An assessment of cloud computing

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 03 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 668
AN ASSESSMENT OF CLOUD COMPUTING: EVOLUTION
Manvi Mishra1
, Isha Arora2
, Pooja Singh3
, Sugandha Prabhakar4
1
Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science, SRMSWCET, U.P, India
2
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, SRMSWCET, U.P, India
3
4
Abstract
In this present work we have given a concise and systematic study of evolution of cloud computing from shared web hosting to public
cloud computing along with multi clouds based on a wide spectrum of factors which include scalability, availability and performance.
The proposed work studies hosting types and aims to promote the use of single and multi-clouds to reduce the risks. Cloud computing
is a multi-paradigm technology which has evolved as a cost effective, flexible, performance oriented infrastructure for agile
development of business operations. Cloud computing changes the way we think about computing by decoupling data processing, data
retention, and data presentation – in effect, divorcing components from location. Today due to the need of hour and security
constraints, single cloud computing is transforming to multi cloud computing. Focus has been done on Multi cloud which is also
known as “inter cloud” or “cloud of clouds” which reduces the security risks like failure of service availability, data loss and
confidentiality breaches that are drawbacks with single cloud.
Keywords: Cloud Computing, Evolution, Hosting Types, Multi cloud
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1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing enables a ubiquitous, easily accessible and
an on demand infrastructure for sharing a resource pool of
services. The characteristics of cloud computing includes: - on
demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling,
rapid flexibility and measured performance. The consumers
and industry have an extensive dependence on cloud
computing in which security is a major issue. Cloud security is
multi paradigm and includes computer security, information
security and network security. Cloud computing in its real
sense came into existence in October 2007, when IBM and
Google collaborated and gave the concept of ―Blue Cloud‖.
The use of cloud computing has increased rapidly in many
organizations. Cloud computing provides many benefits in
terms of low cost and accessibility of data.[1] Ensuring the
security of cloud computing is a major factor in the cloud
computing environment, as users often store sensitive
information with cloud storage providers but these providers
may be untrusted. Dealing with ―single cloud‖ providers is
predicted to become less popular with customers due to risks
of service availability failure and the possibility of malicious
insiders in the single cloud. A movement towards ―multi-
clouds‖ or in other words, ―inter clouds‖or―cloud-of-clouds
has emerged recently. In the paper we have discussed the
evolution of cloud computing and laid emphasis on the
emergence of multi clouds. The following section highlights a
brief review of cloud computing. The remaining sections are
organized as follows. In Section III discussion about Evolution
of Cloud Computing is made. Section IV deliberates on
Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Computing. Section V
focuses on Evolution of Single to Multi cloud. Section VI
presents the Results and Section VII presents the Conclusion.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This review surveyed the existing literature using a principled
and systematic approach. The U.S. National Institutes of
Standards and Technology defines cloud as‖ Cloud
Computing is a model for enabling convenient, on demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources(e.g. Networks, services, storage and applications)
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with a minimal
management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud
model promotes availability and is composed of five essential
characteristics, three delivery models and four deployment
models.‖ [1].Following are the factors which lead to the
evolution of cloud computing: [2]
1. Scalability: The number of resources that are needed
to be accessed by a wide range of users having varied
requests is increasing day by day. This lead to the
evolution of cloud computing.
2. Heterogeneity: Together with the number of devices,
the range of types of resources currently increases
significantly.
3. Economic Reasons: the business models around the
IT service and resource provisioning have changed
drastically over recent years, moving away from
onetime license fees and licensing models tied to
individual users or machines, to flat rates and free or
low cost online applications.

