Active with MENA

MENA
ACTIVE WITH
THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
AND THE OECD: a mutually beneficial partnership
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is a diverse region whose development potential has
yet to be fully unleashed. Despite current geopolitical challenges, countries in the region benefit
from a privileged geographic location situated at the crossroads of Europe, Africa and Asia; a
young and increasingly educated population; and great potential in sectors such as renewable
energies, manufacturing, tourism, and business development services.
Over the past decades, MENA countries have implemented reforms to increase economic openness, diversification and private
sector development. Those reforms initially led to increased investment, trade and economic growth; but they were also incomplete
and did not fully tackle broader structural economic and social issues. There is a need for more comprehensive reforms aimed at
adopting inclusive and sustainable development models that offer better opportunities for all, notably for the young generation
and for women. The transformation process remains unfinished and there is a continued demand from society for effective change.
Developments such as the decrease in hydrocarbon prices accentuate the necessity of structural reforms in some countries, while it
offers a window of opportunity to others. More importantly, conflict and the refugee crisis stress the need to regain stability, initiate
reconstruction and provide opportunities for immigrant and host populations alike.
The OECD is actively engaged in supporting MENA countries in the design and implementation of ambitious reform agendas. The
strong cultural and economic ties shared by MENA and OECD countries are the foundations of a decade-long partnership with the
region. Building on internationally recognised tools, standards and work methods, this partnership has pioneered policy dialogue,
peer learning and capacity building at the regional and country levels. It has focused on investment, public and corporate governance,
decentralisation, transparency, integrity, SMEs and entrepreneurship, among other issues.
The MENA-OECD partnership has also fostered greater participation of non-governmental voices such as civil society and private
sector representatives. It has also benefitted from increased co-ordination among international organisations, development banks and
other multilateral institutions.
At the centre of the partnership is the MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development, launched in
2005 as a platform for joint work at the regional and country levels. With an extended mandate for 2016-2020, the fruitful and intense
MENA-OECD co-operation will continue evolving to adapt to the development priorities of the region. Over the next five years our
partnership will prioritise strategic areas including regional integration as a natural step for a better participation in the world economy
and global value chains; nurturing sustainable and inclusive economic growth; strengthening governance; strengthening stability,
peace and security; and importantly, fostering the participation of youth and women in the economy and public life. The partnership
will further align our work with global efforts such as those reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the
Sustainable Development Goals.
The OECD is proud of its ten years of co-operation with the region, and this brochure testifies to the scope and depth of our work
together. In this challenging time, the OECD is committed to working even more closely with MENA economies to bring better policies
for better lives and inclusive growth across the region.
ANGEL GURRÍA, OECD Secretary-General

CONTENTS . 1
PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 41
Strengthening the rule of law 42
Strengthening integrity and accountable governance 43
Building open and innovative governments 45
Risk management 47
Raising the bar on corporate governance of private
and state-owned enterprises 48
INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION 49
Building a knowledge economy 50
Supporting SME development and entrepreneurship 51
Fostering infrastructure investment and public service
delivery through public-private partnerships 52
ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY 54
Promoting green growth 55
Combating climate change 57
Improving water governance 58
Ensuring access to reliable and clean energy 59
ANNEXES 61
Participation in OECD bodies and intergovernmental
activities 61
Adherence to OECD legal instruments 62
Participation in initiatives and networks 63
Dialogue and data 63
THE OECD AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA 2
The MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and
Competitiveness for Development 5
Support for Improvement in Governance and
Management (SIGMA) 10
The Deauville Partnership 11
The Morocco Country Programme 13
Promoting effective development co-operation 14

A SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH AGENDA 18
Implementing structural reforms for economic
diversification and sustainable and inclusive growth 19
Building resilience in post-conflict situations 21
Enhancing youth skills, employability and inclusion 23
Tackling gender inequality 25
Fostering skills through education and training 27
Fostering regional development, sustainable cities
and urbanisation 28
Increasing agricultural productivity and food security 29

SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF MARKETS 30
Enhancing the investment environment 31
Promoting trade and integration in global value chains 32
Fostering sound competition 34
Improving financial education 35

BUDGETING, REVENUE COLLECTION AND EXPENDITURE 36
Improving revenue collection and fiscal management 37
Enhancing tax transparency and compliance 38
Strengthening budgeting and public procurement 39
CONTENTS
Contents

THE OECD AND
THE MIDDLE
EAST AND
NORTH AFRICA2 . ACTIVE WITH MENA

For millennia the MENA region has contributed to the historical, scientific
and cultural progress of humanity. It is home to a youthful and dynamic
population, holds a significant share of the world’s energy resources, and
has the potential to boost trade and investment links around the world.
The region also faces well-known challenges such as low economic
diversification, an imperative need to improve education systems and
infrastructure, complex political and governance scenarios and persistently
high barriers to the economic and social wellbeing of important sections
of society. The fragile and unstable situation in several MENA countries and
the geopolitical tensions in the region have added to the complexity and
urgency to addressing those challenges in a sustainable manner.
The OECD is actively engaged with MENA partners in addressing those
challenges through well-proven work methods of regional dialogue, peer-
learning and support for reforms.
THE OECD AND THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA . 3
THEOECDANDMENA

The Initiative facilitates co-operation between the OECD
and the MENA region to promote policies for sustainable
and inclusive growth. It addresses regional needs and
development priorities, including the integration of
women and youth through jobs and greater participation
in policymaking. It also takes into account the region’s
diversity by providing targeted support to individual
countries. The Initiative builds on the OECD’s work method
of policy dialogue, exchange of good practices and
capacity building for the implementation of reforms.
Created at the request of MENA countries, the Initiative
brings together MENA and OECD governments, the
international community, civil society and the private
sector. The Initiative is composed of two pillars, the MENA-
OECD Governance Programme and the MENA-OECD
The MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance
and Competitiveness for Development
Competitiveness Programme, and is governed by a
steering group providing strategic guidance.
The Initiative adopts a horizontal approach to high-level
dialogue and consensus building with working level
technical assistance, analysis and capacity building
through specialised policy networks. It deepens its impact
through co-operation with regional and international
partners and aligns its efforts with other international
platforms.
The mandate to 2020 of the Initiative focuses on:
l Supporting regional economic integration to reduce
economic fragmentation and facilitate countries’
integration into global value chains (GVCs).
MENA-OECD INITIATIVE
Governance Programme
Public sector reforms for quality
services, inclusive policy making
and transparency
Co-operation with regional/
international partners
AfDB, The League of Arab States;
European Commission; WB, IMF; AMF;
UNDP; etc.
Co-operation with international
initiatives
Deauville Partnership; SIGMA;
Open Government Partnership;
DAC-Arab providers of development
co-operation; etc.
Competitiveness Programme
More and better investment and private
sector development for inclusive and
sustainable growth
Steering group
(chairs: Tunisia, Spain and Sweden)
Regional and national support
through
A) Policy assessment
B) Policy dialogue
C) Policy advice and capacity building

6 . ACTIVE WITH MENA
l Advancing the development of countries in a fragile or
conflict situation through the sharing of knowledge, good
practices, and support in reform implementation.
The Initiative covers Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq,
Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
Palestinian Authority, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, United
Arab Emirates and Yemen.
www.oecd.org/mena
l Fostering shared and inclusive economic growth through
policies to support decentralisation, greater investment in
infrastructure, economic diversification, productivity and
greater inclusion of women and youth.
l Strengthening the Initiative’s linkages with the wider
development agenda through global initiatives such
as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and
deepened partnerships with regional and international
organisations.
L Participants in the Steering Group of the MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development, 9 November 2015, Rabat, Morocco.
The MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development

THEOECDANDMENA
“At a time when MENA countries are
facing political and economic challenges,
the MENA-OECD Governance Programme
is delivering on the needs and demands
of governments and citizens in the
region. Building on more than ten
years of experience and aligned with
the Sustainable Development Goals,
our new mandate for 2016-2020 will
leverage the power of the MENA-OECD Governance networks
to provide implementation assistance in crucial areas such
as youth, gender equality, open government, rule of law and
service delivery. Spain has been a supporter of the MENA-
OECD Governance Programme since the beginning and invites
all OECD Member States to join the strategic partnership in
fostering good governance in the MENA region.”
José Ignacio Wert, Ambassador of Spain to the OECD, co-chair of the MENA-
OECD Governance Programme
“Tunisia looks forward to taking over the
presidency of the MENA-OECD Initiative
on Governance and Competitiveness
for development. Tunisia is proudly
assuming this mission, aware of the
responsibilities it represents. As chair of
the governance pillar, we are dedicated
to creating new synergies between the
countries of the region and favouring
the sharing of good practices on key public governance issues
to improve regional integration and inclusive growth. The
chairmanship of this Initiative comes at a timely moment
where Tunisia has committed to engage in a range of structural
reforms and deploys efforts to respond to citizens’ aspirations
for more transparency and responsibility, better integration
opportunities and a fairer sharing of the fruits of growth.”
Abid Briki, Minister of Public Service and Governance Tunisia
“The OECD is very engaged in promoting
the development and stability of the
MENA region. Sweden supports the
MENA-OECD Competitiveness Programme
and has co-chaired it since 2011. It is
with pride and honour that I can say that
this Programme, which builds on policy
dialogue, expert advice and analysis
within dedicated regional networks, is a
front-runner in addressing key policy areas. Those areas include
investment and trade, gender equality and the rights of women
in society, productive employment and business integrity. It is
also dedicated to strengthening of civil society organisations in
support of resilient, inclusive and sustainable development.”
Annika Markovic, Ambassador of Sweden to the OECD, co-chair of the MENA-
OECD Competitiveness Programme
“Tunisia is going through a determining
period of its history and has engaged
in an important process of political
transition. The co-chairmanship of the 4th
mandate of the MENA-OECD Initiative
(2016-2020) by our country constitutes
a strong political signal and recognition
of Tunisia’s regional leadership in terms
of public policies, in particular regarding
business climate improvement. Tunisia has engaged a number
of reflections and reforms to develop better investment policies,
encourage entrepreneurship, attract more foreign investment
flows and improve their quality to strengthen its competitiveness
and create jobs. This strengthened co-operation will culminate
with the organisation in Tunis of the MENA-OECD Initiative’s
ministerial meeting on 3-4 October 2016, which will allow to
discuss the policies needed to support inclusive and sustainable
growth for the country and the whole region”.
Fadhel Abdelkefi, Minister of Development, Investment and International
Cooperation Tunisia

GOVERNANCE
The MENA-OECD GOVERNANCE PROGRAMME supports
public sector reforms in view of unlocking social and
economic development and of meeting citizens’growing
expectations in terms of quality services, inclusive policy
making and transparency.
The Governance Programme is a strategic partnership to
share knowledge and expertise with a view to disseminating
standards and principles of good governance and promoting
trust and inclusive growth. Its regional and country-specific
activities focus on open and inclusive government, efficient
machinery of government, gender equality, local government
and rule of law. Those activities tackle youth inclusion as a
cross-cutting theme. The Governance Programme engages
policy makers, civil society, independent institutions and
parliaments. It also contributes to multilateral initiatives
such as the Governance Pillar of the Deauville Partnership
for Arab Countries in Transition and the Open Government
Partnership.
www.oecd.org/mena/governance
www.tcmenaoecd.org/en
To support the dissemination of good practices and build capacities in the public sector, the OECD and the Italian National School of
Administration (SNA) established the MENA-OECD Governance Programme Training Centre of Caserta in 2012. The mission of the Centre
is to provide training courses to support the public administrations of the Arab countries and to promote the efficiency and effectiveness of
the public sector and the principles of good governance. The MENA-OECD Governance Centre is officially part of the Action Plan on Open
Governance and Anticorruption of the Deauville Partnership for Arab Countries in Transition (Governance Pillar). The Centre co-operates
closely with other regional training institutes, such as the Arab Administrative Development Organisation (ARADO) of the State of Arab
League and GIFT-MENA. The Centre is also part of the OECD Global Network of Schools of Government.
MENA-OECD
Governance
Programme
MENA-OECD
Civil Society
Advisory Board
MENA-OECD
Governance
Programme Training
Centre of Caserta
Working Group
on Civil Service
and Integrity
Working Group
on Open and
Innovative
Government
Working Group
on Regulatory
Reform
MENA Senior
Budget Officals
Network
Women
in Government
Platform
The MENA-OECD Initiative on Governance and Competitiveness for Development

