Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy
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This document discusses strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy. It begins by defining vaccine hesitancy and outlining the key factors that influence it: confidence, complacency, and convenience. It then discusses how these factors have impacted vaccination rates, particularly among minority groups and those with lower socioeconomic status. The document reviews strategies that have been found to effectively build confidence in vaccines, such as strong recommendations from trusted healthcare providers, community partner promotion, and presenting information through stories and personal examples rather than statistics. It concludes by providing tips for discussing vaccines with hesitant patients, including acknowledging concerns, being knowledgeable, educating on vaccine testing, and emphasizing the recommendation.
Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy
- 1. Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy December 16, 2020
- 2. CME Credit • Bridgeport Hospital Yale New Haven Health is accredited by the Connecticut State Medical Society to sponsor continuing medical education for physicians. The Bridgeport Hospital Yale New Haven Health designates this live activity for a maximum of one (1) AMA PRA Category 1 CreditsTM. Physicians should claim only credits commensurate with the extent of their participation in the various activities. • This activity has been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education through the joint sponsorship of Bridgeport Hospital Yale New Haven Health and the Weitzman Institute. Bridgeport Hospital Yale New Haven Health is accredited by the Connecticut State Medical Society to provide continuing medical education for physicians. • The content of this activity is not related to products or services of an ACCME- defined commercial interest; therefore, no one in control of content has a relevant financial relationship to disclose and there is no potential for conflicts of interest.
- 3. Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy 16 Dec 2020 www.cbc.ca/news/health/covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-canada
- 4. COVID-19 in the United States 16,724,772 cases on 12/15/20 303,849 deaths https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
- 10. News Headlines Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine approved Moderna Vaccine FDA review tomorrow Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine NEJM Polack et al. Dec 10, 2020
- 11. Resources • Nuvance health ~1700 articles reviewed: https://spark.adobe.com/page/WJjPryEErhIS4/ • CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html https://emergency.cdc.gov/coca/calls/2020/ • WHO: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 • Johns Hopkins: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html • Others https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus https://covidactnow.org/
- 12. 12 Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy Marwan Haddad, MD, MPH, AAHIVS Kasey Harding, MPH
- 13. A term used to describe the range of feelings that patients have about vaccines and the concerns they experience around accepting them. WHO Expert Panel Definition1: “Delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccination services” in which “complacency, convenience and confidence” play a role. Vaccine Hesitancy: Definition 1 MacDonald & the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy, 2015
- 14. • Confidence Trust in vaccine or provider. • Complacency Lack of perception of need for the vaccine or its value. • Convenience Access to the vaccine (affordability, availability, health literacy). Vaccine, 2015
- 15. Confidence: Impact of Vaccines MMWR / October 7, 2011 / Vol. 60
- 16. Confidence: Efficacy of HPV Vaccine in Females 16-26 Years (2017) HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 Cervical Neoplasia 96% HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 Genital Warts 99% HPV 16, 18 Vulval neoplasia 98% HPV 16, 18 Vaginal neoplasia 100%
- 17. Beard, Hull, Leask, Dey, & McIntyre, 2016 Complacency: VACCINATION REFUSAL Active vs. Passive 40% active refusal of vaccine 60% simple inaction due to inconvenience Research on risk assessment has shown that vaccination anxiety far exceeds the actual risks because it keys into uncertainty, dread, and the tendency to favor inaction over action in an ambiguous situation. Wroe, Bhan, Salkovskis, & Bedford, 2005
- 18. Vaccinations Decline Due to COVID-19: Connecticut 2020
- 19. Complacency: Consequence of Success • With success of vaccination, less disease in community. • Leads to low perceived risk of disease and under appreciation of disease severity and transmission risks. • With social media rise, easier access to misinformation. • Leads to persistent vaccine safety concerns. Concerns about disease risk Concerns about vaccine safety
- 20. Slavery in 19th Century • Slaves were used as subjects of abusive, involuntary medical experimentation. Tuskegee Syphilis Study • A forty-year study (1932-1972) recruited African American men in Alabama, offering free healthcare for treatment of “bad blood”. • No informed consent was obtained for any participant. • 600 men participated: 399 with syphilis and 201 without syphilis. • Penicillin became available and an established treatment for syphilis in 1947. • No one in the study was offered the treatment. • About 130 men died from syphilis or its complications; many more suffered. • At least 40 spouses became infected; 19 children were born with congenital syphilis. Persistent Health Disparities • Structural racism continues to date and fuels the glaring health disparities brought even more to light by the COVID pandemic. Mistrust of the Medical Establishment among Communities of Color