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4. Mobility: in the modern, globalized economy and
with modern smart phones and powerful mobile
devices, a growing demand for online availability,
accessibility to data, mobile office like working
environments etc. is notable.
Cloud services are usually divided in the three main types
which are:
1. Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS clients rent
usage of applications running within the Cloud’s
provider infrastructure, for example Sales Force. The
applications are typically offered to the clients via the
Internet and are managed completely by the Cloud
provider.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS Cloud providers
offer an application platform as a service, for
example Google App Engine. This enables clients to
deploy custom software using the tools and
programming languages offered by the provider.
Clients have control over the deployed applications
and environment-related settings.
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS delivers
hardware resources such as CPU, disk space or
network components as a service. These resources are
usually delivered as a virtualization platform by the
Cloud provider and can be accessed across the
Internet by the client with the client having full
control of the virtualized platform. Deploying cloud
computing can differ depending on requirements in
four deployment models which have been identified
each with specific characteristics that supports the
needs of services and users of the clouds. These are:
public, private, community and hybrid clouds.
Fig-1: Types of Cloud
3. EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
The trend toward cloud computing started in the late 1980s
with the concept of grid computing when, for the first time, a
large number of systems were applied to a single problem,
usually scientific in nature and requiring exceptionally high
levels of parallel computation. The objective of Cloud
computing is the newest name for what has been around since
the mid-90s as ―on-demand infrastructure.‖ In 1995, it was
known as ―Shared Web Hosting‖ and had limited features
such as multi-tenant, automated provisioning, easy-to-use
interface. In 1998 VPS Hosting became available – this web
host improved by having partial infrastructure demand and
resource size flexibility. 1997 brought Dedicated Hosting,
both managed and unmanaged. [3] This type of automated
computing had dedicated servers with promises of full
administrative access.[4] The 2000s was when automated
computing came in the form of Grid /utility computing and
had full infrastructure demand and multi-tenant, partial
resource size flexibility and automated provisioning came
closer to what is known as ―cloud today‖. From 2012’s
through today the cloud computing has gathered a wide
spectrum of audience making it more scalable, flexible and
performance oriented. [5]
1. Shared Web Hosting – Shared web hosting
service or virtual hosting service or derive host refers to
a web hosting service where many websites reside on
one web server connected to the Internet. Each site
"sits" on its own partition, or section/place on the server,
to keep it separate from other sites. This is generally the
most economical option for hosting, as many people
share the overall cost of server maintenance
2. VPS Hosting – A virtual private server (VPS) is
a virtual machine sold as a service by an Internet hosting
service. A VPS runs its own copy of an operating
system, and customers have super user-level access to
that operating system instance, so can install almost any
software that runs on that OS. For many purposes they
are functionally equivalent to a dedicated physical
server, and being software defined are able to be much
more easily created and configured. [6]
3. Dedicated Hosting– It is software installed on a
separate virtual server to manage the end user
connections with the virtualized desktops. A dedicated
hosting service, dedicated server, or managed hosting
service is a type of Internet hosting in which the client
leases an entire server not shared with anyone else. This
is more flexible than shared hosting, as organizations
have full control over the server(s), including choice of
operating system, hardware, etc. There is also another
level of dedicated or managed hosting commonly
referred to as complex managed hosting.[7]
4. Grid computing- Grid computing is the collection of
computer resources from multiple locations to reach a
common goal. What distinguishes grid computing from
conventional high performance computing systems such

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as cluster computing is that grids tend to be more
loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically
dispersed. Although a single grid can be dedicated to a
particular application, commonly a grid is used for a
variety of purposes. Grids are often constructed with
general purpose grid middleware software libraries.
5. Public Cloud Computing- In Public clouds the cloud
infrastructure is available to the public on a commercial
basis by a cloud service provider. This enables a
consumer to deploy and develop a service in the cloud
with a very little financial outlays compared to other
deployment models. Private cloud incorporates specific
services and is maintained and deployed for a specific
organization. In Community cloud the cloud
infrastructure is shared among a number of
organizations with similar interests and requirements.
The Hybrid cloud comprises of a number of clouds of
any type but the clouds have the ability through their
interfaces to allow data or applications to be moved
from one cloud to another. How to access data in single
cloud using one of these four deployment methods or a
combination is shown in fig 2.
6. Multi clouds- Multi cloud computing is a new
dimension in cloud computing which is the concurrent
use of two or more cloud services to minimize the risk
of widespread data loss or downtime due to localized
component failure in a cloud computing environment as
shown in fig 3. A multi cloud approach can offer not
only the hardware, software and infrastructure but
redundancy necessary to optimize fault tolerance.
Fig-2: Accessing data in single cloud
Fig-3: Accessing data in multi-cloud
4. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Organizations pay for the usage of cloud which is carefully
monitored and measured — in past managed services models,
it was difficult to see actual results based on IT spending
centralized computing resources, within the cloud provider,
are managed by fewer personnel with heavy use of automation
and consistent processes resulting in lower cost to the
consumers. Consuming organizations do not need a
sophisticated IT staff which is expensive, hard to find
transition of work for a cloud provider. This improves quality,
maintainability, security, and reduces cost to the consumers of
cloud. [8] Numerous legacy IT integrators are claiming to
provide cloud solutions but are essentially still legacy
managed service providers. Organizations have significant
legacy computing resources (servers, data centers, and IT
personnel) that will need to be transitioned or eliminated in
order to achieve true cost savings and flexibility provided by
cloud providers/services. Mission critical applications that are
core to the business or the consuming organization must be
transitioned to the cloud. This is neither quick nor easy, and
will take some time. Businesses need to evaluate whether
their custom/legacy application is truly needed and worth the
re-investment budgeting for cloud services is a challenge to
some commercial and government organizations. Existing
procurement policies may need to be adapted. Following are
the major challenges to cloud computing which encompass
lack of ownership of data, Overdependence, Information
Security, Privacy, Availability, Performance, Data Migration
and Stability of Provider. [9]
5. EVOLUTION OF SINGLE TO MULTI-CLOUD
This section provides brief summary review of prior works on
cloud computing with respect to security. Cloud computing
security was explored in single cloud environment [10].
Service availability was focused in [11] in single cloud
environment. Multi-shares with secret sharing algorithm was
proposed in [12] for cloud security and data integrity. Cloud
security was explored using cryptographic methods [13]. The
security risks addressed include service availability, data