THEOECDANDMENA
COMPETITIVENESS
The MENA-OECD COMPETITIVENESS PROGRAMME
contributes to improved business environments for
more and better investment and the development of the
private sector as an engine of sustainable and inclusive
economic growth.
The Competitiveness Programme is based on an open and
participative platform engaging governments, private sector
representatives, donor agencies, international organisations
and experts. Its activities promote greater international
investment and trade while considering interconnections
with and effects upon local economies, for instance
through global value chains. The Competitiveness
Programme’s activities also mainstream gender and youth
elements in policymaking processes. Its work contributes
to the efforts of the Deauville Partnership for Arab
Countries in Transition, Euro-Mediterranean industrial co-
operation and other initiatives.
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness
MENA-OECD
Competitiveness
Programme
Working Group
on Investment
and Trade
Working Group
on SMEs and
Entrepreneurship
Business
Advisory
Board
Business
Integrity
Network
Network
on Women’s
Economic
Empowerment
Working Group
on Corporate
Governance
Taskforce
on Economic
Resilience in Fragile
Situations

Support for Improvement in Governance
and Management (SIGMA)
SIGMA is a joint initiative of the OECD and the European
Union to provide support for strengthening public
administrations and implementing governance reforms in
EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood countries, including
Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and Tunisia.
Good governance and a well-functioning public
administration are essential in building and sustaining
trust in government and in creating the necessary
structural reforms for increased living standards in society.
SIGMA works towards building the capacities of the public
sector, enhancing horizontal governance and improving
the design and implementation of public administration
reforms, including proper prioritisation, sequencing and
budgeting. SIGMA co-ordinates closely with the MENA-OECD
Governance Programme.
www.sigmaweb.org
Strategic framework
of public administration
reform
Policy
development
and co-ordination
SIGMA Public service
and human
resource
management
Service delivery Accountability
Public
financial
management,
public
procurement
and external
audit

THEOECDANDMENA
The Deauville Partnership is a multilateral platform
providing political and financial support to the six Arab
countries in transition (ACTs): Egypt, Jordan, Libya,
Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen.
The Deauville Partnership was launched in 2011 as an
international effort sponsored by the then G8 to support
MENA countries in their democratic and economic
transitions following the Arab Spring. Over these years,
the Partnership has provided a forum for co-operation in
several policy areas, including good governance, civil society
The Deauville Partnership for Arab
Countries in Transition
L Deauville Partnership Senior Officials Conference on“Economic Governance,”Paris OECD Headquarters, France, 6 May 2015.
engagement, job creation, SME development, financial
inclusion and women empowerment. It involves the G7
countries together with Russia, Arab Countries in Transition
(Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Yemen), Partner
Countries (Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and the
United Arab Emirates) and international organisations,
including the OECD and the international financial
institutions active in the region. The MENA Transition Fund
was set up in 2012 under the Partnership to provide grants
for technical co-operation to support the implementation of
home-grown and country-owned reforms in ACTs.

The Deauville Partnership for Arab Countries in Transition
The OECD has played a significant role in the Deauville
Partnership from its early stages. On the one hand, the
OECD has supported successive G7 presidencies in the
formulation of policy priorities for the Partnership building
on the expertise and networks of the MENA-OECD Initiative
on Governance and Competitiveness and on the SIGMA
Initiative. Most recently, the OECD worked with the 2015
German Presidency to prepare the Compact for Economic
Governance, a strategic document laying down a policy
framework for reform efforts in priority areas, namely
macroeconomic stability and structural reforms, public
sector efficiency, private sector development, and inclusive
policy-making. The OECD is currently working with Tunisia
and Egypt as pilot countries for the development of country-
tailored implementation plans under the Compact.
The OECD is one of the main sources of hands-on policy
advice and technical co-operation under the MENA
Transition Fund, with the implementation of 20 projects
supporting reforms in areas such as tax and domestic
resource mobilisation, good governance and rule of law,
women and youth economic and political participation,
investment, SME development, and job creation. Several of
these projects are implemented jointly with IFIs including
the World Bank and the IFC, the Islamic Development Bank,
the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, and
the African Development Bank.
“The G7 Deauville Partnership is a
unique platform for dialogue between
Arab Countries in Transition, G7
members, regional partners and relevant
international organisations. Despite the
significant challenges confronting the
region, the Partnership has accompanied
MENA countries in their reform efforts
to build stable, prosperous and inclusive economies. Since
2011, the Partnership has mobilised, including through the
Transition Fund, political and financial support for reforms
aimed at enhancing macroeconomic stability and promoting
good governance, job creation, economic diversification and
social cohesion. The OECD is a key partner of this in this
important endeavour. The Organisation, under the co-
ordination of the Sherpa and Global Governance Unit, has
contributed to stimulate policy dialogue through initiatives
such as the Compact for Economic Governance. Moreover,
building on the experience and best practices at the OECD as
well as its instruments and standards, our projects under the
MENA Transition Fund are making a decisive contribution
to promoting good and open governance, fairer and more
transparent tax systems, a more conducive environment for
investment and SME development, and greater participation
of women in policy-making, just to mention a few examples.
These initiatives attest to the OECD’s commitment to working
with our Deauville partners to deliver better policies for better
lives across the region.”
Gabriela Ramos, OECD Chief of Staff and Sherpa to the G20
www.menatransitionfund.org

THEOECDANDMENA
The Country Programme supports the Moroccan
government in the design and implementation of essential
reforms, helps bring the country closer to OECD policy
standards and paves the way for greater participation in
OECD bodies.
In June 2015, the OECD and the Government of the Kingdom
of Morocco signed a Memorandum of Understanding on
a two-year Country Programme. It consists of 16 projects,
adherence to nine OECD legal instruments and reinforced
participation in nine OECD bodies. It is built around three
main policy areas: economic growth and competitiveness,
social inclusion and public governance. This set of
activities will give Morocco access to OECD expertise and
recommendations to develop and bolster its reform agenda
over the next two years in order to support strong, inclusive
and sustainable growth.
‘’Over the past ten years, the Kingdom of Morocco and the
OECD have enjoyed a productive relationship that has helped
to deepen our strategic partnership and make it a platform
for exchange of best practices and standards and a vector
improvement of public policies.
The active role played by Morocco during its co-presidency
of the MENA-OECD Initiative, its adherence to many
instruments, as well as its participation in various OECD
bodies show the quality of this co-operation, which has made a
qualitative leap with the signing of the agreement of Country
Programme in 2015.
The range of activities agreed in the framework of this
programme will enable us to have information and key
recommendations to strengthen our public governance at the
The Morocco Country Programme
L Abdelilah Benkirane, Head of the Government of Morocco with Angel Gurría,
OECD Secretary-General, 15 June 2015, Paris, France.
national and local levels and consolidate our economic and
social reform plan to achieve stronger, inclusive and sustainable
growth.
I welcome the strengthening of our co-operation and I hope
that improving the status of our country in different OECD
committees will enrich their work and will allow us to take
better advantage of it.’’
Abdelilah Benkirane, Head of the Government of Morocco
www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd-strengthens-co-operation-with-
moroccosigns-morocco-country-programme-agreement.htm

The OECD Strategy on Development, adopted in the 2012
Ministerial Council Meeting, gives impetus to OECD’s
founding mission of contributing to the development of all
countries by sharing knowledge and policy experiences.
The OECD and UNDP jointly support the Global Partnership
for Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC), a multi-
stakeholder partnership that brings together governments,
business, civil society and other organisations committed
to enhancing the impact of development co-operation. The
GPEDC provides a unique global evidence base on the quality
of development co-operation and is geared towards learning
and sharing lessons, informed in particular by the results of
the GPEDC Monitoring Framework.
MENA countries actively participate in the GPEDC. The Arab
Coordination Group and Egypt sit on the Steering Committee
of the Partnership since 2014. Several MENA countries (Algeria,
Djibouti, Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Mauritania,
among others) have endorsed Global Partnership principles
since their inception in Busan (Korea) in 2011, and actively
participated in the First High Level Meeting of the Global
Partnership which took place in Mexico City in April 2014.
Countries of the region also engage in the GPEDC
monitoring exercise: Egypt and the Palestinian Authority
provided country-level data feeding into the first Global
Partnership Progress Report (2014), and Egypt and Yemen
have committed to provide data to the second Global
Partnership Progress Report (2016, forthcoming). The Global
Partnership Progress Reports track progress in improving the
effectiveness of development co-operation in specific areas,
such as country ownership and results, development of
inclusive development partnerships, and transparency and
accountability for development results.

“The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development provides an ambitious and
holistic vision for global development.
It applies to every nation in the
world, requiring all stakeholders and
policymakers to work for a better and
sustainable world. In the DAC, we
have worked together with people from
different countries and organisations to better understand
and learn what works and what does not. In recent years,
we have also built up a regular and deepening dialogue with
Arab donors, as Arab countries and institutions are the most
significant sources of development finance outside of the DAC.”
Erik Solheim, Director, United Nations Environment Programme, and former
Chair of the Development Assistance Committee
www.effectivecooperation.org
www.effectivecooperation.org/wordpress/hlm2014
SCAN TO
READ THE
REPORT
Promoting effective development
co-operation

THEOECDANDMENA
Engagement with Arab providers of development co-operation
Arab countries and institutions have been providing
substantial amounts of Official Development Assistance
(ODA) and have considerable experiences to share on
reducing poverty in developing countries.
The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) has been
engaging with Arab providers of development co-operation,
notably the Arab Co-ordination Group (ACG) institutions,
to discuss development issues, identify ways to better co-
ordinate activities, learn from each other’s experiences and
become more effective in supporting developing countries’
efforts to deliver development results. The United Arab
Emirates became the first DAC Participant in 2014, and
other Arab countries are stepping up their engagement with
the DAC. In fact, the UAE posted the highest ODA to Gross
National Income ratio, at 1.26% (or USD 5.1 billion), in 2014.
Discussions between the DAC and Arab providers have been
organised regularly since 2009. Those discussions provide
an opportunity to debate a variety of topics, including
energy, aid for trade, and the private sector. One of the
key deliverables of these meetings has been the creation
of a joint ACG-DAC Task Force on Energy, which explores
collaborative ways to scale up activities that improve energy
access in some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The DAC also works with Arab providers on statistics and
development finance. Three countries (Kuwait, the United
Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia) and four multilateral
organisations (Arab Bank for Economic Development in
Africa, Arab Fund for Social and Economic Development,
Islamic Development Bank and the OPEC Fund for
International Development) report on their development co-
operation flows to the OECD. Other MENA countries receive
ODA from both Arab providers and DAC members.
www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/engaging-arab-
countries-and-institutions.htm
L Arab-DAC Dialogue, January 2015, Paris.

