AAT C change Presentation.ppt
- 1. Policy, legal framework and practices related to climate justice FORUMCC
- 2. 1.0 Definition and Introduction 2 Weather: the state of atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure. Climate: average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years (IPCC).
- 3. CLIMATE CHANGE Introduction to Climate Change > Human activities are releasing greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. > Climate change is a global issue: 1 tCO2 emitted in India = 1 tCO2 emitted in USA. > Rising levels of greenhouse gases are already changing the climate. Climate models predict the global temperature will rise by about 1,4 to 5,8 degrees by 2100. A few basic facts
- 4. Causes of Climate Change Causes:
- 5. Why Climate is Changing? Natural Causes
- 6. Why Climate is Changing? Anthropogenic Causes: Huma induced
- 7. Climate Projections Increased Incidence of Dry Spells/Droughts & Increased Heat Wave Duration Increased/More Frequent Precipitation Sea Level Rise Increased Temperature
- 8. Effects …
- 9. Effects of Climate Change
- 10. Effects …
- 11. CC in Tanzania • Tanzania is facing climate change impacts. • 21 Meteorology stations have shown changes in temperature and rainfall over the last 30 years. • Overall temperature has increased for the last 30 years.
- 12. Climate change scenario Temperature • The overall change /increase of temperature ranges from 0.2- 0.8 degrees Celsius for the last 30 years.
- 13. Impacts of climate change • The impacts of climate change in Tanzania are vivid. • The impacts have been felt nearly in all sectors of the economy. • Study on the Economics of Climate Change for Tanzania pointed out a loss of almost 2% of GDP each year by 2030 as a result of CC.
- 14. Impacts of climate change Infrastructure destruction: • From 1980-2008, a total of 24 floods were reported. The worst 4 floods affected about 545 000 people. – In 2009, Kilosa town was inundated, 23,980 people displaced. TZS 329 billion (205.6 MU$) spent to restore infrastructure and services. – In 2011, 663 houses demolished, 2,942 submerged, 9,000 people displaced in Kilombero valley. – Recent unusual heavy rainfall in March / April 2014 in central part and DSM affected hundreds of people and destroyed infrastructure. DSM was isolated for 3 days.
- 16. Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.
- 17. Tourism and fisheries • Destruction of access roads • Drowning of wild animals e.g wildebeest • In 2007 about 15 000 of animals drowned when tried to cross river Mara at the start of their journey back to the Serengeti. • In lake Tanganyika temperatures have increased by 0.6oC. Fish population has been reduced by one third over the past 80 years. • There has been a dramatic recession of 7km of Lake Rukwa in the past 50 years, Lake Jipe. • Coral reefs in the Indian Ocean experienced bleaching in particular in Zanzibar. Impact of Climate Change
- 20. Impacts of climate change Energy • Drought affected hydro power in 1992/93, 2005/06, 2009/10,2010/11 and 2011/12. • Hydro contribution in the electricity mix has decreased due to reduced reserve capacity. • In 2006 the contribution was 61%; 2012 was 42.6 %;2013 was 35%. • Impacts on energy have negative effects to other economic sectors.
- 21. Impacts of climate change Agriculture • Agriculture is the main economic activity accounting for 80% of the employed population and contributing about 44.7% of GDP. • Most of the poor people (80%) live in rural areas where agriculture is the mainstay for subsistence. • CC impacts to agriculture will reduce the national GDP by 0.6 to 1% by 2030. • In 2011 the real GDP grew by 6.4% compared to 7% observed in 2010 due to drought. Impacts of climate change Agriculture — Cotton production dropped significantly particularly in traditional areas due to temp. rise. 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2004 Source: InfoBridge 2007
- 22. Impacts of climate change Agriculture • Banana production is dropping. 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2004 Source: InfoBridge 2007
- 24. Some livelihood activities under threat
- 25. Impacts of climate change Water • Climate change will affect three major river basins which have greater economic importance i.e Ruvu, Pangani and Rufiji. • The annual flow of river Pangani will be reduced by of 6%-9% and to the river Ruvu by 10% . • Salt water intrusion in spring wells in Bagamoyo District. • Salt intrusion into Tanzania’s aquifers and deltas e.g Rufiji delta. • Water conflict has intensified between different uses and users.
