Rabi Crops

Communication series
Agronomy CPT
By Shiv singh yadav
THE STUDY sapnacsauat@gmail.com
BY SHIV SINGH YADAV MOB; 8381912586
Dr. S. B Singh
Assistant prof.BUAT ,BANDA

INTRODUCTION OF AGRONOMY
● Agronomy is derived from Greek words agros meaning ‘field’
and nomos meaning ‘to manage.
● Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science which deals
with principles and practices of soil, water and crop
management.

❖ Agronomy is an art, science and a business.
❖ Both physical and mental skills are essential for successful crop
production.
❖ Indian agriculture is predominantly of subsistence type.

❖ Peter Decresenzi (1230-1307 AD ) collected many literature related to
Agronomy in his book “ Opus Ruralium kamo Daram “ for the first time .
❖ He is known as “ father of Agronomy “.
❖ Van Helmont (1577-1644 AD ) concluded that the main principle of
vegetation is water .

❖ Jenthrotull ( 1674-1741 AD ) published a book “ Horse Hoeing Husbandry “
and the words Weeds and Zero tillage were firstly given by him . He is know
as Father of weed science .
❖ Aurthor Young ( 1741 - 1820 AD ) conducted pot culture experiments to
increase the yield of crop by applying several materials like poultry dung ,
litter , gunpowder , etc. published this work in volume as “ Annals of
Agriculture “

❖ A Truly scientific approach to farming was started in 1840 by Justus von
Liebig .
❖ C R I Irrigation stage of wheat given by R.B.L Bhardwaj.
❖ 21 days after sowing. skhc hjhxjfcg

CROP PRODUCTION
➔ Crop production is basically conversion of environmental inputs like solar
energy, carbon dioxide, water and soil nutrients into economic products in
the form of human or animal food or industrial raw materials.

IMPORTANCE OF CEREALS
● The word Cereal derived from a roman word “ Ceres” which means the
Golden of grain .
● Grains are generally classified as the seeds of cereal plants. They are
characterized by their smallness, hardness and low water content.
● Most of them belong to the family of grasses, known scientifically as the
family of gramineas( poaceae).

❏ Most of Cereals have been the staple human diet from prehistoric times
because of their wide cultivation, good keeping qualities , blend flavor and
great variety. ,
❏ The cultivation of grains for human consumption was probably developed
around 10,000 B.C. It signified the commencement of the era of stable
civilization from the primitive unsettled nomadic life.

● General cereal converted into bread for meal revolved soon thereafter.
Cereals have been modified and improved by centuries of cultivation and
selective breeding.
●

Food Value of Grain Cereals
● The whole grains of all cereals have a similar chemical composition and
nutritive value.
● They are classified are carbohydrate rich foods, for their average
carbohydrate content is 70 per cent per 100 gm .

❖ Whole cereals are good sources of calcium and iron but they are totally
devoid of ascorbic acid and practically devoid of vitamin A activity.
❖ Yellow maize is the only cereal containing appreciable amounts of carotene.
Whole grain cereals also contain significant amounts of B group of
vitamins.

❖ Whole grain cereals play an important role in the diet. It sprouted, they
provide an increase in protein balance, as well as in all other nutrients.
❖ Their complex form of carbohydrate. When in the whole state, is valuable
for digestive needs, especially in providing excellent sources of vital fibre.

Importance of wheat
● World‘s number one cereal in area
● Cultivation of wheat is as old as civilization
● It is the first mentioned crop in Bible
● Used for bread, cakes, bakeries, also manufacture of dextrose, alcohol
etc
● A nutritious food of all.

● Wheat is the world’s most important grain crop.
● Wheat rank first position in the world among the cereals both in respect of
area and production.
● It is a crop that primarily grown in temperature regions.
● It constitutes the staple food in at least 43 countries.

