![I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
A Survey on Video Streaming Methods in Multihop Radio Networks
1
,R.RADHA, ASST.Prof. 2, J U ARUN KUMAR
1,2,
MRCET-HYD
1,
MTECH(CS E)
Abstract
Multimedia ad mult i hop networks are the prominent sources to deliver wide varieties of data. The data are in the
form of mot ion with sound track called video, this type of data is differs fro m other formats and processing is alsodiffers.
rocessing the video formatted data with compressed formats over network is streaming. The live video/realtime viewing
applications work with streaming only.In this paper we main ly focuses on the video streaming in mult ihop networks with
better approaches than fine grain and mediu m grain v ideos by concerning dynamic conditions . so we proposes the
approaches to improve the video streaming with intellectual aspects of vedio quality and fairness among the vedio
sessions, collision rates are to be considered in multihop rad io networks.
Index Terms —Cross-layer optimizat ion, dynamic spectrum access, distributed algorithm, mult i-hop
cognitive radio Net works.
1. Introduction
Stream processing is a computer programming paradig m, related to SIM D (single instruction, mult iple data), that
allo ws some applicat ions to more easily exp loit a limited form of parallel processing. Such applications can use mu ltiple
computational units, such as the FPUs on a GPU or field programmab le gate arrays (FPGAs),[ without explicitly managing
allocation, synchronization, or commun ication among those units.The stream processing paradigm simp lifies parallel
software and hardware by restricting the parallel co mputation that can be performed. Given a set of data (a stream), a series
of operations (kernel functions) is applied to each element in the stream. Uniform streaming, where one kernel function is
applied to all elements in the stream, is typical. Kernel functions are usually pipelined, and local on-chip memory is reused
to minimize external memory bandwidth. Since the kernel and stream abstractions expose data dependencies, compiler
tools can fully automate and optimize on-chip management tasks. Stream processing hardware can use scoreboarding, for
example, to launch DMAs at runtime, when dependencies become known. The elimination of manual DMA management
reduces software co mplexity, and the elimination of hardware caches reduces the amount of the area not dedicated to
computational units such as ALUs. St ream processing is essentially a co mpro mise, driven by a data-centric model that
works very well for tradit ional DSP or GPU-type applications (such as image, video and digital signal processing) but less
so for general purpose processing with more randomized data access (such as databases). By sacrificing some flexib ility in
the model, the imp lications allow easier, faster and more efficient execution. Depending on the context, processor design
may be tuned for maximu m efficiency or a trade-off for flexib ility.
Stream processing is especially suitable for applications that exh ib it three applicat ion characteristics:[citation needed]
Compute Intensity, the number of arith metic operations per I/O or g lobal memo ry reference. In man y signal
processing applications today it is well over 50:1 and increasing with algorith mic co mplexity .
Data Parallelism exists in a kernel if the same function is applied to all records of an input stream and a nu mber of
records can be processed simultaneously without waiting for results fro m prev ious records.
Data Locality is a specific type of temporal locality co mmon in signal and media processing applications where data
is produced once, read once or twice later in the application, and never read again . Intermediate streams passed
between kernels as well as intermediate data within kernel functions can capture this locality directly using the stream
processing programming model.
vi deo streaming
When creating streaming video, there are two things you need to understand: The video file format and the streaming
method.
Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 208](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ako2602080212-121102023539-phpapp01/85/International-Journal-of-Computational-Engineering-Research-IJCER-1-320.jpg)
![I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
Co mpared to the traditional ―hop-centric‖ approach, thisscheme greatly reduces the collision, contention,
processing,and queuing delay induced at relay nodes . It is suitablefor real-time data with tight delay and jitter
requirements.It is especially amicab le for FGS video, since a corruptedpacket may still be useful for decoding. The
viability, protocolrelatedissues, and practical considerations of this approach areaddressed in [8]. The challenging issue,
however, is how toset up the tunnels, while the available channels at the relaysevolve over t ime due to primary user
transmissions.
