Adbms 7 database languages and tools
- 1. Advance Database Management Systems : 7 Database Languages and Tools Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
- 2. Slide 2- 2 DBMS Languages • Data Definition Language (DDL) • Data Manipulation Language (DML) – High-Level or Non-procedural Languages: These include the relational language SQL • May be used in a standalone way or may be embedded in a programming language – Low Level or Procedural Languages: • These must be embedded in a programming language
- 3. Slide 2- 3 DBMS Languages • Data Definition Language (DDL): – Used by the DBA and database designers to specify the conceptual schema of a database. – In many DBMSs, the DDL is also used to define internal and external schemas (views). – In some DBMSs, separate storage definition language (SDL) and view definition language (VDL) are used to define internal and external schemas. • SDL is typically realized via DBMS commands provided to the DBA and database designers
- 4. Slide 2- 4 DBMS Languages • Data Manipulation Language (DML): – Used to specify database retrievals and updates – DML commands (data sublanguage) can be embedded in a general-purpose programming language (host language), such as COBOL, C, C++, or Java. • A library of functions can also be provided to access the DBMS from a programming language – Alternatively, stand-alone DML commands can be applied directly (called a query language).
- 5. Slide 2- 5 Types of DML • High Level or Non-procedural Language: – For example, the SQL relational language – Are “set”-oriented and specify what data to retrieve rather than how to retrieve it. – Also called declarative languages. • Low Level or Procedural Language: – Retrieve data one record-at-a-time; – Constructs such as looping are needed to retrieve multiple records, along with positioning pointers.
- 6. Slide 2- 6 DBMS Interfaces • Stand-alone query language interfaces – Example: Entering SQL queries at the DBMS interactive SQL interface (e.g. SQL*Plus in ORACLE) • Programmer interfaces for embedding DML in programming languages • User-friendly interfaces – Menu-based, forms-based, graphics-based, etc.
- 7. Slide 2- 7 DBMS Programming Language Interfaces • Programmer interfaces for embedding DML in a programming languages: – Embedded Approach: e.g embedded SQL (for C, C++, etc.), SQLJ (for Java) – Procedure Call Approach: e.g. JDBC for Java, ODBC for other programming languages – Database Programming Language Approach: e.g. ORACLE has PL/SQL, a programming language based on SQL; language incorporates SQL and its data types as integral components
- 8. Slide 2- 8 User-Friendly DBMS Interfaces – Menu-based, popular for browsing on the web – Forms-based, designed for naïve users – Graphics-based • (Point and Click, Drag and Drop, etc.) – Natural language: requests in written English – Combinations of the above: • For example, both menus and forms used extensively in Web database interfaces
- 9. Slide 2- 9 Other DBMS Interfaces – Speech as Input and Output – Web Browser as an interface – Parametric interfaces, e.g., bank tellers using function keys. – Interfaces for the DBA: • Creating user accounts, granting authorizations • Setting system parameters • Changing schemas or access paths
- 10. Slide 2- 10 Database System Utilities • To perform certain functions such as: – Loading data stored in files into a database. Includes data conversion tools. – Backing up the database periodically on tape. – Reorganizing database file structures. – Report generation utilities. – Performance monitoring utilities. – Other functions, such as sorting, user monitoring, data compression, etc.
- 11. Slide 2- 11 Other Tools • Data dictionary / repository: – Used to store schema descriptions and other information such as design decisions, application program descriptions, user information, usage standards, etc. – Active data dictionary is accessed by DBMS software and users/DBA. – Passive data dictionary is accessed by users/DBA only.
- 12. Slide 2- 12 Other Tools • Application Development Environments and CASE (computer-aided software engineering) tools: • Examples: – PowerBuilder (Sybase) – JBuilder (Borland) – JDeveloper 10G (Oracle)
- 13. Slide 2- 13 Typical DBMS Component Modules
- 14. Assignment • What do you understand by Data Definition Language (DDL) • What is Data Manipulation Language (DML) • Explain DBMS Interfaces