● In India, it is the second important food crop being next to rice .
● Wheat straw is used for feeding the cattle.
● Wheat is called as “king of cereal “

❖ Wheat inflorescence known as ear or spike and seed is caryopsis .
❖ Mustard is very common crop usually intercropped with wheat .
❖ Test weight of wheat grain is about 40 mg .( 42 gm kuch kitabo na likh rakha hai )
0

● Gene responsible for dwarfness in wheat is Norin -10 which is a japanese
variety isolated by Dr. Borlaug in 1960 at Mexico .
● In India introduced dwarf , photo insensitive high yielding Mexican varieties in
1963 like Larma Rajo , Sonara 63 , sonara 64 , and Mayo 64 were imported
by then Minister of Agriculture , Shri C. Subramaniam and released for
commercially cultivated in india 1965 these varieties were responsible for
green revolution in india .
● This period prime minister of india Shri L. B Sastri (1964 - 1966).

Classification of wheat
❖ Genus Tricum can be classified into 3 groups.
1. Diploids = 7 pairs of chromosomes
2. Tetraploids = 14 pairs
3. Hexaploids = 21 pairs
● Commonly cultivated wheat sp There are 7 in the world, only 4 is important
in India,

Common bread wheat (T. aestivam)
● Mostly grown in india
● Occupying about 87 % of wheat area.

Durum /Marconi wheat(T. durum)
● Use for suji, semya preparation.
● Occupies about 12 % wheat area.
● Grown in south and central india .
● Durum varieties - Jairaj , malavika

Emmer wheat (T dicoccum)
❖ Winter / spring wheat
❖ Wheat suitable for TN
❖ Preferred for granular preparation
❖ Suitable for preparation of south indian dish “ Uppumav”
❖ Occupies about 1 % wheat area .

Shot wheat (T sphaerococcum)
● Practically gone out of cultivation due to low productivity
● Small extent N. India and W Pak for local consumption.

varieties
● The dwarfness of norin was the result of two particularly recessive genes ,
which marked with the symbols of sd 1 and sd 2 .

1. Single gene dwarf
● Lerma rajo 64
● Sujata
● Girija : suitable for hills of north india
● Sonalika :

2. Double gene dwarf
● Kalyan sona
● Sonaro-64
● Chhoti Lerma
● HD-2009(Arjun)
● HD 2329
● janak

3 Triple gene dwarf (developed in 1970 )
● Heera
● Moti
● Lal Badshah

4 . Mutant varieties
➢ Release from IARI , new delhi
➢ Sharbati sonara
➢ Pusa lerma

➢ Central zig zagaxis of wheat spikelet is called Rachis.
➢ First man made cereal : Triticale ( wheat *Rye).
➢ Dt-46 is a variety of triticale.
➢ Temperature for germination of wheat seed : 21-24 0c.

➢ Most of these present days Indians wheat varieties contain the gene :
Rht 1and Rht 2 .
➢ Wheat protein : Gluten
● Safe storage moisture content : 10-12%

➢ Moisture content of harvesting stage in wheat is 25-30 %.
➢ Dwarfing agent of wheat crop is Cycocel.
➢ Ratio of wheat and rye 9:1
➢ Biofertilizer for wheat is Azatobacter.

● Origin of wheat : Indo - S.W Asia (Turkey).
● Spacing : R*P :- 22.5 * 10 cm .

TRITICALE
➢ First wheat x rye occurred in Scotland – 1875
● Initial crosses were sterile
● First fertile cross was made in Germany in 1888
● The name Triticate first appeared in Germany in 1935

● Family - Poaceae
● Chromosome Number - 14
● It is important next to rice, wheat, maize in area and production
● It is more suitable than wheat in India
BARLEY Hordeum vulgare

● Origin
● Near-East region‘ as probable place of origin
● Abyssinia - one group
● SE Asia (China, Tibet, Nepal) another group

Economic importance
● It is a Rabi cereal
● Food for people of cooler and semi-arid part of the world
● In India 90% as human food

❖ Medicinal value
❖ Reduce cholestral level in liver
❖ It also stimulates fatty acid synthesis in liver .

● Protein-11.5%,(Albuminoids form)
● carbohydrate-74%
,
● fat-1.3%
● Crude fibre -3.9%,
● ash -1.5%

★ The earliest type of barley is two - rowed but now days most barley growing
groups are six - rowed barley.
★ Tolerant to saline and alkalin soil.

● The inflorescence is called spike or head.
● The spike at the top of the stem consists of spikelets at the nodes of
a zigzag rachis.
● Barely requires cool weather during early growth and warm
and dry weather at maturity.