2. Streaming Video Servers
A streaming media or streaming video server is a specialized application which runs on an Internet server. This is
often referred to as "true streaming", since other methods only simulate streaming. True streaming has advantages such as:
The ability to handle much larger traffic loads.
The ability to detect users' connection speeds and supply appropriate files automatically.
The ability to broadcast live events.
There are two ways to have access to a streaming server:
1. Operate you own server (by purchasing or leasing)
2. Sign up for a hosted streaming plan with an ISP (Internet Service Provider)
Http Streami ng Vi deo
This is the simp lest and cheapest way to stream video fro m a website. Small to me d iu m-sized websites are more
likely to use this method than the more expensivestreaming servers.For this method you don't need any special type of
website or host — just a host server which recognises common video file types (most standard hosting accounts do this).
You also need to know how to upload files and how to create hyperlinks (see our website tutorials for more info).
There are some limitations to bear in mind regarding HTTP streaming:
HTTP streaming is a good option for websites with modest traffic, i.e. less than about a dozen people viewing at the
same time. For heavier traffic a more serious streaming solution should be cons idered.
You can't stream live video, since the HTTP method only works with comp lete files stored on the server.
You can't auto matically detect the end user's connection speed using HTTP. If you want to create different versions
for different speeds, you need to create a separate file for each speed.
HTTP streaming is not as efficient as other methods and will incur a heavier server load.
These things won't bother most website producers — it's normally only when you get into heavy traffic that you should be
worried about them.
To Create HTTP Streaming Vi deo
1. Create a v ideo file in a co mmon streaming media format
2. Upload the file to your web server
3. Make a simp le hyperlink to the video file, or use special HTM L tags to embed the video in a web page.
That's essentially all there is to it. When a user clicks the hyperlink, their media player opens and begins streaming the
video file. If the file is embedded, it plays right there on the page.Now let's look at how to create the necessary video files...
Create a Streaming Vi deo File
There are two ways to create stored streaming video files:
1. Use a conversion utility program. Th is takes an existing digital video file and converts it into the streaming format o f
your choice.
2. Expo rt streaming files fro m v ideo editing software such as Adobe Premiere, Final Cut Pro, etc.
Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 210](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ako2602080212-121102023539-phpapp01/85/International-Journal-of-Computational-Engineering-Research-IJCER-3-320.jpg)
![I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6
Conversion Utilities
A conversion utility is a stand-alone program which imports a video clip and exports it to a d ifferent format .
Examples include RealNetworksRealProducer and Sorenson SqueezeBasically, you simply open a file and select which
which format to save it as. You can set various parameters to optimise the final v ideo. The program will then chug away
for some t ime while it makes the conversion.In the window shown here, the pane on the left shows the o riginal file. The
right pane shows the file as it is being converted to a streaming media format .
3. Considerations
The distributed algorithms are based on the fact that thecomputation is distributed on each feasible path. The
OPTCSalgorithm requires information on channel availability andpacket loss rates at the links of feasible paths. The OPT-
PSalgorith m co mputes the primal variable yhlfor each path andbroadcasts Lagrangian multip liers over the control channel
toall the source nodes.We assume a perfect control channel suchthat channel information can be effectively d istributed
andshared, which is not confined by the time slot structure [10].We assume relat ively large timescales for the
rimarynetwork t ime slots, and small to mediu m diameter for the CR network, such that there is sufficient time for t imely
feedbackof channel information to the video source nodes and forthe distributed algorithms to converge. Otherwise,
channelinformation can be estimated using (5) based on delayedfeedback, leading to suboptimal solutions. If the time slot
istoo short, the distributed algorith m may not converge to theoptimal solution
The most popular application of video streaming is VOD. VOD video files can be hosted by any server and it is
possible to access them by anyone with a co mputer and some kind of Internet connection.The easy access may be
extremely useful for all kinds of users, but especially for schools and universities, giving teachers an opportunity to archive
classroom material. The lectures can then be accessed at any time by any student. What‘s more, they are easily
supplemented with extra materials. Also, those universities which deal with distance learning rely main ly on video
streaming technology.Generally, VOD is a very handy tool for any large institution that needs to distribute learning
materials. Unlike in case of university TV, lectures can be pauses, rewound and reviewed, making all learning process
much more effective. That‘s why sometimes educational videos are actually more effect ive than typical classroom
instruction.Simply anything that can become a part of the footage can be kept on a web server and published on the
Internet, including entertainment videos, business meetings, political speeches or ‗virtual tours‘ which let the users see th e
layout of a particular building. Anther possible use is the security. Live video streaming can also help monitor remote
locations. At first glance, this is similar to typical security cameras, except that streaming technology does not need closed
circuits. The video can be monitored from virtually anywhere in the world, providing there is an Internet connection
nearby. Streaming med ia technology – video streaming – enables the real time, or on-demand distribution of audio, video
and mult imedia on the internet. Streaming med ia is the simu ltaneous transfer of digital media (v ideo, voice and data) so
that it is received as a continuous real-time stream. Streamed data is transmitted by a server application and received and
displayed in real-time by client applicationssuch as the Microsoft‘s Windows Media Player or the QuickTime Player.
