Agriculture and water_problems
- 2. Agriculture: Backbone of economy 02/11/12 Irrigation: Life blood of agriculture Agriculture is the main player of the economy of Pakistan with 21% contribution to GDP and more than 45% contribution in labour force Pakistan’s agriculture rely heavily on irrigation. Pakistan has the world’s largest contiguous irrigation system Pakistan ranks 4 th in the world as for as irrigated area ( About 7%) is concerned. About 36 MA( About 75% of the cultivated area) in Pakistan is irrigated land. Pakistan has invested heavily in the irrigation sector. Allocated about $ 8 billion in this sector upto the year 2011-12
- 3. Consumption Pattern of Water
- 4. Water Resources of Pakistan Rainfall Annual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West) Total water generated by rainfall is around 32 BCM Contribution to crops is 10-20% Groundwater Exploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCM Over 9,00,000 private tubewells 40% of total supply at farm-gate Surface Water Resources Total Inflow is 171 BCM Tarbela (10.38 BCM - 485 ft), Mangla (5.90 BCM - 380 ft) 48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages 1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)
- 5. Existing Situation Water is becoming scarce with each passing day. Per capita availability of fresh water in Pakistan has decreased by about 800% since 1950. Efficient and judicious use of the irrigation water is the only sustainable option left with us. Surface water is still the largest source of irrigation in Pakistan (31% as a single source) Irrigation system is over burdened and loosing its efficiency due to increasing gap in actual and required O&M expenditures (Actual O&M expenses made only about 20-30% of required expenses) Govt. has to subsidize major portion of the O&M expenditures (about 70% according to an estimate)
- 6. Freshwater availability scenario (Per person) Global 1950 – 16,800 cubic meters per annum 2000 – 6,800 cubic meters per annum Reduction: 60 % in 50 years Pakistan 1950 – 5,300 cubic meters per annum 2000 – 1,200 cubic meters per annum !!!! Reduction: 77 % in 50 years Critical limit 1,000 cubic meters per person per annum
- 7. Future Water Scenario Year Population Water availability (Million) per capita (m 3 ) 1951 34 5300 1961 46 3950 1971 65 2700 1981 84 2100 1991 115 1600 2000 148 1200 2010 168 1066 2020 196 915 2025 209 850
- 8. Rising Water Demand But Stagnant Water Availability
- 9. Irrigated Area 36 million acres (14.56 million hectares) Length of Canals 56,073km Length of Water Courses 1.6 million km
- 10. 02/11/12 The additional irrigation water requirement at farm gate has been estimated at 12.61 MAF, which is 31.93 MAF at canal head (PWSS 2002). Which we can save even if we save water at water course level 30% Location Delivery at Head (MAF) Loss % age MAF Main and Branch Canals 106 15 16 Disty. And Minors 90 8 7 Watercourses 83 30 25 Fields 58 30 17 Crop Use 41 Total 62 65
- 11. Major Concerns/Problems A : Problems from management perspective Overall water scarcity, low water availability during winter and at the beginning and end of summer with limited reservoir capacity. Physical and technical limitations of the system. Low efficiency in delivery and use. Inequitable water distribution. Inadequate operation and maintenance of the system Excess seepage and wastage in the system. Insufficient cost recovery ( O&M expenditures are more than recovery of Aabiana). Administrative and financial constraints.
- 12. Contd… B- Problems from Farmer’s Perspective Unreliable and inequitable distribution of irrigation water. Deterioration of the canal system and frequent breaches due to weak bands. Increased cases of water theft and failure of management to check them. Increase in water disputes and delay in actions and justice. Political interference in system management. Increasing cost of groundwater extraction
- 13. Contd… C- Problems From Society’s Perspective Overall poor performance of Government agency managed irrigation system. Wastage of water and low water use efficiency. The failure of government to finance, recovery from farmers and high cost of management. Financial mis-management and poor accountability. Lack of farmers participation in decision making. Political influence in management of irrigation water delivery system. Overexploitation of future water resources espacially the groundwater
- 14. Supply driven rather than demand led distribution of water without consideration of cropping pattern Inequity of irrigation water both inter and intra provincial level and watercourse level Deferred operation and maintenance of centuries old irrigation system System losses as high as 55% Slow and lackluster approach for watercourse improvement and lining Lack of water conservation and application techniques at the farm level Issues
- 15. Technical Land leveling to apply water more uniformly Efficient sprinklers to apply water more uniformly Furrow and bed cultivation to save water Drip irrigation to conserve water
- 16. Managerial Better irrigation scheduling Improving canal operations for timely deliveries Applying water when most crucial to a crops yield Water-conserving tillage and field operation methods Better maintenance of canal, watercourses and equipment Recycling drainage water
- 17. Institutional Establishing water users organizations for better management of water Fostering rural infrastructure for private sector dissemination of efficient technologies Better training and extension efforts
- 18. Agronomic Selecting crop varieties with high yields per cubic meter of transpired water Inter-cropping to maximize use of soil moisture Better matching crops to climate conditions and the quality of water available Crop rotations to maximize output under condition of soil and water salinity Selecting drought-tolerant crops where water is scarce or unreliable Breeding water-efficient crop varieties
- 19. SURFACE WATER Additional storage to replace lost capacity of existing dams - 6 MAF Additional storages to add new supplies to the Indus basin canal diversions - 14 MAF Saving of conveyance losses in canals and watercourses - 20 MAF Development of Spate Irrigation System in Rod-Kohi, Sailaba and Riverain areas covering 3.25 million hectares Small dams and earthen ponds to store runoff in mountainous and Barani areas of NWFP, Punjab and Balochistan - 2 MAF OPTIONS FOR FUTURE WATER DEVELOPMENT- I
- 20. Sustained pumping upto 55 MAF Energy and water efficient pumping systems Amending and managing poor quality groundwater Skimming wells for southern Pakistan OPTIONS FOR FUTURE WATER DEVELOPMENT- II GROUNDWATER
- 21. Crash Programme for cleaning of watercourses, minors and distributaries. Remodeling of moghas for uniform distribution of water. Crop independent Abiana on gross farm area. Minimize element of rent seeking by irrigation personnel. Investment in surface supplies to improve remaining watercourses. Management” put on hold for want of funding. Consensus on new dams sites is imperative to ensure water supplies Increase cropping intensity within Riverine area by better water management at system level. Strategies
- 22. Potential Area -- 3.25 million ha Cultivation of Wheat and Oilseeds -- to support self reliance New Institutional Arrangements -- Volunteer Corps of Unemployed Youth and Army Camping Environment Involvement of FWO for Development of Surface Water -- Earthwork and Hydraulic Structures Fully Utilize Enriched Silt Deposition with Floodwater Jack Pump to Tap Groundwater of Useable Quality Rafhan Model as a Nucleus for Development Fauji Foundation to Install Palm Oil Plantation and Processing