- 26. Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.
- 27. Climate Change CROP FAILURE FUEL SHORTAGE SHORTAGE OF SAFE, CLEAN WATER RESOURCE SCARCITY NATURAL DISASTERS DISEASE DISPLACE-MENT CIVIL WAR / CONFLICT Impacts on women Household food provision; Increased agricultural work Household fuel provision; food-fuel conflicts Household water provision; exposure to contaminated sources Economic drawbacks; lack of land tenure; resource-dependent livelihoods; school dropouts, early marriage Greater incidence of mortality; reduction of life expectancy Lack of access to healthcare; increased burden of caring for young, sick and elderly Loss of livelihoods; lack of adequate shelter; conflicts Loss of livelihoods and lives; sexual violence and trauma FORUMCC The Impacts of Climate Change on Women Insecure livelihoods: i.e.reduced crop yield Increased burden on household: i.e.more time collecting water, food,fuel Less time for education, income-generation Unsustainable coping strategies: i.e.deforestation; migration;conflict Environmental instabilities: i.e.drought/ floods Example of exacerbated cycle of poverty for women Climate Change Exacerbates the Cycle of Poverty FORUMCC2022
- 28. Existing facts Women have extra roles and responsibilities such as: collecting water and firewood, fetching and preparing food, household chores, taking care of children and the sick and Child bearing. Women are engaged in all these roles throughout the day while men have some free time in which they engage in income generating activities Existing facts-Gender & Climate change
- 29. Existing facts Reduction of natural resources results in: • more demand for labour and time from women, reducing the quality and quantity of time and labour required for farm activities, income-generating activities, food preparation and other services such as education (to young girls)
- 30. EDUCATION • In periods of crisis, girls are often the first to drop out of school to help their families make money, do domestic chores or look after their brothers and sisters. CHILD MARRIAGE • When families’ income and ability to survive are put at risk, child marriage can be seen as a way to reduce the financial burden of taking care of girls VIOLENCE • During and after extreme weather events, girls are at increased risk of violence and exploitation, including sexual and physical abuse, and trafficking. These risks are heightened when collecting food, water and the like Climate change Effects are more acute to girls
- 31. Climate Change CROP FAILURE FUEL SHORTAGE SHORTAGE OF SAFE, CLEAN WATER RESOURCE SCARCITY NATURAL DISASTERS DISEASE DISPLACE-MENT CIVIL WAR / CONFLICT Impacts on women Household food provision; Increased agricultural work Household fuel provision; food-fuel conflicts Household water provision; exposure to contaminated sources Economic drawbacks; lack of land tenure; resource-dependent livelihoods; school dropouts, early marriage Greater incidence of mortality; reduction of life expectancy Lack of access to healthcare; increased burden of caring for young, sick and elderly Loss of livelihoods; lack of adequate shelter; conflicts Loss of livelihoods and lives; sexual violence and trauma FORUMCC The Impacts of Climate Change on Women
- 32. Paris Agreement Implementation rules, methods, processes National implementation by parties Policy, law, regulations, economic tools, awareness raising, etc. Measures taken to address CC impacts Bigger Picture
- 33. Measures taken to address CC impacts Policy Selected initiatives in addressing the challenges of climate change in Tanzania: • National Environmental Policy (2021) https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1644923087- NATIONAL%20%20ENVIRONMENTAL%20POLICY%202021%20new.pdf • The Environmental Management Act (CAP.191) of 2021 https://www.nemc.or.tz/uploads/publications/sw-1619095573- GN%20NO.267%20THE%20ENVIRONMENTAL%20MANAGEMENT%20(RE GISTRATION%20AND%20PRACTI.pdf • National Climate Change Response Strategy 2021-2026 (2021) https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1640772745-NCCRS%202021- 2026_%20Final_PK.pdf • National Strategy on Gender and Climate Change; 2013 (Need Review) https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2013_IUCN_Cli mate-Change-Gender-Action-Plan-Tanzania.pdf