These applications can start displaying video or playing back audio as soon as enough data has been received and stored in
the receiving station‘s buffer. A streamed file is simultaneously downloaded and viewed, but leaves behind no physical file
on the viewer‘s co mputer.
Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 211](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ako2602080212-121102023539-phpapp01/85/International-Journal-of-Computational-Engineering-Research-IJCER-4-320.jpg)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
- 1. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6 A Survey on Video Streaming Methods in Multihop Radio Networks 1 ,R.RADHA, ASST.Prof. 2, J U ARUN KUMAR 1,2, MRCET-HYD 1, MTECH(CS E) Abstract Multimedia ad mult i hop networks are the prominent sources to deliver wide varieties of data. The data are in the form of mot ion with sound track called video, this type of data is differs fro m other formats and processing is alsodiffers. rocessing the video formatted data with compressed formats over network is streaming. The live video/realtime viewing applications work with streaming only.In this paper we main ly focuses on the video streaming in mult ihop networks with better approaches than fine grain and mediu m grain v ideos by concerning dynamic conditions . so we proposes the approaches to improve the video streaming with intellectual aspects of vedio quality and fairness among the vedio sessions, collision rates are to be considered in multihop rad io networks. Index Terms —Cross-layer optimizat ion, dynamic spectrum access, distributed algorithm, mult i-hop cognitive radio Net works. 1. Introduction Stream processing is a computer programming paradig m, related to SIM D (single instruction, mult iple data), that allo ws some applicat ions to more easily exp loit a limited form of parallel processing. Such applications can use mu ltiple computational units, such as the FPUs on a GPU or field programmab le gate arrays (FPGAs),[ without explicitly managing allocation, synchronization, or commun ication among those units.The stream processing paradigm simp lifies parallel software and hardware by restricting the parallel co mputation that can be performed. Given a set of data (a stream), a series of operations (kernel functions) is applied to each element in the stream. Uniform streaming, where one kernel function is applied to all elements in the stream, is typical. Kernel functions are usually pipelined, and local on-chip memory is reused to minimize external memory bandwidth. Since the kernel and stream abstractions expose data dependencies, compiler tools can fully automate and optimize on-chip management tasks. Stream processing hardware can use scoreboarding, for example, to launch DMAs at runtime, when dependencies become known. The elimination of manual DMA management reduces software co mplexity, and the elimination of hardware caches reduces the amount of the area not dedicated to computational units such as ALUs. St ream processing is essentially a co mpro mise, driven by a data-centric model that works very well for tradit ional DSP or GPU-type applications (such as image, video and digital signal processing) but less so for general purpose processing with more randomized data access (such as databases). By sacrificing some flexib ility in the model, the imp lications allow easier, faster and more efficient execution. Depending on the context, processor design may be tuned for maximu m efficiency or a trade-off for flexib ility. Stream processing is especially suitable for applications that exh ib it three applicat ion characteristics:[citation needed] Compute Intensity, the number of arith metic operations per I/O or g lobal memo ry reference. In man y signal processing applications today it is well over 50:1 and increasing with algorith mic co mplexity . Data Parallelism exists in a kernel if the same function is applied to all records of an input stream and a nu mber of records can be processed simultaneously without waiting for results fro m prev ious records. Data Locality is a specific type of temporal locality co mmon in signal and media processing applications where data is produced once, read once or twice later in the application, and never read again . Intermediate streams passed between kernels as well as intermediate data within kernel functions can capture this locality directly using the stream processing programming model. vi deo streaming When creating streaming video, there are two things you need to understand: The video file format and the streaming method. Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 208
