adaptive-reuse-architecture-documentation-and-analysis-2168-9717-1000172

Volume 5 • Issue 3 • 1000172J Archit Eng Tech, an open access journal
ISSN: 2168-9717
Open AccessResearch Article
Fisher-Gewirtzman, J Archit Eng Tech 2016, 5:3
DOI: 10.4172/2168-9717.1000172
Journal of Architectural
Engineering Technology
JournalofArchitectural Enginee
ringTechnology
ISSN: 2168-9717
*Corresponding author: Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman, Faculty of Architecture
& Town Planning, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel, Tel: +972-4-8294031; E-mail:
ardafna@ar.technion.ac.il
Received September 20, 2016; Accepted September 25, 2016; Published
September 29, 2016
Citation: Fisher-Gewirtzman D (2016) Adaptive Reuse Architecture Documentation
and Analysis. J Archit Eng Tech 5: 172. doi: 10.4172/2168-9717.1000172
Copyright: © 2016 Fisher-Gewirtzman D. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
Adaptive Reuse Architecture Documentation and Analysis
Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman*
Faculty of Architecture & Town Planning, Technion – IIT, Haifa, Israel
Abstract
Buildings have been reused throughout history. The current discourse of diverse trends in preservation together
with awareness for sustainable environments has led to a surge in adaptive reuse projects. The combination
of new and old architecture ensures the retaining of authentic character while providing an appropriate new
use and revitalizing the structure. Learning from precedents is one of the most important knowledge bases for
architects. It has many layers of knowledge referring to the old building and its original use, the transformed
building and its new use, and the transformation itself. The objective of this work is to propose a theoretical
and practical background for a systematic process to support adaptive reuse architecture precedent E-learning.
A procedure for the analysis has been developed to fit the specific nature of this architecture data. This paper is
presenting the analysis principles and demonstrates the system as a powerful infrastructure for E-learning.
Keywords: Adaptive reuse of Buildings; Formal analysis; Learning
from precedents; Creative design; Design process
Introduction
Adaptive reuse is a special form of refurbishment that poses
quite difficult challenges for designers. Changing the functional
classification of a building introduces new regulatory conditions and
may require rezoning approval. Nevertheless, there are clear economic,
environmental and social benefits that can make this option attractive to
developers. Adaptive reuse has been successfully applied on many types
of facilities around the world. It is seen as being fundamental to sound
government policy and sustainable development in the US, Canada,
Hong Kong, North Africa, and Australia [1]. Although buildings
have been reused throughout history, new architectural interventions
are seen as a creative way to breathe new life into an existing historic
context, while reinventing an economic and social value. Combining
new and old architecture ensures the retaining of authentic character
while providing an appropriate new use. Such new use eventually
adds to the building’s historic fabric and to the built fabric as a whole
(MacDonald, 2009).
The provocative “Cronocaos” exhibition by Rem Koolhaas in New
York emphasized the problematic agenda of building preservation. Has
preservation become a dangerous epidemic? Is it destroying our cities?
Koolhaas draws on ideas that have been circulating in architectural
circles for several years now; specifically the argument presented by
many academics that preservation movements worldwide, working
hand in hand with governments and developers, have become a force
for gentrification and social displacement, driving out the poor to make
room for wealthy homeowners and tourists. This, Koolhaas argues, will
bring about “a new form of historical amnesia, one that, perversely, only
further alienates us from the past” [2]. It is estimated that some 70% of
structures existing today will still be in existence 50 years from now,
and so refurbishment and updating for current and future needs must
become central in our current practices. Thus, the correct way to deal
with historical structures may well be the adaptive reuse strategy.
The design process of such adaptive reused architecture is very
different than conventional design processes, and may require other or
additional skills. Referring to their work at the Tate Modern museum
in London, world-acclaimed architects Jacques Herzog and Pierre de
Meuron said that "the attendant constraints demanded a very different
kind of creative energy" [3]. They added that their strategy was to accept
the physical power of Bankside's massive mountain-like brick building
and to enhance it rather than break it or try to diminish it. Such
structures must be studied carefully for their physical and metaphysical
qualities and designers must consider all aspects and decide on tactics
and strategies for their actions.