- 21. African Americans are 2.5 times more likely to contract COVID - 19 African Americans are 5 times more likely to be hospitalized with COVID - 19 African Americans are 2 times as likely to die from COVID - 19 COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Hesitancy The top 2 reasons given by African American individuals for not participating in the COVID Vaccine Trials were: 1. Tuskegee Syphilis Study 2. Systemic Racism
- 22. Influenza Vaccination • The Role of Risk Perception and Race in Flu Vaccination Behavior (Freirnuth et al, 2015) • Blacks were more likely than Whites and Hispanics to perceive higher risk of disease, higher risk of vaccine side effects, and have more mistrust of medical establishment. • Kaiser Permanente study of members in DC, Virginia, and Maryland (Vupputuri et al, 2014-2015) • Blacks had 42% lower odds of being vaccinated than Whites. Vaccination Rates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2011-2016 • Blacks 24% lower rates than Whites. • Lower rates in males, younger, uninsured (regardless of race/ethnicity). Vaccine Hesitancy in Communities of Color
- 23. Convenience: Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Differences in H1N1 Vaccinations • Online survey of 1569 respondents age 18, and older in U.S. • High representation from minority ethnic/racial groups and those living under the federal poverty level. • Results: H1N1 vaccine uptake associated with sociodemographic factors, H1N1-related beliefs, and seasonal vaccination. • H1N1 vaccination is strongly associated with age, urbanicity, perceiving the vaccine as safe, and seasonal flu vaccine uptake. • Perceptions of safety and season flu vaccination strongest associations. • Black participants were the most likely ethnic/racial group to report having tried to get the vaccine but found it unavailable. Galarce et al. Vaccine, volume 29, Issue 32, 18, July 2011, p. 5284-5289.
- 24. Common Reasons for Vaccine Hesitancy Safety • Too many vaccines; pain with injections; severe adverse reactions Necessity • Disease is "natural”; disease is rare, gone, or not that severe Distrust • Vaccines aren't well tested; research inadequate; medical mistrust in health system/provider Lack of Information Societal Influence • Other children/people unvaccinated; social norm Religious / Personal Choice • Right to choose; parent knows what is best; disallowed by religion; previous experience with vaccines
- 25. Strategies that have not typically worked to increase vaccine acceptance Studies looking at web based interventions that educate patients about vaccines have not been found to be effective Social media campaigns tend to only reinforce already held positions and highlight the misinformation Epidemics of a vaccine-preventable disease used to help increase vaccine acceptance, but have not been as effective in some recent outbreaks Visual disease graphics and “horror” stories of what happens if you are not vaccinated tend to create less confidence and more anxiety according to recent studies
- 26. Successful Strategies to Build Confidence Surveys of patients have found 80% say that their primary care provider positively influenced their decision to get vaccines. 1 Studies have found 30-47% of vaccine hesitant patients agreed to vaccinate if they were provided with clear education from nurse or providers. 2 Policy and advocacy are important in enforcing appropriate vaccine levels especially among vulnerable populations like homeless and people with HIV. 3 Information on the number of peers who agree to vaccination can positively effect confidence if it is high enough. 4 Trusted community partner promotion of vaccinations can be essential to encouraging acceptance in vulnerable populations. 5
- 27. How To Present Information Just providing scientific data is probably not enough More effective if you have a trusting relationship with the family Stories and personal examples are usually more effective than quoting statistics Sharing with families your decision to immunize family members can convey your comfort with the vaccine Use visual aids that portray impact and positive messaging Motivational interviewing may be effective but has not been studied Use principle of the 3 As: Ask, Acknowledge and Advise
- 28. Vaccine Hesitancy Tips Acknowledge concerns • Remain nonjudgmental Be knowledgeable • Many medical providers have limited knowledge of vaccine efficacy, incidence of adverse effects, herd immunity • Provide science / evidence-based information • Discuss risk / benefit Educate on extensive testing done on vaccines
- 29. Provider Recommendation Matters • Be proactive • Know the disease • Know the vaccine • Acknowledge known side effects • Emphasize evidence supporting safety and benefit • Find common ground • Use numbers to communicate risk and provide perspective • Talk about risk associated with other daily activities to provide context • Use personal stories • Know about resources including access, coverage • Make vaccine recommendation strong Healy CM, etal Pediatrics 2011;127 Suppl 1:S127-33; Offit PA, Coffin SE. Vaccine 2003;22:1-6; Turnbull AE. Health Commun 2011;26:775-6.; Macdonald NE, etal.. Biologicals 2011.; Daley MF, etal. Sci Am 2011;305:32, 4.
