AI Lecture 1 (introduction)

CSE 412CSE 412
Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence
Topic - 1: IntroductionTopic - 1: Introduction
Fall 2018Fall 2018
Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund
Lecturer
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Daffodil International University
Email: tajim.cse@diu.edu.bd


What Is AI?

The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

The History of Artificial Intelligence

The State of the Art

Philosophical Foundations

Logic Programming Language
• Introduction to Prolog
Topic ContentsTopic Contents
Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah AkhundTajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund 2

What Is AI?What Is AI?
 AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a branch of
computer science concerned with the study and
creation of computer systems that exhibit some
form of intelligence:
• systems that learn new concepts and tasks,
• systems that can reason and draw useful conclusions
about the world around us,
• systems that can understand a natural language or
perceive and comprehend a visual scene,
and
• systems that perform other types of feats that require
human types of intelligence.
3Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah AkhundTajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund

Systems that
think like humans
Systems that
think rationally
Systems that act
like humans
Systems that act
rationally
What Is AI?...What Is AI?...

Major Branches of AIMajor Branches of AI
5
 Artificial Neural Networks
 Computer Vision
 Expert Systems
 Fuzzy Systems
 Game Artificial Intelligence
 Heuristic Search
 Knowledge Management
 Machine Learning
 Metaheuristic and swarm intelligence
 Natural Language Processing
 Pattern Recognition
 Robotics
 Virtual Intelligence
Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah AkhundTajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund

Major Branches of AI…Major Branches of AI…

The Foundations of AIThe Foundations of AI
 A brief history of the disciplines that
contributed ideas, viewpoints, and
techniques to AI is provided here.
 The history is organized around a series of
questions.
 It is not wished to give the impression that
these questions are the only ones the
disciplines address or that the disciplines
have all been working toward AI as their
ultimate fruition.

The Foundations of AI…The Foundations of AI…
 Philosophy (428 B.C. – present)
• Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does mental mind arise from a physical brain?
• Where does knowledge come from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?
 Mathematics (800 B.C. – present)
• How are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
o Algorithms
o Intractability
o NP-completeness
o probability

 Neuroscience (1861 – present)
• How do brain process information?
o Neurons
 Economics (1776 – present)
• How do we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the payoff may be far in
the future?
o Decision theory ( probability theory + utility theory)

 Computer Engineering (1940 – present)
• How can we build an efficient computer?
 Cybernetics (1948 – present)
• How can artifacts operate under their own control?
 Psychology (1879 – present)
• How do human and animals think and act?
 Linguistics (1957 – present)
• How do languages relate to thought?

 What is Cybernetics?
• The term cybernetics was coined by Norbert
Wiener, an
American mathematician of the twentieth
century.
• The scientific study of communication and
control processes in biological,
mechanical, and electronic systems.
• The study of human control functions and of
mechanical and electronic
systems designed to replace them, involving
the application of statistical
mechanics to communication engineering.

 Are AI and Cybernetics the same
subject?
 No.No.
 AI and Cybernetics are widely
misunderstood to be the same subject.
However, they differ in many
dimensions.

The History of AIThe History of AI

The gestation of AI (1943 – 1955)

The birth of AI (1956)

Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 – 1969)

A dose of reality (1966 – 1973)
• Genetic algorithm

Knowledge base systems (1969 – 1979)

AI becomes an industry (1980 – present)

The return of neural network (1986 – present)

AI becomes a science (1987 – present)

The State of the ArtThe State of the Art
 Autonomous planning and scheduling
 Game playing
 Autonomous control
 Medical diagnosis
 Logistic planning
 Robotics
 Language understanding and problem solving
 etc.

