 Condition Assessment E39 Actor 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,1 1,n 1,n P14 carried out by (performed) 1,n 0,n E55 Type 0,n 0,n P14.1 in the role of P34 concerned (was assessed by) P35 has identified (identified by) P2 has type (is type of) Condition State is a Situation. Its type is the “condition” An Assessment may include many different sub-activities Generalization property Indirect Generalization
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 35 Activities: E8 Acquisition P52 has current owner (is current owner of) P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) E55 Type E1 CRM Entity E62 String E7 Activity E8 Acquisition E39 Actor E18 Physical Thing P3 has note P2 has type (is type of) 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n E5 Event P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through) P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through) P14 carried out by (performed) 1,n 0,n E55 Type P3.1 has type P14.1 in the role of No buying and selling, just one transfer
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 36 Properties of E53 Place P8 took place on or within (witnessed) E45 Address E48 Place Name E47 Spatial Coordinates E46 Section Definition E18 Physical Thing E44 Place Appellation E53 Place P88 consists of (forms part of) P58 has section definition (defines section) E9 Move P26 moved to (was destination of) P27 moved from (was origin of) P25 moved (moved by) E12 Production P108 has produced (was pro duced by) P7 took place at (witnessed) E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E19 Physical Object E4 Period 1,n 0,n 1,n 1,1 1,n 0,n 1,n 1,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,1 0,n P87 is identified by (identifies) 0,n 0,n P89 falls within (contains) 0,n 0,n Where was Lord Nelson’s ring when he died?
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 37 Activities: E9 Move P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) E18 Physical Thing E7 Activity E9 Move E53 Place E19 Physical Object P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of) P55 has current location (currently holds) P26 moved to (was destination of) 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,1 0,n 1,n 1,n P27 moved from (was origin of) P25 moved (moved by) E55 Type P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) 0,n 0,n P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,1 E5 Period P7 took place at (witnessed) 1,n 0,n
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 38 An Instance of E9 Move P59B has section P26 moved to P27 moved from P27 moved from E19 Physical Object Spanair EC-IYG E9 Move Flight JK 126 E9 Move My walk 16-9-2006 13:45 P26 moved to E53 Place Madrid Airport E20 Person Martin Doerr E53 Place EC-IYG seat 4A E53 Place Frankfurt Airport-B10 How I came to Madrid…
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 39 Activities: E11 Modification/E12 Production E57 Material E29 Design or Procedure E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E55 Type E18 Physical Thing E12 Production E11 Modification E7 Activity P68 usually employs (is usually employed by) 0,n 0,n P126 employed (was employed in) 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n 1,n 1,1 P108 has produced (was produ ced by) P31 has modified (was mod ified by) P33 used specific technique (was used by) P45 co nsists of (is incor porated in) 0,n 0,n P69 is associated with 0,n 0,n P32 used general technique (was technique of) Things may be different from their plans Materials may be lost or altered P16 used specific object (was used for) E70 Thing P125 used object of type (was type of object used in)
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 40 Ways of Changing Things E18 Physical Thing E11 Modification P111 added (was added by) E80 Part Removal E24 Ph. M.-Made Thing E77 Persistent Item E81 Transformation E64 End of Existence E63 Beginning of Existence P124 transformed (was transformed by) P123 resulted in (resulted from) P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by) P93 took out of existence (was taken o.o.e. by) E79 Part Addition
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 41 Taxonomic Discourse E28 Conceptual Object E7 Activity E17 Type Assignment E55 Type P42 assigned (was assigned by) E1 CRM Entity E83 Type Creation E65 Creation Event P137 is exemplified by (exemplifies) P136.1 in the taxonomic role P137.1 in the taxonomic role