● Seed rate Irrigated – 100 kg/ha
● Rainfed – 80-100 kg/ha
● Varities :
❏ Azad , Amber , kailash , Dolma (Huskless)
❏ Ranjit , ratna , jyoti
❏ Molya nematode resistance : Rd-2052 , RD-2035 , Rajkiran

Oat- Avena sativa
● Family - Poaceae
● Chromosome Number - 42
● Oat is one of the most important Rabi season fodder crops of India.
● Oats is used us green fodder , straw , hay , and silage .
Oat is one of the most important Rabi fodat is one of
the most important Rabi fodder crops of India.

● Green fodder contains about 10-12 % protein and 30-35 % percent dr matter
.
● Reducing bad cholesterol.
● Total species of oat : 7
● But mostly grown 3 species.

● Three cultivated types are 7 haploid (14 chromosomes), 14 haploid (28
chromosomes) and 21 haploid (42 chromosomes).
● Common oats (Avena sativa) spread in 80% total oat area.
● • Avena brevis is short oat grown in South Europe for green fodder.
● • Avena abyssinica is Abyssinian oat grown in North Africa.
● • Red oats is grown around Mediterranean region.

● Soil • Wide range of soil with good water holding capacity is more suited for
oats cultivation.
● Climate • Grows best in cool and moist climate.
● Cool weather is important during grain filling for high yield.

● VARIETIES: Kent, Algerian, Bunker 10, Coachmen, HFO 114, UPO 50.
● About 25-30% seeds are normally rejected.
● Seed rate recommended is 100 kg/ha.
● 15th October is optimum time for fodder production

● Spacing: 20-23 cm row spacing for fodder and 23-25 cm for grain
production is optimum.
● Yield • 50-60t fodder and 200-400 kg grain/ha.
● Maximum grain yield of 3 -3.5t /ha is possible.

RABI PULSES CHICKPEA
● B.N - Cicer arietinum
● Family – Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
● Chromosome no.- 14 , 16

● It is known as “King of Pulses”.
● Self pollinated crop.
● Test weight desi chana : 140-200 gm but kabuli chana : 340-375 gm
● Long day & C3 plant.

● . Cicer derived from ‗Cicero’ well known Roman family and ‘arietinum’ from
‘aries’ meaning ram‘s head shape.
● In India, Chickpea occupies about 38% of area under pulses &
contributes 50% of production.
● presence of Maleic acid (90-96%); and Oxalic acid(4-10%). Leaves are
recommended for intestine disorder patient.

● 4-10 kg of these acids can be obtained from one ha crop.
● On the basis of the cultivated area, chickpea is the 19th most crop
grown in the world.
● India is the largest producer of gram in the world sharing 65 % area & 70% of
total global production.
●

Origin :
● Gram is cultivated in India from a longer period.
● It is originated from South West asia (Afghanistan ).
● Use as blood purifier and germinated seed are recommended to curve
scurvy disease.

● Gram is winter season crop. Severe cold and frost are injurious to it.
● Frost at the time flowering is injurious.
● Temperature:19-23º C.
● . Soil : Sandy loam to clay loam soil.

● Sowing : Second fortnight of October to first week of November.
● Seed rate
● 1. 75 -100 kg/ha, depth of sowing – 8 to 10cm
● 2. Spacing – 30 cm between rows for Desi types 4o to 45 cm for Kabuli
types .

● India ranks 1
st
in the world in chickpea production.
● Plucking the apical buds of the crop at about 30 to 40 DAS is done to
stop the apical growth.
● Grain yield
● Desi types – 1.5 to 2 t/ ha
● Kabuli types – 2.5 to 3.5t/ha

FIELDPEA Pisum sativum
● Chromosome : 14
● Family – Leguminosae (Fabaceae)
● There are two type of cultivated peas, the garden pea and the field
pea.

