After reading case 1-1 Standard Setting A Political Aspect” in t.docx
- 1. After reading case 1-1 Standard Setting: “A Political Aspect” in the textbook, write an essay that includes the following elements: 1 A formal introduction. 2 Answers to questions (a) through (d) of the case, focusing on the role of accounting standard setting in the private sector. 3 A conclusion. Your submitted paper should be at least 2-3 pages long and written according to CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA Requirements, following APA style, and properly referenced. Note that the textbook author is citing a source in this case, which must be considered when forming your references and citations. CASE 1-1 STANDARD SETTING: “A POLITICAL ASPECT” This case consists of a letter from Dennis R. Beresford, chairperson of the Financial Account- ing Standards Board, to Senator Joseph I. Lieberman. The specific issue was proposed legis- lation relating to the accounting for employee stock options. Permission to reprint the following letter was obtained from the Financial Accounting Standards Board. August 3, 1993 Senator Joseph I. Lieberman United States Senate Hart Senate Office Building Room 316 Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator Lieberman: Members of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB or the Board) and its staff routinely consult with members of Congress, their staffs, and other government officials on matters involving financial accounting. For example, FASB members and staff met with Senator Levin both before and after the introduction of his proposed legis- lation,
- 2. Senate Bill 259, which also addresses accounting for employee stock options. The attachment to this letter discusses the accounting issues (we have not addressed the tax issues) raised in your proposed legislation, Senate Bill 1175, and issues raised in remarks introduced in the Congressional Record. My comments in this letter address an issue that is more important than any particular legislation or any particular accounting issue: why we have a defined process for setting financial reporting standards and why it is harmful to the public interest to distort accounting reports in an attempt to attain other worthwhile goals. Financial Reporting Markets are enormously efficient information processors—when they have the infor- mation and that information faithfully portrays economic events. Financial state- ments are one of the basic tools for communicating that information. The U.S. capital market system is well-developed and efficient because of users’ confidence that the fi- nancial information they receive is reliable. Common accounting standards for the preparation of financial reports contribute to their credibility. The mission of the FASB, an organization designed to be independent of all other business and professio- nal organizations, is to establish and improve financial accounting and reporting standards in the United States. Investors, creditors, regulators, and other users of financial reports make business and economic decisions based on information in financial statements. Credibility is critical whether the user is an individual contemplating a stock investment, a bank making lending decisions, or a regulatory agency reviewing solvency. Users count on financial reports that are evenhanded, neutral, and unbiased. An efficiently functioning economy requires credible financial information as a ba- sis for decisions about allocation of resources. If financial statements are to be useful, they must report economic activity without coloring the message to influence behavior in a particular direction. They must not
- 3. intentionally favor one party over another. Financial statements must provide a neutral scorecard of the effects of transactions. Economic Consequences of Accounting Standards The Board often hears that we should take a broader view, that we must consider the economic consequences of a new accounting standard. The FASB should not act, critics maintain, if a new accounting standard would have undesirable economic con- sequences. We have been told that the effects of accounting standards could cause lasting damage to American companies and their employees. Some have suggested, for example, that recording the liability for retiree health care or the costs for stock- based compensation will place U.S. companies at a competitive disadvantage. These critics suggest that because of accounting standards, companies may reduce benefits or move operations overseas to areas where workers do not demand the same bene- fits. These assertions are usually combined with statements about desirable goals, like providing retiree health care or creating employee incentives. There is a common element in those assertions. The goals are desirable, but the means require that the Board abandon neutrality and establish reporting standards that conceal the financial impact of certain transactions from those who use financial statements. Costs of transactions exist whether or not the FASB mandates their recog- nition in financial statements. For example, not requiring the recognition of the cost of stock options or ignoring the liabilities for retiree health benefits does not alter the economics of the transactions. It only withholds information from investors, cred- itors, policy makers, and others who need to make informed decisions and, eventu- ally, impairs the credibility of financial reports. One need only look to the collapse of the thrift industry to demonstrate the conse- quences of abandoning neutrality. During the 1970s and 1980s, regulatory account- ing principles (RAP) were altered to obscure problems in troubled institutions. Preserving the industry was considered a “greater good.” Many observers believe that the effect was to delay action and hide