- 2. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6 File Formats There are many video file formats to choose from when creating video streams. The most common formats are: 1. Windows Media 2. RealMed ia 3. Quicktime 4. MPEG (in particular MPEG-4) 5. Adobe Flash There are pros and cons for each format but in the end it comes down to personal preference. Be aware that many of your users will have their own preferences and some users will only use a particular format, so if you want to reach the widest possible audience you should create separate files for each format. In reality this isn't usually practical so you need to make a judgment call on which formats to provide. Obviously the better you understand all the options, the better your decision is likely to be. Streami ng Methods There are two ways to view med ia on the internet (such as video, audio, animat ions, etc): Downloading and streaming. Downl oading When you download a file the entire file is saved on your computer (usually in a temporary folder), wh ich you then open and view. This has some advantages (such as quicker access to different parts of the file) but has the big disadvantage of having to wait for the whole file to download before any of it can be viewed. If the file is quite small this may not be too much of an inconvenience, but for large files and long presentations it can be very off-putting.The easiest way to provide downloadable video files is to use a simple hyperlin k to the file. A slightly more advanced method is to embed the file in a web page using special HTM L code.Delivering video files this way is known as HTTP streaming or HTTP delivery. HTTP means Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, and is the same protocol used to deliver web pages. For this reason it is easy to set up and use on almost any website, without requiring additional software or special hosting plans. Note: This is not technically "true" video streaming — the best it can do is a passable imitation. Streami ng Streami ng media works a bit differentl y — the end user can start watching the file almost as soon as it begins downloading. In effect, the file is sent to the user in a (more or less) constant stream, and the user watches it as it arriv es. The obvious advantage with this method is that no waiting is involved. Streaming media has additional advantages such as being able to broadcast live events (sometimes referred to as a webcast or netcast).True streaming video must be delivered fro m a specialized streaming server. Progressive Downloading There is also a hybrid method known as progressive download. In this method the video clip is downloaded but begins playing as soon as a portion of the file has been received. This simulates true streaming, but doesn't have all the advantages. Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 209
- 3. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6 Co mpared to the traditional ―hop-centric‖ approach, thisscheme greatly reduces the collision, contention, processing,and queuing delay induced at relay nodes . It is suitablefor real-time data with tight delay and jitter requirements.It is especially amicab le for FGS video, since a corruptedpacket may still be useful for decoding. The viability, protocolrelatedissues, and practical considerations of this approach areaddressed in [8]. The challenging issue, however, is how toset up the tunnels, while the available channels at the relaysevolve over t ime due to primary user transmissions. 2. Streaming Video Servers A streaming media or streaming video server is a specialized application which runs on an Internet server. This is often referred to as "true streaming", since other methods only simulate streaming. True streaming has advantages such as: The ability to handle much larger traffic loads. The ability to detect users' connection speeds and supply appropriate files automatically. The ability to broadcast live events. There are two ways to have access to a streaming server: 1. Operate you own server (by purchasing or leasing) 2. Sign up for a hosted streaming plan with an ISP (Internet Service Provider) Http Streami ng Vi deo This is the simp lest and cheapest way to stream video fro m a website. Small to me d iu m-sized websites are more likely to use this method than the more expensivestreaming servers.For this method you don't need any special type of website or host — just a host server which recognises common video file types (most standard hosting accounts do this). You also need to know how to upload files and how to create hyperlinks (see our website tutorials for more info). There are some limitations to bear in mind regarding HTTP streaming: HTTP streaming is a good option for websites with modest traffic, i.e. less than about a dozen people viewing at the same time. For heavier traffic a more serious streaming solution should