● Field pea contributes 3% in total pulses area and about 5% in total pulses
production of India.
● It contains high proportion of digestible protein, carbohydrates, minerals
and vitamins.
● Third important cool season crop next to chickpea and French bean
●

Nutritive value
● Protein - 22.5%
● Calcium - 64 mg/100g
● Fat - 1.8%
● Iron - 4.8 mg/100g
● Carbohydrate - 62.1%
● Moisture - 11%

Origin :
● Mediterranean region of Europe & West Asia
● Before 3000 BC

There are two varieties :-
● Gardenpea : P. sativum var. hortense
● Filedpea : P. sativum var. Arvense
● Annual herbaceous well developed tap root system plant

Soil:
● Well drained soil is more suitable since sensitive to salinity and alkalinity.
● Season :
● NW Plains – end of October
● NE Plains – Second fortnight of November

Seed rate
● Depends up on the size of the seeds & spacing
● 50-60 kg for small seeded and 80-90 kg for bold seeded.
● Store the seeds at 8-10% moisture
● Depth : 4-5 cm.

● Rachna,
● Pant Marter 5
● HUP 2,
● DMR 11
● Crop duration 110-140 days
● o Seed weighs 160 – 240 mg
varieties
● Sapna

SAPNA
❖ Sapna is a variety of pea .
❖ Sapna is a high yielding variety of pea . 30 - 35 q/ha.
❖ This variety suitable for all Up.
❖ Sapna variety developed from : CSAUAT , kanpur

● Sapna variety release from year : 8/3/2015
● SApna is a variety of wilt resistance
Sapna is a long duration crop : 120 -125 days

Edible Oil Scenario in India
● India is the fourth largest oilseed producing country in the world, next only to
USA, China and Brazil.
● Indian share in world production of oilseeds has been around 10 percent.
● India is a major producer of oilseeds, per capita oil consumption in India
is only 10.6 kg/annum which is low

● Many varieties of oilseeds along with tree origin oilseeds are cultivated in
India.
● Among these, the major oilseeds are Soybean, Cottonseed, Groundnut,
Sunflower, Rapeseed, Sesame seed, Copra, Linseed, Castor seed and
Palm Kernels

● The major oilseeds of India are groundnut, rape seed mustard, linseed,
sesame and castor.
● Groundnut and rape seed mustard account about 85 percent of the total
production of oilseeds in the country.

Sunflower
● B.N - Helianthus annuus L.
● Family - compositae / Asteraceae
● Chromosome no . - 34

● The name Helianthus, being derived from helios (the sun) and anthos (a
flower), has the same meaning as the English name Sunflower.
● The Helianthus genus contains 65 different species of which 14 are
annual plants.
● The sunflower plant originated in eastern North America(MAXICO)

● Sunflower is the world‘s fourth largest oil-seed crop and its seeds are used
as food and its dried stalk as fuel .
● It has 40-50 percent good quality oil and high amount of
quality protein in cake
●

● Protein content of sunflower 21 %. (20 %)
● It is also an excellent source of Vitamin E .
●
● PUFA (linoleic acid ) is 68 % in oil so suitable for
heart patient.( No dought) ok

● Inflorescence : Capitulam (disk like flower head).
● Fruit : Achene
● Modern is dwarf and short duration variety .
● Day Natural plant and can grow in any season : khaif , Rabi ,
zaid )

➢ Seed rate : - 8 -10 kg / ha
➢ Spacing :- R*P = 60*20 cm2
➢ Pollination mediated by honey bees .

SAFFLOWER (kusum)
● B. N - Carthamus tinctorius
● Family - Compositae
● Chromosome number - 2n = 24

● Origin : India / Afghanistan / Ethopia
● Large scale cultivation of safflower, containing 35 to 45 percent oil, has
started about 25 years ago in India .
● Safflower prefers high temperatures and growth best at 28-35 °C

● Inflorescence : Capitulam (Disk like )
● Fruit : Achene
● Seed rate : - 15 - 20 kg /ha
● Most Drought tolerant crop among Field crops .

● Highest PUFA ( Linoleic acid ) 78.5 % Among oil seed and this is best
suited oil for heart patient (reduce cholesterol level in blood ).
● Spacing : R*R 45 cm
● Traditionally , used for coloring and Flavoring foods .

● Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
● B . N : Brassica spp.
● National Research Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard, Bharatpur (Rajasthan)
RAPE SEED / MUSTARD

● Rapeseed/Toria and mustard are the third most important edible oilseed
crops of the world after soybean and oil palm.
● India is the third largest rapeseed-mustard producer in the world after
China and Canada .
● This crop accounts for nearly one-third of the oil produced in India,
making it the country’s key edible oilseed crop .