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 42 Visual Content and Subject E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E55 Type E1 CRM Entity P62.1 mode of depiction P65 shows visual item (is shown by) E36 Visual Item P138 represents (has representation) E73 Information Object E38 Image P67 refers to (is referred to by) E84 Information Carrier P128 carries (is carried by) P138.1 mode of depiction E37 Mark E34 Inscription
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 MAPPING Appendix B 43
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 44 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (1) Example: DC Record about a Technical Report Type: text Title: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRM Creator: Martin Doerr Publisher: ICS-FORTH Identifier: FORTH-ICS / TR 274 July 2000 Language: English
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 45 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (2) E41 Appellation Name: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRM E33 Linguistic Object Object: FORTH-ICS / TR-274 July 2000 E82 Actor Appellation Name: Martin Doerr E65 Creation Event: 0001 carried out by is identified by E82 Actor Appellation Name: ICS-FORTH E7 Activity Event: 0002 carried out by E55 Type Type: Publication E75 Conceptual Object Appellation Name: FORTH-ICS / TR-274 July 2000 E55 Type Type:FORTH Identifier has type E56 Language Lang.: English E39 Actor Actor:0001 E39 Actor Actor:0002 is identified by (background knowledge not in the DC record)
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 46 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (3) Example: DC Record about a Painting Type.DCT1: image Type: painting Title: Garden of Paradise Creator: Master of the Paradise Garden Publisher: Staedelsches Kunstinstitut
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 47 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (4) E41 Appellation Name: Garden of Paradise E73 Information Object Object: PA 310-1A?? E82 Actor Appellation Name: Master of the Paradise Garden E39 Actor ULAN: 4162 E12 Production Event: 0003 E82 Actor Appellation Name: Staedelsches Kunstinstitut E39 Actor Actor: 0003 E65 Creation carried out by E55 Type Type: Publication Creation E31 Document Docu: 0001 was created by has type E55 Type AAT: painting E55 Type DCT1: image Event: 0004 (AAT: background knowledge not in the DC record)
The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 48 Lessons learned from mapping Semantic Interoperability can defined by the capability of mapping Mapping for epistemic networks is relatively simple: Specialist / primary information databases frequently employ a flat schema, reducing complex relationships into simple fields a Source fields frequently map to composite paths under the CRM, making their semantics explicit using a small set of CRM primitives Intermediate nodes are postulated or induced (e.g., “birth” from “person”). They are the hooks for integration with complementary sources Cardinality constraints must not be enforced = alternative or incomplete knowledge  Domain experts easily learn schema mapping IT experts may not understand meaning, underestimate it or are bored by it! Intuitive tools for domain experts needed: Separate identifier matching from schema mapping Separate terminology mediation from schema mapping

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The CIDOC CRM Family and LOD

  • 1. 1 The CIDOC CRM The CIDOC CRM family and LOD Stephen Stead AAC Online Briefing 8th October, 2014 CRM-SIG & Paveprime Ltd London, UK
  • 2. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 2 Outline:  Problem statement – information diversity  Motivation example – the Yalta Conference  The goal and form of the CIDOC CRM  Presentation of contents  About using the CIDOC CRM  State of development  Conclusion Appendices A.Diagrams B.Mapping Outline
  • 3. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 3 Cultural Diversity and Data Standards The Cultural information is more than a domain: Collection description (art, archeology, natural history….) Archives and literature (records, treaties, letters, artful works..) Administration, preservation, conservation of material heritage Science and scholarship – investigation, interpretation Presentation – exhibition making, teaching, publication But how to make a documentation standard?  Each aspect needs its own methods, forms, communication means  Data overlap, but do not fit in one schema  Understanding lives from relationships, but how to express them?
