AAI PPT
- 1. 1 Regional Training Centre (CNS) Raja Bhoj Airport, Bhopal (M.P.)-462036 A Project Report On- Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Submitted By- Amit kumar, B.E(ECE), 4th Year Oriental Institute of Science & Technology, Bhopal
- 2. 2 Acknowledgement I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Mrs Bhaswati Ghosh Senior manager ,CNS Dept. for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout this training. Sitting at the office of the airport and listening to the lectures of the aircraft communication ,made us think that it was an easy task to fly into the vast expanse on “CNS (COMMUNICATION NAVIGATION & SURVEILLANCE)”, but it was only when we gathered knowledge about this topic, we realized how much helpful were some people to us. Without them this exploration could never have been materialized. Acknowledgement is something which really comes from the bottom of the heart of every writer .I am obliged to staff members at AAI of Raja Bhoj airport Bhopal, for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.
- 3. 3 Declaration I hereby declare that I, Shri. Amit Kumar has completed my summer vocational training on COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE (CNS)and submitted my project report to Regional Training Centre (CNS), Airports Authority of India, Bhopal on the completion of the same from 21th June to 11th July 2017. To the best of my knowledge, this project report has not been submitted for any other examination and does not form a part of any other course undergone by the candidate. Name of Student: AMIT KUMAR Place: BHOPAL Date: ------------------------------------------------- Signature of Student
- 4. 4 CONTENTS S. No. CONTENTS Page 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 2 DECLARATION 3 3 AAI OVERVIEW 5 4 COMMUNCATION,NAVIGATION AND SURVEILLANCE 7 5 FLIGHT PLAN (FPL) 8 6 COMMUNCATION 9 7 NAVIGATION 14 8 SURVEILLANCE 18 9 AIRPORT SECURITY SYSTEM 21 10 CONCLUSION 25
- 5. 5 AAI OVERVIEW Raja Bhoj Airport (IATA: BHO, ICAO: VABP) is the primary airport serving Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in Gandhi Nagar area which lies 15 km (9.3 mi) north-west of Bhopal city centre on National Highway 12.It is the second busiest airport in Madhya Pradesh after Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport in Indore. The airport is named after the 10th century Paramara king Raja Bhoj. The length of the runway strip was increased to 27,000 metres (89,000 ft), making it possible for larger aircraft to land at Bhopal. Passenger- Airlines Destinations Jet Airways Delhi, Mumbai Alliance Air Hyderabad, Jabalpur, Lucknow Airport, Jaipur Airport Air India Delhi, Mumbai Runways(Bhopal) Direction Length Surface Ft. Mtr. 06/24 3,420 1,042 Bituminous tar/ Asphalt 12/30 9,022 2,750 Asphalt
- 6. 6 General Information :- Airport Name- Raja Bhoj Airport City Name- Bhopal State- Madhya Pradesh Distance and Direction from the City- 4.5 NM 288° Geo From Bhopal Railway Station Address- Airports Authority of India Raja Bhoj Airport Gandhi Nagar Post office Gandhi Nagar, Bhopal (MP)- 462036
- 7. 7 Communication Navigation Surveillance (CNS) Communication, Navigation and Surveillance are three main functions (domains) which constitute the foundation of Air Traffic Management (ATM) infrastructure. The following provide further details about relevant domains of CNS. Communication:-Communication is the exchange of voice and data information between the pilot and air traffic controllers or flight information centres. Navigation:- Navigation Element Of CNS/ATM Systems Is meant To provide Accurate, Reliable And Seamless Position Determination Capability to aircrafts. Surveillance:- The surveillance systems can be divided into two main types:- Dependent surveillance and Independent surveillance. In dependent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined on board and then transmitted to ATC. The current voice position reporting is a dependent surveillance systems in which the position of the aircraft is determined from on-board navigation equipment and then conveyed by the pilot to ATC. Independent surveillance is a system which measures aircraft position from the ground. Current surveillance is either based on voice position reporting or based on radar (primary surveillance radar (PSR) or secondary surveillance radar (SSR)) which measures range and azimuth of aircraft from the ground station.
- 9. 9 The figure above shows the International Flight Plan registration form.The main information provided in the flight plan is as follows: • 7 letter Aircraft Identification Code • Flight Rules - I (IFR), V (VFR) or Y (Both) • Type of Flight – N (Non Scheduled), S (Scheduled) or M (Military) • Number – Denotes number of aircraft (1 for normal flights, more for formation flights) • Type of Aircraft – Boeing (B737), Airbus (A320, A380), ATR flights (AT72), etc. • Wake/Turbulence Category – L (Light, less than 7000Kg), M(Medium, 7000-136000Kg) or H(Heavy, greater than 136000Kg) • Equipment – N (NDB), V (DVOR), I (ILS), etc. • Departure Aerodrome (4 letter Airport Identification Code) • Time – Time of departure in GMT • Cruising Speed (expressed in Nautical Miles per hour) • Level – Denotes flight level or the altitude • Route – The full route from source to destination, via all the major airports • Destination Aerodrome (4 letter Airport Identification Code) • Estimated time to reach destination aerodrome • 1st alternate aerodrome • 2nd alternate aerodrome
- 10. 10 COMMUNICATION Communication is done through VHF (Very high frequency range). The Range of VHF is 30MHz to 300MHz. It is a type line of Sight Communication. Modulation technique used is Amplitude Modulation. VHF Three Basic Components required for VHF Communication are:- Transmitter Receiver Antennas TRANSMITTER VHF Transmitter have two Transmitters in a single Equipment Transmitter is on Air While other is on stand By. Transmitter is on Air hot stand By. Transmitter is in on state but not in use.