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intrusion, and data integrity. The solution used cloud storage
and multi-clouds. In [14] a survey has been made to know
security issues and solutions with respect to single cloud.
RACS and RAID kind of techniques were used for cloud
security using multi-clouds [15]. Client centric distributed
protocols were explored for data integrity with multi-clouds
usage [16].Service availability problem was focused in single
cloud environment. [17] There was discussion about cloud
security issues [18]. Cryptography is used to protect cloud
data in single cloud environment [19]. A security mechanism
by name ―Depot‖ is used to single cloud environment [20]. A
security mechanism by name ―Venus‖ was proposed in [21]
which focused on data integrity issue in single cloud
environment. In [22] a survey is made on cloud security. In
[23] cloud data integrity is focused in single cloud
environment. In [24] a new security mechanism was proposed
by name ―HAIL‖ for improving service availability in multi-
cloud environment. In [25] a survey was done on cloud data
integrity in multi-cloud environment. Encrypted cloud VPN
technique is used in [26] for data integrity in multi-cloud
environment. Cloud security was discussed in [27] in single
cloud environment. TCCP techniques for cloud data integrity
issues and service availability were presented in [28] in single
cloud environment tokens and erasure codes were used in [29]
to ensure cloud data integrity in single cloud environment.
PDP schemes were used to protect data integrity in clouds.
Fig-4:Multi-Tenancy of Cloud Computing
For ensuring more security in cloud environment, we can use
data encryption. If the data is distributed in multi cloud.
Environment as well as it is encrypted, we can protect our data
in even better way. The data which is uploaded by the user can
be encrypted first and then we can store it on the cloud server
which is shown in fig: 5 and fig: 6. this will be helpful in
providing two-way security to the customer’s data. To store
the data in multi-cloud environment the symmetric key or
secret key algorithms are the best choice. Symmetric key
algorithm is also known as the secret key encryption. It is a
cryptographic technique in which both the sender and receiver
of data use the same key for the purpose of encryption and
decryption of data. Symmetric key algorithms are suitable for
storing data in cloud multi cloud, as user should be able to
access his data easily.
Fig-5: One way encryption in single cloud
Fig-6: Two way encryption in multi-cloud
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This work takes notes of the critical analysis of various
features provided by hosting types that includes Infrastructure
on Demand, Resource Size Flexibility, Multitenant, and
Application on demand, Network Flexibility, Automated
Provisioning, Scalability, Billing Type and Easy to use
Interfaces. Thus giving us the advantages of one type of
hosting over another and the advent of the concept of cloud.
In Traditional Hosting there are controlled environment and
power and forms parts of foundation of cloud computing. As

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compared to shared web hosting on the cloud hosting our data
is hosted not on one but on several servers connected to work
as one. The VPS servers are less efficient since they allocate a
guaranteed amount of resources to each client that can never
be rerouted to others. In Dedicated hosting unlike cloud
computing the web hosting still owns the machines and has to
monitor the performance of the server ensuring uninterrupted
work flow of server .In Grid computing all machines process
different parts of a larger task.
The advantages of cloud computing over traditional hosting
are cloud computing is sold on demand typically as pay per
lease or leased service. Users are able to control and budget
costs more efficiently. Users determine how much of the
service they wish to use typically at the enrolment time or by
changing configuration dynamically through a web
administered interface. Users can typically access the service
from any location. User services are managed and provided by
cloud services. Table 1 depicts the various hosting types along
with their year of evolution and a comparison of the various
features and infrastructure provided by these hosting services.
Table-1: Evolution Of cloud Computing

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7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
Cloud hosting is reliable, easily scalable and affordable
hosting solution that differs from traditional hosting solutions
in many aspects. Cloud computing is promising paradigm for
IT services as computing utilities. This approach has several
advantages over the traditional web hosting services and grid
computing including higher security, lesser costs, better
efficiency, and simplified data storage. It is clear that although
the use of cloud computing has rapidly increased; cloud
computing security is still considered the major issue in the
cloud computing environment. Customers do not want to lose
their private information as a result of malicious intruders in
the cloud. Furthermore, data intrusion leads to many problems
for the users of cloud computing. The purpose of this work is
to survey the recent research on single clouds and multi-clouds
to address the security risks and solutions. We have found that
much research has been done to ensure the security of the
single cloud and cloud storage whereas multi clouds have
received less attention in the area of security. We support the
migration to multi-clouds due to its ability to decrease security
risks that affect the cloud computing user.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Manvi Mishra, Professor & Head,
Department of Computer Science, Shri
Ram Murti Smarak Women’s College Of
Engineering and Technology, Bareilly,
Uttar Pradesh, India.
Isha Arora, Research Scholar, Department
of Computer Science, Shri Ram Murti
Smarak Women’s College Of Engineering
and Technology, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Pooja Singh, Research Scholar,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Sugandha Prabhakar, Research Scholar ,
Uttar Pradesh, India

An assessment of cloud computing

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