When designing a new building, the architect, either consciously
or not, uses an architectural strategy that will inform the order of
the building. These strategic moves are of course supplemented by
a complex combination of various factors such as site conditions,
structural systems, programmatic requirements, and his or her own
personal vision [4]. Brooker and Stone argue that when a building
is reused, the most important and meaningful factor in the design
is the original building and the relationship between the old and the
new. Langston et al. propose a model that assists in transforming the
property stakeholders' traditional decision-making processes to more
sustainable practices, strategies, and outcomes by providing a means
by which industry can identify and rank existing buildings that have
high potential for adaptive reuse. The model explores the relationship
between financial, environmental, and social parameters associated
with the adaptive reuse of buildings. This point of view is critical for the
decision-makers' level.
In this paper we focus on the design strategies and knowledge-
based design and on the role of precedent study and analysis in adaptive
reused architecture. The objective of this work is to propose a theoretical
and practical background for a systematic process to support adaptive
reuse architecture precedent E-learning. For this purpose, several case
studies were analyzed using a structured analysis process.
Section 2 introduces the background information for the current
work and Section 3 discusses the procedure for the proposed analysis of
adaptive reuse precedents and demonstrates the full analysis process as
applied to one of the case studies. Section 4 presents the classification

Citation: Fisher-Gewirtzman D (2016) Adaptive ReuseArchitecture Documentation andAnalysis. J Archit Eng Tech 5: 172. doi: 10.4172/2168-9717.1000172
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the adaptive reuse process. Thus, adaptive reuse analysis is different
and significantly more complex than the analysis of precedents that did
undergo an adaptive reuse process. This leads to three stages of formal
inquiry: (1) Original building form (original stage); (2) Reshaped
building form (final stage); and (3) The transformation from original
stage to final stage in terms of tactics, strategy, and type of intervention.
In order to learn from architecture design precedents, they must be
searched for in an educated manner, based on multiple classification
methods. Such search may be determined by the structure's original
function, by name of architect, by formal attributes, and so on. The
search for relevant precedents for an adaptive reuse project may
become very complex since every search in any category mentioned
above would definitely yield two (or more) different sets of data: The
original function and the new function, the original architect and the
intervention architect, the formal attributes of the original building
and the formal attributes of the transformed building, and so on. In
adaptive reuse architecture, the process of transforming the building,
i.e. the tactics and strategy of transformation, is in itself an important
precedent in architectural knowledge.
Adaptive reuse architecture analyses
The mass, the size, the rhythm and the form of the existing building
all provide opportunities for balance or counter points [4]. Brookner
and Stone regard the analysis of form and structure of the existing
building as fundamental to the intervention; No doubt, these are among
the most important attributes to consider. Since we agree with Clark
and Pause (1985) that architectural ideas exist in the world of space
and form, we suggest a set of formal analyses based on the patterns
of architecture they presented (1985), which focus on the physical
structure. We also suggest classifying the variant precedents by strategy
and tactics of refurbishment, and by the type of remodeling done. A
comprehensive set of analyses is demonstrated on one case-study.
We classify sixteen case studies according to the various categories,
planting the seeds for the development of an automated adaptive reuse
precedent search model [7].
Documentation
Documentation is the basis for every study and analysis. Basic
documentation in our study referred also to the urban context so as
to capture the project's urban role. Images of the original use (when
available) and the current, new use were used, as well as plans, sections
and details from both phases of the structure's life. In addition, all case-
studies’ virtual models were drawn.
Formal analysis in adaptive reuse architecture
The big challenge in the formal analysis of adaptive reuse
architecture is the need to consider both the original building with its
original use and physical structure, and the transformed building with
its new use and new physical structure. In addition, there is the process
of transformation or change to consider as well. The proposed analysis
is composed of a formal analysis, whereby the same formal category is
analyzed for both the original and the transformed buildings. Twelve
formal categories were used in this research for the analysis, most of
which were based on the work of Clark and Pause (1985) and Ching
(1979), as follows: 1. Parti 2. Structure 3. Natural light 4. Massing 5.
Plan to section/elevation 6. Circulation and used space 7. Repetitive
vs. unique 8. Symmetry and balance 9. Geometry 10. Hierarchy 11.