be cons idered. You can't stream live video, since the HTTP method only works with comp lete files stored on the server. You can't auto matically detect the end user's connection speed using HTTP. If you want to create different versions for different speeds, you need to create a separate file for each speed. HTTP streaming is not as efficient as other methods and will incur a heavier server load. These things won't bother most website producers — it's normally only when you get into heavy traffic that you should be worried about them. To Create HTTP Streaming Vi deo 1. Create a v ideo file in a co mmon streaming media format 2. Upload the file to your web server 3. Make a simp le hyperlink to the video file, or use special HTM L tags to embed the video in a web page. That's essentially all there is to it. When a user clicks the hyperlink, their media player opens and begins streaming the video file. If the file is embedded, it plays right there on the page.Now let's look at how to create the necessary video files... Create a Streaming Vi deo File There are two ways to create stored streaming video files: 1. Use a conversion utility program. Th is takes an existing digital video file and converts it into the streaming format o f your choice. 2. Expo rt streaming files fro m v ideo editing software such as Adobe Premiere, Final Cut Pro, etc. Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 210
- 4. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6 Conversion Utilities A conversion utility is a stand-alone program which imports a video clip and exports it to a d ifferent format . Examples include RealNetworksRealProducer and Sorenson SqueezeBasically, you simply open a file and select which which format to save it as. You can set various parameters to optimise the final v ideo. The program will then chug away for some t ime while it makes the conversion.In the window shown here, the pane on the left shows the o riginal file. The right pane shows the file as it is being converted to a streaming media format . 3. Considerations The distributed algorithms are based on the fact that thecomputation is distributed on each feasible path. The OPTCSalgorithm requires information on channel availability andpacket loss rates at the links of feasible paths. The OPT- PSalgorith m co mputes the primal variable yhlfor each path andbroadcasts Lagrangian multip liers over the control channel toall the source nodes.We assume a perfect control channel suchthat channel information can be effectively d istributed andshared, which is not confined by the time slot structure [10].We assume relat ively large timescales for the rimarynetwork t ime slots, and small to mediu m diameter for the CR network, such that there is sufficient time for t imely feedbackof channel information to the video source nodes and forthe distributed algorithms to converge. Otherwise, channelinformation can be estimated using (5) based on delayedfeedback, leading to suboptimal solutions. If the time slot istoo short, the distributed algorith m may not converge to theoptimal solution The most popular application of video streaming is VOD. VOD video files can be hosted by any server and it is possible to access them by anyone with a co mputer and some kind of Internet connection.The easy access may be extremely useful for all kinds of users, but especially for schools and universities, giving teachers an opportunity to archive classroom material. The lectures can then be accessed at any time by any student. What‘s more, they are easily supplemented with extra materials. Also, those universities which deal with distance learning rely main ly on video streaming technology.Generally, VOD is a very handy tool for any large institution that needs to distribute learning materials. Unlike in case of university TV, lectures can be pauses, rewound and reviewed, making all learning process much more effective. That‘s why sometimes educational videos are actually more effect ive than typical classroom instruction.Simply anything that can become a part of the footage can be kept on a web server and published on the Internet, including entertainment videos, business meetings, political speeches or ‗virtual tours‘ which let the users see th e layout of a particular building. Anther possible use is the security. Live video streaming can also help monitor remote locations. At first glance, this is similar to typical security cameras, except that streaming technology does not need closed circuits. The video can be monitored from virtually anywhere in the world, providing there is an Internet connection nearby. Streaming med ia technology – video streaming – enables the real time, or on-demand distribution of audio, video and mult imedia on the internet. Streaming med ia is the simu ltaneous transfer of digital media (v ideo, voice and data) so that it is received as a continuous real-time stream. Streamed data is transmitted by a server application and received and displayed in real-time by client applicationssuch as the Microsoft‘s Windows Media Player or the QuickTime Player. These applications can start displaying video or playing back audio as soon as enough data has been received and stored in the receiving station‘s buffer. A streamed file is simultaneously downloaded and viewed, but leaves behind no physical file on the viewer‘s co mputer. Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 211