“The OECD’s Global Relations Strategy
seeks to make the Organisation a
more effective and inclusive global
policy network. We are committed to
strengthening our work with the Middle
East and North Africa and ready to
support the region’s efforts in enhancing
investment climate, modernising
governance structures and operations,
strengthening regional and international partnerships, and
promoting inclusive economic growth. We are also committed
to continue bringing the reform agendas of MENA economies
closer to the global debate, including through the role of the
OECD and its member countries in global governance
structures such as the G20 and the G7. At the same
time, the OECD looks forward to continuing to
benefit from the region’s perspectives and
experiences, which have proved important
for enriching our policy debates.”
Marcos Bonturi, OECD Special Representative
to the United Nations.
“The strong cultural, social and economic
ties between the Middle East and North
Africa and the OECD make co-operation
with the MENA region one of the
Organisation’s strategic priorities. The
OECD is engaged in supporting its MENA
partners in addressing policy priorities,
including the design and implementation
of comprehensive reforms for inclusive
growth and employment in the region. The MENA-OECD
Initiative has notably deepened its engagement with the G7
Deauville Partnership for Arab Countries in Transition through
regional projects and the strategic design of joint policy
frameworks such as the Compact on Economic Governance. The
OECD stands also ready to support the MENA region towards
the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.”
Andreas Schaal, OECD Director of Global Relations
“The MENA region and the OECD
are engaged in a mutually beneficial
partnership through the MENA-OECD
Initiative. For the MENA region, the
Initiative provides a channel to benefit
from policy dialogue and peer exchange
on key policy areas. For the OECD, the
Initiative is a vehicle to benefit from
new policy perspectives and engage with
partners from this strategic region. With an extended mandate
for 2016-2020, the Initiative will focus on fostering regional
economic integration as a means to promote competitiveness
and inclusive and sustainable economic growth.”
Paulo Vizeu Pinheiro, Ambassador of Portugal to the OECD, Chair of the
External Relations Committee

A SUSTAINABLE
AND INCLUSIVE
GROWTH
AGENDA18 . ACTIVE WITH MENA

SUSTAINABLEGROWTH
A SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH AGENDA . 19
The current geopolitical, security and migration challenges
facing the MENA region call for immediate responses.
However, achieving enduring and inclusive growth will
also require the implementation of structural reforms to
ensure that economic growth creates opportunities for
all and equitably distributes the dividends of increased
prosperity. The OECD supports its MENA partners in
the design and implementation of reforms for jobs,
economic diversification and more resilient, inclusive and
sustainable economies.
The OECD examines macroeconomic developments and
structural policies of member and partner countries. The
Economic Surveys, published biannually, analyse the overall
economic situation in a country and put forward priority
reforms. The Surveys also analyse in depth specific thematic
issues, which are defined in collaboration with national
authorities. The studies are conducted in close co-operation
with national authorities and are based on intensive
consultations with stakeholders, including with senior leaders
of the country, hence increasing the impact of the messages
at the highest political levels. The OECD is ready to work with
MENA countries interested in undertaking Economic Surveys.
The OECD also produces economic forecasts during spring and
fall, with a score by country summarising recent developments,
the outlook for the next two years, as well as reform priorities.
These forecasts and analyses are published in OECD Economic
Outlook. An assessment of structural reforms and priorities for
the future is summarised in the report Going for Growth. These
studies are also based on continuous country monitoring by a
team of economists and benefit from the contributions of other
OECD experts.
The OECD also provides multidisciplinary and whole-of-
government support for structural reforms. This support
is especially relevant for countries undergoing extensive
diversification and sustainable and inclusive growth
transitions and structural reforms and can greatly benefit
MENA economies. The Multidimensional Country Reviews
(MDCRs) identify obstacles to drivers of growth that also impede
deeper determinants of economic development and the well-
being of citizens. In the MENA region, Morocco has finalised the
first phase of a MDCR, which consists in the identification of key
reforms.
The 2015 report Tunisia: A Reform Agenda to Support
Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth, undertaken at the
request of Tunisian authorities, draws on the OECD’s expertise
in comparing country experiences and identifying best
L Discussions between (left to right) Hakim Ben Hamouda, former Minister
of Economy and Finance of Tunisia, Alvaro Pereira, Director, Economics
Department, Isabelle Joumard, Senior Economist, Economics Department and
Carlos Conde, Head of the OECD Middle East and Africa Division during the
preparation of the report Tunisia: A Reform Agenda to Support Competitiveness and
Inclusive Growth.

practices. Its results are helping the Tunisian Government to
identify and implement the reforms needed to move forward
with its economic transition and foster a more balanced,
inclusive and sustainable growth. The report is part of the Better
Policies Series, which tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the
specific and timely priorities of a country or region, focusing on
how governments can make reforms happen. A Better Policies
brochure for the MENA region is to be presented during the
MENA-OECD Ministerial meeting to be held in Tunis in October
2016.
The African Economic Outlook (AEO) is an annual publication
jointly prepared and published by the African Development
Bank (AfDB), the OECD Development Centre and the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The report surveys
and analyses the economic performance of African economies.
It provides information on the current state of economic and
social development in Africa and projects the outlook for the
coming two years. Its comprehensive and comparable data and
analysis of 54 African economies includes Algeria, Djibouti,
Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. Every year the
Outlook is launched at the African Development Bank’s annual
meeting.
www.oecd.org/dev/mdcr.htm
www.oecd.org/about/publishing/betterpoliciesseries.htm
www.africaneconomicoutlook.org
diversification and sustainable and inclusive growth
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SUSTAINABLEGROWTH
Conflict and socio-political frictions can lead to enormous
human, social and economic costs and create negative
regional and international effects that disturb stability and
economic activity.The OECD supports affected countries
and the international community in dealing with pressing
challenges and preparing the ground for economic recovery.
The instability and conflicts in Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen have
caused incalculable human suffering, great damage to societies
and a vast loss of economic activity. This has also led to great
strain on neighbouring countries which are facing increasing
pressure for the provision of services, infrastructure and jobs,
not only for the refugees, but also for their local populations.
This complex scenario calls for a concerted international
response on several fronts including regaining peace and
stability, providing humanitarian assistance, managing the
influx of refugees and supporting the integration of newcomers
into societies.
The OECD’s collaboration with the MENA region helps to
address fragility and conflict and build resilience through strong
institutions and sound economic policies. The OECD works with
fragile and conflict-affected countries and economies at the
regional and national levels. Activities for policy reform and
capacity-building take into account the specific circumstances
of fragility in those countries.
The conference Investment and inclusive growth in the midst
of crisis: lessons learned and ways forward, organised in Beirut
in May 2016, brought together representatives from the public
and private sector from Lebanon, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Libya
and Tunisia, as well as representatives from OECD countries
and international organisations and the donor community.
A strong consensus emerged that the private sector is key
to strengthening the region’s resilience and that targeted
government policies are needed to support its development. The
conclusions from the conference will be integrated into the new
mandate of the MENA-OECD Initiative which will be endorsed
at the MENA-OECD Ministerial in Tunisia in October 2016. A new
Task Force on Economic Resilience in Fragile Situations will be
created to support countries affected by the crisis in addressing
pressing issues expediently.
Through the project on Improving the business and
investment climate in Iraq, the OECD is supporting the
government of the country to foster private sector-led economic
growth through capacity-building and policy dialogue activities
to improve policies and institutions dealing with investment
and the business environment. The report Promoting
Investment in a Fragile Context, produced as part of the
project, offers recommendations to strengthen the investment
policy framework and developing investment promotion in a
fragile situation.
The OECD collaborates with Libya Enterprise, the SME agency
affiliated with the Ministry of Economy, in the elaboration of
a comprehensive report on The Development Dimension:
SMEs in Libya’s Reconstruction: Preparing for a Post-conflict
Economy. The implementation of the actions identified will
support the reconstruction efforts when stability is regained.
The OECD is also implementing a project to build judicial
capacity to improve integrity, the efficiency and effectiveness of
the court system and access to justice. The project is done in co-
operation with Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
(AFESD) and the Ministry of Justice of Yemen.
The OECD supports its Member States and their partners to
strengthen and integrate resilience through their strategies
and programmes in the MENA region. This work aims to help
improve people’s well-being in the face of recurrent shocks and
stresses, and to develop longer term solutions to the drivers
of fragility in the region. The OECD has been supporting the
development of Sweden’s Regional Strategy for the Syrian
Building resilience
in post-conflict situations

Crisis. This has involved the use of the OECD’s Resilience
Systems Analysis Framework to support the development of
Sweden’s ‘Whole of Syria’ development strategy. This strategy
complements Sweden’s significant humanitarian investments
and addresses longer-term issues, including social cohesion,
to build resilience to on-going shocks and stresses. The OECD
has also worked with the United Nations Country team in
Lebanon to help humanitarian, stabilisation and development
efforts to determine how to most effectively support vulnerable
communities and institutions in the country, focusing on the
resources and capacities that are needed to face the risks
related to the crisis in Syria.
Finally, the Government of Jordan and the OECD are exploring
new avenues of co-operation to support the Economic
Compact to Deal with the Syrian Refugee Crisis, a new holistic
approach between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and
the international community which would offer a whole-of-
government approach on refugees and migration. Two of the
key objectives of the Compact are increasing investment and
supporting businesses to provide economic opportunities to
refugees and host communities. The OECD is already assisting
the government on both policy dimensions by helping Jordan
implement legal and institutional reforms for investment;
improve investment policy, promotion and services; and
supporting the implementation of Jordan’s SME Strategy for
2016-2020 based on international good practices.
“The National Investment Commission
and other entities in the Government
of Iraq and the OECD have been co-
operating closely since 2007. We are
grateful for all the support provided to us
by the OECD over the years, in particular
most recently on improving the business
and investment climate. OECD advice
on investment promotion and investment law, amongst others,
has helped Iraq to attract more investment, to diversify our
economy and to rebuild our country.”
Sami Al-Araji, Chairman, National Investment Commission of Iraq
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/iraq.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness//libyaproject.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/governance/yemen-mena-transition-fund-
project.htm
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Building resilience in post-conflict situations

SUSTAINABLEGROWTH
The OECD Action Plan for Youth provides a framework to adopt
strategic perspectives to develop education systems and labour
market arrangements that work better for young people. The
report Investing in Youth: Tunisia (the second report extending
the Action Plan for Youth to emerging economies, following
Brazil), provides a detailed diagnosis of the youth labour
market in Tunisia, including a focus on vocational education
and training and entrepreneurship, within the context of
Tunisia’s transition to a green economy. It takes an international
comparative perspective, offering policy options to help
improve school-to-work transitions. The report also provides
an opportunity for other countries to learn from the innovative
measures that Tunisia has taken to strengthen the skills of youth
and their employment outcomes. An Investing in Youth review is
being carried out for Morocco over the course of 2016 and 2017.
The MENA region registers one of the highest rates of
youth unemployment in the world. In some countries
nearly one out of two young people, especially young
graduates are out of jobs. Equipping youth with relevant
skills and removing barriers to their employment is a
priority for most countries in the region.
The MENA region is characterised by a young and dynamic
population representing around 30% of the total population.
Yet, high unemployment and underemployment levels among
young people and underrepresentation in decision-making
processes are challenges present across the region. Increasing
the levels of economic and social integration of youth, especially
young women, would represent an important boost for the
development of the entire region.
Enhancing youth skills, employability
and inclusion
ImagecourtesyoftheWorldBank