- 11. 11 RECEIVER VHF Receiver also have two Receiver in a Single Equipment. One Receiver is on Air while two is on not stand by for use in Emergency.
- 12. 12 ANTENNAS TWO Type of Antennas are used 1 DIRECTIVE ANTENNA 2 OMNI- DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SOME IMPORTANT FACTS Allotted frequency for V.H.F is 108-156MHz. Out of A.A.I operates in 117.975MHz-136Mhz. Each Airport has its designated frequency. for e.g.-Raja Bhoj Airport Operates at frequency 122.3MHz.
- 13. 13 ASMGCSss (ADVANCED SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM) A system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface movement rate under all weather conditions within the Aerodrome Visibility Operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required level of safety. Navigation-NAVIGATION
- 14. 14 Navigation:- Navigation Element Of CNS/ATM Systems Is meant To provide Accurate, Reliable And Seamless Position Determination Capability to aircrafts. DME : Distance Measuring Equipment
- 15. 15 Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures slant range distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals. Frequency Bands: UHF (300 MHz to 3GHz) 960 MHz to 1215 MHz (For DME) Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a land-based transponder by sending and receiving pulse pairs – two pulses of fixed duration and separation. The ground stations are typically co-located with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for en-route or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the assigned UHF channel. A low-power DME can be co-located with an ILS Localizer antenna installation where it provides an accurate distance to touchdown function, similar to that otherwise provided by ILS Marker Beacons. The DME system is composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver (interrogator) in the aircraft and a UHF receiver/transmitter (transponder) on the ground ILS The full form of ILS is Instrument Landing System. The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides a means for safe landing of aircraft at airports under conditions of low ceilings and limited visibility. The components of ILS are: 1. Localiser 2. Glide path 3. Marker Bacons 4. L P DME
- 16. 16 l ILS Parameter ILS Component a. Azimuth Approach Guidance Provided by Localizer b. Elevation Approach Guidance Provided by Glide Path c. Fixed Distances from Threshold Provided by Marker Beacons d. Range from touchdown point Provided by DME
- 17. 17 Locations of ILS components
- 18. 18 RADAR RADAR is an acronym coined by the US Navy from the words Radio Detection And Ranging. Radar is basically a means for gathering information about distant objects called “targets” by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analysing the returns called the “echoes”. CLASSIFICATION OF RADARS Primary Radar: Cooperation of targets are not required for detection. Secondary Radar: Active cooperation of targets are required for finding range and other details of the targets. Primary Radar Antenna Propagation Transmitted pulse
- 19. 19 Secondary Radar MAXIMUM RANGE OF A RADAR depends on: • Peak transmission power (4th root) • Minimum detectable signal (MDS) • Antenna Gain • Radar cross section of the target • Atmospheric attenuation In AAI RADARs available at: • Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Ahmedabad, Berhampur, Nagpur, Varanasi, Mangalore • Delhi and Mumbai • Hyderabad and Bangalore • Bhopal, Chennai, Bellary, Vizag, Katihar, Jharsuguda, Bhopal, Porbandar and Udaipur • Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Trivandrum, and Delhi
- 20. 20 MONOPULSE SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE MODE-S RADAR (MSSR MODE-S) MSSR INTERROGATION The interrogator transmits a pair of pulses at 1030 MHz. Each pulse has the same duration, shape and amplitude. Their spacing distinguishes various modes of interrogation P2 pulse use is for control
- 21. 21 AIRPORT SECURITY SYSTEM Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in an attempt to protect passengers, staff and planes which use the Airport from accidental/malicious harm, crime and other threats. Aviation security is a combination of human and material resources to safeguard civil aviation against unlawful interference. Unlawful interference could be acts of terrorism, sabotage, threat to life and property, communication of false threat, bombing etc Large numbers of people pass through airports every day. This presents potential targets for terrorism and other forms of crime because of the number of people located in one place. Similarly, the high concentration of people on large airlines, the potential high death rate with attacks on aircraft, and the ability to use a hijacked airplane as a lethal weapon may provide an alluring target for terrorism Airport security attempts to prevent any threats or potentially dangerous situations from arising or entering the country. If airport security does succeed then the chances of any dangerous situation, illegal items or threats entering into an aircraft, country or airport are greatly reduced. As such, airport security serves several purposes: To protect the airport and country from any threatening events, to reassure the travelling public that they are safe and to protect the country and their people. Monte R . Belger of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration notes "The goal of aviation security is to prevent harm to aircraft, passengers, and crew, as well as support national security and counter-terrorism policy."
- 22. 22 Baggage screening monitoring Airport enforcement authority A police force hired and dedicated to the airport e.g. Airport Police Service. A branch (substation) of the local police department stationed at the airport. Members of the local police department assigned to the airport as their normal patrol area. Members of a country's airport protection service. Police dog services for explosive detection, drug detection and other purposes. Other resources may include:- Security guards Paramilitary force Military force
- 23. 23 TSA passenger screening Process and equipment Some incidents have been the result of travellers carrying either weapons or items that could be used as weapons on board aircraft so that they can hijack the plane. Travellers are screened by metal detectors. Explosive detection machines used include X-ray machines detection machines can also be used for both carry-on and checked baggage. A recent development is the controversial use of backscatter X-rays to detect hidden weapons and. A single backscatter scan exposes the target to between 0.05 and 0.1 microsievert of radiation. In comparison, the exposure from a standard chest x-ray is almost 100 times higher.
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- 25. 25 CONCLUSION It was a great experience at Airport Authority of India, Bhopal. During our training period. We got an opportunity to see many of the equipment, DME, ILS, VHF, RADAR etc.