● Rapeseed is the major rabi oilseed crop in India.
● Brassicas are grown next to peanut in India.
● Rapeseed-mustard is a common name to three Genera :
1. Brassica
2. Eruca
3. Sinapsis

● Green tender plant is used as vegetable.
● The oil content varies from 37 to 49%.
● Punsency in mustard is due to Isothiocynate , enzyme hydrolisis product of
glucosinolates (In all Crucifers ).

Origin :-
● Rai – China
● Toria – East Afghanistan
● Brown sarson – E. Afghanistan & adjoining Indian sub-continent
● Yellow sarson – N.E. India
But Objective type Question Corect Answer
➔ Origin: Middle-East and China.

● Due to presence of toxic glucosinolates in its cake , it is unsuitable source
of protein for both human & cattle .
● It causes goiter and effect growth and development .
● The upper limit is fixed at 0.5 % by the government of India.

● Climatic Requirements: Require cool and dry weather.
● Soil: sandy loam to clay loam soils but thrive best on light loam soils.
● While sarson and lahi are generally termed as rapeseeds.
● Rai or raya or laha is termed as mustard.

★ Rapeseed :
● Brown sarson : - Pusa kalyani , KNS 3, KOS 1
● Yellow sarson : - Benoy ,PUSA GOLD
Varieties

❖ Mustard / rai / Indian mustard : -
● Kranti
● Varuna (T-59)
● Rohini
● Pusa bold
● TM 2, TM 4,
● Seetha
● Pusa jai kisan
● NRC-HB-506

Toriya :-
● Jawahar Toria, Panchali, TS 29
➔ Taramira : - RTM 13, TMC 1
➔ White rust resistance Indian mustard: Basanti, JM 1, JM 2, Maya

● Pusa Jai kisan (Bio- 902) :- Its first variety of Brassica juncea developed in
the world by Prof. V.L CHopra .
● With the help of biotechnology through somatic hybridization in india.
● NRCHB-506 : It is the first hybrid of mustard in india developed from
Directorate of Rape seed and Mustard Research , Bharatpur , Rajasthan in
Feb., 2009.

Double zero variety “00” (canola) : It contains < 3 % erusic .
Seed rate : -
4-6 kg depending upon seed weight ( 5 Kg /Ha)
Spacing :-
30 x 10 to 30 x 15cm.

Sugarcane
● Family : - Gramineae ( poaceae)
● B.N : - Saccharum officinarum
● Chromosome no. :- 80
(But change in the chromosome no. different species)

● The word “Saccharam” derived from sanskrit word “sarkara” which
means Sugar.
● India is the fourth largest economy in the world, next to US, China
and Japan.

● Sugar industry is the second largest in the country after cotton textiles
and contributes around 6% of the Agricultural GDP.
● India’s share in world sugar production was 15.30%
● Sugarcane is grown in 3.0% of the total cultivable area of India.

● Uttar Pradesh holds the largest share in acreage (44.14% of India’s cane
area), followed by Maharashtra (19.02%) and Karnataka (8.33%).
● Sugarcane production
❏ highest U.P. (38.56% of India’s production),
❏ Maharashtra (21.79%),
❏ Tamil Nadu (10.85%)
❏ Karnataka (10.02%).

● There of 702 installed sugar industries in India (43 in public sector, 324 in
co-operative sector and 335 in private sector).
● In India there are about 582 Sugar factories maximum in Maharashtra(
134).
● The maximum sugar factories 317 are in co-operative sector followed by
private sector 203.

● 62% world‘s sugar is met from cane
.
● Average sugar recovery of 11%.
● Origin : - New Guinea ( but other book different origin place )

● Saccharum officinarum is known as Noble cane .
● In India great research on hybridization of cane is done by T.S .
Venkataraman hence he known as sugarcane Wizard.
● Stalk : - Roughly cylindrical

● Inflorescence of sugarcane known as Arrow .(2018 eleventh class )
● But this process is Arrowing .
● C4 plant , Intermediate short day plant
● Perennial plant

There are total five species but three cultivated and two Wild species .
1. S. officinarum : This is tropical cane , thick and juicy , low fiber content 2n =80
CLASSIFICATION

2. S. Barbari : Origin of india known as indian can ,low sucrose
high fiber content :-2n = 82 - 124.

3 . S. sinensis : Chinese can , Medium sucrose , High fiber content , long
and Thin stalk 2n = 118 .