“Almost a third of Egyptians are aged
between 20 and 35 years, and every year,
more than 500,000 fresh graduates join the
workforce. I believe adamantly that these
facts should not be addressed as challenges
but regarded as potential assets. The
actual challenge is to devise and implement
policies that create jobs by making Egypt’s
economy more competitive and leveling the playing field to promote
the rising entrepreneurship spirit. In doing so, we should provide
the conditions for youth talents to thrive and harness the power of
innovation, while striving to promote gender parity. I am glad to
work closely with the MENA-OECD Programme to support Egypt in
this endeavour.”
Yasser Elnaggar, First Assistant Minister of Planning, Administrative Reform and
Monitoring, Arab Republic of Egypt
www.oecd.org/youth.htm
Effective public governance frameworks are key to support
youth in their transition to adulthood and their full
participation in political, social, and economic life. With a
view to the legislative, institutional and policy framework
and practices in place, the regional report Youth in the
MENA Region: How to bring them in outlines pathways
for governments to foster a more strategic approach to
pro-youth outcomes. It suggests applying a ‘youth lens’ to
open government tools and traditional sources of evidence
to promote the participation of young men and women in
decision-making. With a view to good practices in MENA
and OECD countries, it provides policy recommendations to
integrate a youth perspective in areas such as public sector
integrity, public budgeting, regulatory policy, and local
governance.
Under the Youth Inclusion Project, the OECD is analysing
policies for youth in ten developing and emerging economies,
including in the MENA region. The project takes a multi-
sectoral approach to support countries in better responding
to the aspirations of young people and strengthening youth
involvement in national development processes. The project
will shed light on what determines youth vulnerabilities and
successful transitions. It will also strengthen national capacities
to design evidence-based policies that promote youth inclusion
and youth well-being.
Enhancing youth skills, employability and inclusion
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SUSTAINABLEGROWTH
on Gender Equality in Public Life governs future projects
undertaken in the MENA region and set benchmarks for
governments. The Recommendation requires adherents to
enable equal access to leadership opportunities – including
in parliaments, the executive, and judiciary and in public
administrations, as well as to strengthen institutional capacities
for mainstreaming gender equality across all policy areas.
Enabling people to create their own employment as well as
jobs for others is fundamental to the emergence of a more
entrepreneurial economy in which new firms respond to
new needs. The OECD-MENA Women’s Business Forum, an
inter-regional network of over 700 representatives from the
businesswomen’s community and governments from the MENA
region serves as a platform for research and policy dialogue.
Greater participation of women in the economy and in
public life leads to stronger and more inclusive economic
growth. One of the most important economic and social
priorities for MENA countries is promoting gender equality
and developing more equitable laws, policies, and
institutions that are representative of the whole of society.
The OECD assists the MENA region in this endeavour
through a number of regional and national activities.
Building inclusive societies and investing in women increases
productivity, improves women’s economic empowerment and
reduces poverty and inequality. Addressing barriers to the
participation of women in the economy and in public life of the
MENA region is one of the most important priorities to unleash
the development potential of Arab countries. The MENA-OECD
Governance Programme supports women’s participation in
policymaking as a means to strengthen responsive and equitable
governance. This issue is of special importance for the Arab world
since the regional average for women in legislative bodies in
MENA countries is 17.9% - second lowest in the world. The OECD’s
MENA Transition Fund regional project Promoting Women in
Parliaments and Policymaking aims to maximise women’s
integration into public life and the policy-making process in Egypt,
Jordan and Morocco by leveraging open government policies
and mainstreaming gender perspectives into parliamentary and
local council operations. This project is complementary to the
2014 OECD-CAWTAR Report on Women in Public Life: Gender,
Law and Policy in the Middle East and North Africa. The report
provides evidence-based support on the state of gender equality
across the MENA region and recommendations to governments
on how to tailor policies in a way that improve gender balance
and enable inclusive growth.
The Women in Government Platform was established in 2009
to ensure that gender considerations are integrated in all
activities and working groups of the MENA-OECD Governance
Programme. Furthermore, the OECD Council Recommendation
Tackling gender inequality
ImagecourtesyoftheWorldBank

Its Women in Business 2014: Accelerating Entrepreneurship
in the MENA region publication assessed women
entrepreneurs’ access to financing and business development
services. The forthcoming publication Women’s Economic
Empowerment: The Impact of the Legal Frameworks of
Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia determines
whether and to what extent the legal frameworks regulating the
status of men and women impact their economic participation.
It highlights the complex interplay between different sets
of rules, social norms and economic outcomes and offers
concrete policy recommendations, building on OECD’s wider
work on gender equality. The publication is intended to
inspire policymakers to overcome legal barriers that impede a
stronger involvement of women in the economy. The MENA-
OECD Competitiveness Programme partners with regional and
international stakeholders, such as the League of Arab States,
the Union for the Mediterranean and UN Women to support
synergies and complementarities in the respective actions.
The OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender
Index (SIGI) measures discrimination against women in over 160
countries spanning all regions of the world, including MENA. The
SIGI captures discriminatory social institutions across five areas:
Discriminatory Family Code, Restricted Physical Integrity, Son
Bias, Restricted Resources and Entitlements, and Restricted Civil
Liberties. While conventional indicators of gender inequality
focus on outcomes such as employment and education, SIGI
is unique in focusing on underlying drivers of inequality such
as discrimination in the family, violence against women and
women’s restricted access to land. Updated every two years,
the SIGI is the only database to provide robust trend data on
discriminatory social institutions.

www.oecd.org/mena/governance/gender-equality-in-public-life.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/wbf.htm
www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development
www.oecd.org/mena/investment/womenempowerment.htm
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Tackling gender inequality

SUSTAINABLEGROWTH
Fostering skills through education
and training
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Governments seeking to design effective policies need
evidence that is comprehensive, tailored to a country’s needs
and internationally comparable. Growing participation in
the OECD’s international education surveys is helping more
and more countries in the MENA region address these needs
and improve the impact of their education policies.
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
assesses 15-year-old students in reading, mathematics and science.
Over 70 countries and economies participate in PISA, including
Algeria, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar,Tunisia and the United Arab Emirates.
Morocco and Saudi Arabia will participate in the 2018 round of PISA.
The Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) provides
information on the working conditions of teachers and learning
environments in schools and insights for improving teacher policy.
Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Saudi Arabia will participate in the 2018
edition of the survey.
The MENA region’s interest in higher education is reflected by
the membership of institutions from Bahrain, Lebanon, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia and the UAE in the OECD’s Programme on the
Institutional Management in Higher Education (IMHE), a forum
where education professionals exchange best practices and share
reflections on the development of higher education internationally,
nationally and locally.
The OECD is also providing tailored advice on education and
skills policy to individual MENA countries. A 2015 Skills Beyond
School Review in Egypt put the spotlight on post-secondary
vocation education and training (VET) system and options for
improving basic skills and strengthening employer engagement.
A 2013 publication, Integrity of Public Education in Tunisia:
Restoring Trust, used PISA data to analyse the accountability
of schools and teachers in Tunisia and provide policy options to
help strengthen trust in the public education system. The OECD
is supporting Morocco in identifying ways to ensure the national
evaluation and assessment system drives improvement in the
quality and equity of school education.
It is important when investing scarce resources in skills
development to ensure that these skills are needed by employers.
Therefore, the OECD has been working with countries to help
them improve the way that they anticipate, assess and respond to
changing skill needs, and it stands ready to offer similar assistance
to MENA countries. The OECD has also developed a World
Indicators of Skills for Employment (WISE) database, which can
be used to examine the skills challenges and performance of each
country, including MENA countries, from a comparative perspective.
www.oecd.org/pisa
www.oecd.org/edu/school/talis.htm
www.oecd.org/edu/imhe

Effective regional, rural and urban development policies
can help make growth more inclusive, sustainable and
greener. While the drivers of disparities between regions in
a country may vary, they often underline the specificities
of urban vs. rural environments and the need to better link
urban and rural development in national strategies.
New powers brought to local governments through
decentralisation entail opportunities to better address local
needs. To make decentralisation work, the capacities of public
institutions at the local level need to be built to enable them
to take up their new responsibilities and engage successfully
with local business associations and citizens, as well as with the
national government, to overcome prevailing regional disparities.
The OECD supports MENA countries to strengthen governance
at the local level. For example, in Jordan the OECD is helping
the government by undertaking an assessment of the current
governance arrangements and developing capacities to promote
inclusive and effective policymaking and public service delivery.
The OECD equally supports Morocco and Tunisia in their ongoing
decentralisation efforts.
In addition, the OECD is ready to support MENA countries to
improve their territorial development strategies. This could
include MENA participation in the OECD’s flagship publications
OECD Regional Outlook and OECD Regions at a Glance, which
offer international trends and data on regional development.
MENA countries could also participate in territorial, urban and
rural policy reviews that address different elements of policy and
help in the identification of development opportunities in specific
regions and cities.
Participation in high level policy fora could also bring benefits
for MENA countries and their cities. For example, the OECD
Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers gathers national and local
governments to identify policies for more resilient and inclusive
cities in an increasingly urban era.The OECD Rural Development
Policy Conference (RDPC) brings together policymakers and experts
to identify good practices for the development of rural areas.
Morocco has been a participant in the RDPC for almost 12 years
and is now engaged in a dialogue with the OECD on territorial
development policies as part of its OECD Country Programme.
Tunisia has also expressed interest in producing territorial
indicators that enable national development policies to be better
tailored to the specific needs and opportunities of its regions.

www.oecd.org/gov/regional
www.oecd.org/gov/cities
www.oecd.org/effective-public-investment-toolkit
www.oecd.org/mena/governance/local-governance.htm
Fostering regional development,
sustainable cities and urbanisation
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SUSTAINABLEGROWTH
Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia are adherents to several of the
OECD Agricultural Codes and Schemes. The Codes facilitate
international trade through the simplification, harmonisation
and implementation of globally-agreed certification procedures.

www.oecd.org/agriculture
www.agri-outlook.org
In the face of volatile food prices, rapid population growth,
and climate change, governments are increasingly recog-
nising the value of greater investment in agricultural research
and development as an essential element to increase
agricultural productivity.The OECD supports countries in
improving innovation, sustainability and competitiveness for
commercial and smallholder farmers alike.
Agriculture in the Arab world is quite a diverse sector, whose
contribution to GDP ranges from more than 14% in Egypt and
Morocco to less than 1% in Kuwait and United Arab Emirates.
The size of the rural population is likewise diverse, ranging
from just above 1% in Qatar to almost 68% in Yemen. With high
population growth rates and limited areas of arable land and
water resources, the region is facing a clear challenge: how to
ensure reliable access to nutritious sources of food.
While the region is a net importer of agricultural products – and
thus dependent on trade for its basic needs in cereals, cooking
oil and sugar, for example – border protection for agricultural
products in some countries remains high. The OECD advises
governments on moving toward targeted policy instruments
that are tailored to specific objectives, equitable and minimally
production- and trade-distorting.
The OECD and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of
the United Nations (FAO) annually publish the OECD-FAO
Agricultural Outlook, which assesses agricultural trends in
OECD and selected non-OECD counties. The current edition of
the report provides world market trends for biofuels, cereals,
oilseeds, sugar, meats, fish and dairy products over the 2016-
2025 period and contains an evaluation of recent developments,
key issues and uncertainties in those commodity markets.
Increasing agricultural productivity
and food security
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SMOOTH
FUNCTIONING
OF MARKETS30 . ACTIVE WITH MENA