- 5. I nternational Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 6 4. Conclusion We studied the problem of streaming mult iple scalablevideos in a multi -hop CR network. The problem ormu lationconsidered spectrum sensing and sensing errors, spectrumaccess and primary user protection, video quality and fairness, and channel/path selection for concurrent video sessions. Wefirst solved the formulated MINLP problem using a sequentialfixing scheme that produces lower and upper bounds on theachievable video quality. We then applied dual decompositionHU and Mao: Streaming Scalable Videos Over Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks to derive a distributed algorith m, and analyzed its optimalityand convergence performance. Our simu lations validated th e efficacy of the proposed scheme. References 1. Akyildiz, W. Lee, M . Vuran, and S. M ohanty, ―NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: Asurvey," Computer Netw. J., vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 2127-2159, Sept. 2006. 2. Q. Zhao and B. Sadler, ―A survey of dynamic spectrum access," IEEESignal Process. Mag., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 79-89, M ay 2007. 3. D. Hu, S. M ao, and J. Reed, ―On video multicast in cognitive radionetworks," in Proc. IEEE INFOCOM’09, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Apr.2009, pp. 2222-2230. 4. H. Radha, M . van der Schaar, and Y. Chen, ―The M PEG-4 fine-grainedscalable video coding method for multimedia streaming over IP," IEEETrans. Multimedia, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 53-68, M ar. 2001. 5. M . Wien, H. Schwarz, and T. Oelbaum, ―Performance analysis of SVC,"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 1194-1203, 6. N. Laneman, D. Tse, and G. Wornell, ―Cooperative diversity in wirelessnetworks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior," IEEE Trans. Inf.Theory, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 3062-3080, Nov. 2004. 7. R. Kesavan and D. K. Panda, ―Efficient multicast on irregular switchbasedcut -through networks with up -down routing," IEEE Trans. ParallelDistrib. Syst., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 808-828, Aug. 2001. 8. R. Ramanathan, ―Challenges: A radically new architecture for next generationmobile ad-hoc networks," in Proc. ACM MobiCom’05, Cologne,Germany, Sept. 2005, pp. 132-139. 9. J. Jia, Q. Zhang, and X. Shen, ―HC-M AC: A hardware-constrainedcognitive M AC for efficient spectrum management," IEEE J. Sel. AreasCommun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 106-117, Jan. 2008. 10. H. Su and X. Zhang, ―Cross-layer based opportunistic M AC protocolsfor QoSprovisionings over cognitive radio wireless networks," IEEE J.Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 118-129, Jan. 2008. 11. M otamedi and A. Bahai, ―M AC protocol design for spectrumagilewireless networks: Stochastic control approach," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN’07, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007, pp. 448-451. 12. H. M ahmoud, T. Yücek, and H. Arslan, ―OFDM for cognitive radio:M erits and challenges," IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 6-14, Apr. 2009. 13. Q. Zhao, S. Geirhofer, L. Tong, and B. Sadler, ―Opportunistic spectrumaccess via periodic channel sensing," IEEE Trans. Signal Process.,vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 785-796, Feb. 2008. 14. M . van der Schaar, S. Krishnamachari, S. Choi, and X. Xu, ―Adaptivecross-layer protection strategies for robust scalable video transmission over 802.11 WLANs," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 21, no. 10,pp. 1752-1763, Dec. 2003. 15. Y. Hou, Y. Shi, and H. Sherali, ―Spectrum sharing for multi-hopnetworking with cognitive radios," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 146-155, Jan. 2008. 16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_processing, mediacollege. 2. J U ARUN KUMAR 1. Ms. R.Radha B.C.A, M.C.A, M.Tech(Cse) B.Tech, M.Tech Mrcet, Maisammaguda Dhulapally,Secunderabad Asst. Professor, CSE Issn 2250-3005(online) October | 2012 Page 212