Amfibi dan reptil
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This document discusses the evolution and characteristics of reptiles. It describes how labyrinthodont amphibians gave rise to stem reptiles like cotylosaurs, which then gave rise to all modern reptiles and mammals. The key characteristics of reptiles are true claws, amniotic eggs, lack of metamorphosis, and different skull and tooth types among subclasses. Reptiles are divided into subclasses like anapsids, diapsids, and synapsids. Dinosaur groups are also classified based on pelvis shape. Birds evolved from feathered, toothed dinosaurs and have adaptations like a keeled sternum for flight.
Amfibi dan reptil
- 1. Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy Vertebrate Classification:Vertebrate Classification: Amphibians and ReptilesAmphibians and Reptiles Note Set 3Note Set 3 Chapter 3Chapter 3
- 2. ReptilesReptiles Mesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of ReptilesMesozoic Era (Jurassic Period)- Age of Reptiles Extinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with placodermsExtinction took place at end of Paleozoic era with placoderms Figure 5.1: Carboniferous Period.
- 3. Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles-Labyrinthodont amphibians led to stem reptiles- cotylosaurscotylosaurs Which gave rise to all reptiles and mammalsWhich gave rise to all reptiles and mammals Figure 5.2: Cotylosuars, stem reptiles.
- 4. Phylogeny of Amniote GroupsPhylogeny of Amniote Groups Figure 5.3
- 5. Reptile CharacteristicsReptile Characteristics True clawsTrue claws Amniotic eggsAmniotic eggs NoNo metamorphosismetamorphosis 12 pairs of cranial nerves12 pairs of cranial nerves Single occipital condyleSingle occipital condyle Figure 5.4: Dragon Figure 5.5: Reptile egg.
- 6. Reptile Oral CavityReptile Oral Cavity Tooth typeTooth type AcrodontAcrodont Tooth on surface of jawTooth on surface of jaw Ex: fish andEx: fish and SphenodonSphenodon (tuatara)(tuatara) PleurodontPleurodont Tooth attached on medialTooth attached on medial surface of jawsurface of jaw Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes ThecodontThecodont Teeth embedded in socket inTeeth embedded in socket in jaw bonejaw bone Ex: crocodileEx: crocodile Figure 5.6: Jaw cross section .
- 7. Skull TypeSkull Type Reptiles are diversified by skull typeReptiles are diversified by skull type Anapsid- lack temporal fossaAnapsid- lack temporal fossa Diapsid- two temporal fossaDiapsid- two temporal fossa One dorsal and one ventralOne dorsal and one ventral Synapsid- single, lower temporalSynapsid- single, lower temporal fossafossa Gives rise to mammal-like reptilesGives rise to mammal-like reptiles Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8: Sarcopterygii scull.
- 8. Reptilian SubclassesReptilian Subclasses AnapsidaAnapsida OrderOrder TestudinesTestudines ((ChelodinaChelodina)) Ex: turtlesEx: turtles DiapsidaDiapsida Major reptilesMajor reptiles OrderOrder SquamataSquamata Ex: lizards and snakesEx: lizards and snakes SuborderSuborder SerpentesSerpentes;; SauriaSauria OrderOrder SphenodonSphenodon Ex: tuataraEx: tuatara OrderOrder CrocodilliaCrocodillia SynapsidaSynapsida Mammal-like reptilesMammal-like reptiles Suborder PelycosauriaSuborder Pelycosauria Suborder TherapsidaSuborder Therapsida
- 9. Stem ReptilesStem Reptiles Figure 5.9. Figure 5.10
- 10. Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups Morphological character of pelvisMorphological character of pelvis makes distinctionmakes distinction SaurischiansSaurischians Triradiate pelvisTriradiate pelvis Lizard-likeLizard-like OmithischiansOmithischians Tetraradiate pelvisTetraradiate pelvis Bird-likeBird-like Figure 5.11: Pelvic of two dinosaur groups.
- 11. SaurischiansSaurischians Gives rise to dominantGives rise to dominant reptilesreptiles Birds evolvedBirds evolved Parallel convergenceParallel convergence Figure 5.12: Reptilia Cladogram. Dinosaur GroupsDinosaur Groups (cont.)(cont.)
- 12. BirdsBirds ArcheopteryxArcheopteryx- bird fossil- bird fossil recordrecord Feathers and teethFeathers and teeth presentpresent Figure 5.13: Archeopteryx fossil.
- 13. BirdsBirds (cont.)(cont.) Keeled sternum inKeeled sternum in birds that flybirds that fly Figure 5.14: (a) Archaeopteryx (b) pigeon.
- 14. Literature CitedLiterature Cited Figure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.htmlFigure 5.1- http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/CarbonifPeriod.html Figure 5.2-Figure 5.2- http://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gifhttp://departments.umw.edu/biol/www/Wieland/Biol425/Reptile_Phylogeny.gif Figure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htmFigure 5.3- http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Phylogeny_of_Amniota.htm Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14Figure 5.4- http://www.tucan.net/ImageGallery/gallery.php?id=14 Figure 5.5-Figure 5.5- http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812Figure 5.6- http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=17&cat=1796&articleid=2812 Figure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htmFigure 5.7- http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates1/Chordates1.htm Figure 5.8- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.htmlFigure 5.8- http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/140Sarcopterygii/140.400.html Figure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy ofFigure 5.9, 5.11 & 5.14- Kent, George C. and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001. Figure 5.10-Figure 5.10- http://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.htmlhttp://pharyngula.org/~pzmyers/MyersLab/teaching/Bi104/l02/amniotelin.html Figure 5.12- http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/Figure 5.12- http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/dinoclassification/ Figure 5.13-Figure 5.13- http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.htmlhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_9.html