FUNCTIONINGMARKETS
SMOOTH FUNCTIONING OF MARKETS . 31
Investment is an essential component of economic
growth. It triggers technology transfers and productivity
spillovers, assists human capital formation, fosters trade
and improves competitiveness, with positive effects on
growth and employment. The OECD and the MENA region
actively co-operate to improve investment environments
and policies to materialise the important development
potential of the region.
FDI inflows to the MENA region decreased by more than 50%
between 2008 and 2015, though differences across countries
are significant. Intra-regional investment flows remain weak
showing lack of integration and interconnectedness. MENA
countries are undertaking reforms to boost investment. The
OECD is supporting these efforts through policy tools, regional
dialogue and country-specific projects.
Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Jordan are adherents to the
Declaration on International Investment and Multinational
Enterprises. The Declaration enshrines countries’ commitment
to providing an open and transparent environment
for international investment and encouraging positive
contributions by multinational enterprises (MNEs) to economic
and social progress. For each adherent, the OECD conducts
Investment Policy Reviews (IPRs) which look at investment
trends, restrictions and policies, and investment promotion and
facilitation and other related areas as covered by the Policy
Framework for Investment (PFI).
Building on these OECD instruments, the MENA-OECD
Competitiveness Programme’s Working Group on Investment
and Trade supports investment reform processes in the region
through awareness raising, experience sharing amongst OECD
and MENA stakeholders, and policy advice. The Competitiveness
Programme is also working with the League of Arab States
(LAS) to further promote the benefits of strengthened regional
integration in the area of investment.
The Competitiveness Programme also directly supports
countries in the implementation of tailored reforms through
projects: Improving the Business and Investment Climate
in Iraq; Investment and Competitiveness in Jordan; and
Enhancing the Investment Climate in Egypt. The projects
comprise supporting the design and implementation of
reforms and building the capacities of institutions in charge of
investment policy, promotion and services.
www.oecd.org/investment
www.oecd.org/investment/investment-policy/
oecddeclarationanddecisions.htm
www.oecd.org/investment/pfi.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness investmentpoliciesand
promotion.htm
Enhancing the investment
environment
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Promoting trade and integration
in global value chains
International production, trade and investment are
increasingly organised within global value chains (GVCs)
in which the different stages of the production process
are located across different countries. OECD analysis and
recommendations help OECD members and non-members,
including in the MENA region, increase and improve their
participation in GVCs.
Trade in intermediate inputs makes up over 50% of goods and
70% of services trade. As a result, GVCs challenge how we
understand globalisation and raise questions about how policies
in a broad range of areas should be developed. The OECD-WTO
Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database was developed to generate
new insights about commercial relations among economies and
the process of value creation. The 2015 edition of TiVA indicators
covers 61 economies, including Saudi Arabia and Tunisia, and is
broken down by 34 industries. Further efforts are being made to
improve country coverage and provide new insights on the scale
of regional value chains in the MENA region. Morocco will be
included in the next update of the database.
These activities are also useful to explore the scope to
improve statistical information systems in order to provide
insights into the more complex dynamics of GVCs, for
example concerning the role of FDI, the integration of SMEs,
skills, jobs and the contribution of knowledge based capital.
OECD work underscores that GVCs impact an economy’s
competitiveness, and that investment in skills and
knowledge-based assets is increasingly important in helping
countries to move up or upgrade in value chains.
The OECD provides support for the MENA region as
countries seek to move up global value chains and enhance
the contribution of international investment and trade to
their growth agendas. An OECD study on the Participation
of Developing Countries in Global Value Chains included
analysis of the MENA region. The study found that
productivity, export sophistication and export diversification
are positively associated with greater participation in GVCs.
The study also highlighted the importance of trade and
investment liberalisation.

FUNCTIONINGMARKETS
The report Upgrading Global Value Chains through Investment
in Tunisia assesses the country’s current integration in GVCs
and identifies measures for the modernisation of the legal and
institutional framework for trade and investment. The analysis
builds on OECD tools such as TiVA and the Policy Framework
for Investment (PFI). It notes the need for Tunisia to consider
the complexity of GVCs in their entirety, including the role
of services and the limitations of relying only on the offshore
regime.
The OECD Development Centre hosts the Initiative for
Policy Dialogue on GVCs, Production Transformation and
Development. Morocco is a member of the Initiative and
actively participates in plenary meetings allowing countries to
exchange on policy experience and engage into peer learning.
This platform gathers OECD and non-OECD countries to share
knowledge and identify good practices to promote industrial
development and upgrading of domestic production and
innovation capabilities.
The OECD has also developed a set of Trade Facilitation
Indicators (TFIs) to help governments improve their border
procedures, reduce trade costs, boost trade flows, and reap
greater benefits from international trade. The TFIs cover the full
spectrum of border procedures for over 160 countries, including
for 12 countries in the MENA region, allowing governments to
devise targeted policies for improved capacity. The TFIs show
that in the MENA region, governments could cut costs by up to
17.5% through comprehensive trade facilitation reform.
oe.cd/tiva
www.oecd.org/trade
www.oecd.org/trade/facilitation
oe.cd/gvc
www.oecd.org/dev/global-value-chains.htm
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Competition policy contributes to growth and higher living
standards. The OECD works to strengthen competition
law and policy as a means to support sustainable growth
in member and non-member economies. The OECD
is working with MENA countries to advance effective
competition policies, as many laws and regulations in the
region continue to restrict competition in the marketplace.
Such anti-competitive regulations hamper productivity
and innovation and can raise prices, harming the poorest
consumers in particular.
Competition legislation is particularly important in countries
where markets are highly concentrated and where barriers to
imports are high. Competition in MENA countries can be weak
because of state-sanctioned monopolies, sectors or markets
protected by regulation or because of political influence in the
case of state-owned companies or state-dominated markets.
These countries need effective competition legislation, strong
enforcement institutions, and pro-competitive structural reforms.
Egypt is a Participant in the OECD Competition Committee
and is a regular contributor to its bi-annual meetings. Algeria,
Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Qatar, Tunisia and
Yemen regularly attend the OECD’s annual Global Forum on
Competition (GFC), which brings together high-level competition
officials from all around the world, with more than 100
competition authorities represented. The GFC promotes a wider
dialogue that encompasses the linkages between competition
policy and other aspects of economic development, including
employment and poverty alleviation.
In addition, the OECD regularly hosts meetings of the Africa
Competition Forum (ACF), which includes representatives from
all the North African competition authorities. The ACF allows for
African competition authorities to exchange experiences and to
hold capacity building seminars with an African focus, including
North Africa.
Fostering sound
competition
Taking advantage of the OECD’s tools and instruments to
promote pro-competitive regulatory reform can help MENA
countries overcome economic challenges and improve
growth. One of the instruments available to governments to
develop their competition policies is an OECD Peer Review of
a country’s competition law and policy. A Peer Review closely
examines a country’s competition regime, assesses strengths
and weaknesses, and sets out policy options and a roadmap for
legislative and institutional reform where appropriate. This may
be particularly useful for countries that seek to initiate reform.
In addition to this in-depth assessment of a country’s
competition regime through the Peer Review, the OECD can also
deliver targeted technical assistance. For example, the OECD is
working with the Competition Council in Morocco to train public
officials in fighting bid-rigging in public tenders. The OECD is
also working with the Competition Authority of Egypt on training
some of its officials to carry out a competition impact assessment
of regulation, using the OECD’s Competition Assessment Toolkit.
Guidelines for fighting bid-rigging in public procurement:
www.oecd.org/competition/guidelinesforfightingbidrigginginpublic
procurement.htm
Competition Assessment Toolkit:
www.oecd.org/daf/competition/assessment-toolkit.htm
www.oecd.org/daf/competition
The Toolkit and the Guidelines are
available in English, French and Arabic.
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and financial consumer protection at the conference Catalysing
Financial Education to Promote Financial Inclusion for Women
and Youth in the MENA Region organised by the Centre of Arab
Women for Training and Research (CAWTAR) in Tunis, as well at
the Workshop of the Francophone Banking Union on financial
education for MSMEs, jointly organised by the Union of Arab
Banks.
www.oecd.org/finance/financial-education/advancing-national-
strategies-for-financial-education.htm
www.oecd.org/finance/financial-education
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The importance of financial literacy and the need to
promote financial education are globally recognised to
improve financial inclusion, foster individuals’financial
well-being and support financial stability.
MENA countries are starting to promote financial education as
a powerful tool for economic growth and financial stability, as
well as a starting point for more inclusive societies. Lebanon,
Morocco and Saudi Arabia are developing or implementing
a national strategy for financial education following OECD
recommendations. Saudi Arabia detailed its plans for a national
strategy in its contribution to the G20-OECD publication
Advancing National Strategies for Financial Education and used
OECD methodology to assess the financial literacy of their
populations and develop their national strategies for financial
education.
The OECD formulates financial education recommendations
through the International Network on Financial Education
(INFE) and through its participation in the work of the G7 and
G20. Established in 2008, the OECD/INFE brings together experts
from over 240 public institutions in over 110 economies in
order to undertake analytical work and develop good practices.
Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, the Palestinian Authority and Saudi
Arabia are members of the Network. Lebanon is an important
partner, having hosted the 6th meeting of the OECD/INFE in
2010 and the OECD-Banque du Liban International Conference
on Financial Education: Building Financially Empowered
Individuals in the same occasion. Moreover, Egypt is a member
of the OECD/ INFE Expert Subgroup on the Role of Financial
Education in Financial Inclusion.
A number of regional and bilateral events organised with
local authorities include a Conference on Financial Literacy
and Education in the Arab World in Morocco (with the Arab
Monetary Fund and Bank Al-Maghrib) in 2016. In 2015, the
OECD was invited to disseminate its work on financial education
Improving financial
education

BUDGETING,
REVENUE
COLLECTION AND
EXPENDITURE36 . ACTIVE WITH MENA

BUDGETING
Effective and efficient fiscal systems have a fundamental
role in providing for sufficient resources to overcome
economic and social challenges and improve income
distribution. The OECD works with the MENA region to
improve revenue collection and the redistributive capacity
of taxes and expenditure.
The OECD undertakes a number of activities in which MENA
countries are active participants. The Turkey-OECD Multilateral
Tax Centre in Ankara hosts eight seminars annually on tax
policy and administration topics to which officials from MENA
countries are welcome. In addition, one or two seminars
per year are specifically focused on issues affecting MENA
countries. In 2015 the focus of the programme was on taxpayer
service, discussing the most effective ways to enhance voluntary
compliance and thus domestic resource mobilisation.
The OECD is undertaking a project with Tunisia on Enhancing
Domestic Resource Mobilisation through an Effective Tax System
Design and Improved Transparency and International Co-operation
(2014-2016). The project’s objective is to assist the government
to mobilise domestic resources to foster sustainable economic
growth and income redistribution by improving the design of
taxation policies and improving transparency and international
co-operation. The OECD is also assisting the implementation of
the international standards on transparency and information
exchange, addressing Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
(BEPS), with tax policy analysis and planning (including
developing internationally comparable revenue statistics
data) and with Tax Administration Reform and Improving Tax
Compliance.
Access to comparable, detailed and up-to-date revenue data
is a prerequisite for designing and administering tax policies
that are efficient, attractive for investment, and progressive.
The OECD’s Revenue Statistics project provides data for
governments, researchers and citizens of OECD countries
and an increasing number of other countries. This facilitates
regional as well as global comparisons. Tunisia and Morocco
participate in the first edition of Revenue Statistics in Africa
(published in 2016). More countries from the region are
welcomed to join this global project to create momentum for
the launch of a MENA Revenue Statistics.
www.oecd.org/ctp/tax-global
Improving revenue collection
and fiscal management
BUDGETING, REVENUE COLLECTION AND EXPENDITURE . 37
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Tax transparency is a priority for good governance and
economic development. The OECD works closely with the
G20 on this topic, seeking to motivate and inform effective
collective action. The OECD stands ready to support MENA
countries in the implementation of reforms in this area.
The OECD has developed international standards on
transparency and exchange of information on request (EIOR)
and more recently an international standard for automatic
exchange of information on financial accounts (AEOI). The
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information
for Tax Purposes (GFTEI), with its 129 member jurisdictions,
has been ensuring that the high standards of transparency
and exchange of information upon request (EIOR) are in place
around the world through its monitoring and peer review
activities. More than 95 members of the GFTEI committed to
automatically exchange information on financial accounts,
beginning in 2017 or 2018.
The Global Forum has seven members in the MENA region
(Bahrain, Kuwait, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and the
United Arab Emirates) and has in place a number of initiatives
to assist them in implementing the international standards on
transparency and exchange of information.
eoi-tax.org
www.oecd.org/ctp/beps
Enhancing tax transparency
and compliance
lmproving legal framework
and organisation
to comply with the
standards, including the
set-up of exchange of
information units
Raising awareness on
the standards and their
importance for the tax
administration
Training tax auditors in
effectively using exchange
of information to tackle
tax evasion
Building capacity in
transparency and
exchange of information
Commitment to
implement the AEOI
by 2018
Deauville Partnership projects: Tunisia and Morocco Africa Initiative
Automatic Exchange
of Information
TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION IN THE MENA REGION

BUDGETING
BUDGETING, REVENUE COLLECTION AND EXPENDITURE . 39
Maintaining fiscal discipline, allocating resources to
attain government objectives and achieving greater
efficiency in public performance all have a crucial
impact on overall national economic development
and well-being. The OECD supports MENA countries in
strengthening the efficiency and effectiveness of their
budgeting and public procurement systems.
The OECD carries out research across the full range of
budgeting issues through reviews of country budgeting
systems, undertakes comparative analyses of specific aspects
of the budgeting system across countries, and maintains a
comprehensive database on International Budget Practices
and Procedures covering 97 countries. The results of this work
are published in the OECD Journal on Budgeting.
The OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials (SBO)
convenes since 1980 to consider latest developments in
international budget practice. The MENA-SBO Meeting,
hosted annually by one country in the region, is a unique
platform for MENA and OECD countries to discuss their
challenges and explore ways to modernise governance
structures and processes for more efficient, transparent
and participatory public financial management (PFM). This
requires a multi-pronged approach as outlined in the new
OECD Recommendation on Budgetary Governance (2015).
The 10 principles set out in the Recommendation provide a
concise overview of good practices across the full spectrum
of budget activity, and give practical guidance for designing,
implementing and improving budget systems to make a
positive impact on citizens’ lives.
Strengthening budgeting
and public procurement
L MENA-SBO in Doha on 14-15 December 2015.