  • 4. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 4 Historical Archives… Type: Text Title: Protocol of Proceedings of Crimea Conference Title.Subtitle: II. Declaration of Liberated Europe Date: February 11, 1945 Creator: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The President of the United States of America Publisher: State Department Subject: Postwar division of Europe and Japan “The following declaration has been approved: The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the people of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert… ….and to ensure that Germany will never again be able to disturb the peace of the world…… “ Documents Metadata About…
  • 5. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 5 Images, non-verbose… Type: Image Title: Allied Leaders at Yalta Date: 1945 Publisher: United Press International (UPI) Source: The Bettmann Archive Copyright: Corbis References: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Photos, Persons Metadata About…
  • 6. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 6 Places and Objects TGN Id: 7012124 Names: Yalta (C,V), Jalta (C,V) Types: inhabited place(C), city (C) Position: Lat: 44 30 N,Long: 034 10 E Hierarchy: Europe (continent) <– Ukrayina (nation) <– Krym (autonomous republic) Note: …Site of conference between Allied powers in WW II in 1945; …. Source: TGN, Thesaurus of Geographic Names Places, Objects About… Title: Yalta, Crimean Peninsula Publisher: Kurgan-Lisnet Source: Liaison Agency
  • 7. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 7 Explicit Events, Object Identity, Symmetry E31 Document “Yalta Agreement” E7 Activity “Crimea Conference” E65 Creation Event * E38 Image P86 falls within E52 Time-Span February 1945 P81 ongoing throughout P82 at some time within E39 Actor E39 Actor E39 Actor E53 Place 7012124 E52 Time-Span 1945-02-11
  • 8. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 8 …captures the underlying semantics of relevant documentation structures in a formal ontology …is a radical abstraction of a wide range of specialized databases to the basic relationships (the CRM) and open sets of terminologies (to appear as data) Ontologies are formalized knowledge: clearly defined concepts and relationships about possible states of affairs in a domain Ontologies can be understood by people and processed by machines to enable data exchange, data integration, query mediation etc. Ontologies can be approximated by data structures (RDF, XML...) Data structures can be explained by ontologies intellectually Data can be transformed from and to ontology instances (sets of atomic statements, “triples”) automatically The CIDOC CRM…
  • 9. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 9 Good ontologies can be extended without affecting interoperability Semantic interoperability in cultural heritage can be achieved with an “extensible ontology of relationships” and explicit event modeling The CRM provides a shared explanation rather than the prescription of a common data structure The ontology is the language that S/W developers and museum experts can share. needs interdisciplinary input CIDOC’s primary role Utility of the CIDOC CRM…
  • 10. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 10 Outcomes The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model A collaboration with the International Council of Museums  An ontology of 86 classes and 137 properties for culture and more  With the capacity to explain hundreds of (meta)data formats  Accepted by ISO TC46 and became ISO 21127:2006 Serving as: intellectual guide to create schemata, formats, profiles  A language for analysis of existing sources for integration/mediation “Identify elements with common meaning” These common meanings are the rdf-syntax-ns#type of LOD nodes plus the types of properties that link them together < Example>  Transportation format for data integration / migration / Internet (LOD)
  • 11. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 11 Encoding of the CIDOC CRM The CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology (defined in TELOS) But CRM instances can be encoded in many forms: RDBMS, ooDBMS, XML, RDF(S)  Uses Multiple isA – to achieve uniqueness of properties in the schema  Uses multiple instantiation – to be able to combine not always valid combinations (e.g. destruction – activity)  Uses Multiple isA for properties to capture different abstraction of relationships Methodological aspects: Entities are introduced as anchors of properties (and if structurally relevant)  Frequent joins (short-cuts) of complex data paths for data found in different degrees of detail are modeled explicitly
  • 12. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 12 Justifying Multiple Inheritance belongs to church Ecclesiastical item Holy Bread Basket container lid Museum Artefact museum number material collection Single Inheritance form: Museum Artefact museum number material collection Multiple Inheritance form: Canister container lid belongs to church Ecclesiastical item Canister container lid Holy Bread Basket Repetition of properties necessary Unique identity of properties Generalization