Additive-subtractive 12. Object and environment. A full, formal
analysis and classification is demonstrated on the Caixa Forum in
Madrid, redesigned by Herzog and De Mauron in (Figure 1).
process of sixteen case studies based on the variant analysis, and Section
5 suggests an intelligent search based on related concepts. Section 6
concludes the discussion of the proposed analysis and its role in the
design process, and suggests future directions for development and use.
Background
Knowledge-based architecture design
One of the basic assumptions of this work is that knowledge-
based architecture design relies on understanding design precedents
and that the design process is a dynamic process of adaptation and
transformation of knowledge and early attempts or experiences to
correspond with current needs [5,6]. Therefore, the broader the
horizons of knowledge used for the design, the richer and more
accurate the design and the design process. This work focuses on the
formal knowledge, structural knowledge, materiality, strategies and
tactics of adaptive reuse architecture.
Architecture's basic elements, such as form and space, have been
present throughout human history and so it is most important to
examine continuity, to understand similarities and differences and the
variant patterns. Clark (1985) refers to the continuity as transforming
the past and becoming part of the present. Ching (1979) argues that
form and space may be considered to be the architect's vocabulary,
and that architecture is expressed through this medium of forms. The
history of architecture theory since Vitruvius (80 BC) is characterized
by a search for universal concepts that can be evaluated regardless of
their place in history. The approach to the quest for a logic system has
always been abstract approach (Von Meiss, 1990). Formal analysis
is the basic for identifying formal and spatial attributes, and since it
is executed in greater detail, it is expected to reveal deeper layers of
architectural knowledge. Formal analysis is a controlled abstraction
process, which means that the search for the essence principals of
architectural knowledge is not usually directly visible. Abstraction may
lead to an exploration of formal connections among variant architecture
precedents that otherwise would not be related. It is important to note
that abstract processes do not necessarily follow the design process,
rather they are carried out from an objective point of view [6-8].
Abstract formal analysis is commonly used for architecture
precedent classification. Various intensive attempts at such analysis
were presented in master works by Ching (1979), Clark and Pause
(1985) and Baker (1985), among others. Methods introduced by Ching
(1979) and Clark and Pause (1985) served as part of the tools used to
develop the method presented here.
Teaching adaptive reuse architecture studio and theory
Recycling and reusing existing building is an important task for
architects. It demands considerable attention in architecture schools as
it demands different skills and sensitivities than regular design from
scratch; therefore additional tools are needed to cope with such projects.
Herzog and De Meurons' comment on their work on the Tate Modern
in London explains the difference. They claim that such projects require
a very different kind of creative energy, which may be manifest as
different kinds of knowledge, design tools, and design processes. We
argue that such tools may be developed by reconstructing existing
knowledge, disassembling the components of relevant precedents
through a thorough analysis, and using these as stepping stones in the
design process.
Adaptive reuse precedents have at least two phases (if not more)
of physical existence: (1) The original design containing its original
function; and (2) The new structure, containing its new function, after

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Strategies of remodeling
When a building is reused, the most important and meaningful
factor in the design of the new building is the relationship between
the old and the new. Brookner and Stone developed three categories
or strategies of building reuse based on the extent of integration
between the host building and the new elements. These strategies are
intervention, insertion, and installation, as defined below:
Installation – The old and new buildings exist independently. The
new elements are located within the boundaries of the existing building.
Their design may be influenced by the existing building but they are
not necessarily compatible with it. Upon removing the installations, the
existing building may revert to its original state.
Insertion – A new, independent element that is suited exactly to the
existing envelope. The element is constructed to fit and is located within
the boundaries of the existing building.
Intervention – The existing structure undergoes major
transformations so that it can no longer exist independently. The old
and the new additions are completely integrated.
We used these categories, and added a scale ranging between
“interventions” (the most symbiotic relationship) and “installation”
(the most detached relationship). In some of our case studies we found
it insufficient to classify a project into only one category, and so a
diagram was attached to the three categories describing the relations
between the old and the new masses, similar to the diagram suggested
by Ching (1979), as illustrated in (Figure 2). A ranking system was also
added, whereby each case study was ranked according to the degree of
transformation it had undergone.
