advantages modulation_PRP.pptx

Modulation and Different
Types of Modulation
1

Modulation
Modulation is a technique in which message signal is transmitted to the
receiver with the help of carrier signal. Here in modulation, we combine both
carrier signal and message signal.
Just imagine that you have a paper which contains the message and you would like to send it to
your friend standing 40 feet from your place. You can’t just through the paper to your friend
because paper will not travel that much distance but if you take small stone and cover the paper
with it and through it to your friend, it will definitely reach the target. In the same way, we need a
carrier signal to transmit our message. Sometimes, message signal is also called as modulating
signal.
2

The exact definition of modulation is given below:
3
“Modulation is a process of message signal and modulating is varied
according to the carrier signal for transmission purpose.
Advantages of Modulation:
 With the help of modulation, we can increase the quality of reception.
 We can also decrease the height of the antenna.
 Avoid mixing of different frequency signals and increase the range of communication i.e.
without modulation, we can transmit the message up to 100 meters and with modulation,
we can transmit the message up to 150 meters.
 Allow the flexibility for adjusting the bandwidth.

Analog Modulation:
1) Frequency modulation
2) Phase modulation.
3) Amplitude Modulation
1. Frequency Modulation:
The process of carrier signal frequency is varied according to the message
signal or modulation signal frequency by keeping the amplitude constant is
called frequency modulation.
4

Advantages of Frequency Modulation:
 Frequency modulation has more noise resistivity when compared to other
modulation techniques. That’s why they are mainly used in broadcasting and
radio communications.
 The frequency modulation is having greater resistance to rapid signal
strength variation, which we will use in FM radios even while we are
travelling and frequency modulation is also mainly used in mobile
communication purposes.
 For transmitting messages in frequency modulation, it does not require
special equipments like linear amplifiers or repeaters and transmission
levels or higher when compared to other modulation techniques.
6

Advantages of Frequency Modulation:
 Transmission rate is good for frequency modulation when
compared to other modulation that is frequency modulation can
transmit around 1200 to 2400 bits per second.
 Frequency modulation has a special effect called capture effect in
which high frequency signal will capture the channel and discard
the low frequency or weak signals from interference.
7

Modulation Index
In FM, modulation index is the ratio of frequency deviation(Fd) to the modulating
frequency(Fm). It is expressed as follows.
m = Fd/Fm
Example:
Max. frequency deviation of carrier = +/- 25KHz
Max. modulating frequency = 10 KHz
modulation index = 25/10 = 2.5
It is known as deviation ratio when both Fd and Fm are used with maximum value in
the calculation.

Disadvantages of Frequency Modulation:
 In the transmission section, we don’t need any special equipment but in the
reception, we need more complicated demodulators for demodulating the
carrier signal from message or modulating signal.
 Frequency modulation cannot be used to find out the speed and velocity of
a moving object. Outside interference is one of the biggest disadvantages in
the frequency modulation. There may be mixing because of nearby radio
stations.
 To limit the bandwidth in the frequency modulation, we use some filter
which will again introduce some distortions in the signal.
 Transmitters and receiver should be in same channel and one free channel
must be there between the systems.
9

Applications of Frequency Modulation (FM):
 Frequency modulation is used in radio’s which is very
common in our daily life.
 Frequency modulation is used in
audio frequencies to synthesize sound.
 For recording the video signals by VCR
systems, frequency modulation is used for
intermediate frequencies.
 Used in applications of magnetic tape storage.
10

2. Phase Modulation:
In the phase modulation, we vary the carrier signal in accordance with the
phase of the modulating signal or message signal by keeping the frequency
constant. If the amplitude of message or modulating signal is huge then the
phase shift will also be greater.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Phase Modulation:
•The main advantage of phase modulation is that it has less interference from
static, which is why we use this type of modulation in finding out the speed or
velocity of a moving object.
•The main disadvantage is phase ambiguity comes if we increase the phase
modulation index, and data loss is more and we need special equipment like
frequency multiplier for increasing the phase modulation index.
11

Applications of Phase Modulation:
13
Phase modulation application is not different from frequency modulation.
Phase modulation is also used in communication systems.
Amplitude Modulation:
In the amplitude modulation, amplitude of carrier signal wave is
varied in accordance with the modulating or message signal by
keeping the phase and frequency of the signals constant. The carrier
signal frequency would be greater than the modulating signal
frequency. Amplitude modulation is first type of modulation used for
transmitting messages for long distances.

Amplitude Modulation:
The AM radio ranges in between 535 to 1705 kHz which is great. But when
compared to frequency modulation, the Amplitude modulation is weak, but
still it is used for transmitting messages.
Bandwidth of amplitude modulation should be twice the frequency of
modulating signal or message signal. If the modulating signal frequency is 10
kHz then the Amplitude modulation frequency should be around 20 kHz.
In AM radio broadcasting, the modulating signal or message signal is 15 kHz.
Hence the AM modulated signal which is used for broadcasting should be 30
kHz.
14

Modulation Index of AM
The modulation index is ratio of maximum value of modulating signal voltage(Vm)
to the maximum value of carrier voltage(Vc). The modulation index is also
considered as modulation depth
The modulation index equation is as follows.
m = Vm/Vc
The modulation index should be a number between 0 and 1. When m is greater than
1, severe distortion results into the modulated waveform. This condition results
when Vm is greater than Vc and it is also known as over modulation.
The ideal condition is when Vm is equal to Vc and m is equal to 1. In this situation,
greater output is generated at the receiver with no or minimal distortion.

Advantages of Amplitude Modulation:
 Because of amplitude modulation wavelength, AM signals can propagate
longer distances.
 For amplitude modulation, we use simple and low cost circuit; we don’t need
any special equipment and complex circuits that are used in frequency
modulation.
 The Amplitude modulation receiver will be wider when compared to the FM
receiver. Because, atmospheric propagation is good for amplitude modulated
signals.
 Bandwidths limit is also big advantage for Amplitude modulation, which
doesn’t have in frequency modulation.
17

Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation:
 More power is required during modulation because Amplitude modulated
signal frequency should be double than modulating signal or message signal
frequency. Due to this reason more power is required for amplitude
modulation.
 More chances of getting different signal interfaces and adding of noise is
more when compared to frequency modulation. That is why Amplitude
modulation is not used for broadcasting songs or music.
 Data loss is also more in amplitude modulation due to noise addition.
Demodulators cannot reproduce the exact message signal or modulating
signal due to noise.
18

Applications of Amplitude Modulation:
 Used to carry message signals in early telephone lines.
 Used to transmit Morse code using radio and other
communication systems.
All the above modulation will come under continuous wave
modulation, where we will use a sine wave as carrier signal.
Continuous wave modulation can be used in for both digital and
analog communications.
19

Example
Carrier wave of frequency f = 1MHz with pack voltage of 20V
used to modulate a signal of frequency 1kHz with pack
voltage of 10 V. Find out the following
(i) µ (modulation index) ?
(ii) Frequencies of modulated wave?
(iii) Bandwidth

advantages modulation_PRP.pptx

advantages modulation_PRP.pptx

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advantages modulation_PRP.pptx