 Philosophers have been around far longer
than computers and have been trying to
resolve some questions that relate to AI:
• How do minds work?
• Is it possible for machines to act intelligently
in the way that people do, and if they did,
would they have real, conscious minds?
• What are the ethical implications of intelligent
machines?
Philosophical FoundationsPhilosophical Foundations

 The assertion that machines could act as
if they were intelligent is called the weak
AI hypothesis by philosophers.
 The assertion that machines that do so
are actually thinking (not just simulating
thinking) is called the strong AI
hypothesis.
Philosophical Foundations…Philosophical Foundations…

 Philosophers are interested in the
problem of comparing two architectures
—human and machine.
 Furthermore, they have traditionally
posed the question not in terms of
maximizing expected utility but rather
as, "Can machines think?”
17

 Alan Turing suggested that instead of
asking whether machines can think, we
should ask whether machines can pass a
behavioral intelligence test, which has
come to be called the Turing Test.
• The test is for a program to have a
conversation (via online typed messages)
with an interrogator for five minutes. The
interrogator then has to guess if the
conversation is with a program or a person;
the program passes the test if it fools the
interrogator 30% of the time.
18

 Turing conjectured that, by the year 2000, a
computer with a storage of 109
units could be
programmed well enough to pass the test.
 He was wrong — programs have yet to fool a
sophisticated judge.
 On the other hand, many people have been
fooled when they didn't know they might be
chatting with a computer.
• The ELIZA program
• The Internet chatbots such as MGONZ and
NATACHATA
• The chatbot CYBERLOVER
19

 Eugene Goostman is a chatterbot developed
in Saint Petersburg in 2001 by a group of
three programmers; the Russian-born
Vladimir Veselov, Ukrainian-born Eugene
Demchenko, and Russian-born Sergey Ulasen.
 The Goostman bot has competed in a number
of Turing test contests since its creation, and
finished second in the 2005 and 2008
Loebner Prize contest.
20
Philosophical Foundations:Philosophical Foundations:
A Big ControversyA Big Controversy

 In June 2012, at an event marking what
would have been the 100th birthday of the
test's namesake, Alan Turing, Goostman won
a competition promoted as the largest-ever
Turing test contest, in which it successfully
convinced 29% of its judges that it was
human.
 On 7 June 2014, at a contest marking the
60th anniversary of Turing's death, 33% of
the event's judges thought that Goostman
was human; the event's organiser
Kevin Warwick considered it to have passed
Turing's test.
21

 The validity and relevance of the
announcement of Goostman's pass was
questioned by critics.
 Altough there had been several claims that
the Turing test is not the best way to test a
computer's intelligence, Turing test remains
the most popular one.
22

 The field of AI as a whole has paid little attention
to Turing test.
 Few AI researchers pay attention to the Turing
test, preferring to concentrate on their systems'
performance on practical tasks, rather than the
ability to imitate humans.
 Arguments for and against strong AI are
inconclusive.
 Few mainstream A1 researchers believe that
anything significant hinges on the outcome of the
debate. 23
Some Facts about Turing TestSome Facts about Turing Test

Logic Programming LanguageLogic Programming Language
 Logic programming is a type of programming
languages, in which a program is written as a set of
sentences in logical form, expressing facts and
rules about some problem domain.
 A program is executed by an inference engine that
answers a query by searching these sentences
systematically to make inferences that will answer
a query.
 Major logic programming language families
include Prolog, Answer set programming (ASP) and
Datalog. 24Tajim Md. Niamat Ullah AkhundTajim Md. Niamat Ullah Akhund

Introduction to PrologIntroduction to Prolog
 Prolog: ProProgramming in LogLogic
 Prolog is a logic programming language.
 Programming in Prolog is accomplished by creating
a data base of facts and rules about objects, their
properties, and their relationships to other objects.
 Queries can be posed about the objects and valid
conclusions will be determined through a form of
inferencing control known as resolution.
 Facts: sister(sarah, bill).
parent(ann, sam).
parent(joe, ann).
male(joe).
female(ann).

 Rules:
• grandfather(X, Z) :- parent(X,Y), parent(Y,Z), male(X).
• For all X, Y, and Z:
X is the grandfather of Z
If X is the parent of Y, and Y is the parent of Z and X is
a male.
Introduction to Prolog…Introduction to Prolog…

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AI Lecture 1 (introduction)

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