  • 13. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 13 Data example (RDF-like form) Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E22 Man-Made Object) P30 custody transferred through, P24 changed ownership through Transfer of Epitaphios GE34604 (entity E10 Transfer of Custody, E8 Acquisition Event) P28 custody surrendered by Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara (entity E39 Actor) P23 transferred title from Metropolitan Church of the Greek Community of Ankara (entity E39 Actor) P29 custody received by Museum Benaki (entity E39 Actor) P22 transferred title to Exchangeable Fund of Refugees (entity E40 Legal Body) P2 has type national foundation (entity E55 Type) P14 carried out by Exchangeable Fund of Refugees (entity E39 Actor) P4 has time-span GE34604_transfer_time (entity E52 Time-Span) P82 at some time within 1923 – 1928 (entity E61 Time Primitive) P7 took place at Greece (entity E53 Place) P2 has type nation (entity E55 Type) republic (entity E55 Type) P89 falls within Europe (entity E53 Place) P2 has type continent (entity E55 Type) TGN data Multiple Instantiation
  • 14. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 14 Top-level classes useful for integration participate in E39 Actors E55 Types E28 Conceptual Objects E18 Physical Thing E2 Temporal Entities affect or / refer to refer to / refine location at E53 Places E52 Time-Spans
  • 15. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 15 The types of relationships Identification of real world items by real world names  Observation and Classification of real world items  Part-decomposition and structural properties of Conceptual & Physical Objects, Periods, Actors, Places and Times  Participation of persistent items in temporal entities  creates a notion of history: “world-lines” meeting in space-time  Location of periods in space-time and physical objects in space  Influence of objects on activities and products and vice-versa  Reference of information objects to any real-world item
  • 16. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 16 The E2 Temporal Entity Hierarchy E2 Temporal Entity E4 Period E3 Condition State E67 Birth E66 Formation E65 Creation E5 Event E64 End of Existence E63 Beginning of Existence E7 Activity E68 Dissolution E69 Death E6 Destruction E81 Transformation E11 Modification E9 Move E10 Transfer of Custody E8 Acquisition E87 Curation Activity E855 Joining E83 Type Creation E13 Attribute Assignment E86 Leaving E12 Production E80 Part Removal E 79 Part Addition E17 Type Assignment E14 Condition Assessment E15 Identifier Assignment E16 Measurement Specialization
  • 17. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 17 Scope note example: E2 Temporal Entity E2 Temporal Entity Scope Note: This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time. In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing. Comments:  E2 is limited in time, is the only link to time, but it is not time itself  spreads out over a place or object  the core of a model of physical history, open for unlimited specialisation
  • 18. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 18 The CIDOC CRM Temporal Entity- Subclasses E4 Period  binds together related phenomena  introduces inclusion topologies - parts etc.  Is confined in space and time  the basic unit for temporal-spatial reasoning  E5 Event  looks at the input and the outcome  introduces participation of people and presence of things  the basic unit for weak causal reasoning  each event is a period if we study the details of the process  E7 Activity  adds intention, influence and purpose  adds tools
  • 19. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 19 Temporal Entity-Main Properties E2 Temporal Entity Properties: P4 has time-span (is time-span of): E52 Time-Span E4 Period Properties: P7 took place at (witnessed): E53 Place P9 consists of (forms part of): E4 Period P10 falls within (contains): E4 Period E5 Event Properties: P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at): E77 Persistent Item P11 had participant (participated in): E39 Actor E7 Activity Properties: P14 carried out by (performed): E39 Actor P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of): E5 Event P21 had general purpose (was purpose of): E55 Type P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing P125 used object of type (was type of object used in) E55 Type