Remodeling tactics
Tactics express the actual qualities of the building. The selection
of details and style gives the building its character (Brookner & Stone,
2004). The tactics employed in the remodeling of a building can be seen
as the elements or details that support the overall strategy. Brookner
and Stone defined six tactics they claimed were consistently used in
remodeling. Each of the 16 case studies treated here were examined
according to them.
1. Planes define space. The various planes can control the visual
and physical limits of the space.
2. Light controls space and form.
3. Surface is the tactile element that establishes a direct
relationship between human contact and the building, using
materials, ergonomics, etc.
4. Objectscanmanipulatespace,movement,andvisualdirections.
The objects can be of any scale or type and can enhance the
space they occupy.
5. Openings are focal points in the building. They creates
views, provide orientation, and establish relationships
between spaces.
6. Movement can prove to be more than purely functional,
forming sculptural elements and focal points within the
building.
Figure 3 illustrates the tactics used by Herzog and De Meuron
in the transformation of Caixa Forum, Madrid.
circulation and used space plan to section/elevation parti
symmetry and balance repetitive and unique structure
hierarchy geometry natural light
object and environment additive and Subtractive massing
Figure 1: Illustrating formal analysis for both the original form (on the right) and the new, transformed form (on the left) in each category.

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Intervention types
Adaptive reuse architecture is categorized according to the
characteristics of the built mass, based partly on the works of Park
and White, who suggested simple diagrams to interpret possible
interventions and specific conditions for buildings and sites. Park
highlighted the intervention as a dark scheme over a light outline
diagram representing the existing building. In this work, we have
added several possible diagrams, such as “Parasite” and “Filter”, to
those suggested originally by Park. The intervention categories used in
this work are as follows: Gate, Wall, Corner, Bridge, Transition, Joint,
Boundary, Filter, Umbrella, Roof, Parasite, Hat, Divider, New interior,
Skin, Glue, Feature, Infill, Underground, Alignment and Disalignment.
Figure 4 compiles the relevant diagrams for all precedents, highlighting
diagrams that are relevant for Chaixa Forum, Madrid [9,10].
Classifying case studies
Figure 5 presents the sixteen projects that were part of this study.
The projects are listed by name and location, remodeling architects,
original and new uses, and remodeling year. As is evident even from
this relatively short list of adaptive reuse buildings, the variety of reuse
projects is rich and diverse in terms of the original uses of transformed
buildings and theirs various new uses. Following are classifications by
intervention strategy, tactics and characteristics of remodeled mass.
Classification by formal analysis
Comparative formal analysis for some case studies was conducted
and projects were sorted into groups according to the different formal
attributes of the two stages: the original building and the transformed
building. In the example below, all formal representations of the
massing are presented as well as a comparative representation of the
old alongside the new (Figure 6). The question of change arises when
the massing of the old buildings is observed versus the massing of the
new buildings. The actions (or action) that created the change are more
interesting than the actual massing at any stages, and so we examine the
strategy and tactics of intervention to focus on such actions.
Figure 2: The extent of transformation of an existing building, including
the three categories/strategies, four diagrams that illustrate the physical
application, and a numeric scale that links the two measures.
Figure 3: Tactics of remodeling and physical attributes in Caixa Forum.
Source: Photographs by D. Fisher-Gewirtzman.
corner wall gate hat parasite roof underground
joint transition bridge skin new interior divider alignment
umbrella filter boundry infill feature glue disalignment
Figure 4: compiles the relevant diagrams for all precedents, highlighting diagrams that are relevant for Chaixa Forum, Madrid. Based on O. Park.

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Classification by Strategy and Tactics of intervention
Figure 7 maps the strategies and tactics of intervention applied
in the adaptive reuse precedents. The categories used here are based
on Bruckner and Stone (2004). No clear trend can be seen but, we
noted that only two of the sixteen case studies could be categorized as
"Installation" while all the rest were categorized as either "Intervention"
or "Insertion" [11,12]. We can therefore conclude that most projects
involved a significant physical intervention. Upon examining the tactics
applied in each case, it seems that in most case studies almost all of the
defined tactics were used.
Characteristics of the remodeled structure
Based on the type of intervention, we then mapped all sixteen
projects, as illustrated in below figure. The main finding that is
immediately evident from the table is that all projects but two have
new interiors. The other types of intervention are applied in the various
projects, each according to its relevance to the existing structure and
the new demands (Figure 8).