The MENA-OECD Governance Programme is supporting the
Tunisian government to implement its PFM reform to improve
performance and accountability. This consists in assessing the
Tunisian budget cycle and providing tailored recommendations
and capacity building to develop an effective system of good
fiscal governance. The OECD support to Tunisia has contributed
to the adoption of the Organic Law on Budget which will
make performance-based budgeting mandatory across the
public administration. The OECD will continue to support the
government and parliament in the process of adopting the law.
Progress in budget transparency has enabled Tunisia to join the
Open Government Partnership (OGP). The OECD continues to
support the government in linking the budget to the broader
economic and planning framework, and strengthening budget
processes at the local level to support the decentralisation
enshrined in the new Constitution.
The creation of the MENA-OECD Network on Public
Procurement in 2012, in response to a call from the Deauville
Partnership Governance Pillar, has provided a vehicle for
identifying policy priorities, conducting capacity-building events
and sharing insights from progress made. All Arab countries in
transition (Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Jordan, Egypt and Yemen) are
part of the network.
The adoption of e-procurement solutions to improve
competition and access to procurement opportunities,
efficiency, transparency and accountability is also supported by
the Network, with several countries making significant strides
in this regard. The OECD has been providing training activities
and events on diverse Public Procurement topics as well as
additional events targeted to broad anti-corruption issues.
“The Budget reform can constitute a means
to respond to the high expectations of
citizens by fostering more transparent and
efficient public management which allows
for a greater visibility of policies and adds
substance to the concept of democracy
in a context of structural and economic
obstacles.”
Slim Chaker, Former Tunisian Minister of Finance in the opening seminar
“Towards new management of public finance in Tunisia,”11 May 2015, Tunis
www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/oecdjournalonbudgeting.htmh
www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/mena-
oecdnetworkonpublicprocurement.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/governance/efficient-and-effective-
budgeting.htm
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Strengthening budgeting and public procurement

PUBLIC AND
CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE . 41

Legal certainty and an efficient regulatory framework
are important foundations for social and economic
development. The OECD works with the MENA region to
enhance the independence, autonomy and efficiency of
the judiciary, improve access to justice and implement
regulatory reform.
Enhancing the regulatory environment through systematic
consultation, the use of regulatory processes and tools, and
reviews of the stock of legislation is a common concern of
MENA countries that have often inherited multiple layers of
regulation. The OECD has developed a Regional Charter for
Regulatory Quality (2009) providing MENA countries with
a common framework of principles and good practice for
regulatory management. MENA countries also benefit from
the OECD Recommendation on Regulatory Policy (2012)
which helps the implementation of systemic regulatory
reform to meet public policy objectives in an effective and
efficient manner.
The Working Group on Regulatory Reform of the MENA-
OECD Governance Programme provides a forum for
MENA countries and international experts to exchange
good regulatory reform practices. Among its activities, the
Working Group helps to strengthen legislative drafting
skills to empower MENA countries to elaborate laws
and regulations in line with best practices and in an
inclusive and transparent manner. This includes the use of
guidelines, policy or quality checks for drafting legislation,
coordination between ministries of justice and other
ministries and meeting training requirements.
Strengthening
rule of law
The OECD also provides assistance to MENA countries to
enhance public trust in the justice system by improving
the performance of justice institutions, enhancing
access to justice and evaluating the use of alternative
dispute resolutions. This includes support to Egypt in
the implementation of an automated case management
system and ICT to reduce case backlog and to strengthen
the provision of justice services. OECD’s justice work also
facilitates the implementation of country commitments
under the Sustainable Development Agenda (SDG 16),
notably through the links between access to legal and justice
services and dimensions of inclusive growth (e.g. health,
employment).
www.oecd.org/mena/governance/rule-of-law.htm
42 . ACTIVE WITH BRAZIL42 . ACTIVE WITH MENA
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GOVERNANCE
Corruption is a key impediment to economic and social
development and a threat to long-term stability. The OECD
works with MENA partners in strengthening integrity and
transparency, building trust and promoting accountability
in the public and private sectors.
The MENA-OECD Governance Programme assists governments
and independent institutions in promoting integrity and fighting
corruption by evaluating integrity frameworks and providing
capacity building and implementation support for legal and
institutional reforms. It does so at the regional level through the
Working Group on Civil Service and Integrity and the MENA-
OECD Network on Public Procurement.
The Governance Programme also undertakes country-specific
projects. For instance, based on an assessment of the integrity
Strengthening integrity
and accountable governance
framework in Tunisia, it provided technical assistance to make
effective use of risk management tools, strengthen internal
control and auditing systems and align the draft law for the
protection of whistle-blowers to international standards.
Building on the experience of the Palestinian Authority, the
Programme currently supports Tunisia in the implementation of
a Code of Conduct for public officials.
The MENA-OECD Competitiveness Programme works to
strengthen business integrity and corporate governance. The
MENA-OECD Business Integrity Network (MOBIN) convenes
the private sector, governments and civil society to assess
challenges and progress in preventing corruption and promoting
stronger integrity frameworks through practical tools and
innovative solutions. Its work builds on the OECD Convention on
Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business
L Enhancing Integrity for Business Development in the MENA region (Paris, 18 April 2016). “Family picture”, including Former Minister Kamel Ayadi (Tunisia),
Commissioner Al-Yasiry (Iraq) and Ambassador Markovic (Sweden).

Transactions, the Recommendation for Further Combating Bribery
and the Good Practice Guidance on Internal Controls, Ethics and
Compliance.
The OECD organises training seminars on integrity for public
and private sector representatives from across the MENA region.
The seminars are hosted and supported by the IMF Middle East
Centre for Economics and Finance (IMF-CEF) in Kuwait City.
They present good practices and tools to strengthen integrity.
Focus areas include the role of the judiciary and independent
institutions (such as anti-corruption agencies), and engaging
the private sector in corruption prevention through effective
compliance programmes, internal control systems and
collective action against corruption.
www.oecd.org/corruption
www.oecd.org/corruption/ethics
www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/
businessintegrityinthemiddleeastandnorthafrica.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/
menaresponsiblebusinessconductforum.htm
www.oecd.org/corruption/oecdantibriberyconvention.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/governance/integrity-and-anti-corruption.htm
www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/mena-oecdnetworkonpublic
procurement.htm
Strengthening integrity and accountable governance
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Building open and innovative
governments
Greater transparency and public participation in public
life lead to better policies and services and promote public
sector integrity. This is essential to strengthen the trust of
citizens in the public administrations and to trigger more
inclusive growth.
Open government, or the opening up of government processes
and information for public scrutiny and citizens’ involvement,
is now considered as a fundamental element of a democratic
society. MENA countries are focusing on open government
initiatives to reform their public sectors and are joining the
Open Government Partnership (OGP) to find inspiration and to
measure their reform progress. MENA citizens and civil society
are changing their expectations of how policies and services
are defined and delivered and are demanding more from their
elected officials as well as from national civil servants.
The OECD, as a multilateral partner organisation of the OGP
assists Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and the
Palestinian Authority in assessing institutions, policies and
practices supporting the implementation of Open Government
principles. Through Open Government Reviews the OECD
provides a comprehensive assessment of legal, institutional,
policy and implementation frameworks against OECD
instruments and good practices in the fields of Open and
Inclusive Policy Making, Digital Government Strategies and
Public Sector Innovation.
The MENA-OECD Governance Programme, through its Working
Group on Open and Innovative Government, provides capacity-
building and regional dialogue to reinforce the effects that open
and participatory policies can have on more inclusive outcomes
that benefit all parts of the society, including women and youth.
GOVERNANCE
“The path toward transparency,
inclusiveness, and accountability is not
an easy one, as it entails a paradigm
shift that puts citizens at the heart not
only of public policies but also of the very
functioning of public administrations”
Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General, at the
International Forum on Open Government, Paris,
September 2014

The MENA-OECD Civil Society Advisory Board ensures broad
participation of representatives from national and regional Civil
Society Organisations from MENA and OECD countries in the
definition of the priorities of the whole Programme.
The Working Group also promotes government innovation
towards improving the quality and accessibility of public
services while making a more efficient use of public funds.
MENA public sector practitioners benefit from the OECD’s
Observatory of Public Sector Innovation (OPSI), an online
platform collecting and sharing experiences of public sector
innovation.
Within the context of OECD support to the Palestinian
Authority, the OECD recently supported the Ministry of
Telecommunication and IT to draft its E-government Policy and
Implementation Plan, which included the creation of a one-stop
shop of priority services for citizens and business.
“The new Moroccan Constitution subscribes to the principles of
open government in its governance system to support of the socio-
economic development of the country. As a result of the OECD
report, the needs in terms of open governance are better formulated
and solutions are developed. NGOs have taken an initiative to
create a network to share efforts in this area”.
Abderrahim Foukahi, Coordinator, REMDI, Moroccan Network for the Right of
Access to Information
www.oecd.org/mena/governance/open-government.htm
www.oecd.org/governance/observatory-public-sector-innovation
Building open and innovative governments
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GOVERNANCE
Risk management
Risk management is essential to promote better
public governance frameworks and achieve improved
economic performance. Citizens and businesses have
high expectations of governments to provide safety and
security, and to effectively manage negative consequences
of exogenous shocks. In a context where the economic,
environmental, technological and societal trends that
drive major risks are quickly evolving, governments must
adapt to new vulnerabilities, including in the MENA region.
The OECD High Level Risk Forum provides policymakers with
a collaborative platform to improve preparation for large scale
shocks to the economy and society. The OECD Recommendation
on the Governance of Critical Risks sets the standard for risk
governance. Morocco and Tunisia’s adherence to this instrument
in May 2014 demonstrates the interest of the MENA region to
update risk management policies and increase their resilience,
as highlighted at the 14th Annual Conference of the Arab
League Development Organisation (ARADO) on Co-operation in
Establishing Resilience toward Global Risks in the Arab region.
The OECD launched in 2016 the OECD Review of Risk
Management Policies in Morocco. Based on a peer review
process, this report provides targeted policy advice and
identifies novel practices to strengthen the management of
critical risks in the country. This review could serve as a basis
for future analyses of risk management policies in the MENA
region. The OECD is also in discussions with MENA countries on
the possibility of holding regional dialogues to reduce economic
risks associated with illicit trade.
www.oecd.org/governance/risk
www.oecd.org/gov/risk/recommendation-on-governance-of-
critical-risks.htm
www.oecd.org/gov/risk/reviews-of-risk-management-policies.htm