Wild species
1. S. spontaneum : Very low sugar and very High fiber content

2. S . robustum : Very low sugar .

➔ Material used for sowing is known as seed pieces or sets.
➔ One year old top ⅓ to half portion of cane being comparatively immature
having high glucose content good for germination .
➔ Three budded : 35000 -40000 setts/ha (obtained from 60 - 70 q/ha)

➔ Treatment of setts 0.5% solution of Agallol or Aretan .
➔ Autumn planting : Planting in october in N.india
➔ Adhsali planting : june - july
➔ Eksalior spring planting : feb. - March

Field Layout
● In India - by adopting two systems viz.
,
1. Ridge and furrows system (heavy soils)
2. Flat system.
● There are some special systems
1. Trench system
2. Deep Trench system
3. Paired - row system
4. Ring or pit system etc.

Planting method
1. Flat planting:
● Planted shallow 8 -10 cm deep furrows at 75-90 cm distance
● It followed in N. India

2. Trench method :
● Followed in tall growing cane areas such as coastal areas to protect
from lodging.
● The setts are planted end to end in trenches.
● The tractor-drawn sugarcane planter is a very suitable device for
planting cane in trenches

Transplanting technique (STP technique)
● Saving in the seed cost
➔ Only about 2-3 t/ha against the normal 6-7 tonnes/ha
➔ Saving of 2-3 irrigations
➔ Possibility of increased cane yield
➔ Better weed management
➔ Efficient fertilizer management

Partha" method
● A technique developed by Mr. S.V. Parthasaradhy an eminent sugarcane
scientist.
● Suggested for water logged or excess soil moisture conditions (coastal
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during N-E monsoon period

➔ Heavy feeder crop but higher does of nitrogen during ripening stage
decrease sucrose content and in maturing stage .
➔ Blanket application of nitrogen 120-125 kg , p: 80 kg , k: 60 kg.
➔ THe best source of nitrogen in normal soil is Ammonium sulphate , in
saline soil is urea and acidic soil is used CAN.

➔ Ratooning of sugarcane : it is economical to take only one ratoon crop ,
in ratoon crop 20 % more nitrogen required as compare to planted crop .
➔ Artificial ripening of sugarcane by use of: polaris , Glyphosine 5 kg/ha at
maturity.

Blind hoeing :
● An important practice in sugarcane. Hoeing after planting and before
crop emergence .
● Purpose of weed control.

➔ Brix ratio : 16 - 18 %
➔ Fehling test : - Fehling test solution reading should be less than 0.5%
glucose.

★ H.F clements in Hawaii developed the concept of crop logging .
★ Most critical stage for irrigation is : Formative stage.
★ Soils which are unsuitable for sugar cane : Saline soils

Weed control
Pre-emergence application of :-
● Atrazine 1.75kg or Oxyflurofen 0.75 lit/ha
Post-emergence application of :-
● Gramaxone 2.5 lit + 2-4,D Sodium salt 2.5 lit/ha as directed spray on 21
DAs .

➢ Important cultural operations in sugarcane in addition to weeding, manuring
and irrigation are : -
● Earthing up
● Detrashing
● Propping

Thanku so much Dr. S.B Singh Sir
Assistant professor of BUAT , BANDA
THANKS FOR ALL STUDENT
THOSE PEOPLE WHO ARE NO LONGER IN THIS WORLD HELPED INDIRECTLY IN MAKING
THESE NOTES.
AGRONOMY CPT PART - 1

I HOPE THESE NOTES WILL HELP YOU IN AGRONOMY RELATED ALL
COMPETITIVE EXAM .
Your suggestions are cordially invited
DO NOT MAKE UNNECESSARY MESSAGES OR CALLS
IF THERE IS ANY MISTAKE IN THE NOTES MADE BY US THEN YOU CAN
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AGRONOMY CPT PART ONE COMPLETED .
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