A search through precedents
Relevant precedents can be searched for in many ways as long as
Caixa Forum
Gemini Residence
Morgan Library
Elbphilharmonie
Dok Centrum
Embarcadero Civic Center
Bryant Art Center
Punta Della Dogana
Tate Modern
The Library For Children
Armstrong Oil Company
Urban Outfitters
Ford Assembly Building
Kuppershmule Museum
Carmel Academic Center
Reina Sofia
Madrid
Copenhagen
Manhattan
Hamburg
Delft
Caseras
Granville
Venice
London
Tokyo
Denver
Philadelphia
Richmond
Daisburg
Haifa
Madrid
Herzog & De-Meurom
MVRDV
Renzo Piano, Beyer Blinder
Herzog & De-Meurom
Dok Architecten, AEQUO
Nieto Sobejano Arquitectos
Beyer Blinder
Tadao Ando
Herzog & De-Meurom
Tadao Ando
Lake-Flato
Meyer, Schere & Rockcasle Ltd
Marcy Wong Don Logan Arc.
Herzog & De-Meurom
Knafo-klimor
Jean Nouvel
Power station
Silos
Library, Housing
Storehouse
Offices
Train Hangar
Sports Hall
Store house
Power Station
Library
Machines Store
Ships Hangar
Vehicles Factory
Sillos and Mill
Storehouse
Hospital
Contemporary Art Museum
Housing
Library and Museum
Cultural Center, Housing
Media Library
Cultural Center
Academic Center
Childrens’ Library
Offices (Oil & Gas)
Offices (Fasion)
Cultural Center
Academic Center
2008
2001-05
2000-06
2009-12
2007
2008
2005
2009
1995-99
2002
2008
2006
2009
1999
2009
2005
Project City Architects of Remodeling Original Use New Use Year
Figure 5: List of precedents.
Armstrong Oil & Gas Gemini Residence Dok Centrum Punta Della Dogana
Bryant Art Center International Library for Children Elbphilharmonie Tate Modern
Caixa Forum Morgan Library Embarcadero Civic Center Sackler Galleries
Figure 6: Formal representation of the massing of the old and new buildings for each project. (The old building is depicted on the right, and the new building is
on the left).
Figure 7: Map of the strategies and intervention tactics involved in the adaptive
reused projects. Categories are based on Brookner and Stone (2004).

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all of the data is interconnected through associative links regarding
informative data, formal data, and data on the type, strategy and tactics
of intervention. Figure 5 provides some basic information on the
sixteen adaptive reuse projects examined here as explained in section
4. A typical search for precedents can start with the building's original
use, for example "Industrial building". Our database of precedents
contains two power stations and it appears that both were remodeled by
the same architectural firm, namely Herzog and De Meuron. A search
according to the two power stations' new function (Contemporary art
museum) would lead to five projects: The Caixa Forum in Madrid,
Punta della Dogana in Venice, Tate Modern, Kuppershmul Museum
and Reine Sofia (Figure 9). These buildings were remodeled by different
architects, are located in different places, had different original uses,
and were subjected to different tactics and strategies in their redesign
process [13-15].
The search for precedents can, alternatively, focus on specific
intervention tactics or strategies, as illustrated in Figure 7. For example,
projects whose strategy was "Installation" are Punta della Dogana by
Tadao Ando and Reina Sofia by Jean Novel (Figure 10), while the
"Intervention" strategy was applied to eight projects: Caixa Forum,
Elbphilharmonia, Dok Centrum, the Library for Childrens’ literature,
Armstrong Company, Urban Outfitters, Ford Assembly Center, and
the Carmel Academic Center. All of these projects were remodeled by
different architects in different countries and have different original and
newfunctions.Aregularsearchwouldnotyieldanyconnectionbetween
these eight precedents. Searching precedents by type of intervention is
another way to learn about the variety of creative interpretations. For
example, our case study precedents included three projects that involved
a “Hat” type intervention, as illustrated in Figure 7. In this case, it is
interesting to note that all three "hat" projects were redesigned by the
same architects. Figure 11 presents Caixa Forum, Elbphilharmonie and
Tate Modern. A rich and diverse search of relevant precedents always
contributes to a good design process. The variety of search methods
suggested above may contribute to complex adaptive reuse projects and
enhance future design processes [16].