- 34. …Cont. Measures taken to address CC impacts Policy • National Climate Change Communication Strategy 2012-2017 (Expired, Need review) https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/laws/4820.pdf • Guidelines for integrating climate change adaptation into national sectoral policies, plans and programmes; 2012. (Need Review) https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1592644632-GUIDELINES-FOR- INTEGRATING-CLIMATE-CHANGE-ADAPTATION-INTO-NATIONAL-SECTORAL- POLICIES-PLANS-AND-PROGRAMMES-OFTANZANIA.pdf • Development and implementation of Strategy for Urgent Actions on Land Degradation and Water Catchments; 2006 (Review-still relevant?) https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/julyhls/pdf09/khijjah,%2014%20july.pdf
- 35. …Cont. Measures taken to address CC impacts • Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan205462.pdf • National Adaption Plans (NAPs) – In the making.. Strategy and road map for the NAP process in Tanzania Jan – Apr 2013 Establishment of the NAP team NAP development proposal to GCF
- 36. …Cont. Others initiatives include Vision 2025 and Five (5) Years Development Plans. Opportunity: Mainstreaming Climate Change Issues Initiatives at Sectorial level: Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) incl. Guidelines for implementation incl. demystified versions Water Sector Health National Adaption Plan (HNAP) 2018-2023
- 37. Mitigation: Law and policy implications? • Regulations in emission areas and data collection • Long-term low emission strategy • Forest protection, water management (carbon sinks) • Markets and carbon trading mechanisms, carbon levies or trade measures • GHG inventory biennial reporting (Art.13.7)
- 38. Adaption: Law and policy implications? • System to document and report climate impacts and adaptation action • Planning, emergency preparedness, disaster risk reduction etc. • Adaptation action should follow a gender responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach taking into account vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems (Art.7.5) • Define needs and plans including financial implications (Art.7.10-12, 13.8)
- 39. National implications • Engage with UNFCCC: e.g. templates, nominate experts • Build capacity • Record national adaptation efforts, climate impacts and loss and damage • Streamlining reporting under MEAs • National level coordination & cooperation • Management of environmental data • Stakeholder involvement
- 40. Policy Challenges, GAPs • Low level of awareness and understanding of climate change issues among stakeholders. - Education & awareness raising (Art.12) • Inadequate information on climate change impacts and vulnerability • Inadequate capacity to address climate change impacts. • Treating climate as one of multiple environmental issues means that it remains sidelined in planning processes • Inadequate coordination PO RALG vs LGAs? Adequate institutional Framework? • Policy Alignment & Linkages • Means of implementation: Finance, Technology and Capacity Building
- 41. Climate Finance: Sources • National budget allocations • Fees and charges • International public climate finance (grants, loans or contributions to the GCF and GEF. Others: Adaptation Fund as well as dedicated financial resources by multilateral development banks) • International private finance (loans with an end- use restriction, green or climate change bonds, market mechanisms envisaged under Art.6 PA) • Bilateral funding ? CSO mobilization
- 42. Climate Finance: Domestic law and policy • Assessing costs of proposed climate change response actions in the short and medium term – and resources available; • Potential entry points for relevant finance institutions; Mobilizing climate finance via – “financial mechanisms” such as loans, guarantees and insurance, green investment banks, climate trust funds, clean development mechanisms, carbon pricing, green bonds etc. – “facilitative modalities” are non-financial initiatives to help indirectly mobilize private finance by enhancing capacity building, knowledge transfer, governance structures, prudential regulation, corporate reporting, etc. • National efforts/mechanism to bundle and/or blend different climate finance resources
- 43. Advocacy Entry Points ? Policy influence ? Actions on ground ? Facilitator (KR&D) Policy Influence • Policy & Regulatory Processes (at all levels) • Annual Planning and Budget Circles • Climate policy ecosystem Action on Ground • Need based • Solutions throughout value chain • Empowering Facilitator • Knowledge, data & development • Link and hook • Climate Change is a reality • Global & local issue • Environmental, Social & Economic • No quick fix • No silver bullet • Require Patience
- 44. Thank you for your attention…