AC- AC Converters for EVs Principles. Types, and Applications
- 1. Vidya Pratishthan’s Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baramati Department of Electrical Engineering TE Electrical 2023-24 Presented By SHASHANK KIRAN GAIKWAD (2336037) Guide by Mr. D. S. YEOLE
- 2. AC- AC Converters for EVs Principles. Types, and Applications
- 4. AC AC Converters for EVs Principles. Types, and Applications INTRODUCTION As the world advances towards a sustainable future, the usage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) increases. But do we know how these EVs work? Let's explore the principles, types, and applicationsofAC-AC converters used in EVs.
- 5. Conversion of A C toAC An AC-AC converter rectifies the input AC voltage and then applies it to a high- frequency transformer,which converts the rectified AC voltage to the required output AC voltage. 1 Pulse Width Modulation (PW M) PWM is used in AC-AC converters tocontrol the outputvoltage by controllingthe dutycycle of the applied voltage. 3 Control Circuits The control circuits in AC- AC converters regulate the power flow and ensure that the converter operates within set parameters. Principles behind AC-AC Converters 2
- 6. Types of AC-AC Converters used in EVs Tw o-Level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) A VSC is a pulse width modulation- based AC-AC converter with two- level output voltage and bidirectional power flow capability. Three-Level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) Similar to a VSC but with three levels of output voltage, a three- level VSC provides higher output voltage with reduced harmonic distortion. Matrix Converter A matrix converter utilizes sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) to provide bidirectional power flow and an output voltage with low harmonic distortion. Cycloconverter A cycloconverter operates directlyfrom the grid and provides single-stage direct AC- AC conversion,making it ideal for motors in EVs.
- 7. Applications of AC-AC Converters in EV Charging Systems APPLICATIONS 1.Traction Control: They are used to control the speed and torque of the electric motor , providing smooth and efficient power delivery to the wheels. 2.Battery Charging: AC-AC converters can also be used for onboard battery charging when connected to the grid or charging stations. They convert the grid AC power to the DC power required to charge the EV's battery . 3.Regenerative Braking: These converters play a crucial role in regenerative braking systems, where they convert excess kinetic energy back into electrical energy and feed it back to the battery or grid. 4.Grid Integration: In plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles (PHEVs and EVs), AC-AC converters enable bi- directional power flow, allowing the vehicle to provide power back to the grid (Vehicle-to-Grid or V2G) or act as a backup power source during emergencies.
- 8. 1 Flexible charging rates AC-AC converters allow for a wide range of charging rates, making them suitable for different types of EV charging stations. 3 Benefits of using AC-AC Converters in EVs 2 Reduction in size and weight AC-AC converters can be significantly smaller and lighter than other types of converters, making them ideal for use in EVs. Ability to handle variable loads AC-AC converters can handle variable loads, which is crucial for EVs due to the fluctuating power
- 9. Considerations for implementing AC- AC Converters in EVs 1 Efficiency AC-AC converters must be designed to minimize power losses and maximize efficiency, to ensure that EVs achieve the required range on a single charge. 2 Compatibility AC-AC converters should be compatible with different types of EVs, and the charging infrastructure must be standardized to enable EVs to charge at any station. 3 Cooling AC-AC converters generate heat during operation and require thermal management systems to prevent overheating and optimize performance. 4 Cost The implementationofAC-AC convertersin EVs shouldbe cost- effective as it will increasethe overall cost of the vehicle, and customers may be put off bythe extracostof switching
- 10. Future Scope :- • Reduced Charging Times: Enhanced AC-AC converters can lead to faster onboard charging, making it more convenientfor EV owners.Reducingchargingtimes is crucial for increasing the appeal of electric vehicles, and efficient converters play a role in this • Integration with Renewable Energy: AC-AC converters can be designed to work seamlessly with renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines. This integration will allow EVs to be charged using clean energy, reducing their carbon footprint. • Lighter and More Compact Design: As technology evolves, AC-AC converters can become smaller and lighter, reducing the overall weight of EVs. This will contribute to improved energy efficiency and extended driving range. • Lower Cost: With advancements in technology and mass production, AC-AC converters can become more cost- effective, making EVs more affordable for a broader range
- 11. Conclusion :- AC-AC converters are crucial components of EVs. • They are responsible for converting the voltage from the power source to the voltage required by the EV motor, ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the vehicle. • There are multiple types of AC-AC converters used in EVs. Each type has its unique capabilities and applications in charging systems. • Economic and technical implementation are key considerations in adopting AC-AC converters in EVs. • The benefits of using AC-AC converters in EVs are evident, but careful considerations of technical and economic factors is necessary
- 12. REFERENCES Chan, C. The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Proc. IEEE 2007, 95, 704–718. Un-Noor, F; Padmanaban S; Mihet Popa L; Mollah M.N; Hossain, E. A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development. Energies 2017, 10, 1217 Du, Z.; Ozpineci B.; Tolbert, L.M.; Chiasson, J.N. DC-AC cascaded H-bridge multilevel boost inverter with no inductors for electric/hybrid electric vehicle applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2009, 45, 963–970.