Algae Introduction , application and USES
- 1. VIVEKANANDA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, SANKAGIRI DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY PRESENTED BY R.PARAMESWARI M.SC MICROBIOLOGY, VIAAS CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
- 2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGAE • Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. • They are either motile or non motile. • They are commonly found in aquatic environments including freshwater,marine and brackish water. • Some of the motile and non motile algae may form a colony known as coenonbium. • They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
- 3. CLASSIFICATION PROPOSED BY FRITSCH (1935) • F. E. Fritsch ( 1935 ), also known as Father of Phycology, proposed the most acceptable and comprehensive algal classification. • Fritsch published two volumes of “Structure and Reproduction of the Algae”. • His classifi cation is based on different characteristics as pigmentation, chemical nature of reserve food material, fl agellar arrangement (kind, number and point of insertion), presence or absence of orga-nized nucleus in cell and mode of reproduction.
- 4. • 1. Chlorophyceae (Green algae) • 2. Xanthophyceae (Yellow – green) • 3.Chrysophyceae (Orange algae) • 4. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms/yellow or golden brown algae) • 5. Cryptophyceae (Nearly brown) • 6. Dinophyceae (Dark yellow or brown) • 8. Euglenophycea • 9. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae) • 10. Rhodophyceae (Red algae) • 11. Myxophyceae (Blue green algae)
- 5. CHLOROPHYCEAE (GREEN ALGAE) • Generally algae are fresh water and chlorophyllous thallophytes. • 2.Chlorophyll b and carotenoides are present in chloroplasts. • 3.The cell wall is made up of cellulose and food is synthesized in the form of starch. • 3.Motile spores and cilia are found. • 4.The sexual reproduction is isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous types • Important genera are: • Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Ulothrix, and Spirogyra
- 6. Class 2. Xanthophyceae ( Heterokontae) 1.These are green-yellow in colour due to the presence of xanthophyll. 2.The pyrenoids are absent and food is in the form of fat. 3.Chlorophyll e is found in place of chlorophyll b. 4.The sexual reproduction occurs by fission of two gametes having cilia of different length. Important genera are: Microspora, Vaucheria, Protosiphon.
- 7. Class 3. Chrysophyceae 1.In these organisms, besides chlorophyll, yellow-green pigments are present. • 2.Phycocyanin is the colouring material. Plants are unicellular, multicellular or colonial. • 3.The cell wall is present in the form of two overlapping halves. • 4.Stored food is in the form of oil or insoluble carbohydrates, leuosin. • Example: • Chrysosphaera.
- 8. • Class 4. Bacillariophyceae ( diatoms) 1.These are yellow-green-brown or olive green in colour. 2. Diatomin is the colouring material which is found in chloroplast. 3. Pyrenoids are also present. These are unicellular and non- motile. 4.Chlorophyll c is present in place of chlorophyll b. Example: Pinularia, Navicula, Fragilaria.
- 9. Class 5. Cryptophyceae 1.These are red, green-blue, olive-green or green coloured algae. 2.Each cell consists of two large chloroplasts in which pyrenoids are present. 3.They occur in fresh water and sea. Example : Cryptomonas
- 10. Class 6. Dinophyceae 1.These are dark yellow or brown or red coloured algae. 2.Stored food is oil or starch. 3.Large nucleus and many discs like chromatophores are present. Example: Peritoneum.
- 11. Class 7. Chloromonadineae 1.These algae are bright green or olive green colour. Xanthophyll is in abundance. 2.Fatty compounds acts as food. Reproduction takes place by longitudinal division. Example: Vacuolaria. Class 8. Eugleninae 1.They resemble microscopic animal due to presence of naked ciliated reproductive organs. 2.Chlorophyll is present. Example: Euglena.
- 12. Class 9. Phaeophyceae 1.These are yellow-brown coloured marine algae. 2,Fucoxanthin pigment is the main colouring material, chlorophyll a and carotene are also found and chlorophyll c is found in place of Chlorophyll b. 3.Storage food materials are laminarian, mannitol and fats. 4.Zoospores are bi-ciliated and one cihum is larger. 5.There is no resting period in zygote. • Examples: • Fucus, Sargassum.
- 13. Class 10. Rhodophyceae 1.These are red in colour due to phycoerythrin pigment. • 2.Phycocyanin, chlorophyll a, carotene and xanthophyll are also present in small quantities. • 3.Storage food is floridean starch. Non- motile cells are found during reproduction. • 4.These are commonly found in sea water. • 5.Sexual reproduction is oogamous type. Chlorophyll d is present in place of chlorophyll b. • Examples: • Polysiphonia and Batrachospermum.
- 14. Class 11. Myxophyceae ( Cyanophyceae) 1.The nucleus is of prokaryotic type. 2.The blue colour is due to the presence of phycocyanin pigment but phycoerythrin, chlorophyll b and carotene are also present in small quantity. • 3.The accessory pigment (i.e., phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin) contains structure is called phycobilisomes. • 4.The chlorophylls are found in thylakoids. • 5.Storage food is myxophycean starch and protein granules. • 6.There is no motile stage in these algae. • 7.Sexual reproduction is absent. Mainly these algae are unicellular or • filamentous. • ExamNast • Nastic, Oscillatoria, Anahaena, Lyngbya, Plectonema.
- 15. REFERENCES • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300125722_Classification_of_alga e • https://www.ddugpgcsitapur.com/study- material/CLASSIFICATION_OF_ALGAE.pdf • https://www.nascollege.org/e%20cotent%2010-4- 20/dr%20deepti%20sharma/classification__with_chracters_of_algae.pdf • https://www.plantscience4u.com/2014/04/fritsch-classification-of- algae.html?m=1#:~:text=They%20are%20Chlorophyceae%2C%20Xanthoph yceae%2C%20Chrysophyceae,Structure%20and%20Reproduction%20of% 20Algae%E2%80%9D.
- 16. Thank you