  • 20. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 20 The Participation Properties P12 occurred in the presence of (was present at) P11 had participant (participated in) P16 used specific object (was used for) P25 moved (moved by) P31 has modified (was modified by) P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by) P33 used specific technique (was used by) P94 has created (was created by) P93 took out of existence (was taken out of existence by) P142 used constituent (was used in) P96 by mother (gave birth) P99 dissolved (was dissolved by) P143 joined (was joined by) P144 joined with (gained member by) P145 separated (left by) P146 separated from (lost member by) P14 carried out by (performed) P13 destroyed (was destroyed by) P100 was death of (died in) P124 transformed (was transformed by) P110 augmented (was augmented by) P108 has produced (was produced by) P112 diminished (was diminished by) P95 has formed (was formed by) P98 brought into life (was born) P123 resulted in (resulted from) P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through) P29 custody received by (received custody through) P28 custody surrendered by (surrendered custody through) P135 created type (was created by) Specialization
  • 21. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 21 Time Uncertainty, Certainty and Duration time before P82 at some time within P81 ongoing throughout after “intensity” Duration (P83,P84)
  • 22. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 22 E53 Place E53 Place A place is an extent in space, determined diachronically with regard to a larger, persistent constellation of matter, often continents - by coordinates, geophysical features, artefacts, communities, political systems, objects - but not identical to A “CRM Place” is not a landscape, not a seat - it is an abstraction from temporal changes - “the place where…” A means to reason about the “where” in multiple reference systems. Examples: figures from the bow of a ship African dinosaur foot-prints appearing in Portugal by continental drift where Nelson died
  • 23. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 23 E70 Thing E37 Mark E70 Thing E72 Legal Object E71 Man-Made Thing E18 Physical Thing E26 Physical Feature E19Physical Object E24 Physical M-M Thing E28 Conceptual Object E89 Propositional Object E27 Site E25 Man-Made Feature E20 Biological Object E22 Man-Made Object E78 Collection E58 Measurement Unit E57 Material E56 Language E41 Appellation E73 Information Object E30 Right E90 Symbolic Object E21 Person E84 Information Carrier E82 Actor Appellation E42 Identifier E49 Time Appellation E44 Place Appellation E33 Linguistic Object E36 Visual Item E50 Date E45 Address E32 Authority Document E48 Place Name 47 Spatial Coordinates E46 Section Definition E35 Title E38 Image E31 Document E29 Design or Procedure E75 Conceptual Object Appellation E51 Contact Point E34 Inscription E55 Type material immaterial
  • 24. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 24 E39 Actor E39 Actor E40 Legal Body E74 Group E21 Person
  • 25. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 25 Knowledge Management Knowledge management has 3 levels:  Acquisition needs: (your database, can be derived from CRM)  sequence and order, completeness, constraints to guide and control data entry.  ergonomic, case-specific language, optimized to specialist needs  often working on series of analogous items  interoperability needs capability of your database to be mapped!  Integration / comprehension needs: (target of the CRM):  break up document boundaries, relate facts to wider context  match shared identifiers of items, aggregate alternatives  explore contexts, no preference direction of search, no cardinality constraints  interoperability needs a global schema  Reasoning, presentation, story-telling needs: (can be based on CRM)  represent contexts orthogonal to data acquisition  present in order, allow for digestion  support deduction and induction
  • 26. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 26  Publication as ISO 21127:2006 in 2006  ISO Revision (based on version 5.0) ongoing Major extensions: FRBROO: includes FRAD/FRSAD PRESSoo: Periodicals CRMdig: Digital Provenance Model CRMsci: Scientific Observation Model CRMinf: Argumentation Model CRMgeo: Spatiotemporal Refinement  Ongoing work on TEI – CRM harmonization  RDF and OWL versions available Development
  • 27. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 27  Major Recent Users CultureCloud, Northern Europe CLAROS, UK: www.clarosnet.org British Museum: http://collection.britishmuseum.org ResearchSpace: www.researchspace.org German Digital Library DDB: http://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/ Europeana will accept CRM instances in RDF ATHENA Project: LIDO Data Harvesting and Interchange Format: www.lido- schema.org CRM Home page: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/ Recommended RDFS: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/rdfs/cidoc-crm Use and Links
  • 28. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 28 After analyzing many specialized data structures for their key concepts, we encounter a surprise compared with common preconceptions: Nearly no domain specificity, generic concepts appear in medicine, biodiversity etc. Rather a notion of scientific method emerges, such as “retrospective analysis”, “taxonomic discourse” etc. Extraordinary small set of concepts Extraordinary convergence: adding dozens of new formats hardly introduces any new concept This approach is economic, investment pays off The CRM should become our language for semantic interoperability Conclusions