Effective corporate governance policies can help countries
attract higher levels of investment and boost private
sector development. By creating an environment of
trust, transparency and accountability, good corporate
governance is also indispensable for developing sound
domestic capital markets that can help countries to
finance investment in the real economy. The OECD works
closely with MENA partners in strengthening corporate
governance standards, including of state-owned
enterprises.
The MENA-OECD Working Group on Corporate Governance
supports the MENA region through initiatives where companies
and investors identify ways to improve corporate governance.
It also works with stock exchanges, institutional investors,
capital market regulators and others to establish sound
and efficient capital markets and supports reforms of state-
owned enterprises by sharing information and experience on
developing concrete reform plans at the state and company
levels and supporting implementation by monitoring progress
and stocktaking.
The Working Group’s activities draw upon the G20/OECD
Principles of Corporate Governance and the OECD Guidelines
for Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises, which
provide a shared language for the creation of trust and good
corporate governance in a world of global finance and business.
These instruments contain a wealth of practical experiences,
including from the MENA region. The Principles and Guidelines
do not prescribe a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. Instead, they
provide a tool that can be adapted to different legal, social and
economic contexts.
The activities of the Working Group on Corporate Governance
are carried out in close co-operation with regional partners such
as the Union of Arab Banks, the Arab Federation of Exchanges
and the Union of Arab Securities Authorities, as well as national
institutes of corporate directors, corporate governance centres,
individual companies, investors and stakeholders. The Working
Group also benefits from the experiences of similar regional
work that the OECD supports in South East Asia, Southern
Africa and Latin America.
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/mena-corporate-
governance.htm
Raising the bar on corporate governance
of private and state-owned enterprises
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INDUSTRY AND INNOVATION . 49
INDUSTRY
AND INNOVATION

Building a knowledge
economy
Investments in knowledge-based capital (e.g. databases,
design, brands and intellectual property) have
implications for innovation, productivity growth and
increasing living standards. The OECD stands ready
to support the increasing number of MENA countries
designing and implementing economic diversification
strategies based on the knowledge economy.
OECD support to the region can be guided by tools such as
the Innovation Strategy 2015 and the report The Innovation
Imperative: Contributing to Productivity, Growth and
Well-Being (2015). Those tools set out a concrete agenda
to strengthen innovation performance and put it to use for
stronger, greener and more inclusive growth for countries at
all levels of development. It sets out five priorities for policy
makers that together provide the basis for a comprehensive
and action-oriented approach to innovation: (i) strengthen
investment in innovation and foster business dynamism, (ii)
invest in and shape an efficient system of knowledge creation
and diffusion, (iii) seize the benefits of the digital economy, (iv)
foster talent and skills and optimise their use, and (v) improve
the governance and implementation of policies for innovation.
The OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook reviews
key trends in science, technology and innovation policies and
performance across a number of thematic areas in OECD
countries and major emerging economies, including Egypt.
The Innovation Policy Platform (IPP) provides on-line access
to this information and allows one to benchmark performance
between countries. Basic statistical indicators of science,
technology and innovation investment and performance are
available for a number of MENA countries on the IPP.
The digital economy now permeates countless aspects of the
world economy, impacting sectors as diverse as banking, retail,
energy, transportation, education, publishing, media or health.
Governments therefore need to develop the digital economy
in a strategic manner, expand its benefits and respond to key
challenges such as reducing unemployment and inequalities
and lifting people out of poverty. The OECD Digital Economy
Outlook 2015 analyses the current generation of national digital
economy strategies. This includes Egypt’s strategy for 2014-
2020, “Achieve the digital economy through ICT, to provide prosperity,
freedom and social equity for all”, which aims to transform Egypt
into a digital society, further develop the ICT industry and
establish Egypt as a global digital hub.
www.oecd.org/innovation
www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy
www.innovationpolicyplatform.org
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INDUSTRYINNOVATION
Supporting SME development
and entrepreneurship
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are vital
components of the private sector and significant drivers of
jobs and economic growth.They represent the overwhelming
majority of firms globally, account for one-half to two-thirds
of employment and contribute to value added, exports and
innovation. In recognition of the importance of SMEs and
entrepreneurs, MENA economies have put in place support
measures to improve business environments, enhance SME
policy co-ordination and effectiveness and enhance access to
finance and enterprise support services.
The MENA-OECD Competitiveness Programme’s Working
Group on SME Policy and Entrepreneurship seeks to support
governments in boosting enterprise growth and access to finance,
and in monitoring and evaluating SME policy impact. Working
in close co-operation with the OECD-MENA Women’s Business
Forum (WBF), the Group also has a special mandate to support
and help foster women’s entrepreneurship. Representatives from
the private enterprise sector participate actively in both initiatives.
The SME Policy Index for the Mediterranean Middle East
and North Africa 2014, prepared jointly with the European
Commission and the European Training Foundation, assessed
the elaboration and implementation of SME policy in eight
MENA economies. The assessment was based on a highly
consultative process involving governments, the private
sector, experts and donors. It covered key areas for enterprise
development reflected in the Small Business Act for Europe.
In co-operation with the International Monetary Fund
Middle East Centre for Economics and Finance (IMF-CEF), the
Competitiveness Programme also promotes capacity-building
for SME policy making through a yearly training course on
Improving Policies and Access to Finance for SMEs. The course
aims to share and discuss instruments, methodologies and good
practices for SME development, including measures to facilitate
access to finance for SMEs and entrepreneurs. Mid- to senior-
level government officials in charge of SME and enterprise
policies are beneficiaries of the training.
The Competitiveness Programme also supports SME policy
development in the context of the Deauville Partnership. It has
worked with Arab Countries in Transition in the development
of SME Near-Term Action Plans identifying concrete activities
to promote SME and entrepreneurship. The programme is also
leading the implementation of Transition Fund projects on SME
policies in Libya and Jordan.
l The SME Development Strategy for Libya contributes
towards preparing the ground for private sector development
for a post-conflict situation in the country by supporting the
development of a SME strategy.
l The project SME Policy effectiveness in Jordan supports the
implementation of the Jordanian SME Strategy for 2016-
2020. It focuses on strengthening institutional coordination,
public-private dialogue, SME statistics and monitoring and
evaluation of policies.
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/smepolicy
entrepreneurship andhumancapitaldevelopment.htm
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Fostering infrastructure investment and public service
delivery through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Decision makers worldwide agree on the importance of
PPPs in achieving countries’infrastructure and public
service needs. Yet PPPs need a particular framework
and the right approach by governments if they are to
be successful. The challenge is to ensure that PPPs are
affordable, represent value for money and are transparent.
Like the rest of the world, the MENA region is facing an
infrastructure gap as well as fiscal constraints. The task
is therefore to find a way to deliver growth-enhancing
infrastructure which is both affordable for government
and users and represents more value for money than the
traditional way of procuring infrastructure. In the right
circumstances, PPPs can deliver on these demands. PPPs
are an important tool for decision makers to strengthen
economic and social development. By harnessing private
sector expertise and allocating risks to the parties best
suited to manage them in a cost-effective way, governments
can make great strides in ensuring value for money.
The OECD Network of Senior Infrastructure and PPP
Officials was established to ensure that PPPs and capital
investment projects bring value for money and that potential
risks are managed properly. The Network has developed the
OECD Principles for Public Governance of PPPs which help
to examine institutional capacities, select PPP projects based
on value for money and use the ordinary budget process to
ensure fiscal sustainability.
The OECD also provides country-specific assessments
and policy recommendations to governments wishing to
strengthen or build their PPP and infrastructure governance
framework through diagnostic tools that help identify
strengths and weaknesses. With the support of the
MENA Transition Fund, the OECD has provided tailored
recommendations and hands-on capacity building to
strengthen the legal, institutional and budgetary frameworks
for the operationalisation of PPPs in Tunisia. The country
adopted a new PPP law in November 2015, building on these
recommendations. The operationalisation of the Tunisian PPP
law will promote transparency, efficiency and effectiveness
of public spending, and will help the government of Tunisia
in meeting its public policy development objectives.
Building on the Policy Framework for Investment and
the OECD Principles for Private Sector Participation
in Infrastructure, the Investment Security in the
Mediterranean (ISMED) Support Programme has provided
tailored advice to governments in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and

INDUSTRYINNOVATION
Tunisia on reducing framework risks of specific infrastructure
projects and/or sectors, formulated region-wide policy
recommendations and organised public-private policy
dialogue workshops on removing barriers to PPP investments.
In addition, the ISMED Working Group, as a platform for
dialogue and co-ordination, sought to foster integrated
approaches to innovative policy and financial tools to
facilitate the development of PPPs in the MENA region.
www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting/ppp.htm
www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/ppp.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/competitiveness/ismed.htm
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THE REPORTS
Forthcoming 2016
www.oecd.org/mena/
competitiveness/public-private-
partnerships-tunisia.htm

ENVIRONMENT
AND ENERGY

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY . 55
ENVIRONMENTENERGY
Promoting green growth
Growing concerns over the environment and the depletion
of non-renewable resources have led governments in
developed and emerging economies to reshape their
policies. Green growth is about fostering economic growth
and development while ensuring that natural assets
continue to provide the resources and environmental
services on which our well-being relies. Fostering green
growth, a central element of OECD support, is increasingly
recognised in the MENA region as an integral part of
sustainable development strategies.
Based on the Green Growth Strategy, the OECD advises member
and partner economies on integrating green growth policy into
the design and implementation of economic and environmental
policies. The OECD has explored how green growth can be
applied and fostered in developing country contexts. The report
Putting Green Growth at the Heart of Development outlines
a twin-track agenda for national and international action to
achieve green growth in developing countries and includes
examples of activities in Egypt, Jordan, United Arab Emirates,
Morocco, and Tunisia.
Green growth is beginning to take root in the MENA region.
Morocco and Tunisia are adherents to the OECD Declaration
on Green Growth, which is now signed by 42 countries and the
European Community. Relevant organisations from the MENA
region are also encouraged to take part in the Green Growth
Knowledge Platform (GGKP). The GGKP is a partnership between
the Global Green Growth Institute, the OECD, UNEP, and the
World Bank. The GGKP is a global network of researchers
and development experts that identifies and addresses major
knowledge gaps in green growth theory and practice. Through
widespread consultation and world-class research, GGKP
provides practitioners and policymakers with better tools
to foster economic growth and to implement sustainable
development.

The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) collects
statistics and monitors ODA targeting the global objectives of
the Rio Conventions and local environmental issues. These data
are publicly available online at the activity-level and can be
sorted by partner country and region – revealing how much aid
flows to MENA, together with a range of descriptive information.
Total bilateral aid commitments from DAC members targeting
climate change adaptation and mitigation in the region reached
USD 1.9 billion on average per year in 2010-13, representing up
to 25% of the total bilateral ODA portfolio to the region. The UAE
is the main provider of climate-related development finance,
reaching up to USD 574 million in 2013 (8% of its ODA).
The Jordan Clean Energy Investment Policy Review
(forthcoming, December 2016) aims to help policy makers
strengthen the conditions for investment in renewable
electricity generation. It takes stock of recent policy reforms
and identifies policy priorities in Jordan and lessons learned for
the MENA region. The report aims to create a stable pipeline
of bankable projects in solar photovoltaic and wind energy.
It focuses in the areas of investment policy; investment
promotion and facilitation; competition policy; financial
market policy; public governance; and other cross-cutting
issues. The case of Jordan illustrates the importance of
setting robust policies and predictable targeted incentive
schemes. This review is a country-specific application
of the OECD Policy Guidance for Investment in Clean
Energy Infrastructure, which is a non-prescriptive tool to
help governments identify ways to mobilise private sector
investment in clean energy infrastructure, especially in
renewable electricity. The Policy Guidance was annexed to
the Communiqué of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank
Governors at their meeting in October 2013.
www.oecd.org/greengrowth
www.oecd.org/dac/environment-development/green-growth-
development.htm
www.oecd.org/dac/stats/rioconventions.htm
Promoting green growth
SCAN TO READ
THE REPORTS