- 4. the true dimensions of the problem. The public interest is best served by neutral accounting standards that inform policy rather than promote it. Stated simply, truth in accounting is always good policy. Neutrality does not mean that accounting should not influence human behavior. We expect that changes in financial reporting will have economic consequences, just as economic consequences are inherent in existing financial reporting practices. Changes in behavior naturally flow from more complete and representationally faithful finan- cial statements. The fundamental question, however, is whether those who measure and report on economic events should somehow screen the information before report- ing it to achieve some objective. In FASB Concepts Statement No. 2, “Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information” (paragraph 102), the Board observed: Indeed, most people are repelled by the notion that some “big brother,” whether government or private, would tamper with scales or speedometers surreptitiously to induce people to lose weight or obey speed limits or would slant the scoring of athletic events or examinations to enhance or decrease someone’s chances of winning or graduating. There is no more reason to abandon neutrality in accounting measurement. The Board continues to hold that view. The Board does not set out to achieve particu- lar economic results through accounting pronouncements. We could not if we tried. Beyond that, it is seldom clear which result we should seek because our constituents often have opposing viewpoints. Governments, and the policy goals they adopt, fre- quently change. Standard Setting in the Private Sector While the SEC and congressional committees maintain active oversight of the FASB to ensure that the public interest is served, throughout its history the SEC has relied on the Board and its predecessors in the private sector to establish and improve finan- cial accounting and reporting standards. In fulfilling the Board’s mission of improving financial reporting,
- 5. accounting standards are established through a system of due process and open deliberation. On all of our major projects, this involves open Board meetings, proposals published for comment, “field testing” of proposals, public hear- ings, and redeliberation of the issues in light of comments. Our due process has allowed us to deal with complex and highly controversial accounting issues, ranging from pensions and retiree health care to abandonment of nuclear power plants. This open, orderly process for standard setting precludes plac- ing any particular special interest above the interests of the many who rely on finan- cial information. The Board believes that the public interest is best served by developing neutral accounting standards that result in accounting for similar transac- tions similarly and different transactions differently. The resulting financial state- ments provide as complete and faithful a picture of an entity as possible. Corporations, accounting firms, users of financial statements, and most other interested parties have long supported the process of establishing accounting standards in the private sector without intervention by Congress or other branches of govern- ment. Despite numerous individual issues on which the FASB and many of its constitu- ents have disagreed, that support has continued. The resulting system of accounting standards and financial reporting, while not perfect, is the best in the world. Conclusion We understand that there are a number of people who believe that their particular short-term interests are more important than an effectively functioning financial reporting system. We sincerely hope, however, that you and others in the Congress will review the reasons that have led generations of lawmakers and regulators to con- clude that neutral financial reporting is critical to the functioning of our economic system and that the best way to achieve that end is to allow the existing private sector process to proceed. We respectfully submit that the public interest will be best served by that course. As former
- 6. SEC Chairman Richard Breeden said in testimony to the Senate Banking Committee in 1990: The purpose of accounting standards is to assure that financial information is presented in a way that enables decision-makers to make informed judgments. To the extent that accounting standards are subverted to achieve objectives unrelated to a fair and accurate presentation, they fail in their purpose. The attachment to this letter discusses your proposed legislation. It also describes some aspects of our project on stock compensation and the steps in our due process procedures that remain before the project will be completed. In your remarks in the Congressional Record, you said that you will address future issues, including an ex- amination of the current treatment of employee stock options, over the next weeks and months. We would be pleased to meet with you or your staff to discuss these topics and the details of our project. I will phone your appointments person in the next two weeks to see if it is convenient for you to meet with me. Sincerely, Dennis R. Beresford Enclosure cc: The Honorable The Honorable The Honorable The Honorable The Honorable The Honorable Required Connie Mack Dianne Feinstein Barbara Boxer Carl S. Levin Christopher J. Dodd Arthur J. Levitt a. “Financial statements must provide a neutral scorecard of the effects of transactions.” Comment. b. “Costs of transactions exist whether or not the FASB mandates their recognition in financial statements.” Comment. c. In the United States, standard setting is in the private sector. Comment.
- 7. d. Few, if any, accounting standards are without some economic impact. Comment. Source: Financial Accounting Standards Board. Used with permission.