  • 29. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 A. DIAGRAMS B. MAPPING Appendices 29
  • 30. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 DIAGRAMS Appendix A 30
  • 31. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 31 E52 Time-Span E77 Persistent Item E53 Place E41 Appellation E1 CRM Entity E61 Time Primitive E52 Time-Span P4 has time-span (is time-span of) E2 Temporal Entity P82 at some time within P81 ongoing throughout E44 Time Appellation P78 is identified by (identifies) E50 Date P1 is identified by (identifies) E4 Period E5 Event P9 consists of (forms part of) P10 falls with in (contains) P7 took place at (witnessed) P86 falls with in (contains) 0,n 0,n 1,1 1,n E3 Condition State P5 consists of (forms part of) 0,n 0,1 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,1 0,n 1,1 0,n Generalization property
  • 32. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 32 E7 Activity and inherited properties E55 Type E1 CRM Entity E62 String E7 Activity P3 has note P2 has type (is type of) 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n E5 Event E55 Type P3.1 has type E59 Primitive Value E39 Actor P14 carried out by (performed) 1,n 0,n P14.1 in the role of E.g., “Field Collection” E55 Type E.g., “photographer” Generalization property Indirect Generalization
  • 33. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 33 Activities: E16 Measurement P140 assigned attribute to (was attribute by) E16 Measurement E13 Attribute Assignment E70 Thing E54 Dimension P43 has dimension (is dimension of) 0,n 1,1 1,n 0,n 1,1 0,n P39 measured (was measured by) P40 observed dimension (was observed in) 0,n P141 assigned (was assigned by) 0,n E1 CRM Entity 0,n E1 CRM Entity 0,n E58 Measurement Unit E60 Number P90 has value 1,1 0,n P91 has unit (is unit of) 1,1 0,n Shortcut Generalization property Indirect Generalization
  • 34. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 34 Activities: E14 Condition Assessment P44 has condition (condition of) E7 Activity E18 Physical Thing E3 Condition State E2 Temporal Entity E1 CRM Entity E14 Condition Assessment E39 Actor 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,1 1,n 1,n P14 carried out by (performed) 1,n 0,n E55 Type 0,n 0,n P14.1 in the role of P34 concerned (was assessed by) P35 has identified (identified by) P2 has type (is type of) Condition State is a Situation. Its type is the “condition” An Assessment may include many different sub-activities Generalization property Indirect Generalization
  • 35. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 35 Activities: E8 Acquisition P52 has current owner (is current owner of) P51 has former or current owner (is former or current owner of) E55 Type E1 CRM Entity E62 String E7 Activity E8 Acquisition E39 Actor E18 Physical Thing P3 has note P2 has type (is type of) 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n P22 transferred title to (acquired title through) 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n E5 Event P23 transferred title from (surrendered title through) P24 transferred title of (changed ownership through) P14 carried out by (performed) 1,n 0,n E55 Type P3.1 has type P14.1 in the role of No buying and selling, just one transfer
  • 36. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 36 Properties of E53 Place P8 took place on or within (witnessed) E45 Address E48 Place Name E47 Spatial Coordinates E46 Section Definition E18 Physical Thing E44 Place Appellation E53 Place P88 consists of (forms part of) P58 has section definition (defines section) E9 Move P26 moved to (was destination of) P27 moved from (was origin of) P25 moved (moved by) E12 Production P108 has produced (was pro duced by) P7 took place at (witnessed) E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E19 Physical Object E4 Period 1,n 0,n 1,n 1,1 1,n 0,n 1,n 1,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,1 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,1 0,n P87 is identified by (identifies) 0,n 0,n P89 falls within (contains) 0,n 0,n Where was Lord Nelson’s ring when he died?
  • 37. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 37 Activities: E9 Move P54 has current permanent location (is current permanent location of) E18 Physical Thing E7 Activity E9 Move E53 Place E19 Physical Object P53 has former or current location (is former or current location of) P55 has current location (currently holds) P26 moved to (was destination of) 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,1 0,n 1,n 1,n P27 moved from (was origin of) P25 moved (moved by) E55 Type P21 had general purpose (was purpose of) 0,n 0,n P20 had specific purpose (was purpose of) 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,1 E5 Period P7 took place at (witnessed) 1,n 0,n
  • 38. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 38 An Instance of E9 Move P59B has section P26 moved to P27 moved from P27 moved from E19 Physical Object Spanair EC-IYG E9 Move Flight JK 126 E9 Move My walk 16-9-2006 13:45 P26 moved to E53 Place Madrid Airport E20 Person Martin Doerr E53 Place EC-IYG seat 4A E53 Place Frankfurt Airport-B10 How I came to Madrid…