ENVIRONMENTENERGY
Combating
climate change
The OECD has been working across multiple fronts to
support efforts to tackle climate change, both at the
international level through the UNFCCC process and at
the state level to understand their policies and progress
towards a low-emissions, climate-resilient future.
Since 1993, the OECD, together with International Energy
Agency (IEA), has been supporting the UNFCCC process through
the Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG), which has been
providing impartial and rigorous analysis on climate change
issues. It holds bi-annual climate change-focused Global
Forums on the Environment—events and seminars held in an
informal setting outside of the UNFCCC process which promote
dialogue and enhance understanding between countries on
technical issues being discussed in international climate change
negotiations. Participants include country representatives and
experts from a variety of countries, including from the MENA
region. The CCXG’s work currently focuses on transparency
of mitigation, adaptation and support within the UNFCCC
framework. The OECD will continue to support the UNFCCC
process, including in the run-up to the 22nd Conference of the
Parties taking place in Morocco on 7-18 November 2016.
www.oecd.org/environment/cc
www.oecd.org/env/cc/ccxg.htm

Improving water governance
Managing scarce freshwater resources and ensuring access
to water supply and sanitation is a significant challenge
throughout the MENA region.
The OECD held policy dialogues in Jordan and Tunisia to
diagnose the main governance and financing challenges
to private sector participation in the water supply and
wastewater sector and to provide ways forward to address
these challenges. Several MENA stakeholders are also engaged
actively within the OECD Water Governance Initiative (WGI),
an international multi-stakeholder network of more than 100
delegates that gather twice a year in a policy forum. These
include the Global Water Partnership-Mediterranean, the
Union for the Mediterranean and the Mediterranean Institute
for Water. The WGI aims to share on-going reforms and good
practices in support of better water governance, including
across north and south Mediterranean countries.
To help interested MENA countries put in place better
water policies, the OECD has developed Principles on Water
Governance, which set standards for the more effective,
efficient and inclusive design and implementation of water
policies and encourage governments to put them into action.
The principles were endorsed by OECD Ministers in June 2015
and are available in 15 languages, including French and Arabic.

www.oecd.org/governance/oecd-principles-on-water-governance.htm
www.oecd.org/gov/water
SCAN TO READ
THE REPORTS

ENVIRONMENTENERGY
Ensuring access to reliable
and clean energy
Fostering the development of renewable energies is
important for the creation of jobs, the satisfaction of
increasing energy demand and the diversification of
the economy. MENA countries need to put in place an
effective policy framework to attract private investment
in the sector and to reap the benefits of their favourable
resource endowment, especially in regards to solar and
wind energy.
Since 2010, the MENA-OECD Task Force on Energy and
Infrastructure works to formulate policy recommendations to
help spur investment in renewable energy in the MENA region,
letting policy makers benefit from the private sector’s view and
experience. The Task Force works to promote green growth and
contributes to the OECD’s Green Growth Strategy, providing
tailored recommendations for the Middle East and North Africa.
The publication Renewable Energies in the Middle East and
North Africa: Policies to Support Private Investment makes
the case for a stronger deployment of renewable energies in the
region and identifies appropriate support policies to stimulate
private investment and achieve the targets and goals defined by
MENA governments.
The International Energy Agency’s 2015 Renewable Energy
Market Report includes an assessment of renewable energy
prospects in the region. In order to help promote energy
efficiency, the IEA has worked with regional organisations,
the Arab League and the Regional Centre for Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency in Cairo to formulate a series of
policy recommendations on energy efficiency which can be
disseminated throughout the region. In addition, the Agency
has researched and published an Insights Paper looking at ways

Ensuring access to reliable and clean energy
of supporting and accelerating the deployment of renewable
energy and energy efficiency in a number of countries, including
Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan. This forms part of a wider
EBRD-funded project that builds on the IEA methodology for
assessing and monitoring the penetration of renewable energy
and energy efficiency technologies.
In 2013 and 2014, the IEA conducted an in-depth review of
Morocco. The review welcomed Morocco’s efforts to reduce
both the energy import bill and greenhouse gas emissions by
both diversifying into renewables (wind and solar as well as
hydro-power) and by elevating energy efficiency to a national
priority. Important steps have also been taken to reduce—and
in some cases remove altogether—subsidies on fossil fuels.
These are energy challenges which engage all countries in the
MENA region. The IEA also remains fully committed to the
Producer-Consumer Dialogue and the work of the International
Energy Forum in improving the transparency of energy markets.
To assist with providing advice on a range of issues such as
market trends and policy reform, the IEA now publishes annual
Medium-Term Market Reports on both gas and oil markets and
comprehensive sets of energy data, including for the MENA
region.
www.oecd.org/mena/investment/mena-oecdtaskforceonenergy
andinfrastructure.htm
www.oecd.org/mena/investment/renewable-energies-
mena-2013.htm
SCAN TO READ
THE REPORTS
SCAN TO READ
THE REPORTS

ANNEXES
PARTICIPATION IN OECD BODIES AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ACTIVITIES
OECD co-operation with the Middle East and North Africa facilitates
a greater participation of Arab countries in the work of OECD
bodies. Associates participate in OECD bodies, including projects
or the development or revision of OECD legal instruments, for an
open-ended period, with the same rights and obligations as OECD
members. Participants take part in OECD bodies for an open-ended
period, except in discussions marked as confidential.
Scheme for Cereals – Egypt,A
Morocco,A
TunisiaA
Competition Committee and all subsidiary bodies – EgyptP
Committee on Consumer Policy – EgyptP
Working Party on Consumer Product Safety – EgyptP
Advisory group for Co-operation with Partner Economies – UAEA
Corporate Governance Committee (main committee only) – Saudi
ArabiaA
Scheme for Crucifer Seed and other Oil or Fiber Species – Egypt,A
Morocco,A
TunisiaA
Development Assistance Committee – Qatar,P
Saudi Arabia,P
UAEP
Governing Board of the Development Centre – Egypt,A
Morocco,A
TunisiaA
Committee on Digital Economic Policy – EgyptP
Committee on Fiscal Affairs – Saudi Arabia (BEPS)A
Global Forum on Environment – UAEO
Global Forum on Tax Treaty – UAEO
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax
Purposes – UAEA
Scheme for Grass and legume Seed – Egypt,A
Morocco,A
TunisiaA
Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum – UAEO
Investment Committee Freedom of Investment Roundtable – Egypt,A
Morocco,A
Tunisia,A
Investment Committee in enlarged session for work related to the
Declaration on international investment and MNEs – Egypt,A
Jordan,A
Morocco,A
TunisiaA
Joint OECD/ITF Transport Research Committee – MoroocoA
Public Governance Committee – Egypt,P
MoroccoP
Working Party on Centres of Government – Egypt,P
MoroccoP
Working Party of Senior Digital Government Officials (E-Leaders) –
Egypt,P
MoroccoP
Working Party of Senior Public integrity Officials – Egypt,P
MoroccoP
Working Party of the Leading Practitioners on Public Procurement –
Egypt,P
MoroccoP
Regional Development Policy Committee – MoroccoP
Working Party on Rural Policy – MoroccoP
Working Party on Territorial Indicators – MoroccoP
Working Party on Urban Policy – MoroccoP
Board of Participating Countries of the Teaching and learning
international Survey (TALIS) – Saudi Arabia,A
UAEP
Tourism Committee – Egypt,P
MoroccoP
Steel Committee – EgyptP
A – Associate, P – Participant, O – Other form of participation

ANNEXES . 61
Annexes

ADHERENCE TO OECD LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax matters as
amended by the Protocol Amending the Convention on Mutual
Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters – Morocco1
, Tunisia, Saudi
Arabia
Decision of the Council on Conflicting Requirements being imposed
on Multinational Enterprises – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Decision of the Council on International Investment Incentives and
Disincentives – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Decision of the Council on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational
Enterprises – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Decision of the Council Revising the OECD Scheme for the Application
of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables – Morocco
Decision of the Council Revising the OECD Schemes for the Varietal
Certification or the Control of Seed Moving in International Trade –
Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia
Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy
(The Seoul Declaration) – Egypt
Declaration on Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters
– Saudi Arabia
Declaration on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting – Tunisia
Declaration on Green Growth – Morocco, Tunisia
Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises
– Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Declaration on Propriety, Integrity and Transparency in the Conduct of
International Business and Finance – Morocco, Tunisia
Istanbul Ministerial Declaration on Fostering the Growth of Innovative
and Internationally Competitive SMEs – Algeria, Egypt, Jordan,
Morocco, Tunisia
Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness – Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Syrian
Arab Republic, Tunisia, Yemen
Recommendation of the Council concerning Member Country
Exceptions to National Treatment and National Treatment related
Measures concerning Investment by established Foreign-Controlled
Enterprises – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies
– Egypt, Morocco
Recommendation of the Council on Due Diligence Guidance for
Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and
High-Risk Areas – Morocco
Recommendation of the Council on Member Country Exceptions to
National Treatment and Related Measures concerning Access to Local
Bank Credit and the Capital Market – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Recommendation of the Council on Member Country Exceptions to
National Treatment and National Treatment Related Measures in the
Category of Official Aids and Subsidies – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Recommendation of the Council on Member Country Exceptions
to National Treatment and National Treatment Related Measures
concerning the Services Sector – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco
Recommendation of the Council on Member Country Measures
concerning National Treatment of Foreign-Controlled Enterprises in
OECD Member Countries and Based on Considerations of Public Order
and Essential Security Interest – Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
Recommendation of the Council on the Governance of Critical Risks
– Morocco, Tunisia
The Bologna Charter on SME Policies – Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia
Third Revised Decision of the Council concerning National Treatment
Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia
1. Not yet ratified
Annexes

ANNEXES
PARTICIPATION IN INITIATIVES AND NETWORKS
OECD Policy Dialogue on Natural Resource-based Development
– Morocco
OECD Policy Dialogue on Global Value Chains, Production
Transformation and Development – Morocco
“Interrelations between Public Policy, Migration and Development”
project (OECD DEV, EU) – Morocco
“Revenue Statistics in Africa”project (OECD DEV, CTP) – Morocco and
Tunisia
“Youth Inclusion”project (OECD DEV, EU) – Jordan
DIALOGUE AND DATA
The Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC) is an
international trade union organisation which has consultative status
with the OECD, serving as the official voice of the labour movement
at the OECD. TUAC collaborates with the MENA region through
the integration of the Arab Trade Union Confederation in the the
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC).
The Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD
(BIAC) is an independent business association devoted to advising
policymakers at the OECD, and officially recognised by the OECD as
representative of the OECD business community. In the MENA region,
BIAC works with Morocco which has one organisation participating
in the committee - Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc
(CGEM).
The involvement of MENA countries in the OECD Global
Parliamentary Network is very recent with Jordan and Morocco
taking part in meetings of the network in 2016. This Network aims at
facilitating dialogue amongst parlamentarians on the enacting and
implementation of reforms.
The OECD Emerging Markets Network (EMnet) is a business-
oriented platform for dialogue and analysis of economic trends,
business strategies, and policy challenges. With participation of
OECD experts, private-sector executives and policy makers from
emerging countries, EMnet provides networking and collaboration
opportunities across these sectors. Each year, EMnet holds a meeting
on Africa with the participation of North African countries. EMnet is
also developing the Initiative Global Network of Foundations Working
for Development (netFWD) in which philanthropic organisations from
United Arab Emirates and Egypt are members.
www.tuac.org
www.biac.org
www.oecd.org/parliamentarians
www.oecd.org/dev/oecdemnet.htm
www.oecd.org/site/netfwd
ANNEXES . 63
Discover reports, data and analysis about the Middle East and
North Africa alongside the world’s leading economies on OECD
iLibrary, the global knowledge base – www.oecd-ilibrary.org
News and information about
OECD work and events involving
the Middle East and North Africa
are available at
www.oecd.org/mena

The OECD: A Global Policy Network
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) is an international organisation helping governments tackle
the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalised
economy. It provides a setting where governments can compare
policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good
practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies.
The OECD Member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.
Brochuredesignbybaselinearts.co.uk

Global Relations Secretariat
OECD, 2 rue André Pascal
75775 Paris Cedex 16
France
www.oecd.org/globalrelations
GRS.contact@oecd.org
www.oecd.org/MENA September 2016

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