Conclusions and Discussion
Learning from precedents is one of the most important knowledge
bases for architects and for architecture students. Adaptive reuse
architecture is a complex precedent to learn from, since there are
more layers of knowledge than in any architectural project in which
the physical and functional stages are fixed/remain unchanged. In such
precedent cases, the original physical and functional stages and the final
physical and functional stages are both relevant and important for the
study, as are the decisions and actions that transform the form. Adaptive
reuse precedents are extremely complicated to analyze and classify than
other architecture precedents: formal analyses must be conducted,
tactics and strategies of intervention are examined, and historical facts
must be taken into account, such as when, where, who, and what. A
multi-classification system allows for cross knowledge among many
categories that enables to carry out a more powerful search.
Out of forty adaptive reuse projects analyzed and categorized,
nineteenwereoriginallyindustrialbuildings.Thirteenweretransformed
into museums. Thirty- six out of forty redesigned the interiors using
various tactics. Five out of the twenty one intervention types were not
used at all and perhaps should be revisited. Significant intervention
took place in most of the precedents. See Figure 12. A computerized
system would update the graphs with every new precedent added to
the system and enable an educated search in the E-learning process
(Figure 11).
The categories in this paper are based on precedent work and may
be expanded for future work in terms of category layers and relevant
architectural precedents. Formal analyses focus on the most important
categories but could get into more details. The interventions suggested
here relate to the overall building and to its setting in the immediate
Caixa Forum Tate Modern Punta Della Dogana Reina Sofia Kuppershmule Museum
Figure 8: Six adaptive reuse projects with the same new function.
Punta Della Dogana Reina Sofia
Figure 9: Punta della Dogana by Tadao Ando and Reina Sofia by Jean Novel:
Two projects in which the remodeling strategy was "Installation".
Figure 10: Map of the interventions by type.
Caixa Forum Elbphilharmonie Tate Modern
Figure 11: Caixa Forum, Elbphilharmonie and Tate modern: “Hat” intervention
precedents.

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environment. These may develop into variant scales and solutions
regarding the interiors as well. The input for such a system should
be precise and structured and links connecting between all relevant
data. Figure 10 is illustrating a possible format on each adaptive reuse
precedent. In addition, a full 3D virtual model should be integrated
as part of the learning process of the project. Figure 13 is illustrating
a possible walk through an adaptive reuse precedent in an immersive
visualization lab (Figure 12).
A progressive digital library that enables an automated precedent
search for adaptive reuse architecture is the natural learning and
working environment for this system. We hope to develop such a
database as an open ended tool so that architects can add their projects
to it and student conducting analyses can add the knowledge they
collect. An open system would enable new uploads from future users
and contributors. Such an educated precedent search may contribute
to the adaptive reuse practice. Another possible future direction is the
Figure 12: The graphs on the left are presenting the distribution of original uses and new uses. The graphs on the right present distribution of strategies and tactics.
“The building was very scorish, very madrid style, we
studied the gravity of building.. but it reflected an old image
of madrid, very nice as a piece but locally un-public. the
first idea was really to free the building , to make it vissible,
so make it accesible. we didn't just want to build on top and
inthe earth , but we wanted to somehow visualize the
underworld and the upperworld, so we wanted to create a
new space between the street and the building. That why
we chopped off the brick building and by doing that we
didnt weaken it but make more powerful. At the same time
we got space underneath, we could access the building
easily we created a sign saying "this is forum we made it
attractive and open".
Figure 13: A possible format for analyzing each adaptive reuse precedent.
Figure 14: Walking through a virt0075al model before and after reuse.

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development of a smart algorithm that supports a controlled design
process for adaptive reuse projects by accompanying and reinforcing
the free creative process (Figures 13 and 14).
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my research assistant, architect Yael Chen-Agmon, for
her enthusiasm, wisdom, and talent that greatly contributed to this work. Also to
thank my students in the adaptive reuse design studios for contributing to the
discussions and analysis of case studies in this paper.
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Citation:Fisher-GewirtzmanD(2016)AdaptiveReuseArchitectureDocumentation
and Analysis. J Archit Eng Tech 5: 172. doi: 10.4172/2168-9717.1000172
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