- 30. • mRNA • Pfizer (2 doses 21 days apart) • Moderna (2 doses 28 days apart) • Viral vector • Astrazeneca/University of Oxford (2 doses) • Johnson&Johnson (1 dose) • Viral protein • Novavax • Sanofi/GSK COVID Vaccine Trials
- 31. • Undermining of science/facts • Does it work? How long does it work for? • Do I have to still wear a mask? Social distance? • Will it change my DNA? • Government mistrust • Was it developed too fast? • New vaccine • What short and long term effects will it have? • Will it affect fertility? Pregnancy? Breastfeeding? • How will it affect those immunocompromised? Living with HIV? Allergies? • Access • How, where, and will I be able to get it? • What will it cost? COVID-19 Vaccine: Potential Issues
- 32. 32 Role of Public Health and Healthcare Workers in COVID-19 Vaccination Acknowledge and address concerns: • Made too fast/corners were cut • Coronaviruses well studied; knew what to target (spike protein) • COVID genome available since January 2020 • Huge amounts of funding upfront • Operation Warp Speed meant study phases ran simultaneously; production before efficacy known • Medical/government mistrust • Call out structural racism • Emphasize the health disparities
- 33. 33 Role of Public Health and Healthcare Workers in COVID- 19 Vaccination • Inform and educate on COVID vaccine: • About 95% effective: Pfizer/Moderna vaccines prevent people from becoming sick from COVID • Not yet know how long effective; if prevents actual infection or transmission • Still need to wear masks/socially distance • Side effects (usual vaccine reactions within days/weeks) • Short term (injection site reactions, headache, fatigue, myalgias, fever/chills, allergic reaction) • Long term unknown
- 34. 34 Role of Public Health and Healthcare Workers in COVID-19 Vaccination • Inform and educate on COVID vaccine: • mRNA does not enter cell nucleus; disintegrates quickly; does not change our DNA • Fertility concerns not seen or anticipated • Pregnancy/breastfeeding- not studied; weigh risk/benefit • Immunocompromised/living with HIV- may not mount same response • Children: Pfizer authorized for 16 and older; Moderna for adults only • Already had COVID- still get the vaccine, when? • Vaccine won’t give you COVID; won’t turn PCR/Ag tests positive • Missed second dose? – take it as soon as you can; same type of vaccine
- 35. 35 Role of Public Health and Healthcare Workers in COVID-19 Vaccination • Ensure reliability of vaccine supply and accessibility: • Will there be enough vaccine? • Vaccinating in phases based on risk; how determined? • Guaranteeing second dose availability • How do I get the vaccine? • Good communication; easy process • Where can I get it? • Easily accessible • Do I have to pay, have insurance, be a resident/citizen? • No cost to patients
- 36. THANK YOU! Marwan Haddad MD, MPH, AAHIVS haddadm@chc1.com Kasey Harding MPH hardink@chc1.com
- 37. Thank You! To learn more about The Path Forward series WeitzmanLearning.org/the-path-forward To view previous COVID-19 sessions: WeitzmanLearning.org/coronavirus