  • 39. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 39 Activities: E11 Modification/E12 Production E57 Material E29 Design or Procedure E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E55 Type E18 Physical Thing E12 Production E11 Modification E7 Activity P68 usually employs (is usually employed by) 0,n 0,n P126 employed (was employed in) 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 0,n 1,n 0,n 1,n 1,1 P108 has produced (was produ ced by) P31 has modified (was mod ified by) P33 used specific technique (was used by) P45 co nsists of (is incor porated in) 0,n 0,n P69 is associated with 0,n 0,n P32 used general technique (was technique of) Things may be different from their plans Materials may be lost or altered P16 used specific object (was used for) E70 Thing P125 used object of type (was type of object used in)
  • 40. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 40 Ways of Changing Things E18 Physical Thing E11 Modification P111 added (was added by) E80 Part Removal E24 Ph. M.-Made Thing E77 Persistent Item E81 Transformation E64 End of Existence E63 Beginning of Existence P124 transformed (was transformed by) P123 resulted in (resulted from) P92 brought into existence (was brought into existence by) P93 took out of existence (was taken o.o.e. by) E79 Part Addition
  • 41. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 41 Taxonomic Discourse E28 Conceptual Object E7 Activity E17 Type Assignment E55 Type P42 assigned (was assigned by) E1 CRM Entity E83 Type Creation E65 Creation Event P137 is exemplified by (exemplifies) P136.1 in the taxonomic role P137.1 in the taxonomic role
  • 42. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 42 Visual Content and Subject E24 Physical Man-Made Thing E55 Type E1 CRM Entity P62.1 mode of depiction P65 shows visual item (is shown by) E36 Visual Item P138 represents (has representation) E73 Information Object E38 Image P67 refers to (is referred to by) E84 Information Carrier P128 carries (is carried by) P138.1 mode of depiction E37 Mark E34 Inscription
  • 43. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 MAPPING Appendix B 43
  • 44. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 44 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (1) Example: DC Record about a Technical Report Type: text Title: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRM Creator: Martin Doerr Publisher: ICS-FORTH Identifier: FORTH-ICS / TR 274 July 2000 Language: English
  • 45. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 45 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (2) E41 Appellation Name: Mapping of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set to the CIDOC CRM E33 Linguistic Object Object: FORTH-ICS / TR-274 July 2000 E82 Actor Appellation Name: Martin Doerr E65 Creation Event: 0001 carried out by is identified by E82 Actor Appellation Name: ICS-FORTH E7 Activity Event: 0002 carried out by E55 Type Type: Publication E75 Conceptual Object Appellation Name: FORTH-ICS / TR-274 July 2000 E55 Type Type:FORTH Identifier has type E56 Language Lang.: English E39 Actor Actor:0001 E39 Actor Actor:0002 is identified by (background knowledge not in the DC record)
  • 46. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 46 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (3) Example: DC Record about a Painting Type.DCT1: image Type: painting Title: Garden of Paradise Creator: Master of the Paradise Garden Publisher: Staedelsches Kunstinstitut
  • 47. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 47 Application: Mapping DC to the CRM (4) E41 Appellation Name: Garden of Paradise E73 Information Object Object: PA 310-1A?? E82 Actor Appellation Name: Master of the Paradise Garden E39 Actor ULAN: 4162 E12 Production Event: 0003 E82 Actor Appellation Name: Staedelsches Kunstinstitut E39 Actor Actor: 0003 E65 Creation carried out by E55 Type Type: Publication Creation E31 Document Docu: 0001 was created by has type E55 Type AAT: painting E55 Type DCT1: image Event: 0004 (AAT: background knowledge not in the DC record)
  • 48. The CIDOC CRM Paveprime Ltd October 8, 2014 48 Lessons learned from mapping Semantic Interoperability can defined by the capability of mapping Mapping for epistemic networks is relatively simple: Specialist / primary information databases frequently employ a flat schema, reducing complex relationships into simple fields a Source fields frequently map to composite paths under the CRM, making their semantics explicit using a small set of CRM primitives Intermediate nodes are postulated or induced (e.g., “birth” from “person”). They are the hooks for integration with complementary sources Cardinality constraints must not be enforced = alternative or incomplete knowledge  Domain experts easily learn schema mapping IT experts may not understand meaning, underestimate it or are bored by it! Intuitive tools for domain experts needed: Separate identifier matching from schema mapping Separate terminology mediation from schema mapping